Enbridge Line 9B reversal and Line 9 capacity expansion project B00689058

Controversy surrounding the approval of the Enbridge Line 9B reversal and Line 9 capacity expansion project

April 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0INTRODUCTION41.1OVERVIEW OF ISSUE41.2IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS52.0LITERATURE REVIEW63.0STAKEHOLDERS VIEWPOINTS93.0EVALUATION OF STAKEHOLDER POSITIONS124.0STAKEHOLDER BIAS AND REASONING185.0PERSONAL OPINION AND SELF EVALUATION206.0REFERENCES22

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Enbridge Line 9B Pipeline is a 639-km section of Enbridge Line 9 pipeline. The pipeline is 30-inch in diameter with a possible overhead capacity of circa 330,000 bbl./day. The pipeline currently runs from a Montreal Terminal, Quebec to North Westover Station, Ontario, flowing in the same direction. The project scope includes the reversal of the current direction of flow, increase in maximum overhead capacity across the whole Line 9, and a review of the Tariff rules and regulations to accommodate the transport of heavy crude. This project has been subject of numerous debates from numerous interest groups.Supporters of the project highlight the overall cost saving possibility, increased healthy competition within the market, energy security, employment and overall boost of the economy. Opponents of the projects highlight the possible environmental damage due to spill and the high risk of same due to engineering flaws and lack of proper emergency response and management plan.This paper follows the hearing process conducted by the National Energy Board, providing an objective view point of the supporters and opponents of the project. The scope of the paper is limited to information required by NEB to make a decision in its judiciary position.This paper does not explore the decision of the NEB. However, it identifies the bias displayed by both interest parties through the hearing proceedings and attempts to explore the line of reasoning of the interest parties.The personal view of the author is also explored and a self evaluation of the basis of his bias is also included in the report.1.0INTRODUCTION1.1OVERVIEW OF ISSUEPrior to July, 2012, the entire 833km-long, 766mm-diameter Enbridge Line 9 pipeline flowed from Montreal to Sarnia in an East to West direction, carrying primarily light crude. In July, 2012, the National Energy Board, which regulates the pipeline activities, granted standalone approval for the flow reversal (West to East) of a section of the pipeline from the Sarnia terminal to the North Westover Station (Line 9A).On the 29th of November, 2012, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. submitted an application to the National Energy Board, requesting approval to carry out modifications to the Line 9 pipeline. The project, tagged Line 9B Reversal and Line 9 Capacity Expansion Project, required approval from the National Energy Board for the following modifications (Enbridge, 2012): The reversal of the current direction of flow of a section of the Line 9 pipeline from the North Westover Station to the Montreal terminal (Line 9B). Increase of the annual capacity of the whole Line 9 pipeline from the current capacity of 38,157 m3/day (240,000 bbl/day) to 47,696 m3/day (300,000 bbl/day). The revision of the Rules and Regulations Tariff binding the Line 9 pipeline, to accommodate the transportation of heavy crude.The National Energy board is required to evaluate the application based on public engagement, engineering, environmental and socio-economic effects, Aboriginal matters and Economic feasibility. The hearing proceedings of this project have posed a controversial issue from the onset as it stimulated massive protests and demonstrations from individuals and environmental groups alike, opposing its approval.1.2IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERSPrior to the submission of its application, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. identified and contacted the potentially affected individuals and groups, ensuring all the stakeholders were informed and updated on the project specifics, as highlighted in the attachment 4 of (Enbridge, 2012). The 833km pipeline covers a large land area, traversing two provinces and numerous wetlands and watercourses along its sections. This provides a scope of the amount of stakeholders involved, all of which fall into one of the categories below: The landowners, tenants and residents of the land over which the Line 9 crosses and Landowner associations (Canadian Association of Energy and Pipeline Landowner Associations and Ontario Pipeline Landowners Association) Environmental Conservation Authorities (St. Clair Region Conservation Authority, Grand River Conservation Authority, Hamilton Conservation Authority, South Nation Conservation Authority and Raisin Region Conservation Authority) Municipalities and Communities that are located along or near the existing pipeline corridor and facilities. Provincial and Federal Government Ministries, Individual Members of Parliament, Members of the Ontario Parliament, Members of the Quebec National Assembly, and Mayors and Councils of municipalities where the Project work was proposed. Aboriginal Communities (First Nation) within proximity of the Line 9 pipeline. Commercial third parties The Proponent (Enbridge Pipelines Inc.)

