Testimony - Douglas Farah - Senate Foreign Relations Committee - Venezuela - 17 March 2015

8/9/2019 Testimony - Douglas Farah - Senate Foreign Relations Committee - Venezuela - 17 March 2015

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]jstnlhdy ho Mhukf`s O`r`g

Rrjsnmjdt, NAN Ehdsuft`dts FFEUjdnhr Dhd-Qjsnmjdt @sshen`tj, @ljrne`s Rrhkr`l, EUNU

Ujdnhr Ojffhw, Ndtjrd`tnhd`f @ssjssljdt `dm Utr`tjky Ejdtjr

Ajohrj tgj Ujd`tj Ohrjnkd Qjf`tnhds Uuaehllnttjj tgj [jstjrdGjlnspgjrj, ]r`dsd`tnhd`f Ernlj, Envnfn`d Ujeurnty, Mjlher`ey, Gul`d

Qnkgts, `dm Kfha`f [hljd„s Nssujs

‖Mjjpjdndk Rhfntne`f `dm Jehdhlne Ernsns nd _jdjzujf`9Nlpfne`tnhds ohr Z.U. Ndtjrjsts `dm tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj“

L`reg 0;, 120:

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2/15

1

Eg`nrl`d Quanh, Q`dcndk Ljlajr Ahxjr `dm Ljlajrs ho tgj Ehllnttjj9

]g`dc yhu ohr tgj ndvnt`tnhd thm`y th mnseuss tgj hdkhndk ̀ dm ̀ eejfjr`tndk ernsns nd_jdjzujf` ̀ dm nts nlpfne`tnhds ohr tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ dm rjknhd`f sjeurnty nssujs. N spj`c hdajg`fo ho hdfy NAN Ehdsuft`dts ̀ dm lysjfo. ]gj vnjws ̀ rj lndj `dm mh dht djejss`rnfy rjofjettghsj ho EUNU hr N@UE.

]gjrj ns fnttfj mhuat tg`t _jdjzujf` g`s ohr ` mje`mj dhw phsjm ` snkdnone`dt tgrj`t dht hdfyth Z.U. sjeurnty ndtjrjsts nd tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj, aut th tgj survnv`f ho mjlherèy ̀ dmtgj rufj ho f`w nd tgj rjknhd. @ rjejdt ndvjstnk`tnhd ay _ji`, ` rjspjetjm Ar`znfn`d l`k`zndj,sghws tg`t _jdjzujf`, wntg tgj gjfp ho @rkjdtnd`, ̀ etnvjfy trnjm th gjfp Nr`d„s duefj`rprhkr`l nd vnhf`tnhd ho ndtjrd`tnhd`f s`detnhds.0 Lhrj tg`d ̀ mhzjd sjdnhr _jdjzujf`dhoonen`fs g`vj ajjd puafnefy nmjdtnonjm ay Z.U. ho onen`fs ̀ s ajndk mnrjetfy ndvhfvjm ndsupphrtndk ̀ dm p`rtnenp`tndk nd mruk tròonecndk ̀ dm supphrt ho mjsnkd`tjm tjrrhrnst krhups.

]gj tgrj`t hrnknd`tndk nd _jdjzujf` ns dht ehdondjm th _jdjzujf`. ]gj f`tj Gukh Egàvjz,ètndk nd ehdejrt wntg gns ̀ ffnjs Qò`jf Ehrrj` nd Jeu`mhr, Jvh Lhr`fjs nd Ahfnvn`, M`dnjfHrtjk` nd Dne`r`ku`, Ernstnd` Ojrdàdmjz mj Cnregdjr nd @rkjdtnd`, sjt hut th rjmjondj tgjphfntne`f f`dmse`pj nd F`tnd @ljrne`. @dm th ̀ f`rkj mjkrjj tgjy g`vj ajjd sueejssouf.Zdohrtud`tjfy tgj eg`dkjs wrhukgt udmjr tgj a`ddjr ho ‖Uhen`fnsl ohr tgj 10st Ejdtury“g`vj arhukgt l`ssnvj ehrruptnhd3 rnsndk vnhfjdej3 ` mnsm`nd ohr tgj rufj ho f`w3 tgj rnsj hojqu`tndk ̀ d ndmnvnmu`f fj`mjr ̀ s tgj st`tj (‖Egàvjz ns _jdjzujf`“)3 ̀ snkdnone`dt ̀ dm hdkhndk,ehdejrtjm joohrt th snfjdej pjèjouf hpphsntnhd ̀ dm ndmjpjdmjdt ljmn`3 ̀ dm ehff`psj hondstntutnhds mjsnkdjm th ku`r`dtjj hvjrsnkgt ̀ dm tr`dsp`rjdey ho puafne ndmnvnmu`fs ̀ dmjdtntnjs.

Ly tjstnlhdy wnff oheus hd tgns `ffn`dej, ho wgneg _jdjzujf` ns tgj ndmnsputàfj fj`mjr `dmprnl`ry ̀ xns ̀ rhudm wgneg tgj htgjrs rjvhfvj. Ghwjvjr, `dm tgns wg`t prjsjdts tgj krj`tjr

str`tjkne tgrj`t jl`d`tndk orhl _jdjzujf`, nt ns dht ̀ etndk ̀ fhdj, aut nd ehdejrt wntgluftnpfj htgjr d`tnhds.

_jdjzujf` ̀ dm nts ̀ ffnjs g`vj lhvjm pjrnfhusfy efhsj th ajndk ‖ernlnd`fnzjm st`tjs,“ tg`t ns,st`tjs wgjrj tgj sjdnhr fj`mjrsgnp ns `w`rj ho `dm ndvhfvjm `dm èt hd ajg`fo ho tgj st`tj,wntg tr`dsd`tnhd`f hrk`dnzjm ernlj (]HE), wgjrj ]HE ns usjm `s ̀ d ndstruljdt ho st`tjeròt,`dm wgjrj fjvjrs ho st`tj phwjr ̀ rj ndehrphr`tjm ndth tgj hpjr`tnhd`f strueturj ho hdj hrlhrj ]HE krhups.1 ]gj L`murh ̀ mlndnstr`tnhd ns tgj ejdtr`f ehlphdjdt th ` luftn-st`tjhdkhndk ernlnd`f jdtjrprnsj, e`rrnjm hut nd ehdejrt wntg Nr`d ̀ dm ̀ krhwndk Qussn`dprjsjdej, wghsj prnl`ry str`tjkne haijetnvj ns th efndk th phwjr ay wg`tjvjr lj`dsdjejss`ry ̀ dm g`rl tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ dm nts `ffnjs.

0 Fjhd`rmh Ehurndgh, ‖Eg`vnst`s ehdonrl`l ehdspnrè`h mjduen`m` phr Dnsl`d,“ _ji`, L`reg 0=,120:, èejssjm `t9 gttp9//vji`.àrnf.ehl.ar/dhtnen`/ludmh/eg`vnst`s-ehdonrl`l-ehdspnrè`h-mjduden`m`-phr-dnsl`d 1 ]gns mjondntnhd ns mr`wd orhl ly stumy ho tr`dsd`tnhd`f hrk`dnzjm ernlj nd F`tnd @ljrne`. Ohr ̀ ouffmnseussnhd sjj9 Mhukf`s O`r`g, ]r`dsd`tnhd`f Hrk`dnzjm Ernlj, ]jrrhrnsl, `dm Ernlnd`fnzjm Ut`tjs ndF`tnd @ljrne`9 @d Jljrkndk ]njr-Hdj D`tnhd`f Ujeurnty Rrnhrnty (E`rfnsfj, R@9 Utr`tjkne UtumnjsNdstntutj, Z.U. @rly [`r Ehffjkj, @ukust 1201), èejssjm `t9

gttp9//www.str`tjknestumnjsndstntutj.`rly.lnf/puas/mnspf`y.eol8puaNM


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5

Mjlherèy w`s o`r orhl pjrojet ajohrj tgj ̀ mvjdt ho tgj ‖Ahfnv`rn`d Qjvhfutnhd,“ ̀ s Egàvjzmjondjm gns lhvjljdt. L`dy ho tgj rjknhd„s ehudtrnjs wjrj jljrkndk orhl yj`rs ho arut`f`dm rjprjssnvj lnfnt`ry mnet`thrsgnp, l`dy ho tgjl aècjm ay tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs. ]gj djwjfjethr`f systjls wjrj hotjd rnknm, jxefusnvj ̀ dm ehrrupt. Ghwjvjr, r`tgjr tg`d arndkndkàhut djejss`ry rjohrls, Egàvjz erj`tjm ̀ systjl tg`t g`s ehlpfjtjfy ehrruptjm tgj

jfjethr`f systjl, ndstntutnhd`fnzjm l`ssnvj ehrruptnhd, ernlnd`fnzjm dhd-vnhfjdt mnssjdt, ̀ dml`mj ehllhd eùsj wntg tr`dsd`tnhd`f tjrrhrnst ̀ dm mruk tròonecndk hrk`dnz`tnhds.Ajknddndk wntg tgj Egàvjz khvjrdljdt ̀ dm ehdtndundk ndth tgj L`murh ̀ mlndnstr`tnhd_jdjzujf` g`s ̀ etnvjfy pursujm ̀ d hoonen`f lnfnt`ry mhet rndj tg`t jlarèjs tgj usj howj`phds ho l`ss mjstruetnhd ̀ k`ndst tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs. 5

]gj st`cjs nd tgj udohfmndk ernsns nd _jdjzujf` ohr Z.U. ndtjrjsts ̀ dm tgj survnv`f homjlherèy nd F`tnd @ljrne` ̀ rj gnkg. ]gj ehdsjqujdejs ho tgj krhwtg ho tgj phnshdhusAhfnv`rn`d ernlnd`f jdtjrprnsj ̀ rj fjtg`f.

