TESTING FOR THE VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE OF PV … · 2020. 7. 6. · Report N. 2218 / 0234 - 3...
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TESTING FOR THE VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE OF PV INVERTER WITH :
VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08: POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE LOW-VOLTAGE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Protocol PE.T-LE-62
Test Report Number ....................................... : 2218 / 0234 - 3
Trademark ....................................................... :
Tested Model ................................................... : SOFAR 60000TL
Variant Models ................................................ : SOFAR 50000TL, SOFAR 70000TL-HV
APPLICANT
Name ............................................................ : SGS tecnos S.A. (Certification Body)
Address ........................................................ : C/ Trespaderne, 29 - Edificio Barajas 1
28042 MADRID (Spain)
Hired by ........................................................ : Shenzhen SOFARSOLAR Co., Ltd.
Address ........................................................ : 5/F,Building 4, Antongda Industrial Park, No. 1 Liuxian Avenue, Xin’an Street, Bao’an District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
TESTING LABORATORY
Name ............................................................ : SGS Tecnos, S.A. (Electrical Testing Laboratory)
Address ........................................................ : C/ Trespaderne, 29 - Edificio Barajas 1
28042 MADRID (Spain)
Conducted (tested) by .................................. : Roger Hu
(Project Engineer)
Reviewed & Approved by ............................. : Jacobo Tevar (Technical Reviewer)
Fernando Montes
(Laboratory Technical Manager)
Date of issue ................................................. : 10/08/2017
Number of pages ......................................... : 128
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Important Note:
This document is issued by the Company subject to its General Conditions of Service printed overleaf, available on request or accessible at www.sgs.com/terms_and_conditions.htm and, for electronic format documents, subject to Terms and Conditions for Electronic Documents at www.sgs.com/terms_e-document.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any holder of this document is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any. The Company’s sole responsibility is to its Client and this document does not exonerate parties to a transaction from exercising all their rights and obligations under the transaction documents.
This document cannot be reproduced except in full, without prior written approval of the Company. Any unauthorized alteration, forgery or falsification of the content or appearance of this document is unlawful and offenders may be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Unless otherwise stated the results shown in this test report refer only to the sample(s) tested.
Test Report Historical Revision:
Test Report Version Date Resume
2218 / 0234 - 3
10/ 08 / 2017
First issuance
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INDEX
1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................. 4
2 GENERAL INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Testing Period and Climatic conditions .................................................. 5
2.2 Equipment under Testing ....................................................................... 5 2.3 SGS Test Equipment List ...................................................................... 8 2.4 Measurement Uncertainty ...................................................................... 9 2.5 Test set up of the different standard .................................................... 10
2.6 Definitions ............................................................................................ 11
3 RESUME OF TEST RESULTS .................................................................................. 12
4 TEST RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Rapid voltage changes ........................................................................ 13
4.2 Flickers ................................................................................................ 16 4.3 Harmonics ........................................................................................... 30 4.4 Voltage unbalance ............................................................................... 42 4.5 Commutation notches .......................................................................... 42
4.6 Precautionary measures against voltages drop and interruptions ....... 45 4.7 Three-phase network ........................................................................... 45
4.8 Maximum permissible short-circuit current .......................................... 46 4.9 Active Power Output ............................................................................ 46
4.9.1 Measurement of the active and reactive power range ......................... 46 4.9.2 Lowering the active power by a defined set value ............................... 49
4.9.3 Active power feed-in at overfrequency ................................................. 51 4.9.4 Active power feed-in at underfrequency .............................................. 54
4.10 Reactive Power .................................................................................... 55
4.10.1 Tests of the cos setting accuracy ...................................................... 56
4.10.2 Test for a displacement factor/active power characteristic curve cos (P) ............................................................................................................. 59
4.11 Interface switch .................................................................................... 66 4.11.1 Functional safety .................................................................................. 66
4.11.2 Voltage protection functions ................................................................ 67
4.11.3 Frequency protection functions ............................................................ 76
4.12 Connection conditions and synchronisation ......................................... 83 4.12.1 General ................................................................................................ 83 4.12.2 Reconnection after short interruption ................................................... 88
4.13 Anti islanding ....................................................................................... 91 4.13.1 Test A .................................................................................................. 92
4.13.2 Test B .................................................................................................. 99 4.13.3 Test C ................................................................................................ 106
5 PICTURES .......................................................................................................... 113
6 ELECTRICAL SCHEMES ....................................................................................... 128
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
1 SCOPE
SGS Tecnos, S.A. (Electrical Testing Laboratory) has been contract by SGS Tecnos, S.A. (Certification body), in order to perform the testing according the VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08: Power generation systems connected to the low-voltage distribution network and the VDE V 0124-100:2012-07: Grid integration of generator plants Low-voltage – Test requirements for generator units to be connected to and operated in parallel with low-voltage distribution networks.
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
2 GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1 Testing Period and Climatic conditions The necessary testing has been performed along 79 working days between the 3rd of May and the 19th of July of 2018 and the 10th of August of 2018. All the tests and checks have been performed in accordance with the reference Standard (the tests are done at 25 ± 5ºC, 96 kPa ± 10 kPa and 45% RH ± 10% RH).
SITE TEST
Name ............................................................ : Shenzhen SOFARSOLAR Co., Ltd.
Address ........................................................ : 5/F,Building 4, Antongda Industrial Park, No. 1 Liuxian
Avenue, Xin’an Street, Bao’an District, Shenzhen City,
Guangdong Province, P.R. China
2.2 Equipment under Testing
Apparatus type ............................................ : Solar Grid-tied Inverter
Installation ................................................... : Fixed (permanent connection)
Manufacturer ............................................... : Shenzhen SOFARSOLAR Co., Ltd.
Trade mark .................................................. :
Type............................................................. : SOFAR
Model / Type reference ............................... : SOFAR 60000TL
Serial Number ............................................. : ZJ1ES160HCJ252
Software Version ......................................... : V2.00
Rated Characteristics .................................. : DC input: 250-950V, Max. 40/40/40A
AC output: 3~/N/PE 230/400Vac, 50Hz, 90A, 60000VA
Date of manufacturing: July 2017
Input............................................................. : DC
Output ........................................................... 3~/N/PE
Class of protection against electric shock ... : Class I
Degree of protection against moisture ........ : IP 65
Type of connection to the main supply........ : Three phase – Fixed installation
Cooling group .............................................. : Fans
Modular ....................................................... : No
Internal Transformer .................................... : No
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Copy of marking plate:
Note:
1. The above markings are the minimum requirements required by the safety standard. For the final production samples, the additional markings which do not give rise to misunderstanding may be added.
2. Label is attached on the side surface of enclosure and visible after installation
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Equipment under testing:
- SOFAR 60000TL
The variants models are:
- SOFAR 50000TL - SOFAR 70000TL-HV
The variants models have been included in this test report without tests because the following features don´t change regarding to the tested model:
- Same connection system and hardware topology - Same control algorithm. - Output power within 2,5 and 2/3 of the EUT or Modular inverters. - Same Firmware Version
The results obtained apply only to the particular sample tested that is the subject of the present test report. The most unfavorable result values of the verifications and tests performed are contained herein. Throughout this report a point (comma) is used as the decimal separator.
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2.3 SGS Test Equipment List
No. Equipment Name MARK/Model No. Equipment No. Equipment
calibration due date
So
fars
oalr
1 Digital
oscilloscope Agilent / DSO5014A MY50070266 2019-02-27
2 Current clamp FLUKE / i1000s 32233919 2019-02-27
3 Current clamp FLUKE / i1000s 30413452 2019-02-27
4 Current clamp FLUKE / i1000s 30413448 2019-02-27
5 Differential probe Sanhua / SI-9110 152655 2019-02-27
6 Differential probe Sanhua / SI-9110 153200 2019-02-27
7 Differential probe Sanhua / SI-9110 111539 2019-02-27
8 Power analyzer ZLG / PA3000 703010002 2019-02-27
9 Power analyzer YOKOGAWA /
WT3000 91N61088 2019-02-27
10 Temperature & Humidity meter
VICTOR / TH101B SH-W001 2019-02-27
11 Digital
oscilloscope HIOKI / MR8847A 180418828 2019-07-02
12 Power analyzer HIOKI / PW6001 150901722 2019-05-22
SG
S
13 True RMS Multimeter
Fluke / 289C GZE012-53 (22930028)
2019-03-05
Note: All the instruments have been used in valid period of calibration.
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2.4 Measurement Uncertainty
Associated uncertainties through measurements showed in this this report are the maximum allowable uncertainties.
Magnitude Uncertainty
Voltage measurement ±1.5 %
Current measurement ±2.0 %
Frequency measurement ±0.2 %
Time measurement ±0.2 %
Power measurement ±2.5 %
Phase Angle ±1º
Temperature ±3º C
Note1: Measurements uncertainties showed in this table are maximum allowable uncertainties. The measurement uncertainties associated with other parameters measured during the tests are in the laboratory at disposal of the petitioner. Note2: Where the standard requires lower uncertainties that those in this table. Most restrictive uncertainty has been considered.
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2.5 Test set up of the different standard Below is the simplified construction of the test set up.