2.0LITERATURE REVIEWThe Line 9B Reversal and Line 9 Capacity Expansion project has been a subject of great controversy following the application of Enbridge Pipelines Inc. for its approval.The National Energy Board is the body granted judiciary duty over this application. It is required to review the application, develop a series of issues to be addressed, approve a list of stakeholders, and hold hearings of the viewpoints of the stakeholders, after which either approve, offer a conditional approval, or dismiss the application, based on the information obtained and government policies.After rigorous review of the application and consideration of commenters opinions, the following issues were a result of the streamlined effort: Need for the proposed project Potential commercial impacts of the proposed project The appropriateness of the proposed Rules and Regulation Tariff and tolling methodology. The potential environmental and socio-economic effects of the proposed Project, including the potential effects of malfunctions or accidents that may occur, and any cumulative environmental effects that are likely to result from the proposed project. The engineering design and integrity of the proposed Project. The safety, security and contingency planning associated with the construction and operation of the proposed Project, including emergency response planning and third party damage prevention. Consultation with Aboriginal groups and the potential impacts of the proposed Project on Aboriginal interests. Consultation activities and potential impacts of the proposed Project on affected landowners and land use. The terms and conditions, related to the above issues, to be included in any approval the Board may issue for the proposed Project.To examine the issue identified above, it is important that a brief overview of some fundamentals relating to the pipeline project itself which include properties of diluted bitumen, pipeline transport integrity and related concerns, Factors affecting oil prices and a number of other concerns. The views of the interested parties will be based on the aforementioned context.

PROPERTIES OF DILUTED BITUMEN (DILBIT): The term diluted bitumen is used to describe the finished product after oil sands are processed and ready for transport to refineries. Bitumen falls into the category of extra heavy crude, with viscosities between 102 and 105 mPa.s and densities greater than 1000 kg/m3.Processed bitumen is diluted with a selected solvent in order to reduce its viscosity and density to form diluted bitumen. This enables easy transport under conventional crude conditions.The water content and solid mineral content of the dilbit is relatively higher than that in conventional crude. However, they depend highly on the practices used in the extraction process. (Gray, 2010)The reviewed properties are the major properties considered in determining the transport conditions and corrosiveness of the dilbit.

EFFECT OF DILBIT ON PIPELINES:

3.0STAKEHOLDERS VIEWPOINTSPROPONENT: Enbridges interest and viewpoint on the project is quite straightforward. Firstly, they cite the economic advantages of the project to the western Canadian and U.S. Bakken crude producers by exposing them to the eastern Canadian refining market. Also, the eastern Canadian refineries will be provided with more reliable and relatively cheaper western Canadian and U.S. Bakken crude.Secondly, they highlight the socio-economic benefits, projecting a substantial increment to the Canadian GDP and work force.Numerous environmental concerns about the project specifics were presented by the various stakeholders and commenters. With regard to the effect of increased flowrate on the integrity of the Line 9, Enbridge highlighted that flowrate increase will be as a result of the introduction of a Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) Therefore, pipeline physical conditions (Temperature and pressure) remain relatively unchanged, hence minimizing the effect of increased flowrate on the pipe integrity. On the issue of increased tendency of internal pipe corrosion due to the transportation of diluted bitumen, Enbridge argued that the composition of dilbit plays a lesser role in pipe corrosion than the water and solid particulate content within the pipe. Enbridge emphasized the presence regulatory limits on the impurity content within pipelines, and provided materials to show the behavioral similarities between dilbit and conventional crude. Finally, concerns regarding the environmental effects of the project operations were met by arguments that majority of the project work would be carried out within existing Enbridge property and Right Of Way, therefore environmental footprints would be relatively insignificant.