Ojw udmjrsthhm tgns ajttjr tg`d @fajrth Dnsl`d, tgj ehur`kjhus @rkjdtndj prhsjeuthr wghw`s ndvjstnk`tndk tgj 0>>= Nr`d-aècjm ahlandk ho tgj @LN@ Ijwnsg ejdtjr nd Aujdhs @nrjs.Ajohrj ajndk lurmjrjm hd I`du`ry 07 Dnsl`d g`m mheuljdtjm tgj Ahfnv`rn`d-Nr`d ̀ etnhdsèrhss tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj, ndefumndk twh ̀ ttjlptjm ̀ ttècs aècjm ay Nr`d nd tgjZdntjm Ut`tjs. ]gj wjjc ajohrj gns mj`tg, Dnsl`d g`m ohrl`ffy ̀ eeusjm @rkjdtndj RrjsnmjdtErnstnd` Ojrdàdmjz mj Cnregdjr ̀ dm sjdnhr ljlajrs ho gjr nddjr enrefj ho nffjk`ffy sjjcndkth eut th gnmj Nr`d„s rhfj nd tgj @LN@ e`sj nd jxeg`dkj ohr hnf th rjfnjvj @rkjdtnd`„s egrhdneoujf sghrt`kjs. ]gj w`rlndk rjf`tnhdsgnp ajtwjjd Nr`d ̀ dm @rkjdtnd` w`s mnrjetfyarhcjrjm ay _jdjzujf`d fj`mjrs. [gjtgjr hr dht tgj @rkjdtndj hr Nr`dn`d khvjrdljdt g`mmnrjet rhfjs nd tgj udshfvjm lurmjr ho Dnsl`d, tgj tgrjj d`tnhds thkjtgjr efj`rfy erj`tjm ̀efnl`tj nd wgneg gj ehufm aj cnffjm wntg nlpudnty.=

@s tgj _ji` ndvjstnk`tnhd sghws, _jdjzujf` w`s ` cjy pf`yjr nd tgj joohrts ho Nr`d th

rjjstàfnsg duefj`r tnjs th @rkjdtnd`, ̀ dm tg`t sueg ̀ rjf`tnhdsgnp w`s ho prnl`ry ndtjrjst th

5 ]gj prnl`ry tjxt hutfndndk tgns pgnfhshpgy, orhl wgneg Egàvjz ̀ mhptjm gns lnfnt`ry mhetrndj nsRjrnpgjr`f [`ro`rj ̀ dm Qjvhfutnhd`ry Nsf`l9 Hrnknds, Qufjs ̀ dm Jtgnes ho @sylljtrne`f [`ro`rj(Kujrr` Rjrnoîrne` y jf Nsf`l Qjvhfuenhd`rnh9 Hrìkjdjs, Qjkf`s y Îtne` mj f` Kujrr` @snlîtrne` ) ay tgjUp`dnsg phfntnen`d ̀ dm nmjhfhkuj Ihrkj _jrstrydkj. ]gj trèt ns ̀ ehdtndu`tnhd ho ̀ dm jxpfhr`tnhd hoehdvnetjm tjrrhrnst Nfneg Uàdegjz Q`lnrjz„s tghukgts, ndehrphr`tndk ̀ d jxpfnent jdmhrsjljdt ho tgjusj ho wj`phds ho l`ss mjstruetnhd th mjstrhy tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs. _jrstrydkj `rkujs ohr tgjmjstruetnhd ho Zdntjm Ut`tjs tgrhukg sjrnjs ho `sylljtrne`f `ttècs fncj tghsj ho >-00, nd tgj ajfnjotg`t tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs wnff snlpfy erulafj wgjd nts v`st lnfnt`ry strjdktg e`ddht aj usjm th ehla`tnts jdjlnjs.@ftghukg gj ns dht ` Lusfnl, `dm tgj ahhc w`s dht wrnttjd mnrjetfy nd rjf`tnhd th tgj _jdjzujf`d

jxpjrnjdej, _jrstrydkj lhvjs ajyhdm Uàdegjz Q`lnrjz th jlarèj ̀ ff str`dms ho r`mne`f Nsf`l ohrgjfpndk th jxp`dm tgj p`r`ljtjrs ho wg`t nrrjkuf`r w`ro`rj sghufm jdehlp`ss, ndefumndk tgj usj hoanhfhkne`f ̀ dm duefj`r wj`phds, ̀ fhdk wntg tgj ehrrjf`tjm envnfn`d e`su`ftnjs ̀ lhdk tgj jdjly. = Ohr ` ouffjr mnseussnhd ho tgj Dnsl`d lurmjr sjj9 Mhukf`s O`r`g, ‖]gj Lurmjr ho @fajrth Dnsl`d9Ghw tgj Khvjrdljdt ho Ernstnd` Ojrdàdmjz mj Cnregdjr erj`tjm tgj jdvnrhdljdt ohr ` pjrojet ernlj,“Ndtjrd`tnhd`f @ssjssljdt `dm Utr`tjky Ejdtjr, L`reg 120:. Ohr ` ouffjr mnseussnhd ho tgjtrn`dkuf`tnhd joohrts ho Nr`d, _jdjzujf` ̀ dm @rkjdtnd` nd tgj duefj`r prhkr`l, sjj9 Ehurngdh, hp ent.3Mhukf`s O`r`g, ‖Aèc th tgj Outurj9 @rkjdtnd` Zdr`vjfs,“ Ndtjrd`tnhd`f @ssjssljdt ̀ dm Utr`tjkyEjdtjr, Ojaru`ry 1205, èejssjm `t9gttp9//www.str`tjkyejdtjr.djt/mheFna/1205211;XAècthtgjOuturj.pmo

http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20130227_BacktotheFuture.pdfhttp://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20130227_BacktotheFuture.pdfhttp://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20130227_BacktotheFuture.pdf


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tgj Nr`dn`ds.: Ajeùsj ho tgj gnkg v`fuj Nr`d pfèjm hd tgj èqunsntnhd ho duefj`r tjegdhfhky,Egàvjz prhlnsjm th pjrshd`ffy rjqujst @rkjdtnd`„s gjfp, ̀ dm th mh sh nlljmn`tjfy.?

Nd ̀ mmntnhd duefj`r hvjrturjs, _jdjzujf` ̀ dm @rkjdtnd` g`vj mjvjfhpjm ̀ d jfàhr`tj ̀ dmhp`quj ljeg`dnsl ohr tr`dsojrrndk lnffnhds ho mhff`rs nd oudms ajtwjjd tgj twh d`tnhdswntg dh hvjrsnkgt hr èehudtànfnty. Hdj ho tgj prnl`ry ljeg`dnsls w`s ̀ prhkr`l e`ffjm

‖122 Uhen`fnst Oèthrnjs,“ ( 122 Oàarne`s Uhen`fnst`s). _jdjzujf`d khvjrdljdt mheuljdtssghw tg`t tgns prhkr`l, ̀ ftghukg prhmuendk ojw oudetnhdndk oèthrnjs ̀ dm jvjd ojwjrjehdhlne ajdjonts, ̀ ffhwjm ohr mnrjet Nr`dn`d p`rtnenp`tnhd nd tgj vjdturjs, lhst fncjfy ̀ s ̀w`y ho lhvndk lhdjy tg`t htgjrwnsj whufm aj orhzjd udmjr ndtjrd`tnhd`f ond`den`fs`detnhds.;

Ho ehdejrd th tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs sghufm aj tgj st`tjm phfney ho tgj Ahfnv`rn`d afhe ho d`tnhdsth arj`c tgj tr`mntnhd`f tnjs ho tgj rjknhd th tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs. ]h tgns jdm, tgj Ahfnv`rn`d`ffn`dej g`s ohrljm duljrhus hrk`dnz`tnhds ̀ dm lnfnt`ry ̀ ffn`dejs ― ndefumndk ̀ lnfnt`ryè`mjly nd Ahfnvn` th jr`sj tgj vjstnkjs ho Z.U. lnfnt`ry tr`ndndk -- wgneg jxpfnentfy jxefumjtgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs.7

Z.U. ndofujdej ns ajndk rjpfèjm ay ̀ fjtg`f mhetrndj ho ̀ sylljtrne`f w`ro`rj, ndspnrjm ayùtghrnt`rn`d khvjrdljdts sjjcndk pjrpjtu`f phwjr ̀ dm durturjm ay Nr`d. ]grhukg `dndtjrfhecndk ̀ dm r`pnmfy jxp`dmndk djtwhrc ho hoonen`f wjasntjs, puafnsgndk ghusjs, tgndct`dcs ̀ dm lnfnt`ry ̀ e`mjlnjs, tgj khvjrdljdts ho _jdjzujf`, @rkjdtnd` ̀ dm Eua` g`vjerj`tjm ̀ mhlnd`dt d`rr`tnvj tg`t nmjdtnonjs tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ s tgj prnl`ry tgrj`t th F`tnd@ljrne`.