Different equipment has been used to take measures as it shows in chapter 2.3. Current and voltage clamps have been connected to the inverter input / output for all the tests. All the tests described in the following pages have used this specified test setup. The test bench used includes:
EQUIPMENT MARK / MODEL
RATED CHARACTERISTICS OWNER / ID.CODE
AC source Kwell / AFG-S-
33800 Voltage: 0-600 V
750kVA Sofarsolar / EP-026
PV source Kwell / TVS-
630kW Voltage: 0 - 1000 V
630kW Sofarsolar / EP-027
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2.6 Definitions
In Nominal Current P Power
p.u Per unit I Current
Pn Nominal Power M Change for real power
Sn Apparent Power N Change for reactive power
PGU Power Generation Unit F Frequency
Pst Short-term flicker strength Qf Quality factor
Plt Long-term flicker strength NS Network and System
C ΨK Flicker coefficient for continuous operation Un Nominal Voltage
Sr Apparent Power Rated PWHD Partial weight harmonic distortion
Sk Short-circuit Apparent Power THD Total harmonic distortion
Kimax Maximum switching current factor Ztest Test circuit impedance at which
the emission test
Zref The reference impedance EUT Equipment under test
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3 RESUME OF TEST RESULTS
INTERPRETATION KEYS
Test object does meet the requirement ...................................................................... : P Pass
Test object does not meet the requirement ................................................................ : F Fails
Test case does not apply to the test object ................................................................ : N/A Not applicable
To make a reference to a table or an annex. .............................................................. : See additional sheet
To indicate that the test has not been realized ........................................................... : N/R Not realized
STANDARD CLAUSE
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS
RESULT VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
TEST REMARKS
5.4 System reactions
5.4.2 Rapid Voltage Changes P
5.4.3 Flickers P
5.4.4 Current Harmonics P
Interharmonics at continuous operation P
Higher frequency components P
5.4.5 Voltage unbalance N/A
5.4.6 Commutation notches P
5.4.9 Precautionary measures against voltage drops and interruptions
P
5.6 Three-phase network P
5.6.3 Three-phase inverter systems P
5.7 Behaviour of the power generation system at the network
P
5.7.2 Maximum permissible short-circuit current P
5.7.3.3 Active power feed-in at over frequency P
5.7.3.4 Active power feed-in at underfrequency P
5.7.5 Verification of reactive power values P
Verification of reactive power transition function P
6.5 Protective devices for the interface switch. P
6.5.2 Protective functions P
Voltage monitoring -20% P
Voltage monitoring +10% P
Voltage monitoring +15% P
Frequency monitoring: 51,5Hz P
Frequency monitoring: 47,5Hz P
6.5.3 Anti-Islanding Protection P
8.3 Reconnection P
Note: The declaration of conformity has been evaluated taking into account the IEC Guide 115.
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4 TEST RESULTS
4.1 RAPID VOLTAGE CHANGES
The rapid voltage changes test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.4.2 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.1.2 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07, at the required conditions. The maximum voltage change does not exceed a value of 3% Umax and it is calculated as follows:
Semax is the maximum apparent power of inverter.
Skv is the network short circuit power.
Ia is staring current
IrE is rated current
The following are the result for calculated ki
Making operation without default (of primary energy carrier) ki 0.074
Worst case at switch over of generator sections ki 0.040
Making operation at reference conditions (of primary energy carrier) ki 0.079
Breaking operation at nominal power ki 0.038
Worst-case value of all switching operations kimax 0.079
According to the performed tests, the Skv minimum for with the inverter can be installed is 270 kVA. After calculate: Δumax= 1.75% The information provided above should be taken into account for the particular conditions of the installation of the inverter.
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Making operation without default (of primary energy carrier)
ki = Ia / Ire = 0.074
Vmax (dc) to Vmin (dc) at 100% Pn
ki = Ia / Ire = 1.057
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Making operation at reference conditions (of primary energy carrier)
ki = Ia / Ire = 0.079
Breaking operation at nominal power
ki = Ia / Ire = 0.038
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4.2 FLICKERS The Flickers test has been performed according to the paragraph 5.4.3 ofVDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.1.3 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07. Ithas been taken the EN 61000-3-11 as reference standard due to the output current of the inverter is comprised among a range of 16-75 A. In addition of the requirements of this reference standard, VDE-AR-N 4105: 2011 requires a Plt value less or equal to 0,5. In table below are offered the values measured:
Pn(%) Limit 5 % 15 %
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.34 0.37 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.30
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.32 0.33 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.26
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.27 0.40 0.35 0.27 0.40 0.35
Dmax [%] 4 1.29 1.29 1.09 1.24 1.29 1.09
Pn(%) Limit 25 % 33 %
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.34 0.37 0.30 0.33 0.28 0.34
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.33 0.34 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.29
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.27 0.40 0.35 0.55 0.46 0.25
Dmax [%] 4 1.24 1.29 1.09 1.28 1.11 1.35
Pn(%) Limit 45 % 55 %
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.31
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.28 0.24 0.29 0.28 0.31 0.27
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.55 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.35 0.40
Dmax [%] 4 1.28 1.11 1.29 1.42 1.49 1.51
Pn(%) Limit 66 % 75 %
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.35 0.31 0.37 0.29 0.31 0.37
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.31
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.22 0.30 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.36
Dmax [%] 4 1.36 1.23 1.67 1.36 1.23 1.36
Pn(%) Limit 85 % 100 % First time
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.30
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.28 0.31 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.30
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.25 0.35 0.51 0.24 0.33 0.30
Dmax [%] 4 1.42 1.49 1.51 1.29 1.36 1.50
Pn(%) Limit 100 % Second time 100% Third time
Phase -- A B C A B C
PST ≤ 1 0.35 0.33 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.30
PLT ≤ 0,5 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.33 0.27
dc [%] ≤ 3,30 0.26 0.35 0.51 0.20 0.27 0.30
Dmax [%] 4 1.42 1.49 1.51 1.49 1.50 1.50
As it can be seen in the next screenshots, this test has 12 steps. The values took of Pst, Plt, dc
and dmax are the most unfavorable of the 12 steps.
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According to the standard, the flicker coefficient cΨk must be determined for the impedance angle 32°.
The flicker coefficient is determined on the basis of the previously measuredPstvalues in accordance
with the following formula:
cΨk Pst (Sk/Pn).
Whereby the following applies:
Pst Short-term flicker value measured on the network substitute element;
Sk Short circuit power of the network substitute element (during determination of the corresponding Pst
values). Check the datasheet of the AC source (Kwell / AFG-S-33800): Sk,fic =312.5kVA Imax=1250A, and Pn=60 kW following parameters from Sk / Pn = 5.21 These tests are only based on a 32° network impedance angle. Ztest impendance test (Test method refer to IEC 61000-3-11): RA = 0.24 W; XA = j 0.15 W at 50 Hz; RN = 0.16 W; XN = j 0.10 W at 50 Hz. The impedance test Ztest is the same that the reference impedance Zref. It has also been calculated the flicker coefficient in function of different network impedance phase angles. These calculations are offered in the table below.
Network impedance phase angle, Ψk 32°
Average active power Flicker coefficient, C (Ψk, P)
Phase A B C
P = 5%Pn 1.77 1.93 1.56
P = 15% Pn 1.77 1.93 1.56
P = 25% Pn 1.77 1.93 1.56
P = 33% Pn 1.72 1.30 1.77
P = 45% Pn 1.51 1.30 1.56
P = 55% Pn 1.82 1.82 1.62
P = 66% Pn 1.82 1.62 1.93
P = 75% Pn 1.51 1.62 1.93
P = 85% Pn 1.82 1.82 1.62
P = 100% Pn (First time) 1.67 1.77 1.56
P = 100% Pn (Second time) 1.82 1.72 1.41
P = 100% Pn (Third time) 1.67 1.88 1.46
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Power=5% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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Power=15% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Power=25% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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Power=33% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Power=45% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Power=55% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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Power=66% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Power=75% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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Power=85% Pn
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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P = 100% Pn (First time)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
P = 100% Pn (Second time)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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P = 100% Pn (Third time)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
4.3 HARMONICS
The current harmonics have been measured according to the paragraph 5.4.4 of the VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.1.4.1 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07, at the required power values. It has been taken the EN 61000-3-12 as reference standard due to the output current of the inverter is comprised among a range of 16-75 A. The values measured for current harmonics is respectively offered in the following points.
Phase A
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 LIMIT (%) Nr./
Order Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2 0.000 0.030 0.060 0.012 0.043 0.055 0.115 0.047 0.077 0.129 0.157 8.000
