presented by

Komlan A. ABLEDEAgronomist

(Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Togo)

Identification des causes des écarts de Identification des causes des écarts de rendement dans deux zones de rendement dans deux zones de

production de riz au Togoproduction de riz au Togo

Background

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

OutlineOutline

BackgroundBackgroundRice = 3rd most cultivated

cereal crop in Togo after maize and sorghum.

In Togo, Rice is increasingly used in the diet of population in both urban and rural areas.

The annual average of white rice consumption per capita is about 15 kg on the national level of (DSID, 2010)

Fig. 1 : Production of the main cereal crops (2008-2010)

BackgroundBackground However, rice production in Togo does not cover the needs of

the population

Fig. 2 : Production vs importation of white rice (2000-2010)

Deficits are always compensated by massive importations in spite of the enormous potentialities of the country

BackgroundBackground In 2012, ITRA and AfricaRice survey have

been done to quantify ‘‘yield gap’’ in 2 rice production areas in Togo.

Potential yield

Yield gap =

Actual yield obtained by

farmers–

BackgroundBackground The objectives of this survey were:

to identify causes of yield gap in rice cultivation in Togo

to quantify yield gaps and their causes.

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Survey’s areas

Hub Village/Irrigation scheme

N° of surveyed field/farmer

REGION MARITIME(irrigated lowlands)

AGOME - GLOZOU 10

ZIOWUNU 9

KOVIE 6

REGION des PLATEAUX(rainfed lowlands)

AKATA - ADAME 10

KPELE BEME 10

AGADJI 10

TOTAL - 55

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection

through sampling

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection

through direct observation

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection

through interview

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collected Previous crops or length of fallow (by interview)

Variety (by interview)

Rice ecology (by interview and observation)

Land preparation method (by interview)

Crop establishment method and period (by interview)

Irrigation / drainage system (by interview and observation)

Crop density, rice canopy cover, weed infestation

Water status, iron toxicity, …

Crop management practices

Diseases and insect pests,

Yield data, etc.

Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data have been recorded using smartphone Open Data Kit helped to

Build a data collection form or survey; Collect the data on a smartphone and send it to a

server; and Aggregate the collected data on a server and extract

it in Excel format. Average yield data have been submited to

ANOVA under GenStat and means were compared by Duncan test (5%)

ResultsResults

Maritime: irriguée Plateaux : pluviale de bas-fond

Mauvais nivelage du sol, bonne confection des diguettes

Mauvais nivelage du sol

Repiquage systématique (7 plts/pqt) Semis à la volée/grande qté semences (Akata Adamé); repiquage (Beme + Agadji)

Désherbages réguliers Mauvaise gestion des adventices (désherbages insuffisants)

Non application d’engrais organiqueEngrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées

Non application d’engrais organiqueEngrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées

Lutte contre certaines maladies/ravageurs Pas de lutte contre les maladies/ravageurs

Brûlis systématique des résidus Paillage des résidus au champ

Irrigation/drainage

Main observationso Good/bad practices

ResultsResults Main observations

o Abiotic/biotic stress

Stress Maritime: irriguée Plateaux : pluviale de bas-fond

abiotique

- Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des pluies

Toxicité ferreuse Faible fertilité des sols

Sols pauvres; salinité Très faible fertilité des sols

biotique

Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa sp

Mauvaises herbes

piriculariose, helminthosporiose flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,

Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et coléoptères phyllophages

Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et coléoptères phyllophages

ResultsResults Main observations

o Abiotic/biotic stress

Stress Maritime: irrigated Plateaux : rainfed lowlands

abiotic

- Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des pluies

Toxicité ferreuse Faible fertilité des sols

Sols pauvres; salinité Très faible fertilité des sols

biotic

Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa sp

Mauvaises herbes

piriculariose, helminthosporiose flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,

Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et coléoptères phyllophages

Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et coléoptères phyllophages

ResultsResultsRainfed lowlands   Irrigated lowlands

Village Rep. Average yield (kg/ha) Village Rep. Average

yield (kg/ha)

Agadji 10 2663 b Kovié 6 3920 b

Akata Adame 10 2815 b Ziowunu 9 3314 c

Kpele Beme 10 3781 a   Agome

Glozou 10 5242 a

Mean 3086 B 4159 A

ResultsResults

Rendement moyen paddy (12% Hté) vs écart par rapport au potentiel fixé à 6 t/ha

ConclusionConclusiono Many biotic and abiotic constraints have been

recordedo The highest yields/lowest gap were obtained in

irrigated lowlandso Yield gaps recorded were ranged from 40 to

60% of potential yield of the most popular variety cultivated in Togo (IR 841) which is 6t/ha.

o Yield gap survey is ongoing in the 2 hubs 2013o Introduction of Good agricultural practices

began in 2013

Thank You

Merci