@ ehdst`dt nd tgj d`rr`tnvj, ̀ dm ̀ p`rtneuf`r o`vhrntj ho tgj f`tj Egàvjz, ns tg`t ̀ Z.U. ndv`snhdns nllndjdt ̀ dm ud`vhnmàfj. ]gns ns ajeùsj tgj ̀ ffjkjm Zdntjm Ut`tjs phfney ns a`sjm hdpnff`kndk tgj rjknhd„s d`tur`f rjshurejs, thppfndk tgj rjvhfutnhd`ry rjknljs fj`mndk tgjl`reg th F`tnd @ljrne`d ndmjpjdmjdej, ̀ dm suaiuk`tndk nts entnzjds. ]gns prjphstjrhus

d`rr`tnvj ns hotjd usjm ay L`murh th iustnoy tgj rjprjssnvj ̀ dm nffjk`f `rrjst ho hpphsntnhdfj`mjrs wgh `rj gjfm ohr lhdtgs `dm yj`rs wntghut trn`f hr eg`rkjs, `s `ffjkjm èehlpfnejsnd tgj oàrne`tjm ernljs.

]gns d`rr`tnvj g`s fhdk ajjd ̀ p`rt ho tgj F`tnd @ljrne`d f`dmse`pj, sg`pjm ay l`sslhvjljdts, ̀ rljm ndsurkjdenjs ̀ dm L`rxnst nmjhfhknjs, ̀ dm a`sjm hd tgj turaufjdt gnsthryho rjf`tnhds ajtwjjd tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ dm tgj rjknhd. [g`t ns mnoojrjdt dhw ns tgj hvjrt

: Nt ns nlphrt`dt th rjljlajr tg`t tgrhukghut tgj 0>;2s udtnf 0>>5 @rkjdtnd` g`m ` rhaust duefj`rrjf`tnhdsgnp wntg Nr`d, ̀ dm tgj eurrjdt Nr`dn`d rjèthrs wjrj rjtrhonttjm ̀ dm upkr`mjm wntg@rkjdtndj duefj`r tjegdhfhky. Dnsl`d, nd gns ndmnetljdt ho Nr`dn`d fj`mjrs ohr pf`ddndk tgj @LN@ahlandk, st`tjm tg`t ` lìhr trnkkjr ohr Nr`d„s mjensnhd th afhw up tgj @LN@ aunfmndk w`s tgj

mjensnhd ay @rkjdtnd`, udmjr prjssurj orhl tgj Z.U. `dm Jurhpj, th pùsj nts duefj`r ehhpjr`tnhdwntg Nr`d. Nd `mmntnhd th tgj _ji` `rtnefj, sjj9 C`vjg F. @or`snàn, ‖Nr`d Fhhcs th @rkjdtnd` ohr duefj`roujf,“ @sn` ]nljs, Dhvjlajr ?, 122>, èejssjm `t9gttp9//www.`tnljs.ehl/`tnljs/LnmmfjXJ`st/[email protected]? Ehurndgh, hp. ent. ; Mheuljdts nd phssjssnhd ho tgj ̀ utghr.7 ]gjsj ndefumj rjejdtfy ohudmjm Ehlludnty ho F`tnd @ljrne`d ̀ dm E`rnaaj`d Ut`tjs (Ehludnm`m mjJst`mhs F`tndh`ljrne`dhs y E`rnajðhs-EJF@E), `dm tgj Ahfnv`rn`d @ffn`dej ohr tgj Rjhpfjs ho Hur@ljrne` ( @fn`dz` Ahfnv`rn`d` p`r` fhs Rujafhs mj Dujstr` @lîrne -̀@FA@).

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KK06Ak02.htmlhttp://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KK06Ak02.html


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luftn-khvjrdljdt sphdshrsgnp ho tgj joohrt ̀ dm tgj hoonen`f ̀ mhptnhd ho tgjsj phsntnhds ̀ sphfney ̀ dm mhetrndj. ]gns knvjs tgj eurrjdt e`lp`nkd mjjpjr rhhts ̀ dm ̀ eejss th fjvjrs host`tj phwjr.

@s mnseussjm ̀ t fjdktg ajfhw, Nr`d, nmjdtnonjm ay sueejssnvj Z.U. ̀ mlndnstr`tnhds ̀ s ̀ st`tjsphdshr ho tjrrhrnsl, g`s jxp`dmjm nts phfntne`f ̀ ffn`dejs, mnpfhl`tne prjsjdej, tr`mj

ndntn`tnvjs, ̀ dm lnfnt`ry ̀ dm ndtjffnkjdej prhkr`ls nd tgj Ahfnv`rn`d ̀ xns, prnl`rnfy tgrhukgtgj mjjp tnjs wntg _jdjzujf`.

Nd 1201 tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ndtjffnkjdej ehlludnty ̀ ssjssjm tg`t Nr`dn`d fj`mjrsgnp w`slhrj wnffndk th fùdeg ` tjrrhrnst ̀ ttèc ndsnmj tgj Ghljf`dm nd rjsphdsj th pjrejnvjmtgrj`ts orhl tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs.>

Nd 1205 tgj @rkjdtndj prhsjeuthr Dnsl`d rjfj`sjm ̀ rjphrt mheuljdtndk tgrhukg fnttfj-stumnjm rjphrts, ndohrl`dts, ̀ dm tgj Nr`dn`d ljmn`, ghw hoonen`f Nr`d st`tj phfney jlarèjm`ss`ssnd`tnhd ̀ dm tjrrhr, shljtgndk wgneg nt djvjr trnjm th gnmj ̀ dm g`s djvjr rje`dtjm,`dm tgj rhfj ho _jdjzujf` nd Nr`d„s str`tjky.

L`dy ho tgj ̀ ssulptnhds udmjrknrmndk Rrhsjeuthr Dnsl`d„s whrc wjrj mr`wd mnrjetfy orhltgj Nr`dn`d ehdstntutnhd, ̀ d jxtr`hrmnd`ry mheuljdt nd wgneg Nr`d st`cjs nts ef`nl th whrfmmhlnd`tnhd nd tgj d`lj ho @ff`g. Nt ns whrtg ̀ shljwg`t jxtjdmjm rjvnjw gjrj, knvjd tgjrjpj`tjm st`tjljdts ho shfnm`ry wntg Nr`d ̀ dm nts rjvhfutnhd ay _jdjzujf`d fj`mjrs. ]gjprj`lafj th tgj Nr`dn`d ehdstntutnhd st`tjs9

[ntg muj ehdsnmjr`tnhd ohr tgj Nsf`lne Jfjljdt ho tgj Nr`dn`d Qjvhfutnhd, wgneg g`sajjd ̀ lhvjljdt ohr tgj vnethry ho ̀ ff hpprjssjm pjhpfjs wgh ̀ rj ehdorhdtjm wntg`kkrjsshrs, tgj ehdstntutnhd sg`ff p`vj tgj w`y ohr pjrpjtu`tnhd ho tgns rjvhfutnhdwntgnd ̀ dm hutsnmj tgj ehudtry, p`rtneuf`rfy nd tjrls ho tgj jxp`dsnhd hondtjrd`tnhd`f rjf`tnhdsgnps wntg htgjr Nsf`lne ̀ dm phpuf`r lhvjljdts. ]gj

Ehdstntutnhd sjjcs th f`y tgj krhudmwhrc ohr tgj erj`tnhd ho ` sndkfj whrfmd`tnhd...`dm pjrpjtu`tj tgj strukkfj th l`cj tgns d`tnhd ̀ rj`fnty ohr `ff tgj whrfm'sdjjmy ̀ dm hpprjssjm d`tnhds.