COMMERCIAL THIRD PARTIES:The commercial parties are major stakeholders as Enbridge has highlighted that their needs coupled with market trends initiated the proposal of the project. Suncor Energy Marketing Inc. and Valero Energy Inc. stand as major third party supporters of the project. They also played major roles during the hearings, collaborating to sponsor a report on the supply and market conditions by IHS Global Canada Limited supporting the project. They both strongly argue the importance of the project in maintaining a level of competitiveness. Marathon Petroleum Canada LLC worried mainly about the effect of the increased Line 9 capacity on its investment in the Enbridge Mainline System. ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES:A collaborative effort of Enbridge and the National Energy Board saw to the identification and informing of 19 Aboriginal communities affected by the project. Majority of the communities opposed the project. Primarily because of the effect a possible spill will have on their Aboriginal and treaty rights, and poor emergency response planning in case of a spill. The possibility of disturbance of archeological and heritage resources during the required integrity digs was highlighted. Also, the consultation methods adopted by Enbridge were greatly criticized.LANDOWNERS AND LANDOWNER ASSOCIATIONS:There was no strong opposition of the project from the landowners and landowner associations. However, concerns were raised by the Ontario Pipeline Landowners Association and the Council of Canadians (York University Chapter) about the increased safety hazard posed by project activities, citing previous spill situations. General grievance was directed to the short timeframe within which the project information was provided, and lack of sufficient information thereof.

GOVERNMENT STAKEHOLDERS:Enbridge identified various government bodies and individuals as stakeholders, providing them with notice about the project. Majority of the government bodies contacted highlighted the importance of consultation with local emergency responders to design better emergency response plans and to provide proper training periodically, through the lifetime of the pipeline. The Ontario Ministry of Energy also stressed the importance of increased transparency regarding pipeline operation and management activities post project execution and through the pipeline lifetime.ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES AND ENVIRONMENTALIST GROUPS:Environmental Conservation Authorities and environmentalist groups spearhead the opposition of the project. Arguments were made against the projects on all issues identified by the NEB. On the forefront is Equiterre (coalition), who sponsored and submitted the Goodman Report and Accufact Report, arguing against the economic justifications and design specifications of the project respectively. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority highlighted the deficiencies in Enbridges Line 9 monitoring and leak detection system, citing various scenes of leakages.Another important argument posed by the opposition is the lack of or inadequate location specific Emergency Management Plan and Emergency Response Plan. East End against Line 9 also highlighted the effect of acute weather conditions on pipe sections located at watercourse crossings. A major concern displayed by the opposition was the ability of Enbridge to bear the financial responsibility associated with spill remedial activities.