3 0.002 0.102 0.039 0.076 0.125 0.080 0.082 0.076 0.052 0.191 0.142 5.333
4 0.000 0.026 0.076 0.040 0.010 0.037 0.045 0.016 0.014 0.033 0.037 4.000
5 0.010 0.085 0.227 0.151 0.179 0.211 0.238 0.237 0.250 0.086 0.165 10.700
6 0.000 0.012 0.031 0.020 0.020 0.005 0.069 0.033 0.032 0.063 0.017 2.667
7 0.015 0.025 0.148 0.090 0.142 0.163 0.165 0.154 0.218 0.229 0.252 7.200
8 0.000 0.008 0.029 0.048 0.037 0.031 0.057 0.046 0.043 0.014 0.077 2.000
9 0.002 0.056 0.033 0.101 0.102 0.105 0.163 0.121 0.121 0.080 0.089 1.778
10 0.000 0.012 0.008 0.044 0.030 0.014 0.021 0.018 0.030 0.010 0.086 1.600
11 0.004 0.227 0.274 0.278 0.199 0.160 0.213 0.171 0.028 0.014 0.054 3.100
12 0.000 0.004 0.012 0.011 0.035 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.021 0.033 0.010 1.333
13 0.007 0.107 0.229 0.115 0.057 0.155 0.183 0.193 0.019 0.074 0.122 2.000
14 0.000 0.010 0.046 0.060 0.073 0.052 0.057 0.056 0.042 0.060 0.068 1.000
15 0.002 0.058 0.046 0.038 0.054 0.070 0.075 0.077 0.103 0.145 0.153 1.000
16 0.000 0.008 0.028 0.060 0.093 0.076 0.072 0.063 0.027 0.027 0.066 1.000
17 0.011 0.125 0.149 0.166 0.266 0.321 0.301 0.322 0.313 0.322 0.332 2.000
18 0.000 0.009 0.021 0.026 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.029 1.000
19 0.012 0.179 0.313 0.228 0.244 0.296 0.278 0.309 0.266 0.252 0.232 1.500
20 0.000 0.004 0.037 0.052 0.026 0.018 0.014 0.010 0.016 0.012 0.019 1.000
21 0.004 0.060 0.073 0.024 0.033 0.037 0.045 0.048 0.048 0.032 0.063 1.000
22 0.001 0.007 0.008 0.037 0.036 0.031 0.033 0.024 0.017 0.015 0.022 1.000
23 0.007 0.055 0.057 0.073 0.053 0.112 0.089 0.104 0.178 0.201 0.205 1.500
24 0.000 0.001 0.023 0.026 0.013 0.021 0.020 0.012 0.005 0.018 0.017 1.000
25 0.007 0.035 0.056 0.093 0.134 0.159 0.141 0.169 0.154 0.153 0.181 1.500
26 0.000 0.002 0.027 0.024 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.018 0.005 0.018 0.024 1.000
27 0.004 0.012 0.013 0.030 0.021 0.034 0.036 0.031 0.054 0.047 0.037 1.000
28 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.011 0.011 0.016 0.025 1.000
29 0.003 0.088 0.061 0.073 0.022 0.042 0.032 0.057 0.088 0.116 0.110 1.000
30 0.000 0.003 0.018 0.019 0.017 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.020 1.000
31 0.003 0.039 0.013 0.018 0.035 0.062 0.050 0.067 0.068 0.086 0.100 1.000
32 0.000 0.002 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.013 0.018 1.000
33 0.001 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.018 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.023 0.020 0.014 1.000
34 0.000 0.002 0.011 0.015 0.008 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.007 1.000
35 0.001 0.044 0.019 0.030 0.053 0.062 0.059 0.063 0.040 0.060 0.055 1.000
36 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.011 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.003 1.000
37 0.003 0.059 0.026 0.014 0.022 0.034 0.031 0.044 0.037 0.054 0.070 1.000
38 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.006 1.000
39 0.004 0.003 0.012 0.013 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.006 1.000
40 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.004 0.002 0.006 1.000
THD (%)
0.029 0.401 0.601 0.511 0.552 0.634 0.666 0.666 0.631 0.649 0.698 13.000
PWHD (%)
0.098 1.259 1.683 1.528 1.844 2.237 2.074 2.301 2.274 2.420 2.519 22.000
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Phase B
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 LIMIT (%) Nr./
Order Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2 0.000 0.033 0.022 0.028 0.020 0.019 0.061 0.047 0.028 0.145 0.089 8.000
3 0.001 0.056 0.025 0.045 0.120 0.076 0.015 0.080 0.068 0.227 0.126 5.333
4 0.000 0.023 0.026 0.014 0.025 0.046 0.031 0.032 0.010 0.053 0.027 4.000
5 0.014 0.166 0.289 0.215 0.225 0.234 0.253 0.258 0.217 0.181 0.180 10.700
6 0.000 0.016 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.011 0.028 0.004 0.026 0.047 0.033 2.667
7 0.013 0.095 0.153 0.030 0.145 0.193 0.161 0.178 0.234 0.330 0.383 7.200
8 0.000 0.008 0.007 0.052 0.014 0.027 0.041 0.035 0.009 0.033 0.049 2.000
9 0.003 0.030 0.045 0.066 0.065 0.069 0.090 0.067 0.069 0.062 0.063 1.778
10 0.001 0.004 0.015 0.042 0.042 0.026 0.015 0.009 0.004 0.030 0.049 1.600
11 0.008 0.202 0.249 0.316 0.219 0.195 0.269 0.215 0.103 0.111 0.113 3.100
12 0.000 0.005 0.020 0.012 0.013 0.004 0.016 0.007 0.028 0.028 0.042 1.333
13 0.001 0.143 0.201 0.042 0.042 0.049 0.088 0.084 0.083 0.179 0.098 2.000
14 0.001 0.009 0.026 0.044 0.051 0.043 0.048 0.035 0.020 0.040 0.059 1.000
15 0.003 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.036 0.017 0.022 0.024 0.074 0.102 0.078 1.000
16 0.000 0.009 0.035 0.063 0.079 0.063 0.058 0.052 0.024 0.022 0.047 1.000
17 0.008 0.104 0.139 0.078 0.183 0.238 0.213 0.254 0.235 0.344 0.389 2.000
18 0.000 0.004 0.011 0.032 0.018 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.008 0.012 0.021 1.000
19 0.016 0.190 0.269 0.179 0.271 0.335 0.328 0.350 0.289 0.225 0.250 1.500
20 0.001 0.005 0.016 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.014 0.008 0.014 0.023 0.024 1.000
21 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.016 0.048 0.036 0.037 0.039 0.012 0.022 0.042 1.000
22 0.000 0.005 0.019 0.047 0.030 0.022 0.019 0.019 0.020 0.013 0.014 1.000
23 0.007 0.088 0.084 0.040 0.082 0.116 0.113 0.122 0.158 0.198 0.220 1.500
24 0.001 0.006 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.008 0.013 0.010 1.000
25 0.007 0.044 0.006 0.102 0.094 0.138 0.139 0.166 0.194 0.182 0.169 1.500
26 0.001 0.008 0.008 0.020 0.009 0.006 0.009 0.013 0.016 0.021 0.036 1.000
27 0.004 0.022 0.005 0.024 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.016 0.043 0.036 1.000
28 0.001 0.001 0.025 0.023 0.016 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.012 0.010 0.011 1.000
29 0.003 0.099 0.060 0.080 0.022 0.037 0.018 0.049 0.075 0.125 0.121 1.000
30 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.009 0.014 1.000
31 0.002 0.029 0.009 0.023 0.036 0.042 0.037 0.068 0.086 0.074 0.096 1.000
32 0.000 0.003 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.007 0.006 0.010 1.000
33 0.001 0.017 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.018 0.022 0.015 1.000
34 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.015 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.001 0.006 1.000
35 0.002 0.052 0.027 0.038 0.049 0.061 0.063 0.069 0.056 0.055 0.058 1.000
36 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.001 1.000
37 0.003 0.056 0.037 0.022 0.030 0.031 0.027 0.039 0.037 0.033 0.043 1.000
38 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.001 0.010 1.000
39 0.001 0.009 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.006 0.008 1.000
40 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.009 0.003 0.004 0.005 1.000
THD (%)
0.424 0.570 0.483 0.534 0.605 0.622 0.646 0.599 0.744 0.759 0.424 13.000
PWHD (%)
1.296 1.475 1.240 1.665 2.076 1.993 2.244 2.179 2.403 2.611 1.296 22.000
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Phase C
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 LIMIT (%) Nr./
Order Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2 0.000 0.008 0.077 0.024 0.054 0.056 0.059 0.016 0.083 0.071 0.170 8.000
3 0.002 0.048 0.020 0.030 0.061 0.015 0.085 0.066 0.069 0.135 0.162 5.333
4 0.000 0.003 0.058 0.029 0.028 0.030 0.073 0.041 0.011 0.042 0.022 4.000
5 0.014 0.166 0.243 0.143 0.162 0.179 0.130 0.160 0.109 0.224 0.315 10.700
6 0.000 0.004 0.023 0.017 0.019 0.007 0.045 0.032 0.028 0.023 0.025 2.667
7 0.013 0.120 0.043 0.088 0.211 0.247 0.272 0.248 0.303 0.280 0.333 7.200
8 0.000 0.009 0.027 0.053 0.044 0.006 0.026 0.016 0.038 0.023 0.041 2.000
9 0.001 0.054 0.053 0.044 0.056 0.058 0.082 0.061 0.082 0.022 0.051 1.778
10 0.000 0.011 0.009 0.053 0.022 0.016 0.034 0.025 0.037 0.019 0.036 1.600
11 0.005 0.247 0.212 0.308 0.296 0.231 0.329 0.259 0.100 0.116 0.115 3.100
12 0.000 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.035 0.021 0.028 0.017 0.048 0.030 0.031 1.333
13 0.007 0.211 0.200 0.083 0.099 0.152 0.122 0.146 0.101 0.105 0.031 2.000
14 0.000 0.007 0.028 0.071 0.092 0.070 0.069 0.054 0.061 0.021 0.047 1.000
15 0.002 0.040 0.022 0.047 0.085 0.081 0.093 0.068 0.060 0.059 0.076 1.000
16 0.001 0.003 0.035 0.029 0.064 0.054 0.056 0.049 0.026 0.035 0.050 1.000
17 0.015 0.102 0.158 0.126 0.267 0.340 0.346 0.359 0.338 0.243 0.328 2.000
18 0.000 0.005 0.025 0.045 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.008 0.004 0.010 0.026 1.000
19 0.011 0.223 0.267 0.166 0.213 0.269 0.255 0.274 0.204 0.274 0.288 1.500
20 0.000 0.003 0.034 0.044 0.020 0.020 0.013 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.007 1.000
21 0.002 0.057 0.087 0.039 0.031 0.044 0.041 0.050 0.042 0.010 0.028 1.000
22 0.000 0.004 0.026 0.050 0.036 0.028 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.013 0.007 1.000
23 0.010 0.074 0.041 0.059 0.040 0.082 0.086 0.105 0.180 0.177 0.191 1.500
24 0.001 0.007 0.023 0.018 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.014 1.000
25 0.008 0.020 0.050 0.084 0.096 0.109 0.101 0.140 0.133 0.218 0.213 1.500
26 0.000 0.007 0.021 0.022 0.007 0.018 0.020 0.023 0.017 0.005 0.014 1.000
27 0.001 0.029 0.011 0.017 0.024 0.034 0.038 0.029 0.040 0.009 0.003 1.000
28 0.000 0.002 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.004 0.005 0.012 0.009 0.013 0.029 1.000
29 0.005 0.108 0.063 0.059 0.019 0.026 0.026 0.056 0.102 0.099 0.103 1.000
30 0.001 0.005 0.012 0.015 0.020 0.008 0.007 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.010 1.000
31 0.002 0.035 0.006 0.008 0.039 0.047 0.036 0.050 0.052 0.103 0.126 1.000
32 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.018 0.022 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.012 1.000
33 0.000 0.005 0.012 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.004 0.011 0.011 0.002 0.012 1.000
34 0.000 0.003 0.015 0.003 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.002 1.000
35 0.002 0.049 0.025 0.036 0.055 0.063 0.062 0.071 0.044 0.069 0.063 1.000
36 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.002 1.000
37 0.001 0.055 0.023 0.015 0.026 0.030 0.021 0.029 0.020 0.057 0.071 1.000
38 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.011 1.000
39 0.003 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.003 0.007 0.005 0.010 0.004 0.001 0.004 1.000
40 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.010 1.000
THD (%)
0.032 0.493 0.529 0.467 0.584 0.642 0.687 0.670 0.618 0.655 0.780 13.000
PWHD (%)
0.108 1.399 1.533 1.247 1.717 2.096 2.067 2.240 2.149 2.312 2.598 22.000
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
Current Harmonics
THD and PWHD
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VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08
The results of inter-harmonics measurements are represented in the tables and graphics below.