Nt khjs hd th s`y tg`t9

Nd jstàfnsgndk ̀ dm jqunppndk tgj ehudtry's mjojdsj ohrejs, wj wnff `ffhw ohr tgj oèttg`t o`ntg ̀ dm nmjhfhky ehdstntutj tgj ohudm`tnhd ̀ dm tgj erntjrnhd wj lust ̀ mgjrjth. ]gjrjohrj, tgj `rly ho tgj Nsf`lne Qjpuafne ho Nr`d `dm trhhps ho tgjQjvhfutnhd`ry Ku`rm wnff aj erj`tjm nd ̀ eehrm`dej wntg tgj haijetnvj ljdtnhdjmàhvj, ̀ dm wnff aj jdtrustjm wntg tgj t`sc dht hdfy ho prhtjetndk ̀ dm prjsjrvndk hurahrmjrs, aut `fsh `d nmjhfhkne`f lnssnhd, tg`t ns th s`y, Ing`m nd tgj d`lj ho @ff`g `dm

tgj whrfm.02

> I`ljs Q. Ef`ppjr, Mnrjethr ho D`tnhd`f Ndtjffnkjdej, ‖Zdef`ssnonjm Ut`tjljdt ohr tgj Qjehrm9[hrfmwnmj ]grj`t @ssjssljdt ho tgj ZU Ndtjffnkjdej Ehlludnty ohr tgj Ujd`tj Ujfjet Ehllnttjj hdNdtjffnkjdej, I`du`ry 50, 1201, p. ?.02 ]r`dsf`tnhd ho tgj Nr`dn`d Ehdstntutnhd ho 0>;> prhvnmjm ay tgj Zdnvjrsnty ho Djv`m` F`s _jk`s,èejssjm `t9 gttps9//oèufty.udfv.jmu/pwjrtg/Ehdst-Nr`d%17àrnmkj%1>.pmo

https://faculty.unlv.edu/pwerth/Const-Iran%28abridge%29.pdfhttps://faculty.unlv.edu/pwerth/Const-Iran%28abridge%29.pdfhttps://faculty.unlv.edu/pwerth/Const-Iran%28abridge%29.pdf


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Ughrtfy ̀ otjr Dnsl`d„s 1205 rjphrt tgj Z.U. Mjp`rtljdt ho Ut`tj nssujm ̀ Ehdkrjssnhd`ffy ―l`dm`tjm rjphrt hd Nr`d„s ̀ etnvntnjs nd F`tnd @ljrne` wgneg ehlpfjtjfy nkdhrjm Dnsl`d„sonjfmwhrc, `s wjff `s mnssjdtndk vnjws wntgnd tgj Z.U. khvjrdljdt ― lhst dhtàfy Z.U.Uhutgjrd Ehll`dm, wgneg g`s lnfnt`ry rjsphdsnanfnty ohr tgj rjknhd. Ndstj`m tgj Ut`tjMjp`rtljdt ehdefumjm tg`t, wgnfj Nr`d„s ndtjrjst nd F`tnd @ljrne` ‖ns ho ehdejrd,“ Nr`dn`d‖ndofujdej nd F`tnd @ljrne` ̀ dm tgj E`rnaaj`d ns w`dndk.“00 Nd Ujptjlajr 120= tgj

Khvjrdljdt @eehudtànfnty Hoonej (K@H) nssujm ̀ sg`rp ernt nquj ho tgj Ut`tj Mjp`rtljdtjoohrt, dhtndk tgj rjphrt hdfy ouffy `mmrjssjm twh ho tgj 01 nssujs r`nsjm, wgnfj p`rtn`ffy`mmrjssndk snx nssujs, ̀ dm fj`vndk ohur ehlpfjtjfy ud`mmrjssjm.01

Nd `mmntnhd th sjrvndk `s ` k`tjw`y ohr Nr`d„s prjsjdej nd tgj rjknhd, _jdjzujf` g`s `fshajjd tgj prnl`ry ehdmunt ohr Qussn`„s krhwndk prjsjdej nd tgj rjknhd, shljtgndk ho krhwndkehdejrd.

Qnmndk hd tgj w`vj ho r`mne`f ̀ dtn-Z.U. phpufnsl sphdshrjm ay _jdjzujf`, Qussn` ns dhwonrlfy ̀ ffnjm wntg tgj r`dcs ho F`tnd @ljrne`„s phpufnst, ̀ utghrnt`rǹ d ̀ dm vnrufjdtfy ̀ dtn-@ljrne`d fj`mjrs ho tgj Ahfnv`rn`d @ffn`dej ohr tgj Rjhpfjs ho Hur @ljrne` ― ( @fn`dzÀhfnv`rn`d` p`r` fhs Rujafhs mj Dujstr` @lîrne` ― @FA@). ]gj Rutnd khvjrdljdt nsprhvnmndk @FA@ d`tnhds wntg wj`phds, phfnej ̀ dm lnfnt`ry tr`ndndk ̀ dm jqunpljdt, duefj`rtjegdhfhky, hnf jxpfhr`tnhd jqunpljdt, ond`den`f ̀ ssnst`dej, ̀ dm ̀ d ndofujdtn`f ornjdm hd tgjZdntjm D`tnhds Ujeurnty Ehudenf ̀ dm htgjr ndtjrd`tnhd`f ohruls.

Nd rjturd, tgjsj ̀ ffnjs `rj sgnjfmndk Qussn` orhl ndtjrd`tnhd`f nshf`tnhd, prhvnmndk phfntne`f`dm mnpfhl`tne supphrt, ̀ dm ̀ d nlphrt`dt rjknhd`f ljmn` djtwhrc ― ahtg tr`mntnhd`f ̀ dmshen`f ― tg`t hoojrs udstndtndk supphrt ohr Rutnd wgnfj e`stndk tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ s tgj kfha`f`kkrjsshr. @t tgj s`lj tnlj, @FA@ ehudtrnjs ̀ rj nderj`sndk Qussn`„s ̀ eejss th tgjgjlnspgjrj„s phrts ̀ dm ̀ nrspèj, ̀ dm uftnl`tjfy, nderj`sndk Qussn`„s spgjrj ho ndofujdej nd ̀rjknhd wgjrj tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs g`s sjfmhl ajjd sh eg`ffjdkjm.05

Kjd. Ihgd Cjffy, tgj ehll`dmjr ho tgj Z.U. Uhutgjrd Ehll`dm, nd gns 120: tjstnlhdyajohrj Ehdkrjss, dhtjm Qussn`„s krhwndk ̀ etnvntnjs nd F`tnd @ljrne` wjrj p`rt ho ` kfha`fstr`tjky ho usndk ‖phwjr prhijetnhd nd ̀ d ̀ ttjlpt th jrhmj Z.U. fj`mjrsgnp ̀ dm eg`ffjdkj Z.U.ndofujdej nd tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj…Qussn` g`s ehurtjm Eua`, _jdjzujf` ̀ dm Dne`r`ku`th k`nd èejss th `nr a`sjs `dm phrts ho suppfy ohr Qussn`d d`v`f ̀ ssjts ̀ dm str`tjkneahlajrs hpjr`tndk nd tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj.“0=

00 Z.U. Mjp`rtljdt ho Ut`tj, ‖@ddjx @9 Zdef`ssnonjm Uull`ry ho Rhfney Qjehlljdm`tnhds,“ Iudj 1205.Lhst ho tgj sjvjd-p`kj rjphrt w`s ef`ssnonjm.01 Zdntjm Ut`tjs Khvjrdljdt @eehudtànfnty Hoonej, ‖Ehla`ttndk ]jrrhrnsl9 Utr`tjky th Ehudtjr Nr`dnd tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj G`s K`ps tg`t Ut`tj Mjp`rtljdt Ughufm @mmrjss,“ Ujptjlajr 120=, p. 7,èejssjm `t9 gttp9//www.k`h.khv/`ssjts/?;2/???121.pmo 05 Mhukf`s O`r`g `dm Fn`d` Justèn` Qjyjs, ‖Qussn` nd F`tnd @ljrne`9 @ Utr`tjkne Eg`ffjdkj,“Zdnvjrsnty ho Ln`ln, Ejdtjr ohr Gjlnspgjrne Rhfney, I`du`ry 0:, 120:, èejssjm ̀ t9gttps9//ulsg`rj.ln`ln.jmu/wja/wm`/gjlnspgjrnephfney/RjrspjetnvjsXhdXtgjX@ljrne`s/O`r`g%12-%12Ond`f.pmo 0= ‖Rhsturj Ut`tjljdt ho Kjdjr`f Ihgd O. Cjffy, Zdntjm Ut`tjs L`rndj Ehrps, Ehll`dmjr Zdntjm Ut`tjsUhutgjrd Ehll`dm Ajohrj tgj 00=tg Ehdkrjss Ujd`tj @rljm Ujrvnejs Ehllnttjj,“ L`reg 01, 120:,èejssjm `t9gttp9//www.shutgehl.lnf/djwsrhhl/Mheuljdts/UHZ]GEHLXRHU]ZQJXU]@]JLJD]XOND@FX120:.pmo

http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666202.pdfhttp://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666202.pdfhttp://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666202.pdfhttps://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Farah%20-%20Final.pdfhttps://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Farah%20-%20Final.pdfhttps://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Farah%20-%20Final.pdfhttp://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Documents/SOUTHCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT_FINAL_2015.pdfhttp://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Documents/SOUTHCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT_FINAL_2015.pdfhttp://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Documents/SOUTHCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT_FINAL_2015.pdfhttp://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Documents/SOUTHCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT_FINAL_2015.pdfhttp://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Documents/SOUTHCOM_POSTURE_STATEMENT_FINAL_2015.pdfhttps://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Farah%20-%20Final.pdfhttps://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Farah%20-%20Final.pdfhttp://www.gao.gov/assets/670/666202.pdf