3.0EVALUATION OF STAKEHOLDER POSITIONSCOMMERCIAL THIRD PARTIES:An Open Season session was held by Enbridge Pipelines Inc. between May and June 2012 to determine which shippers would make a long term commitment to the project. Suncor Energy Marketing Inc. and Valero Energy Inc. are two of the three shippers who provided Enbridge with Transportation Service Agreements covering a 10-year term. The two shippers fully supported the project and made significant input, where necessary, to aid the approval process. SEMI and VEI co-sponsored a report by IHS Global Canada Limited, which compared supply forecasts made by the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers and the North Dakota Pipeline Authority (on Williston Basin Crude Production) to show increasing supply trends (IHS, 2013). The increase in supply of shale oil was identified as the reason for the favorable crude prices of Western Canada and U.S. Bakken crude.Valero committed to a $310 million renovation of its two refineries in Quebec, subject to the approval of the project (Valero Evidence, 2013). This will enable the refineries to remain open and survive competitive pressures from its Eastern North American counterparts as identified by IHS in its report. In support of the project, SEMI went further to defend the use of Drag Reducing Agents in the increase of flowrate within the pipeline, highlighting it as safe, reliable and used worldwide. The Progressive Contractors Association of Canada stated their support for the project and also linked the viability of the project to the increased work opportunities for its members. The Ontario Petroleum Institute supported the project, stating that it provides quality market alternative promoting health competitive conditions. The commercial third parties did not hold back in voicing their support for the project with an across the board reason of economic viability.ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES:Aboriginal consultation and interests play a major role in the NEB approval process. The aboriginal groups which participated in the hearing proceedings mostly opposed the project, emphasizing their disdain in the methods and approach used by Enbridge in the consultation process. Aamjiwnaang First Nation showed grave displeasure in Enbridges negligence in identifying it as a primary landowner seeing that its land is located less than 1km from the Sarnia terminal. It goes in depth by providing historical literature linking the group to the land space. Aamjiwnaang First Nation also directed its grievances at the Crown requesting compensation from collected royalties. Also, Aamjiwnaang First Nation provided an overture Traditional Land Use document highlighting the activities currently being carried out on its land space and the possible adverse effect of a spill, leakage or discharge. These views were mirrored and strongly supported by the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation.Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation (MNCFN) shared the views of AFN regarding the possible adverse effects of spills, leakage or discharge on its traditional practices. However, MNCFN focused primarily on the possible destruction of Archaeological Artifact during integrity digs. MNCFN requested that conditions should be place on the approval requesting Enbridge to carry out archaeological assessment prior to every integrity dig. MNCFN also requested that Enbridge permit a third party contractor of its choice to participate in the assessment and to provide funding for evaluation of project details.In addition to sharing the above views, the Mohawk Council of Kahnaw:ke commented greatly on the effect on water bodies adjacent the Line 9. It displayed its worry over Enbridges limited Emergency Response Plan, after which it requested that Enbridge consult First Nations in developing and updating emergency plan manuals. MCK highlighted the limited amount of sectionalizing valves along the Line 9 and also suggested the change of manual valves to remotely controlled valves. MCK went further to question the risk assessment model used as it only showed percentage risk increments or decrease instead of attributing a number quantity to the percentage values. In conclusion, the Aboriginal community was gravely discontent with the project and its possible effect, and strongly showed their opposition of the project.GOVERNMENT STAKEHOLDERS:Enbridge described government stakeholders to include, affected Municipalities in Ontario and Quebec, various provincial ministries and federal government bodies and individuals. The Ontario Ministry of Energy in its final oral arguments stated that although it understood the importance of pipeline to the energy system, it has identified several issues that require critical review prior to approval of the project. It showed concerns towards the risks attached to spills and leakages and its effect on the way of life of the Ontario population. Firstly, it identified the deficiency in Enbridges insurance against spill incidents on the Line 9 pipeline compared to the $1 billion estimate spent during the Marshall incident and insisted that the pipeline companies should bear the cost of remedial and environmental responsibilities. OME also commented on the level of transparency of the project, insisting on availability of operational and management activity data to the public. Lastly, OME requested a third party review of the risk assessment prior to approval of the project (NEB, 2013).The City of Toronto, liaised with several other municipal government bodies to advice and recommend conditions to the NEB. Similar concerns to those displayed by OME were highlighted, however specifics were drawn to the highly generic emergency response plan designed by Enbridge. This feeling was also shared by majority of the other government bodies present during the hearing. It requested that a pre-named ERP official liaise with its ready team to develop locally specific response methods. The City of Toronto also requested that Enbridge review and update its Lead Detection System and provide its report prior to leave to open application.LANDOWNERS AND LANDOWNER ASSOCIATIONS:Although most Landowners and Landowner Associations did not show strong opposition to the project, nearly all showed dissatisfaction in the consultation methods adopted by Enbridge. Council of Canadians