Phase A
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f [Hz] Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
75 0.001 0.035 0.241 0.081 0.290 0.354 0.282 0.061 0.043 0.336 0.354
125 0.001 0.049 0.241 0.077 0.299 0.430 0.294 0.064 0.036 0.348 0.370
175 0.003 0.022 0.206 0.052 0.255 0.343 0.278 0.041 0.034 0.249 0.264
225 0.001 0.031 0.184 0.044 0.209 0.314 0.225 0.029 0.040 0.224 0.245
275 0.001 0.029 0.180 0.034 0.187 0.257 0.202 0.026 0.044 0.185 0.203
325 0.001 0.033 0.132 0.039 0.130 0.196 0.144 0.034 0.030 0.146 0.168
375 0.001 0.028 0.107 0.031 0.115 0.155 0.126 0.043 0.020 0.137 0.132
425 0.001 0.034 0.092 0.027 0.081 0.118 0.099 0.038 0.037 0.096 0.103
475 0.000 0.020 0.071 0.026 0.064 0.081 0.074 0.030 0.029 0.073 0.083
525 0.001 0.038 0.055 0.028 0.053 0.078 0.070 0.027 0.030 0.055 0.072
575 0.001 0.030 0.050 0.027 0.045 0.064 0.044 0.025 0.039 0.050 0.065
625 0.001 0.027 0.022 0.023 0.036 0.064 0.045 0.028 0.030 0.057 0.051
675 0.001 0.037 0.033 0.026 0.032 0.047 0.038 0.032 0.041 0.045 0.045
725 0.001 0.023 0.017 0.024 0.025 0.040 0.026 0.019 0.026 0.033 0.025
775 0.001 0.034 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.037 0.023 0.018 0.030 0.029 0.025
825 0.001 0.029 0.019 0.019 0.015 0.032 0.019 0.020 0.017 0.025 0.031
875 0.003 0.093 0.037 0.033 0.010 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.035 0.020 0.023
925 0.001 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.018 0.024 0.018 0.022 0.015 0.034 0.024
975 0.002 0.067 0.025 0.026 0.014 0.021 0.016 0.028 0.028 0.022 0.026
1025 0.001 0.029 0.021 0.018 0.017 0.025 0.020 0.022 0.018 0.026 0.028
1075 0.001 0.042 0.024 0.041 0.017 0.025 0.027 0.050 0.034 0.028 0.026
1125 0.001 0.028 0.013 0.023 0.009 0.017 0.013 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016
1175 0.002 0.040 0.019 0.067 0.015 0.018 0.021 0.053 0.045 0.021 0.019
1225 0.001 0.031 0.008 0.026 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.023 0.016 0.025 0.019
1275 0.001 0.020 0.016 0.033 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.031 0.028 0.017 0.017
1325 0.001 0.022 0.012 0.017 0.009 0.018 0.012 0.023 0.021 0.015 0.013
1375 0.001 0.026 0.013 0.041 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.030 0.029 0.016 0.018
1425 0.001 0.026 0.016 0.026 0.007 0.014 0.009 0.018 0.015 0.006 0.011
1475 0.003 0.017 0.009 0.036 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.041 0.040 0.011 0.012
1525 0.001 0.022 0.009 0.022 0.008 0.012 0.009 0.022 0.023 0.013 0.010
1575 0.002 0.020 0.010 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.023 0.031 0.009 0.011
1625 0.002 0.028 0.010 0.025 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.020 0.016 0.012 0.014
1675 0.001 0.017 0.010 0.021 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.017 0.022 0.010 0.013
1725 0.001 0.026 0.009 0.046 0.006 0.010 0.010 0.024 0.021 0.011 0.010
1775 0.001 0.015 0.008 0.025 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.028 0.031 0.008 0.011
1825 0.001 0.026 0.005 0.030 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.017 0.024 0.009 0.009
1875 0.001 0.020 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.018 0.029 0.007 0.009
1925 0.002 0.025 0.010 0.035 0.005 0.013 0.009 0.021 0.020 0.011 0.010
1975 0.001 0.020 0.008 0.016 0.006 0.010 0.006 0.027 0.030 0.009 0.010
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Phase B
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f [Hz] Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
75 0.001 0.039 0.127 0.065 0.143 0.179 0.172 0.046 0.026 0.549 0.489
125 0.001 0.050 0.091 0.047 0.137 0.162 0.156 0.087 0.035 0.248 0.317
175 0.003 0.044 0.084 0.035 0.097 0.112 0.102 0.021 0.018 0.213 0.223
225 0.001 0.034 0.090 0.032 0.071 0.107 0.093 0.024 0.021 0.189 0.183
275 0.001 0.032 0.078 0.025 0.055 0.096 0.070 0.035 0.022 0.153 0.145
325 0.001 0.036 0.025 0.037 0.045 0.080 0.055 0.022 0.026 0.116 0.144
375 0.001 0.029 0.022 0.022 0.051 0.074 0.054 0.029 0.035 0.074 0.097
425 0.001 0.037 0.029 0.017 0.048 0.075 0.059 0.023 0.024 0.058 0.069
475 0.001 0.017 0.019 0.019 0.044 0.041 0.045 0.019 0.023 0.043 0.050
525 0.001 0.029 0.027 0.029 0.041 0.046 0.041 0.022 0.025 0.058 0.050
575 0.001 0.050 0.023 0.028 0.027 0.041 0.022 0.024 0.028 0.049 0.049
625 0.001 0.015 0.020 0.028 0.019 0.029 0.017 0.019 0.026 0.047 0.048
675 0.001 0.045 0.033 0.029 0.016 0.026 0.021 0.026 0.025 0.034 0.039
725 0.001 0.034 0.011 0.028 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.022 0.023 0.032 0.028
775 0.001 0.042 0.020 0.030 0.023 0.022 0.025 0.026 0.024 0.025 0.019
825 0.001 0.030 0.018 0.022 0.014 0.018 0.017 0.025 0.019 0.032 0.016
875 0.002 0.084 0.033 0.031 0.011 0.020 0.018 0.025 0.026 0.022 0.018
925 0.001 0.029 0.013 0.023 0.012 0.009 0.009 0.020 0.016 0.028 0.025
975 0.002 0.067 0.024 0.026 0.010 0.014 0.009 0.035 0.020 0.011 0.020
1025 0.001 0.022 0.011 0.031 0.006 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.023 0.019 0.014
1075 0.001 0.033 0.018 0.033 0.011 0.017 0.015 0.022 0.028 0.017 0.018
1125 0.001 0.028 0.014 0.022 0.007 0.015 0.009 0.017 0.017 0.019 0.013
1175 0.001 0.048 0.014 0.052 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.039 0.036 0.014 0.018
1225 0.001 0.031 0.010 0.028 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.026 0.021 0.020 0.016
1275 0.002 0.027 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.030 0.027 0.012 0.014
1325 0.001 0.027 0.008 0.018 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.025 0.018 0.017 0.010
1375 0.001 0.029 0.008 0.033 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.032 0.028 0.013 0.017
1425 0.001 0.029 0.010 0.024 0.006 0.011 0.008 0.020 0.025 0.014 0.016
1475 0.014 0.024 0.009 0.019 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.036 0.030 0.009 0.010
1525 0.002 0.026 0.006 0.022 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.012
1575 0.010 0.026 0.008 0.029 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.029 0.034 0.008 0.008
1625 0.003 0.027 0.006 0.027 0.005 0.009 0.007 0.015 0.020 0.013 0.012
1675 0.006 0.019 0.007 0.023 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.019 0.022 0.010 0.010
1725 0.001 0.024 0.009 0.025 0.006 0.014 0.008 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.016
1775 0.001 0.014 0.004 0.031 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.027 0.030 0.006 0.010
1825 0.002 0.025 0.006 0.028 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.018 0.026 0.008 0.011
1875 0.001 0.017 0.006 0.015 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.021 0.034 0.006 0.009
1925 0.003 0.030 0.006 0.037 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.019 0.022 0.013 0.010
1975 0.001 0.031 0.005 0.019 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.025 0.033 0.009 0.010
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Phase C
P (%Pn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f [Hz] Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
75 0.001 0.023 0.335 0.053 0.369 0.504 0.405 0.096 0.033 0.280 0.263
125 0.001 0.038 0.197 0.079 0.214 0.309 0.222 0.094 0.057 0.198 0.253
175 0.003 0.048 0.152 0.044 0.206 0.272 0.231 0.041 0.029 0.143 0.107
225 0.001 0.068 0.098 0.041 0.156 0.232 0.164 0.056 0.026 0.074 0.096
275 0.001 0.052 0.113 0.025 0.147 0.190 0.152 0.041 0.035 0.064 0.076
325 0.001 0.053 0.121 0.034 0.116 0.144 0.113 0.034 0.047 0.045 0.078
375 0.001 0.034 0.103 0.033 0.089 0.108 0.088 0.022 0.031 0.084 0.056
425 0.001 0.038 0.078 0.031 0.047 0.055 0.058 0.027 0.025 0.062 0.058
475 0.001 0.033 0.063 0.013 0.032 0.049 0.039 0.030 0.015 0.043 0.050
525 0.001 0.033 0.038 0.028 0.022 0.041 0.036 0.020 0.014 0.042 0.045
575 0.001 0.029 0.043 0.013 0.032 0.033 0.039 0.021 0.018 0.035 0.039
625 0.001 0.026 0.020 0.033 0.041 0.047 0.040 0.026 0.018 0.039 0.028
675 0.001 0.024 0.025 0.018 0.028 0.038 0.032 0.028 0.017 0.037 0.032
725 0.001 0.029 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.024 0.019 0.026 0.022 0.028 0.030
775 0.001 0.043 0.010 0.032 0.020 0.026 0.015 0.025 0.022 0.028 0.016
825 0.001 0.032 0.015 0.026 0.011 0.023 0.016 0.021 0.016 0.022 0.024
875 0.002 0.109 0.044 0.023 0.011 0.019 0.019 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.018
925 0.001 0.027 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.023 0.019 0.023 0.020 0.020 0.018
975 0.002 0.063 0.019 0.021 0.013 0.019 0.018 0.021 0.022 0.020 0.017
1025 0.001 0.020 0.021 0.027 0.015 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.027
1075 0.002 0.066 0.017 0.025 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.028 0.025 0.017 0.020
1125 0.001 0.022 0.013 0.021 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.017 0.018
1175 0.002 0.065 0.024 0.029 0.012 0.016 0.023 0.035 0.029 0.016 0.011
1225 0.001 0.036 0.008 0.024 0.008 0.013 0.008 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.012
1275 0.003 0.048 0.012 0.034 0.013 0.015 0.012 0.020 0.025 0.011 0.019
1325 0.002 0.026 0.012 0.013 0.008 0.013 0.013 0.023 0.019 0.013 0.008
1375 0.002 0.033 0.009 0.032 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.029 0.027 0.012 0.009
1425 0.001 0.029 0.012 0.025 0.007 0.010 0.007 0.021 0.017 0.013 0.016
1475 0.015 0.039 0.013 0.024 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.023 0.031 0.011 0.008
1525 0.003 0.027 0.007 0.019 0.005 0.011 0.010 0.024 0.022 0.012 0.012
1575 0.010 0.029 0.009 0.023 0.007 0.009 0.006 0.022 0.030 0.007 0.007
1625 0.003 0.023 0.009 0.029 0.004 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.018 0.012 0.011
1675 0.007 0.020 0.008 0.021 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.022 0.023 0.009 0.011
1725 0.002 0.030 0.007 0.042 0.006 0.009 0.006 0.028 0.017 0.016 0.009
1775 0.001 0.019 0.007 0.025 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.024 0.030 0.009 0.009
1825 0.002 0.022 0.006 0.036 0.004 0.010 0.007 0.017 0.026 0.011 0.006
1875 0.001 0.016 0.005 0.010 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.026 0.030 0.006 0.011
1925 0.004 0.022 0.008 0.033 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.020 0.020 0.011 0.012
1975 0.001 0.020 0.006 0.016 0.004 0.008 0.006 0.028 0.031 0.008 0.003
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Inter-Harmonics Current
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The results of higher frequency components measurements are represented in the tables and graphics below.