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[gjrj tgj Qussn`d st`tj jstàfnsgjs ̀ prjsjdej, Qussn`d hrk`dnzjm ernlj ndv`rnàfy ohffhws.]gj nlljmn`tj ehdsjqujdej ns tgj r`pnm nderj`sj nd ehe`ndj ofhws orhl F`tnd @ljrne` thQussn`, ̀ dm tgj ohrljr Uhvnjt Zdnhd, wntg ̀ flhst `ff ho tgj ehe`ndj hrnknd`tndk orhlehudtrnjs tg`t Qussn` vjgjljdtfy supphrts ― _jdjzujf`, Dne`r`ku`, Jeu`mhr, ̀ dm Ahfnvn`.0:

]gj O@QE,0? tgj gjlnspgjrj„s hfmjst ̀ dm f`rkjst ndsurkjdey ̀ dm mjsnkd`t jm mruk tròonecndk`dm tjrrhrnst hrk`dnz`tnhd ay ahtg tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ dm Jurhpj`d Zdnhd0;, rjl`nds ̀ t tgjejdtjr ho ̀ luftntumj ho ernlnd`f jdtjrprnsjs ̀ dm tjrrhrnst ̀ etnvntnjs tg`t strjteg orhlEhfhlan` shutg th @rkjdtnd`, ̀ dm dhrtgw`rm th Ejdtr`f @ljrne` ̀ dm ndth mnrjet tnjs th tgjLjxne`d mruk e`rtjfs, prnl`rnfy tgj Und`fh` hrk`dnz`tnhd. Mjspntj hdkhndk pjèj t`fcs wntgtgj khvjrdljdt hvjr tgj p`st twh yj`rs, tgj ndsurkjdey rjl`nds ndvhfvjm nd tgj l`ssnvjfùdmjrndk ho mruk lhdjy, ̀ dm rjejdt e`sjs ay tgj Mruk Jdohrejljdt @mlndnstr`tnhd (MJ@)g`vj sghwd tgj mnrjet `dm krhwndk ernlnd`f mruk tnjs ho tgj O@QE `dm Gjzahff`g.

Ohffhwndk tgj lhmjf pnhdjjrjm ay Nr`d ̀ dm Gjzahff`g, sjdnhr _jdjzujf`d lnfnt`ry ̀ dmphfntne`f fj`mjrs g`vj ̀ ffhwjm tgj O@QE th tròone ehe`ndj tgrhukg _jdjzujf` th [jst @orne`,sg`rndk nd tgj prhonts. @flhst jvjry lìhr sgnpljdt ho ehe`ndj th [jst @orne` tg`t Z.U. f`wjdohrejljdt hoonen`fs g`vj ajjd àfj th trèj aèc g`vj hrnknd`tjm orhl hr p`ssjm tgrhukg_jdjzujf`d tjrrnthry.07

Zdmjr tgj prhtjetnhd ho tgj khvjrdljdts ho _jdjzujf`, Jeu`mhr, Dne`r`ku` ̀ dm Ahfnvn` ― ̀ swjff `s phwjrouf ornjdms nd Jf U`fv`mhr `dm R`d`l` -- tgj O@QE l`ndt`nds ` rhaustndtjrd`tnhd`f ndor`strueturj tg`t ns prhmuendk ̀ dm lhvndk tghus`dms ho cnfhs ho ehe`ndj ̀ dmfùdmjrndk gudmrjms ho lnffnhds ho mhff`rs. Nt g`s jljrkjm ̀ s ` pnhdjjr gyarnm ernlnd`f-tjrrhrnst ndsurkjdey, usndk mruk lhdjy th sust`nd ̀ d nmjhfhkne`f lhvjljdt. Hvjr tnlj tgjnmjhfhky g`s o`mjm ̀ dm tgj O@QE g`s ajehlj lueg lhrj ho ̀ ausndjss jdtjrprnsj, gjfpndkth jdrneg nts fj`mjrsgnp ̀ dm tgj fj`mjrsgnp ho tgj rjknhd`f khvjrdljdts nt supphrts.

@s hdj stumy ho ndtjrd`f O@QE mheuljdts, dhtjm

[gjd Egàvjz aje`lj prjsnmjdt ho _jdjzujf` nd Ojaru`ry 0>>>, O@QE g`m dht hdfyjdihyjm ` rjf`tnhdsgnp wntg gnl ohr `t fj`st shlj ho tgj prjvnhus sjvjd yj`rs aut g`m`fsh pjdjtr`tjm `dm fj`rdjm ghw th ajst usj _jdjzujf`d tjrrnthry `dm phfntnes,

0: Ohr tgj lhst ehlprjgjdsnvj fhhc ̀ t Qussn`d Hrk`dnzjm Ernlj nd F`tnd @ljrne`, sjj9 Aruej A`kfjy,"Kfha`fnz`tnhd, Zdkhvjrdjm Upèjs `dm ]r`dsd`tnhd`f Hrk`dnzjm Ernlj nd tgj [jstjrd Gjlnspgjrj9]gj Qussn`d Lòn`," p`pjr prjp`rjm ohr Ndtjrd`tnhd`f Utumnjs @sshen`tnhd, Ghdhfufu, G`w`nn, L`reg 1,122:.0? Oujrz`s @rl`m`s Qjvhfuenhd`rn`s mj Ehfhlan` (Qjvhfutnhd`ry @rljm Ohrejs ho Ehfhlan`).0;

‖O@QE ]jrrhrnst Ndmnetjm ohr 1225 Krjd`mj @ttèc hd @ljrne`ds nd Ehfhlan`,“ Mjp`rtljdt hoIustnej Rrjss Qjfj`sj, Ujptjlajr ;, 122=. èejssjm `t9 gttp9//www.usmhi.khv/hp`/pr/122=/Ujptjlajr/2=XerlX:>>.gtl `dm9 Hoonen`f Ihurd`f ho tgjJurhpj`d Zdnhd, Ehudenf Mjensnhd ho Mje. 10, 122:, èejssjm `t9gttp9//jurhp`.ju.ndt/jurfjx/fjx/FjxZrnUjrv/sntj/jd/hi/122:/fX5=2/fX5=2122:0115jd22?=22??.pmo 07 @utghr ndtjrvnjws wntg Mruk Jdohrejljdt @mlndnstr`tnhd ̀ dm D`tnhd`f Ujeurnty Ehudenf hoonen`fs.Ohr jx`lpfj twh `nreròt e`rryndk lhrj tg`d :22 cnfhs ho ehe`ndj tg`t wjrj sthppjm nd Kundj` Anssùòtjr ̀ rrnvndk orhl _jdjzujf`. Ujj9 ‖Anssù Rhfnej Ujnzj _jdjzujf`d ehe`ndj slukkfndk pf`djs,“@kjdej Or`dej Rrjssj, Iufy 0>, 1227.

http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/September/04_crm_599.htmhttp://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/September/04_crm_599.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdfhttp://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdfhttp://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdfhttp://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdfhttp://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdfhttp://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/September/04_crm_599.htm


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l`dnpuf`tndk ̀ dm aunfmndk ̀ ffn`dejs wntg djw ̀ dm tr`mntnhd`f _jdjzujf`d phfntne`fsjethrs, tr`vjrsndk tgj Ehfhlan`-_jdjzujf` ahrmjr nd `rj`s r`dkndk orhl eh`st`fmjsjrt th @l`zhdn`d iudkfj `dm aunfmndk ehhpjr`tnvj rjf`tnhdsgnps wntg tgj_jdjzujf`d ̀ rljm ohrejs. Hdej Egàvjz w`s ndùkur`tjm, _jdjzujf`d ahrmjr sjeurnty`dm ohrjnkd phfnenjs sgnotjm nd tgj O@QE„s o`vhr.0>

Nd tgns ehdtjxt tgjrj ns ̀ fsh krhwndk jvnmjdej tg`t tgj _jdjzujf` khvjrdljdt udmjr Egàvjz`dm L`murh ns ètnvjfy prhlhtndk mruk tròonecndk ̀ dm ]HE/tjrrhrnst krhups, p`rtneuf`rfytgj O@QE ̀ dm Gjzahff`g.12 Rjrg`ps tgj strhdkjst puafne jvnmjdej ho tgj nlphrt`dej ho_jdjzujf` th tgj O@QE ns t gj puafne mjsnkd`tnhd ho tgrjj ho sjdnhr khvjrdljdt hoonen`fs aytgj Z.U ]rj`sury Mjp`rtljdt's Hoonej ho Ohrjnkd @ssjts Ehdtrhf (HO@E).

HO@E s`nm tgj tgrjj--Gukh @rl`dmh E`rvìàf, mnrjethr ho _jdjzujf`d Lnfnt`ry Ndtjffnkjdej3Gjdry mj Ijsus Q`dkîf, mnrjethr ho tgj _jdjzujf`d Mnrjethr`tj ho Ndtjffnkjdej ̀ dmRrjvjdtnhd Ujrvnejs3 ̀ dm Q`lõd Jlnfnh Qhmrnkujz Egèìd, ohrljr lndnstjr ho iustnej ̀ dmohrljr lndnstjr ho ndtjrnhr -- wjrj rjsphdsnafj ohr "l`tjrn`ffy supphrtndk tgj O@QE, ̀d`reh-tjrrhrnst hrk`dnz`tnhd." Nt spjenone`ffy ̀ eeusjm E`rvìàf ̀ dm Q`dkjf ho prhtjetndk O@QEehe`ndj sgnpljdts lhvndk tgrhukg _jdjzujf`, ̀ dm s`nm Qhmrnkujz Egèìd, wgh rjsnkdjm gnskhvjrdljdt phsntnhd iust ̀ ojw m`ys ajohrj tgj mjsnkd`tnhds, w`s tgj "_jdjzujf`dkhvjrdljdt's l`nd wj`phds ehdtèt ohr tgj O@QE."10

Nd Dhvjlajr 1202, Q`dkjf w`s prhlhtjm th tgj hvjr`ff ehll`dmjr ho tgj _jdjzujf`d`rljm ohrejs11 `dm nd I`du`ry 1201 w`s d`ljm mjojdsj lndnstjr ̀ s p`rt ho Egàvjz„sprhlhtnhd ho efhsj ̀ sshen`tjs tnjm th mruk tròonecndk ̀ dm tgj [email protected] Nd Iufy 120= E`rvì`fw`s mjt`ndjm nd @rua` ajeùsj ho ` Z.U. ndmnetljdt ̀ k`ndst gnl ohr mruk tròonecndk ndsupphrt ho tgj O@QE. @rua`d ̀ utghrntnjs rjfj`sjm gnl ajohrj gj ehufm aj jxtr`mntjm. Gjrjejnvjm ̀ s ̀ ehdqujrndk gjrh wgjd gj rjturdjm th _jdjzujf`.1=

0> ‖]gj O@QE Onfjs9 _jdjzujf`, Jeu`mhr `dm tgj Ujerjt @regnvjs ho ‗Q`ùf Qjyjs,„“ Ndtjrd`tnhd`fNdstntutj ohr Utr`tjkne Utumnjs,“ L`y 1200. 12 ]gj strhdkjst mheuljdt`ry jvnmjdej ho Eg`vîz's supphrt ohr tgj O@QE ehljs orhl tgj Qjyjsmheuljdts, wgneg ehdt`ndjm tgj ndtjrd`f ehlludne`tnhds ho sjdnhr O@QE ehll`dmjrs wntg sjdnhr_jdjzujf`d hoonen`fs, mnseussndk jvjrytgndk orhl sjeurnty ̀ rr`dkjljdts nd ghst`kj jxeg`dkjs th tgjphssnanfnty ho ihndt tr`ndndk jxjrensjs ̀ dm tgj pureg`sndk ho wj`phds. Ohr ouff mjt`nfs ho tgjsjmheuljdts `dm tgjnr ndtjrprjt`tnhd, sjj9 ‖]gj O@QE Onfjs9 _jdjzujf`, Jeu`mhr `dm tgj Ujerjt@regnvjs ho ‗Q`ùf Qjyjs,„“ hp ent.10 "]rj`sury ]`rkjts _jdjzujf`d Khvjrdljdt Hoonen`fs Uupphrt ho tgj O@QE," Z.U. ]rj`suryMjp`rtljdt Hoonej ho Ruafne @oo`nrs, Ujpt. 01, 1227. ]gj mjsnkd`tnhds e`lj hd tgj gjjfs ho tgj

mjensnhd ho tgj Ahfnvn`d khvjrdljdt ho Jvh Lhr`fjs th jxpjf tgj Z.U. `la`ss`mhr, ̀ ffjkjmfy ohrsupphrtndk ̀ rljm lhvjljdts ̀ k`ndst tgj Lhr`fjs khvjrdljdt. Nd shfnm`rnty, Eg`vjz tgjd jxpjffjmtgj Z.U. `la`ss`mhr th _jdjzujf`. Nd `mmntnhd th tgj mjsnkd`tnhds ho tgj _jdjzujf`d hoonen`fs, tgjZdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ fsh jxpjffjm tgj _jdjzujf`d ̀ dm Ahfnvn`d ̀ la`ss`mhrs th [`sgndkthd.11 ‖Egàvjz Ughrjs up Lnfnt`ry Uupphrt,“ Utr`tohr, Dhvjlajr 01, 1202.15 ‖_jdjzujf`9 @sulj Dujvh Lndnstrh Mj Mjojds` @eus`mh mj D`reh phr JJZZ,“ @kjdej Or`dejRrjssj, I`du`ry 0;, 1201.1= ‖_jdjzujf` knvjs ‗gjrh„s wjfehlj„ th orjjm E`rvì`f,“ AAE Djws, Iufy 17, 120=, èejssjm `t9gttp9//www.aae.ehl/djws/whrfm-f`tnd-`ljrne`-17:12;;:

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28520775http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28520775http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-28520775


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@s fjkjdm`ry L`dg`tt`d mnstrnet ̀ tthrdjy Qhajrt L. Lhrkjdtgù w`rdjm ̀ s gj fjot puafnesjrvnej nd 122> ̀ otjr mje`mjs ho puafne sjrvnej, ndefumndk pursunt ho duljrhus (`dm hdkhndk)ernlnd`f ndvjstnk`tnhds ndth tgj Egàvjz khvjrdljdt„s rhfj nd ]HE9

…SF\jt tgjrj aj dh mhuat tg`t Gukh Eg`vjz fj`ms dht hdfy ` ehrrupt khvjrdljdt authdj stòojm ay tjrrhrnst sylp`tgnzjrs. ]gj khvjrdljdt g`s strhdk tnjs th d`reh-

tròonecndk `dm lhdjy fùdmjrndk, `dm rjphrtjmfy pf`ys `d ètnvj rhfj nd tgjtr`dssgnpljdt ho d`rehtnes `dm tgj fùdmjrndk ho d`rehtnes prhejjms nd jxeg`dkj ohr

p`yljdts th ehrrupt khvjrdljdt hoonen`fs. 1:

HO@E eg`rkjs wjrj auttrjssjm ay tgrjj htgjr mjvjfhpljdts9 @ puafne prjsjdt`tnhd hoEhfhlan`d ndtjffnkjdej hd O@QE e`lps nd _jdjzujf` ̀ dm tgj ljjtndk ho gnkg-fjvjf O@QEehll`dmjrs wntg sjdnhr _jdjzujf`d hoonen`fs, mjfnvjrjm `t ` sjssnhd ho tgj Hrk`dnz`tnhd ho@ljrne`d Ut`tjs nd Iufy 120231? tgj puafne rjfj`sj ho `d `d`fysns ho `ff tgj O@QE mheuljdts -- e`pturjm ay tgj Ehfhlan`d lnfnt`ry orhl tgj L`reg 0, 1227 cnffndk ho sjdnhr O@QEehll`dmjr Q`ùf Qjyjs -- ay ` rjspjetjm Arntnsg sjeurnty tgndc tg`t hutfndjm shlj ho tgjs`lj tnjs31; `dm tgj puafne st`tjljdts ho [`fnm L`cfjm, ` _jdjzujf`d wgh w`s ohrl`ffymjsnkd`tjm ` mruk cndkpnd ay tgj Z.U. khvjrdljdt.