Phase A
P (%Pn) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f (kHz) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2.1 0.004 0.027 0.005 0.039 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.022 0.013 0.008 0.009
2.3 0.320 0.014 0.007 0.012 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.023 0.036 0.007 0.007
2.5 0.001 0.045 0.007 0.022 0.004 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.016 0.011 0.008
2.7 0.002 0.020 0.005 0.017 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.024 0.030 0.005 0.009
2.9 0.000 0.020 0.008 0.022 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.019 0.017 0.007 0.010
3.1 0.006 0.012 0.006 0.017 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.017 0.014 0.007 0.006
3.3 0.000 0.070 0.013 0.102 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.022 0.016 0.009 0.012
3.5 0.009 0.023 0.009 0.017 0.003 0.007 0.006 0.022 0.033 0.006 0.009
3.7 0.000 0.050 0.004 0.041 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.015 0.014
3.9 0.002 0.017 0.005 0.019 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.015 0.041 0.005 0.008
4.1 0.000 0.050 0.009 0.032 0.003 0.010 0.006 0.019 0.018 0.006 0.010
4.3 0.009 0.018 0.006 0.017 0.004 0.008 0.005 0.017 0.028 0.007 0.007
4.5 0.000 0.058 0.008 0.048 0.005 0.011 0.009 0.013 0.020 0.009 0.007
4.7 0.020 0.024 0.004 0.023 0.003 0.007 0.006 0.021 0.021 0.007 0.009
4.9 0.001 0.137 0.018 0.146 0.011 0.007 0.009 0.034 0.022 0.006 0.018
5.1 0.001 0.018 0.005 0.031 0.003 0.008 0.004 0.038 0.093 0.005 0.013
5.3 0.001 0.127 0.013 0.166 0.021 0.009 0.026 0.062 0.019 0.006 0.009
5.5 0.022 0.017 0.007 0.043 0.004 0.022 0.007 0.042 0.188 0.007 0.019
5.7 0.000 0.280 0.009 0.360 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.096 0.024 0.007 0.009
5.9 0.009 0.141 0.011 0.058 0.007 0.012 0.010 0.041 0.380 0.008 0.017
6.1 0.000 1.386 0.094 0.483 0.054 0.010 0.062 0.147 0.029 0.010 0.013
6.3 0.003 0.187 0.011 0.039 0.003 0.120 0.007 0.178 0.699 0.007 0.155
6.5 0.001 1.035 0.071 0.385 0.081 0.012 0.099 0.144 0.054 0.011 0.011
6.7 0.002 0.072 0.016 0.080 0.008 0.097 0.017 0.048 0.352 0.009 0.097
6.9 0.001 0.305 0.009 0.425 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.096 0.029 0.009 0.016
7.1 0.010 0.032 0.013 0.038 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.084 0.444 0.008 0.012
7.3 0.000 0.104 0.025 0.104 0.017 0.004 0.022 0.033 0.022 0.007 0.008
7.5 0.001 0.027 0.006 0.029 0.003 0.028 0.004 0.040 0.091 0.006 0.035
7.7 0.001 0.146 0.008 0.132 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.038 0.014 0.008 0.012
7.9 0.006 0.016 0.010 0.014 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.084 0.011 0.006
8.1 0.000 0.094 0.006 0.116 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.032 0.010 0.015 0.012
8.3 0.008 0.015 0.008 0.020 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.074 0.007 0.014
8.5 0.001 0.058 0.007 0.042 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.019 0.021 0.008 0.008
8.7 0.004 0.010 0.003 0.013 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.018 0.041 0.008 0.010
8.9 0.000 0.064 0.003 0.063 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.025 0.009 0.013 0.010
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Phase B
P (%Pn) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f (kHz) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2.1 0.000 0.033 0.005 0.027 0.006 0.010 0.006 0.024 0.012 0.008 0.007
2.3 0.317 0.021 0.005 0.019 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.040 0.006 0.006
2.5 0.001 0.046 0.007 0.031 0.006 0.007 0.010 0.012 0.017 0.008 0.008
2.7 0.001 0.016 0.006 0.021 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.023 0.025 0.006 0.006
2.9 0.000 0.033 0.006 0.038 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.016 0.019 0.009 0.007
3.1 0.010 0.015 0.005 0.016 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.014 0.013 0.008 0.007
3.3 0.000 0.074 0.006 0.111 0.004 0.007 0.010 0.021 0.018 0.008 0.012
3.5 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.013 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.023 0.041 0.006 0.009
3.7 0.000 0.061 0.005 0.025 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.013
3.9 0.003 0.021 0.003 0.018 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.015 0.055 0.005 0.006
4.1 0.000 0.052 0.010 0.022 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.018 0.016 0.007 0.006
4.3 0.007 0.009 0.004 0.022 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.014 0.032 0.006 0.010
4.5 0.000 0.061 0.011 0.064 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.012 0.020 0.008 0.010
4.7 0.014 0.018 0.004 0.021 0.002 0.005 0.005 0.018 0.023 0.005 0.007
4.9 0.001 0.129 0.015 0.128 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.033 0.019 0.006 0.015
5.1 0.002 0.048 0.004 0.029 0.004 0.013 0.006 0.031 0.106 0.004 0.008
5.3 0.001 0.163 0.015 0.166 0.010 0.006 0.014 0.031 0.022 0.008 0.009
5.5 0.020 0.033 0.003 0.020 0.004 0.030 0.004 0.056 0.163 0.007 0.034
5.7 0.000 0.313 0.016 0.379 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.090 0.019 0.009 0.011
5.9 0.013 0.152 0.012 0.067 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.041 0.331 0.006 0.011
6.1 0.000 1.225 0.058 0.262 0.035 0.016 0.049 0.118 0.040 0.011 0.012
6.3 0.004 0.076 0.006 0.028 0.004 0.120 0.015 0.087 0.628 0.007 0.075
6.5 0.000 0.514 0.052 0.345 0.045 0.010 0.050 0.109 0.023 0.012 0.017
6.7 0.007 0.071 0.015 0.052 0.005 0.120 0.009 0.106 0.220 0.011 0.151
6.9 0.001 0.289 0.008 0.420 0.006 0.009 0.006 0.099 0.040 0.012 0.020
7.1 0.006 0.035 0.012 0.040 0.002 0.010 0.010 0.078 0.395 0.009 0.020
7.3 0.001 0.078 0.011 0.068 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.055 0.023 0.010 0.010
7.5 0.004 0.015 0.002 0.031 0.002 0.030 0.004 0.026 0.116 0.010 0.019
7.7 0.001 0.104 0.009 0.194 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.042 0.014 0.013 0.008
7.9 0.008 0.018 0.009 0.021 0.002 0.008 0.004 0.036 0.107 0.012 0.007
8.1 0.000 0.101 0.007 0.095 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.029 0.011 0.012 0.011
8.3 0.005 0.028 0.008 0.023 0.003 0.006 0.003 0.017 0.064 0.007 0.009
8.5 0.001 0.047 0.006 0.030 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.016 0.023 0.010 0.013
8.7 0.003 0.020 0.003 0.014 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.015 0.046 0.007 0.012
8.9 0.000 0.028 0.005 0.074 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.027 0.011 0.011 0.011
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Phase C
P (%Pn) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
f (kHz) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%) Ih(%)
2.1 0.006 0.024 0.005 0.040 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.023 0.009 0.006 0.006
2.3 0.319 0.020 0.008 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.027 0.037 0.006 0.005
2.5 0.001 0.037 0.003 0.024 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.008
2.7 0.002 0.014 0.004 0.019 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.026 0.035 0.004 0.007
2.9 0.000 0.033 0.008 0.025 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.021 0.019 0.009 0.009
3.1 0.009 0.013 0.005 0.017 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.017 0.014 0.006 0.006
3.3 0.000 0.067 0.010 0.100 0.004 0.011 0.010 0.026 0.017 0.006 0.006
3.5 0.007 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.021 0.033 0.006 0.005
3.7 0.000 0.022 0.004 0.040 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.019 0.018 0.013 0.012
3.9 0.002 0.020 0.006 0.021 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.027 0.051 0.003 0.009
4.1 0.000 0.026 0.010 0.022 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.020 0.014 0.008 0.008
4.3 0.008 0.020 0.006 0.015 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.025 0.020 0.006 0.005
4.5 0.001 0.063 0.005 0.050 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.020 0.017 0.006 0.010
4.7 0.024 0.015 0.004 0.024 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.034 0.025 0.007 0.004
4.9 0.000 0.119 0.010 0.172 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.046 0.020 0.007 0.011
5.1 0.002 0.021 0.004 0.032 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.052 0.100 0.004 0.010
5.3 0.001 0.125 0.019 0.090 0.014 0.006 0.020 0.063 0.020 0.007 0.006
5.5 0.026 0.038 0.008 0.033 0.005 0.031 0.005 0.041 0.126 0.005 0.032
5.7 0.000 0.292 0.013 0.344 0.007 0.011 0.011 0.114 0.028 0.007 0.006
5.9 0.005 0.040 0.011 0.070 0.006 0.010 0.006 0.052 0.369 0.006 0.018
6.1 0.000 0.249 0.058 0.655 0.083 0.014 0.098 0.259 0.052 0.012 0.014
6.3 0.007 0.033 0.008 0.075 0.004 0.086 0.012 0.207 0.931 0.008 0.158
6.5 0.001 0.442 0.090 0.520 0.040 0.009 0.059 0.120 0.060 0.010 0.013
6.7 0.006 0.052 0.022 0.079 0.007 0.126 0.012 0.110 0.480 0.008 0.127
6.9 0.001 0.280 0.014 0.443 0.006 0.011 0.009 0.097 0.047 0.008 0.012
7.1 0.012 0.027 0.017 0.041 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.091 0.438 0.008 0.018
7.3 0.000 0.109 0.022 0.075 0.020 0.005 0.025 0.035 0.018 0.009 0.008
7.5 0.004 0.029 0.006 0.026 0.002 0.022 0.006 0.051 0.036 0.005 0.039
7.7 0.001 0.140 0.012 0.133 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.053 0.016 0.011 0.013
7.9 0.007 0.012 0.014 0.018 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.032 0.087 0.008 0.007
8.1 0.001 0.075 0.007 0.106 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.036 0.013 0.019 0.009
8.3 0.007 0.012 0.008 0.020 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.025 0.071 0.009 0.012
8.5 0.000 0.024 0.008 0.051 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.023 0.010 0.011
8.7 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.014 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.021 0.041 0.011 0.013
8.9 0.001 0.043 0.004 0.064 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.030 0.012 0.014 0.013
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Current high frequency harmonics
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4.4 VOLTAGE UNBALANCE This point has to be performed according to the paragraph 5.4.5 of the VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08. In this case is not applicable due to it is not several single-phase power generation systems are connected to the same network connection point, then uniform distribution of the power supplied to the three line conductors. 4.5 COMMUTATION NOTCHES
The commutation notches test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.4.6 of theVDE-AR-N
4105:2011-08. The VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 standard requires a maximum relative depth of
commutation notches, dkom, of 5 %.
By the next picture it is obtained that the inverter start connects to PCC.
Commutation notches test
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Commutation notches test_Zoom in Phase A
Commutation notches test_Zoom in Phase B
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Commutation notches test_Zoom in Phase C
For this frequency of commutation, it is measured that the product has a relative depth of commutation
of 3.78%.
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4.6 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AGAINST VOLTAGES DROP AND INTERRUPTIONS
The inverter presents a variety of protection systems against faults or interruptions of supply according to the VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 requires.
4.7 THREE-PHASE NETWORK
This test has been performed according to the paragraph 5.6.3 of the standard. In the graph below are offered the results of the test carried out for verifying the standard requirements.
Test results
Voltage
Phase Nº Angle of Deviation (º) Magnitude Deviation (%)
1-2 -0.3 -0.25
1-3 -0.4 -0.33
2-3 0.1 0.08
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4.8 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT The test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.2 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08. The inverter disconnects at 176.8A. As it can be seen in the next screenshot:
Short-circuit Test(L-L)
4.9 ACTIVE POWER OUTPUT
The test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.3 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07 4.9.1 Measurement of the active and reactive power range
These tests serve to provide evidence of the adjustable reactive power range in compliance with the paragraph 5.7.3 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.2 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07. As well as determination of the values for SEmax and PEmax
All tests must be carried out at the respective stated voltages. If test bench measurements are not possible, a technically underpinned declaration of the manufacturer must be submitted.
The PGU is run at all of the following possible operating points, whereby each of the operating points must be maintained for at least 60 seconds after the transient period. During the following partial measurements a) to c), the primary energy source should not have a power limiting effect. Measurements a) to c) must be made at Un and 1.09 Un.
a) At cos 1 the maximum possible active power is set at this operating point.
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b) At the maximum under-excited operation, the maximum active power possible at this operating point is set.
c) At the maximum over-excited operation, the maximum active power possible at this operating point is set.
SEmax600 and PEmax600 are determined by the maximum measured value:
SEmax600 max (SEmax600 a), SEmax600 b), SEmax600 c))
PEmax600 max (PEmax600 a), PEmax600 b), PEmax600 c))
Optional measurements: The following operating points must be maintained for at least 60 seconds after the transient period:
d) At the maximum under-excited operation the active power is set to 20 % PEmax600 to 30 % PEmax600.
e) At the maximum over-excited operation the active power is set to 20 % PEmax600 to 30 % PEmax600.
NOTE The points d) and e) serve to show the PGU properties. Both measurements are optional, as they are not required by VDE-AR-N 4105.
The results are offered in the table below.
Setting U=1.0 Un
Step Voltage
(per unit) P
(per unit) Q
(per unit) S
(per unit) Measured
cos φ Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
a) 1.000 1.002 0.040 1.003 0.999 1.000 -0.001
b) 1.000 0.998 0.493 1.113 0.896 0.900 -0.004
c) 1.000 0.997 -0.473 1.104 0.903 0.900 0.003
d) 1.000 0.248 0.122 0.276 0.897 0.900 -0.003
e) 1.000 0.247 -0.117 0.273 0.904 0.900 0.004
Measured each step(a,b,c) 600 s: SEmax600 a) = 1.003Sn = 60180VA PEmax600 a) = 1.002Pn = 60120W SEmax600 b) = 1.113Sn = 66780VA PEmax600 b) = 0.998Pn = 59880W SEmax600 c) = 1.104Sn = 66240VA PEmax600 c) = 0.997Pn = 59820W
Setting U=1.09 Un
Step Voltage
(per unit) P (per unit)
Q (per unit)
S (per unit)
Measured cos φ
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
a) 1.091 1.004 -0.106 1.005 0.999 1.000 -0.001
b) 1.091 1.001 0.497 1.117 0.895 0.900 -0.005
c) 1.091 1.000 -0.474 1.107 0.904 0.900 0.004
Measured each step(a,b,c) 600 s: SEmax600 a) = 1.005Sn = 60300VA PEmax600 a) = 1.001Pn = 60060W SEmax600 b) = 1.118Sn = 67080VA PEmax600 b) = 1.001Pn = 60060W SEmax600 c) = 1.107Sn = 66420VA PEmax600 c) = 1.000Pn = 60000W
According to the test:
SEmax600 max (SEmax600 a), SEmax600 b), SEmax600 c)) = 1.118Sn = 67080VA
PEmax600 max (PEmax600 a), PEmax600 b), PEmax600 c)) = 1.002Pn = 60120W
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In the picture below are offered graphically the results of the test.
Characteristic curve cos ɸ = F(P) (Setting U=1.0 Un)
Characteristic curve cos ɸ = F(P) (Setting U=1.09 Un)
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4.9.2 Lowering the active power by a defined set value The test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.3 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.3 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07
For this test the set value signal is lowered from 100 % PEmax to 10 % PEmaxas follows:
Setpoint in power bin
Psetpoint [p.u.] Pmeasured [p.u.] Δ P (<±0.05Pn)
100% 1.000 1.001 0.001
90% 0.900 0.901 0.001
80% 0.800 0.801 0.001
70% 0.700 0.701 0.001
60% 0.600 0.600 0.000
50% 0.500 0.500 0.000
40% 0.400 0.399 -0.001
30% 0.300 0.298 -0.002
20% 0.200 0.197 -0.003
10% 0.100 0.095 -0.005
100% 1.000 1.001 0.001
Lowered from 100 % PEmax to 10 % PEmax
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The setting time is measured by changing the set value from 100 % to 30 % of the nominal active power PEmax at the time t0. The setting time of the PGU must be determined during this test.
Setting time = t1-t0= 0.5s
Lowered from 100 % PEmax to 30 % PEmax
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4.9.3 Active power feed-in at overfrequency
The test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.3.3 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.4 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07. This test has been divided in three different parts:
1. At frequencies between 50,2 Hz and 51,5 Hz, the inverter shall reduce (for frequency increase) or increase (for frequency decrease, the active power PM generated instantaneously (at the time of exceeding the mains frequency 50,2 Hz) with a gradient of 40% of PM per Herzt.
2. If the mains frequency drops again to a value below 50.2 Hz and if the possible generation power is greater at that instant than the active power PM, then the increase of the active power supplied to the network operator’s network shall not exceed a gradient of 10% of the maximum active power PN per minute.
3. At mains frequencies >51.5 Hz, the power generation system shall disconnect from the network immediately.
The results of the tests performed are offered in the table below:
Part 1 PM = 100% Pn
Step ff-iFrequency
setting
Variation expected
Active power change desired
(p.u.)
Active power change
measured (p.u.)
Variation measured
a) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz No power variation 1.000 to 1.000 1.003 to 1.003 No power variation
b) 50.25 Hz 0.05 Hz -2% PM 1.000 to 0.980 1.003 to 0.986 -1.7% PM
c) 50.70 Hz 0.10 Hz -20% PM 0.980 to 0.800 0.986 to 0.807 -19.6% PM
d) 51.15 Hz 0.05 Hz -38% PM 0.800 to 0.620 0.807 to 0.627 -37.6% PM
e) 50.70 Hz 0.10 Hz -20% PM 0.620 to 0.800 0.627 to 0.807 -19.6% PM
f) 50.25 Hz 0.05 Hz -2% PM 0.800 to 0.980 0.807 to 0.987 -1.7% PM
g) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz No power variation 0.980 to 1.000 0.987 to 1.003 No power variation
h) 51.65 Hz 0.05 Hz Disconnection confirm (Yes or No) Yes
i) 50.10 Hz 0.01 Hz Reconnected confirm (Yes or No) No
j) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz Power gradient
limited <10%Pn/min
Power gradient measured
7.98%Pn/min
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Part 2 PM = 50% Pn
Step ff-iFrequency
setting
Variation expected
Active power change desired
(p.u.)
Active power change
measured (p.u.)