@rrjstjm ay Ehfhlan`d phfnej ̀ otjr gj ofjm _jdjzujf`, L`cfjm w`s jvjdtu`ffy jxtr`mntjmaèc th _jdjzujf`. Rrjjt Ag`r`r`, Z.U. @tthrdjy ohr tgj Uhutgjrd Mnstrnet ho Djw ^hrc,muaajm L`cjfm, ̀ fsh cdhwd ̀ s ‖]gj ]urc,“ ̀ ‗cndk ̀ lhdk cndkpnds„. [gnfj nd Ehfhlan`deusthmy L`cfjm k`vj luftnpfj ndtjrvnjws ̀ dm sghwjm mheuljdts tg`t gj ef`nljm sghwjmgj èqunrjm ehdtrhf ho hdj ho _jdjzujf`„s l`nd phrts, `s wjff `s `d `nrfndj usjm ohr ehe`ndjtròonecndk, aut p`yndk lnffnhds ho mhff`rs nd arnajs th sjdnhr _jdjzujf`d hoonen`f.

@eehrmndk tgj Z.U. ndmnetljdt ̀ k`ndst gnl, L`cfjm jxphrtjm ̀ t fj`st 02 thds ho ehe`ndj ̀lhdtg th tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ay cjjpndk lhrj tg`d =2 _jdjzujf`d kjdjr`fs ̀ dm sjdnhrkhvjrdljdt hoonen`fs hd gns p`yrhff. ‖@ff ly ausndjss ̀ sshen`tjs ̀ rj kjdjr`fs. ]gj gnkgjst,“

L`cfjm s`nm. ‖N `l tjffndk yhu, wj mnsp`tegjm 522,222 cnfhs ho ehcj. N ehufmd„t g`vj mhdj ntwntghut tgj thp ho tgj khvjrdljdt.“17 [g`t `mmjm erjmnanfnty th L`cfjm„s ef`nls wjrj tgjmheuljdts gj prjsjdtjm sghwndk wg`t ̀ ppj`r th aj tgj snkd`turjs ho sjvjr`f kjdjr`fs ̀ dmsjdnhr Lndnstry ho Ndtjrnhr hoonen`fs ̀ eejptndk p`yljdt orhl L`cfjm. ‖N g`vj jdhukgjvnmjdej th iustnoy tgj ndv`snhd ho _jdjzujf`“ ̀ s ̀ ernlnd`f st`tj, gj s`nm.1>

1: Qhajrt L. Lhrkjdtgù, ‖]gj Fndc Ajtwjjd Nr`d `dm _jdjzujf`9 @ Ernsns nd tgj L`cndk,“ spjjeg `ttgj Arhhcndks Ndstntutnhd, Ujptjlajr 7, 122>. 1? Ehfhlan`, _jdjzujf`9 @dhtgjr Qhudm ho Mnpfhl`tne Ourhr,“ Utròhr, Iufy 1>, 1202.1; ]gj O@QE Onfjs9 _jdjzujf`, Jeu`mhr `dm tgj Ujerjt @regnvjs ho ‗Q`ùf Qjyjs,„“ @d NNUU Utr`tjkneMhssnjr, Ndtjrd`tnhd`f Ndstntutj ohr Utr`tjkne Utumnjs, L`y 1200.17

]gj Ehfhlan`d mjensnhd th jxtr`mntj L`cfjm th _jdjzujf` r`tgjr tg`d tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs eùsjmsnkdnone`dt tjdsnhd ajtwjjd tgj twh ehudtrnjs `dm prhaàfy lj`ds tg`t tgj aufc ho tgj jvnmjdej gjef`nls th phssjss wnff djvjr sjj tgj fnkgt ho m`y. @lhdk tgj mheuljdts gj prjsjdtjm nd prnshd wjrjegjecs ho gns e`sgjm ay sjdnhr kjdjr`fs `dm khvjrdljdt hoonen`fs `dm vnmjhs ho wg`t `ppj`r th ajsjdnhr khvjrdljdt hoonen`fs nd gns ghlj mnseussndk e`sg tr`dsètnhds. Ohr mjt`nfs ho tgj e`sj sjj9 Ihsîmj Eõrmha` `dm M`rey Erhwj, ‖Z.U. Fhsndk Ank Mruk E`teg,“ ]gj [`ff Utrjjt Ihurd`f, @prnf 0, 12003‖L`dg`tt`d Z.U. @tthrdjy @ddhudejs Ndmnetljdt ho hdj ho [hrfm„s Lhst Unkdnone`dt D`rehtnesCndkpnds,“ Zdntjm Ut`tjs @tthrdjy, Uhutgjrd Mnstrnet ho Djw ̂ hrc, Dhvjlajr =, 1202.1> ‖L`cfjm9 ]jdkh suonenjdtjs pruja`s sharj ehrrupenõd y d`rehtràoneh p`r` quj ndtjrvjdk`d ̀_jdjzujf`,“ D]D1= ]_ (Ehfhlan`), @prnf 00, 1200.


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]gjrj ns krhwndk jvnmjdej ho tgj ljrkndk ho tgj Ahfnv`rn`d Qjvhfutnhd's ernlnd`f-tjrrhrnstpnpjfndj ̀ etnvntnjs ̀ dm tghsj ho tgj ernlnd`f-tjrrhrnst pnpjfndj ho r`mne`f Nsf`lnst krhups(Gjzahff`g nd p`rtneuf`r) supphrtjm ay tgj Nr`dn`d rjknlj. ]gj phssnanfnty hpjds ̀ sjrnjs hodjw sjeurnty eg`ffjdkjs ohr tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ̀ dm nts ̀ ffnjs nd F`tnd @ljrne`.

@lhdk tgj e`sjs tg`t prhvnmj jvnmjdej ho tgjsj tnjs ̀ rj9

• Nd 1227, HO@E mjsnkd`tjm sjdnhr _jdjzujf`d mnpfhl`ts ohr oènfnt`tndk tgj oudmndk

ho Gjzahff`g.

Hdj ho tghsj mjsnkd`tjm, Kg`zn D`sr `f Mnd, sjrvjm `s tgj eg`rkj m'òo`nrjs ho tgj_jdjzujf`d jla`ssy nd M`l`seus, ̀ dm tgjd sjrvjm nd tgj _jdjzujf`d jla`ssy ndFhdmhd. @eehrmndk th tgj HO@E st`tjljdt nd f`tj I`du`ry 1227, ̀ f Mnd oènfnt`tjm tgjtr`vjf ho twh Gjzahff`g rjprjsjdt t̀nvjs ho tgj Fja`djsj p`rfn`ljdt th shfnentmhd`tnhds ̀ dm ̀ ddhudej tgj hpjdndk ho ̀ Gjzahff`g-sphdshrjm ehlludnty ejdtjr`dm hoonej nd _jdjzujf`. ]gj sjehdm ndmnvnmu`f, O`wzn C`d'`d, ns mjsernajm ̀ s ̀_jdjzujf`-a`sjm Gjzahff`g supphrtjr ̀ dm ̀ "snkdnone`dt prhvnmjr ho ond`den`fsupphrt th Gnzahff`g." Gj ljt wntg sjdnhr Gjzahff`g hoonen`fs nd Fja`dhd t h mnseusshpjr`tnhd`f nssujs, ndefumndk phssnafj cnmd`ppndks ̀ dm tjrrhrnst ̀ ttècs.52

• Nd @prnf 122>, phfnej nd tgj nsf`dm ehudtry ho Eurè`h `rrjstjm 0; pjhpfj ohr `ffjkjmndvhfvjljdt nd ehe`ndj tròonecndk wntg shlj ho tgj prhejjms ajndk ouddjfjmtgrhukg Lnmmfj J`stjrd a`dcs th Gjzahff`g.50

• @ Iufy ?, 122> ndmnetljdt ho I`l`f ^husjo nd tgj Z.U. Uhutgjrd Mnstrnet ho Djw ^hrc`ffjkjs tg`t tgj mjojdm`dt, ̀ ohrljr Uyrn`d lnfnt`ry hoonejr ̀ rrjstjm nd Ghdmur`s,shukgt th sjff wj`phds th tgj O@QE -- wj`phds gj ef`nljm e`lj orhl Gjzahff`g `dm

wjrj th aj prhvnmjm ay ` rjf`tnvj nd Ljxneh.51

Uueg ̀ rjf`tnhdsgnp ajtwjjd dhd-st`tj ̀ dm st`tj ̀ ethrs prhvnmjs duljrhus ajdjonts th ahtg.Nd F`tnd @ljrne`, ohr jx`lpfj, tgj O@QE k`nds ̀ eejss th _jdjzujf`d tjrrnthry wntghut oj`r horjprns`fs3 nt k`nds ̀ eejss th _jdjzujf`d nmjdtnone`tnhd mheuljdts3 ̀ dm, pjrg`ps lhstnlphrt`dtfy, ̀ eejss th rhutjs ohr jxphrtndk ehe`ndj th Jurhpj ̀ dm tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs -- wgnfjusndk tgj s`lj rhutjs th nlphrt qu`dtntnjs ho shpgnstne`tjm wj`phds ̀ dm ehlludne`tnhdsjqunpljdt. Nd rjturd, tgj _jdjzujf`d khvjrdljdt hoojrs st`tj prhtjetnhd, ̀ dm rj`psrjw`rms nd tgj ohrl ho ond`den`f ajdjonts ohr ndmnvnmu`fs ̀ s wjff ̀ s ndstntutnhds, mjrnvjm orhltgj ehe`ndj tr`mj.