Variation measured
a) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz No power variation 0.500 to 0.500 0.502 to 0.502 No power variation
b) 50.25 Hz 0.05 Hz -2% PM 0.500 to 0.490 0.502 to 0.494 -1.6% PM
c) 50.70 Hz 0.10 Hz -20% PM 0.460 to 0.400 0.494 to 0.404 -19.6% PM
d) 51.15 Hz 0.05 Hz -38% PM 0.400 to 0.310 0.404 to 0.313 -37.8% PM
e) 50.70 Hz 0.10 Hz -20% PM 0.310 to 0.400 0.313 to 0.404 -19.6 % PM
f) 50.25 Hz 0.05 Hz -2% PM 0.400 to 0.490 0.404 to 0.493 -1.8% PM
g) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz No power variation 0.490 to 0.500 0.493 to 0.502 No power variation
h) 51.65 Hz 0.05 Hz Disconnection confirm (Yes or No) Yes
i) 50.10 Hz 0.01 Hz Reconnected confirm (Yes or No) No
j) 50.00 Hz 0.01 Hz Power gradient
limited <10%Pn/min
Power gradient measured
8.84%Pn/min
In the graph below are represented the results of the test performed for verifying this point of the standard.
Active power feed-in at overfrequency(PM = 100% Pn)
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Active power feed-in at overfrequency(PM = 50% Pn)
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4.9.4 Active power feed-in at underfrequency The test has been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.3.4 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.5 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07. For frequencies between 47.5 Hz and 50.0 Hz, automatic disconnection from the network as a result of a frequency deviation is not permitted.
The results of the tests performed are offered in the table below:
PM =100% Pn
Step ff-iFrequency
setting
Variation expected
Active power change desired
(p.u.)
Active power change
measured (p.u.)
Variation measured
a) 50.00 Hz No power variation 1.000 to 1.000 1.003 to 1.003 No power variation
b) 47.55 Hz No power variation 1.000 to 1.000 1.003 to 1.003 No power variation
The test performed for verifying that the inverter does not disconnect while working among this range can be seen in the following graph.
Active power feed-in at underfrequency
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4.10 REACTIVE POWER
These tests have been measured according to the paragraph 5.7.5 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.6 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07. Depending of the maximum apparent power of the inverter, SE Max, there are the following requirements:
For generation systems with 3.68 kVA < SE Max < 13.8 kVA: Characteristic curve provided with cos ϕ = 0.95under-excited to 0.95over-excited according to the figure.
For generation systems with SE Max > 13.8 kVA: Characteristic curve provided with cos ϕ = 0.90under-excited to 0.90over-excited according to the figure.
In this case it has been tested according to the requirements of the first. But the characteristic curve provided with cos ϕ = 0.90under-excited to 0.90 over-excited according to the figure. The tests performed are offered in the following points.
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4.10.1 Tests of the cos setting accuracy
In addition to the requirements of the point 5.7.5 of VDE-AR-N 4105: 2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.6.1 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07, this test has to take into account the specification of the point 9.2.2. This paragraph declares that the maximum deviation allowed for cos ɸ is 0.01.
The PGU is run at all of the following possible operating points, whereby a data set with 30 second mean values must be recorded for each operating point after the transient period of the active power. During the following partial measurements a) to c), the primary energy source should not have a power limiting effect. Measurements a) to c) should be carried out at 0.91 Un, Un und 1.09 Un, measurements
should, however, at least be carried out at Un and 1.09 Un.
For each of the measurements at different voltages another value between 40 % PEmax
and 60 % PEmax
must be run up to.
1. The following applies for PGUs of 3.68 kVA that cannot be used in PGS of 3.68:
a) Without specification of the cos , measurement is made at an active power value of between 40 % P
Emax and 60 % P
Emax and at S
Emax.
2. The following applies for PGUs 3.68 kVA and 13.8 kVA, that cannot be used in PGS 13.8 kVA
as well as for PGUs 3.68 kVA, that can also be used in PGS 13.8 kVA:
b) At cos 0,95 over-excited, measurement is made at an active power value between 40 % PEmax
and 60 % PEmax
and at SEmax.
c) At cos 0.95 under-excited, measurement is made at an active power value between 40 % PEmax
and 60 % PEmax
and at SEmax
.
3. The following applies for PGUs 13.8 kVA as well as for PGUs 13.8 kVA, that can also be used in PGS > 13.8 kVA:
d) At cos 0.9 over-excited measurement is made at an active power value between 40 % PEmax
and 60 % PEmax
and at SEmax.
e) At cos 0.9 under-excited, measurement is made at an active power value between 40 % PEmax
and 60 % PEmax
and at SEmax
.
In this case it has been tested according to the requirements of the secondary. But the characteristic curve provided with cos ϕ = 0,90under-excited to 0,90over-excited according to the figure. Measurements d) to e) carried out at 0.91 Un, Un und 1.09 Un
The results are offered in the table below.
Setting U=Un
Step Voltage
(per unit) P
(per unit) Q
(per unit)
SEmax
(per unit)
Measured cos φ
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
a) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
b) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
c) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
d) 1.000 0.502 -0.236 0.554 0.905 0.900 0.005
e) 1.000 0.502 0.245 0.558 0.899 0.900 -0.002
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Setting U=0.91Un
Step Voltage
(per unit) P
(per unit) Q
(per unit)
SEmax
(per unit)
Measured cos φ
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
a) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
b) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
c) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
d) 0.910 0.500 -0.238 0.554 0.903 0.900 0.003
e) 0.911 0.500 0.238 0.554 0.903 0.900 0.003
Setting U=1.09Un
Step Voltage
(per unit) P
(per unit) Q
(per unit)
SEmax
(per unit)
Measured cos φ
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
a) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
b) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
c) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
d) 1.089 0.501 -0.236 0.554 0.905 0.900 0.005
e) 1.090 0.502 0.242 0.558 0.901 0.900 0.001
In the picture below are offered graphically the results of the test.
Characteristic curve cos setting at U=Un
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Characteristic curve cos setting at U=0.91Un
Characteristic curve cos setting at U=1.09Un
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4.10.2 Test for a displacement factor/active power characteristic curve cos (P)
In addition to the requirements of the point 5.7.5 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.3.6.4 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07, this test has to take into account the specification of the point 9.2.3. The results of the test performed are offered in the table below.
The change in the reactive power must be checked in accordance with the active power feed-in. To this purpose the active power range must be run through three times from 20 % PEmax to the maximum active power feed-in and vice versa.
a) The active power range is run through once in steps of 10 % PEmax to verify the degree of the displacement factor.
b) The active power range is run through twice to verify the degree of the displacement factor and to verify the transient period in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.
The results are offered in the table below (Note: 10%Pn have not measured in following test):
Setting cos 0.9 over-excited (in steps of 10 % PEmax)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 -0.095 0.903 0.900 0.003
30 0.300 -0.140 0.907 0.900 0.007 0.2s
40 0.401 -0.190 0.903 0.900 0.003 0.2s
50 0.502 -0.232 0.908 0.900 0.008 0.2s
60 0.602 -0.278 0.908 0.900 0.008 0.2s
70 0.702 -0.331 0.904 0.900 0.004 0.2s
80 0.802 -0.377 0.905 0.900 0.005 0.2s
90 0.901 -0.419 0.907 0.900 0.007 0.2s
100 1.001 -0.466 0.906 0.900 0.006 0.2s
Setting cos 0.9 under-excited(in steps of 10 % PEmax)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 0.097 0.899 0.900 -0.001
30 0.300 0.151 0.894 0.900 -0.006 0.2s
40 0.402 0.197 0.897 0.900 -0.003 0.2s
50 0.502 0.240 0.902 0.900 0.002 0.2s
60 0.602 0.291 0.900 0.900 0.000 0.2s
70 0.702 0.325 0.908 0.900 0.008 0.2s
80 0.803 0.374 0.907 0.900 0.007 0.2s
90 0.901 0.421 0.906 0.900 0.006 0.2s
100 1.001 0.466 0.907 0.900 0.007 0.2s
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Setting cos 1(in steps of 10 % PEmax)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 0.021 0.995 1.000 -0.005
30 0.301 0.024 0.997 1.000 -0.003 0.2s
40 0.402 0.022 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.1s
50 0.503 0.025 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.2s
60 0.603 0.024 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.2s
70 0.704 0.027 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.2s
80 0.804 0.027 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.2s
90 0.904 0.022 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.2s
100 1.003 0.029 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.2s
Setting cos 0.9 over-excited (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 -0.095 0.903 0.900 0.003
50 0.502 -0.236 0.905 0.900 0.005 0.2s
90 0.902 -0.429 0.903 0.900 0.003 0.2s
20 0.199 -0.094 0.904 0.900 0.004 0.2s
50 0.502 -0.236 0.905 0.900 0.005 0.2s
90 0.900 -0.428 0.903 0.900 0.003 0.2s
Setting cos 0.9 under-excited (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 0.097 0.899 0.900 -0.001
50 0.502 0.244 0.899 0.900 -0.001 0.2
90 0.902 0.418 0.907 0.900 0.007 0.2
20 0.199 0.097 0.899 0.900 -0.001 4.1
50 0.502 0.240 0.902 0.900 0.002 2.7
90 0.901 0.421 0.906 0.900 0.006 0.3
Setting cos 1 (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 0.021 0.995 1.000 -0.005
50 0.503 0.022 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.3s
90 0.904 0.020 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.3s
20 0.199 0.023 0.993 1.000 -0.007 0.3s
50 0.502 0.026 0.999 1.000 -0.001 0.3s
90 0.904 0.026 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.3s
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It has also to be verified the capability of the inverter for providing a fixed value of the power factor (depending on SE Max) in function of the active power according to the next picture:
The results are offered in the table below (Note: 10%Pn have not measured in following test):
Setting cos (P) with the standard characteristic curve (20%Pn to 100%Pn)
Active Power Setting
(% PEmax)
Active Power
Measured (p.u.)
Reactive Power
Measured (p.u.)
cos Measured
Desired cos φ
Δ cos φ (<0,01)
Transient period (<10s)
20 0.199 0.020 0.995 1.000 -0.005
30 0.301 0.023 0.997 1.000 -0.003 0.2s
40 0.402 0.024 0.998 1.000 -0.002 0.2s
50 0.503 0.031 0.998 1.000 -0.002 0.2s
60 0.603 0.131 0.977 0.980 0.003 0.2s
70 0.703 0.219 0.955 0.960 -0.005 0.2s
80 0.803 0.312 0.932 0.940 -0.008 0.2s
90 0.902 0.406 0.912 0.920 0.008 0.2s
100 1.001 0.499 0.895 0.900 -0.005 0.2s
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In the picture below are offered graphically the results of the test.
Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 0.9 over-excited)(in steps of 10 % PEmax)
Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 0.9 under-excited)(in steps of 10 % PEmax)
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Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 1)(in steps of 10 % PEmax)
Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 0.9 over-excited) (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
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Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 0.9 under-excited) (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
Characteristic curve cos (P) (Setting cos 1) (in the steps 20 % PEmax, 50 % PEmax, 90 % PEmax.)
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Setting cos (P) with standard characteristic curve(20%Pn to 100%Pn)
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4.11 INTERFACE SWITCH
It is use an integrated interface switch for the connection of the equipment to the network operator’s low-voltage network. The integrated interface switch consists of two relay connected in series. The interface switch is controlled by the NS protection and activates automatically if at least one protective function responds. 4.11.1 Functional safety
Testing of the single-fault tolerance and fault detection with subsequent disconnection is carried out by fault simulation, if necessary with additional fault tests.
It must be checked that a single fault does not lead to loss of the safety function.
The results are offered in the table below:
Component
No.
Fault Supply voltage
(V)
Test
time
Observation
K1 S/C Input: 640 Vdc;
Output: 230 Vac 5s
EUT cannot connect to the grid. Error
message: “Relay fault”. No output. No
damage. No hazard.
K2 S/C Input: 360 Vdc;
Output: 230 Vac 5s
EUT cannot connect to the grid. Error
message: “Relay fault”. No output. No
damage. No hazard.
K3 S/C Input: 360 Vdc;
Output: 230 Vac 5s
EUT cannot connect to the grid. Error
message: “Relay fault”. No output. No
damage. No hazard.
Note: S/C means Short Circuit.
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4.11.2 Voltage protection functions These tests have been performed according to the points 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.4.5.3 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07
a) For measurement of the phase to phase voltages the phase angle must be turned so that one phase to phase voltage reaches the limit value, whereby the phase to neutral voltages for testing the overvoltage are set to 110 % Un and for undervoltage to 90 % Un.
b) For the measurement of the phase to neutral voltage, one phase to neutral voltage should be changed, whereby both other phase to neutral voltages are maintained at the nominal voltage. This test must be carried out separately for each phase.
To measure the response time, a voltage changes of:
– Nominal voltage to 118 % Un for overvoltage and – Nominal voltage to 77 % Un for undervoltage
is carried out.
All tests for verification of the disconnection values and times must be carried out three times.
The results are offered in the table below:
Disconnection time measured
Protective function
Voltage changes
Disconnection time limits
Test 1 (ms) Test 2 (ms) Test 3 (ms)
Rise-in-voltage protection (U>>)
100% Un to 118% Un
< 200 ms 146 146 157
Voltage drop protection (U<)
100% Un to 77% Un
< 200 ms 154 157 156
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In the picture below are offered waveforms and graphically the results of the test.
Nominal voltage to 118 % Un for overvoltage - Test 1
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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Nominal voltage to 118 % Un for overvoltage - Test 2
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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Nominal voltage to 118 % Un for overvoltage - Test 3
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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Nominal voltage to 77 % Un for undervoltage - Test 1
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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Nominal voltage to 77 % Un for undervoltage - Test 2
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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Nominal voltage to 77 % Un for undervoltage - Test 3
CH1: Voltage_Phase A, CH2: Voltage_Phase B, CH3: Voltage_Phase C, CH4: Output current
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The rise-in voltage protection U test is carried out as follows: a) The voltage is set to 100 % Un and maintained for 600 s. The voltage is then set to 112 % Un.
Disconnection must be effected within 600 seconds.
NOTE This test serves to verify the measuring accuracy and the maximum set time.
b) The voltage is set for 600 s to Un, then for 600 s to 108 % Un. Disconnection should not occur.
NOTE This test serves to verify the measuring accuracy.
c) The voltage is set to 106 % Un and maintained for 600 s. The voltage is then set to 114 % Un.
Disconnection must be effected within 300 seconds. In the picture below are offered graphically the results of the test.
Measured a)
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Measured b)
Measured c)
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4.11.3 Frequency protection functions These tests have been performed according to the points 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.4.5.4 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07
Disconnection time measured
Protective function
Frequency changes
Disconnection time limits
Test 1 (ms) Test 2 (ms) Test 3 (ms)
Frequency increase
protection (f>)
50.00 Hz to 51.48 Hz to 51.55 Hz
< 200 ms 161 163 162
Frequency decrease
protection (f<)
50.00Hz to 47.53Hz to 47.45 Hz
< 200 ms 160 151 155
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In the picture below are offered waveforms and graphically the results of the test.
Overfrequency 51.5 Hz- Test 1
CH1: Output Voltage, CH2: Tirp signal, CH4: Output current
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Overfrequency 51.5 Hz- Test 2
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Overfrequency 51.5 Hz- Test 3
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Underfrequency 47.5 Hz- Test 1
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Underfrequency 47.5 Hz - Test 2
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Underfrequency 47.5 Hz - Test 3
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4.12 CONNECTION CONDITIONS AND SYNCHRONISATION 4.12.1 General The power generation system shall be connected to the network only if both voltage and frequency are within the tolerance range according to the 8.3.1 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.5.1 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07
In the pictures below are offered the tests performed. The inverter has to be reconnected after a delay time of 60 seconds once voltage and frequency are within the range specified. It is also shown that the active power doesn’t exceed the gradient of 10 % of the active power per minute (green line).
The results are offered in the table below
Test item Measured
Value Reconnection (Yes or No?)
Reconnection Time (s) (>60s)
Uist < 84% Un 83.9% Un No --
Uist ≥ 84% Un 85.1% Un Yes 67.7
Uist > 111% Un 111.7% Un No --
Uist ≤ 111% Un 107.4% Un Yes 67.5
fist = 47.45Hz 47.45 Hz No --
fist ≥ 47.55Hz 47.55 Hz Yes 67.4
fist = 50.1Hz 50.10 No --
fist ≤ 50.0Hz 50.00 Yes 67.7
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In the picture below are offered graphically the results of the test.
Uist < 84% Un
Uist ≥ 84% Un
Reconnection delay time limit: 60 s Resconnection time measured: 67.7 s
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Uist > 111% Un
Uist ≤ 111% Un
Reconnection delay time limit: 60 s Resconnection time measured: 67.5 s
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fist = 47.45Hz
fist ≥ 47.55Hz
Reconnection delay time limit: 60 s Reconnection time measured: 67.4 s
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fist = 50.10Hz
fist ≤ 50.0Hz
Reconnection delay time limit: 60 s Reconnection time measured: 67.7 s
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4.12.2 Reconnection after short interruption These tests have been measured according to the paragraph 8.3.1 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the paragraph 5.5.2 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07.
To verify the short interruption, the network voltage is reduced from the nominal voltage with a jump to 77 % Un. After 2 s the system is switched to the nominal voltage. The reconnection time must be longer
than 5 s.
To verify the short interruption, the network voltage is reduced from the nominal voltage with a jump to 77 % Un. After 4 s the system is switched to the nominal voltage. The reconnection time must be longer
than 60 s.
The short interruption may also be implemented by a jump of less than or equal to 77 % Un.
The results are offered in the table below
Test item Reconnection Time
Limited (s) Reconnection Time
measured(s)
Un jump to 77%Un, after 2s switched to Un
>5 17.9
Un jump to 77%Un, after 2s switched to Un
>60 66.4
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In the picture below are offered waveforms and graphically the results of the test.
Un jump to 77%Un, after 2s switched to Un
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Un jump to 77%Un,after 4s switched to Un
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4.13 ANTI ISLANDING
This test has been performed according to the point 6.5.3 of VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08 and the
paragraph 5.4.6 of VDE V 0124-100:2012-07.
All the tests and checks have been performed in accordance with the reference Standard as specified
previously. The used quality factor of resonant load was Qf=2.
There are required three different tests:
Test A is at full power
Test B is at 50%Pn
Test C is at 20%Pn
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4.13.1 Test A
Balanced Load
M (%) N (%) Disconnection (ms)
(limit at t=5s)
0 -5 888
0 -4 927
0 -3 983
0 -2 970
0 -1 930
0 0 1055
0 1 1049
0 2 1018
0 3 1040
0 4 1001
0 5 975
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=0
Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+1
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+2
Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+3
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+4
Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+5
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-1
Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-2
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-3
Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-4
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Test A(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-5
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4.13.2 Test B
Balanced Load
M (%) N (%) Disconnection (ms)
(limit at t=5s)
0 -5 868
0 -4 904
0 -3 980
0 -2 915
0 -1 928
0 0 1121
0 1 1018
0 2 1021
0 3 1039
0 4 988
0 5 958
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=0
Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+1
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+2
Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+3
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+4
Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+5
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-1
Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-2
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-3
Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-4
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Test B(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-5
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4.13.3 Test C
Balanced Load
M (%) N (%) Disconnection (ms)
(limit at t=5s)
0 -5 552
0 -4 567
0 -3 870
0 -2 940
0 -1 980
0 0 1140
0 1 1072
0 2 728
0 3 940
0 4 996
0 5 587
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=0
Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+1
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+2
Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+3
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+4
Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=+5
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-1
Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-2
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-3
Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-4
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Test C(50Hz) M(%)=0 & N(%)=-5
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5 PICTURES
General view
Back view
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Front view of Main board
Back view of Main board
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Front View of LCD board
Back View of LCD board
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Front View of Control board
Back View of Control board
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Front View of AC output board
Back View of AC output board
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Front View of DC input board
Back View of DC input board
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Front View of Communication board
Back View of Communication board
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Front View of DC combine board
Back View of DC combine board
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Front View of SOFAR 60000TL, SOFAR 70000TL-HV Cap. board
Back View of SOFAR 60000TL, SOFAR 70000TL-HV Cap. board
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Front View of SOFAR 50000TL Cap. board
Back View of SOFAR 50000TL Cap. board
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Front View of RS232 board
Back View of RS232 board
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Intelnal View
Connection interface
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AC output connection
External Eathing connection terminal
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Side view
Serial Number: ZJ1ES160HCJ252
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Software Version: V2.00
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6 ELECTRICAL SCHEMES
Equipment under testing
---------------------------------------------END OF REPORT------------------------------------------