Nr`d, wghsj a`dcs, ndefumndk nts ejdtr`f a`dc, ̀ rj f`rkjfy a`rrjm orhl tgj [jstjrd ond`den`f

systjls, ajdjonts orhl ̀ eejss th tgj ndtjrd`tnhd`f ond`den`f l`rcjt tgrhukg _jdjzujf`d,Jeu`mhr`d ̀ dm Ahfnvn`d ond`den`f ndstntutnhds, wgneg ̀ et ̀ s prhxnjs ay lhvndk Nr`dn`d

52 ‖]rj`sury ]`rkjts Gnzauff`g nd _jdjzujf`,“ Zdntjm Ut`tjs Mjp`rtljdt ho ]rj`sury Rrjss Ejdtjr,Iudj 07, 1227, gttp9//www.trj`sury.khv/prjss-ejdtjr/prjss-rjfj`sjs/R`kjs/gp025?.`spx 50 Hrf`dmh Eu`fjs, ‖0; ̀ rrjstjm nd Eurè`h hd suspnenhd ho mruk tròonecndk fndcs wntg Gjzahff`g,“@sshen`tjm Rrjss, @prnf 1>, 122>51 Zdntjm Ut`tjs Mnstrnet Ehurt, Uhutgjrd Mnstrnet ho Djw ^hrc, ]gj Zdntjm Ut`tjs ho @ljrne` v I`l`f^husjo, Ndmnetljdt, Iufy ?, 122>.

http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp1036.aspxhttp://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp1036.aspxhttp://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp1036.aspxhttp://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp1036.aspx


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fj`mjrs sueg `s Ihsî Funs Ljrndh5;, @FA@ Rjtrõfjhs ajk`d wntg $0 lnffnhd orhl RM_U@ nd122; `dm ay tgj jdm 1205 g`m rjvjdujs ho $7?1 lnffnhd, wntg dh jxpf`d`tnhd ohr tgjl`ssnvj krhwtg.57 Ljrndh, wgh ns ` sjdnhr @FA@ Rjtrõfjhs `mvnshr, puafnefy st`tjm tg`t gjcdjw tg`t ‖l`dy pjhpfj `rj djrvhus aje`usj @FA@ Rjtrõfjhs w`s ahrd snx hr sjvjd yj`rs`kh wntg $0 lnffnhd `dm dhw g`s $=22 lnffnhd. Fjt lj ehrrjet lysjfo, $722 lnffnhd, `dm wj`rj tryndk th eg`dkj tgj fnvjs ho U`fv`mhr`ds.“5>

Onkurj 19 U`fv`mhr`d Rrjsnmjdt U`fv`mhr Uàdegjz Ejrîd (ejdtjr) wntg O@QE fj`mjr L`dujf L`ruf`dm`(nlljmn`tj fjot) `dm Q`ùf Qjyjs (nlljmn`tj fjot, nd e`lhuof`kj) `t ` O@QE e`lp nd 1220.

Hdj ho tgj snkd`turj prhkr`ls ho @FA@ nd Dne`r`ku` w`s th g`vj ajjd tgjehdstruetnhd ho ` f`rkj hnf rjondjry. D`ljm tgj ‖Uuprjlj Mrj`l ho Ahfnv`r“ (UujðhUuprjlh mj Ahfìv`r ), tgj rjondjry rjejnvjm $51 lnffnhd nd st`rt up oudmndk nd 1227`dm `d `mmntnhd`f $?2 lnffnhd hvjr tgj ohffhwndk tgrjj yj`rs. Nd 1201 tgj prhkr`lrjejnvjm `d `mmntnhd`f $0=0.1 lnffnhd.

5; Ljrndh, ajttjr cdhwd ay gns dhl mj kujrrj Q`lnrh _àsqujz, w`s ̀ Ehlludnst R`rty ura`dehll`dmh murndk Jf U`fv`mhr„s envnf w`r ̀ dm e`rrnjm hut ̀ dulajr ho gnkg prhonfj cnmd`ppndksahtgjr murndk `dm `otjr tgj w`r. Gj w`s ` wjff-cdhwd wj`phds prhvnmjr th tgj O@QE. Gnsrjf`tnhdsgnp wntg tgj O@QE fj`mjrsgnp, `s wjff `s tgj Egàvjz khvjrdljdt, wjrj wjff mheuljdtjm nde`pturjm O@QE mheuljdts, wgjrj gj ns nmjdtnonjm `s ‖Q`lnrh tgj U`fv`mhr`d.“57 ]gjsj onkurjs ̀ rj t`cjd orhl @FA@ Rjtrõfjhs hoonen`f ond`den`f onfndks.5> ‖Ihsî Funs Ljrndh mjonjdmj ` @fa` Rjtrõfjhs phr `t`qujs mj @DJR,“ _jrm`m Mnknt`f, Hethajr 50,1205.


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^jt `ff tg`t ns vnsnafj ho tgj $15;.1 lnffnhd mhff`r ndvjstljdt ns `d jlpty onjfm hoehlpèt j`rtg wntg tgj of`kstòos aj`rndk tgj of`ks ho Dne`r`ku`, _jdjzujf`, Eua``dm @FA@. Ehdstruetnhd lègndjry g`s rjl`ndjm nmfj `t tgj sntj ohr tgrjj yj`rs.=2

Onkurj 59 ]gj jlpty onjfm wgjrj $15;.1 lnffnhd g`vj rjphrtjmfy ajjd spjdt hvjr tgj p`st onvj yj`rs thaunfm `d `s-yjt ndvnsnafj hnf rjondjry. F` Rrjds` (Dne`r`ku`)

]gjsj f`st ojw e`sjs, tghukg o`r ònjfm orhl _jdjzujf`, ehdstntutj ` cjy p`rt ho_jdjzujf`„s rjèg èrhss tgj gjlnspgjrj `dm nts ànfnty th erj`tj ehrrupt strueturjs,

lhvj wjff hvjr $0 anffnhd ` yj`r nd udèehudtjm oudms, `dm supphrt ernlnd`f `dmtjrrhrnst hrk`dnz`tnhds. ]gjsj l`ssnvj ond`den`f ofhws sjrvj th ehrrupt tgj st`tj,sgnjfm hoonen`fs orhl èehudtànfnty, erj`tj jdhrlhus ‖sfusg oudms“ ohr tgjkhvjrdljdts th èt wntghut tr`dsp`rjdey, `dm `rj udmjrlndj tgj rufj ho f`w. ]gjyl`y `fsh aj ho snkdnone`dt `nm th mruk tròonecndk `dm tjrrhrnst hrk`dnz`tnhds.

@s N dhtjm j`rfnjr, _jdjzujf`„s hdkhndk st`tj-sphdshrjm ernlnd`f ètnvntnjs `dm tnjsth tjrrhrnst hrk`dnz`tnhds `rj dht ehdondjm th _jdjzujf`. Q`tgjr, _jdjzujf` g`sl`mj ntsjfo tgj gua ho ` luftnd`tnhd`f ernlnd`f jdtjrprnsj tg`t g`s tjdtèfjs èrhsstgj gjlnspgjrj, `dm tg`t rjejnvjs tgj ètnvj supphrt ho Nr`d, Qussn` `dm htgjrd`tnhds tg`t g`vj ` mjef`rjm ghstnfj ndtjdt thw`rm tgj Zdntjm Ut`tjs. ]gns ns tgj

mnrjet tgrj`t phsjm ay _jdjzujf` `dm nts hdkhndk ernsns.

]g`dc yhu.

=2 Ohr ̀ d lhrj ehlprjgjdsnvj fhhc ̀ t tgj rjondjry prhijet ̀ dm ndtjrjstndk kr`pgnes sjj9 Ihsî MjdnsEurz, ‖Jf Uuprjlh Uujðh mj Ahfìv`r dh `v`dz`,“ F` Rrjds` (Dne`r`ku`), L`reg 1:, 1205, èejssjm `t9gttp9//www.f`prjds`.ehl.dn/1205/25/1:/phmjrjs/05>:7?-rjondjrn`-`v`dej-ndvnsnafj

http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/25/poderes/139586-refineria-avance-invisiblehttp://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/25/poderes/139586-refineria-avance-invisiblehttp://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/25/poderes/139586-refineria-avance-invisible


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Testimony - Douglas Farah - Senate Foreign Relations Committee - Venezuela - 17 March 2015

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Transcript of Testimony - Douglas Farah - Senate Foreign Relations Committee - Venezuela - 17 March 2015