York University Chapter (COC-Y) opposed the approval of the project. It cited the report (NRDC, 2011) which showed the harsh possible effects of pipeline transport where the Kalamazoo, MI spill was considered. COC-Y also showed concern at the lack of an Emergency Response Plan after contacting the local fire station authorities who were oblivious to the project details. COC-Y also stated the effect of a spill or leakage on both the resident students and the education in general as evacuation will be required.National Farmers Union of Ontario and Ecological Farmers of Ontario showed disappointment in the inadequate public awareness system. It cited Fountainhead Apartments and Transit Workers Union as public bodies which were in close proximity to the Line 9 with little to no idea of the project. It also stated that NTSB have exposed the flaws in Enbridges Emergency response plan and leak detection system in its report on the Kalamazoo spill (NSTB, 2010) and Enbridge is yet to incorporate the recommendations made by the body.Ontario Pipeline Landowners Association (OPLA) aired the complaints of some of its members about the lack of ample notice (21 days) prior to previous Operation and Management activities. It also supported the suggestion that the environmental risks involved in the project be evaluated by a third party as those provided by Enbridge seemed vague.Durham Citizens Lobby for Environmental Awareness and Responsibility Inc. (DurhamCLEAR) cited the age of the pipeline as a huge issue, stating that its current specification is CSA Z183, 1973 where the latest is CAN/CSA-Z662-99 with over 5 reviews in between. DurhamCLEAR also showed concern about the toxicity level of DRA in the event of a spill.The concerns above reflect the concerns of the Landowners and Landowner associations who called for either dismissal of the project application or incorporation of more stringent requirements.ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES AND ENVIRONMENTALIST GROUPS:The Environmental conservation authorities and environmentalist groups are the major opposition to the project. Numerous issues and concerns both general and specific to the project were called into question. Equiterre (Coalition) led the opposition against the project. Firstly, the economic justification of the project was rebuffed as exaggerated. Equiterre sponsored The Goodman Group to evaluate the economic viability of the project which was presented in its report (The Goodman Group,, 2013). The report rebuffed the premise that increase supply of shale oil is the determining factor of the current crude price, citing a reduction in waterborne imports as another possible reason. Also, the report highlighted that the viability of the Line 9 will be nullified if one major case occurs due to the high population density of humans and animals along its ROW.Equiterre (Coalition) also sponsored Accufacts Inc. to evaluate the possible safety issues posed by the Line 9B (Accufacts Inc., 2013). Firstly, the report highlighted the 56% safety factor from the MOP is irrelevant in the pipeline integrity as a 60% safety factor was imposed on the Line 6 in Marshall, yet a spill occurred. They also argue that constant change of crude types, especially to dilbit, increases the tendency of crack growth. With regards to the DRA, the report pictured a scenario where there is a failure in DRA injection, which will result in pressure surges in the pipeline, leading to leakage or rupture. Finally, it highly criticized the Leak detection system adopted by Enbridge stating that it depends too much on its In-line Inspection tool ignoring the advice of the NTSB to like corrosion and crack detection to real conservation.Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) also played an important role in the evaluation of the project faults. It draws light to the lack of proactive pipeline monitoring to prevent failures, and cited leakages at The Rogue and Don River as some of the shortcomings. TRCA also highlighted the limited effort put into a critical ERP by Enbridge.PROPONENT: Throughout the hearing proceedings, Enbridge was subject to constant criticism of its facilities and environmental practices. On the issues of poor communication of project specifics, Enbridge reiterated its full commitment to informing all stakeholders, stating dates of communication and tolling its outreach to 2600 stakeholders, further stating that the update process is continuous and would go on through the lifetime of the project.In respect to claims of poor local consultation emergency response and management plans and, Enbridge committed to more periodical meetings with first responders and local emergency units, to train and update its practices.Regarding criticism requesting the use of hydro-testing for leak detection as highlighted in a cited reference (John & Willard, 2013), Enbridge highlighted that hydro-testing favored new pipelines, however hydro-testing older pipelines will result in production of waste water which is toxic and will require cleaning and reclaiming.Enbridge also requested that the NEB disregard the requests for third party engineering assessment stating that evaluations done by the NEB should be more than sufficient.In respect to Land claims and traditional right infringement stated by most of the aboriginal representatives, Enbridge reaffirmed that project activities will only occur within the property and Right of way owned by Enbridge. However, Enbridge agreed to make avenues available for First Nations to tour and observe project activities to expose them to Enbridge safety practices, and also committed to involving First Nations in emergency response and management plans. Enbridge also committed to work with appropriate authorities and comply with the rules and regulations regarding heritage and cultural sensitive sites.Finally, to counter the Goodman report submitted by Equiterre (coalition), Enbridge submitted the Demke Reply Report. The Demke Reply report, stated that the Goodman report failed to consider the possibility of the assumed uncertainties resulting in cost savings. It also argued that cost savings are expected by the shippers hence the lack of hesitance to sign a 10-year TSA.

4.0STAKEHOLDER BIAS AND REASONINGSUPPORTERS:The commercial backers have mentioned numerous reasons justifying the project. One of which is the creation of jobs, approximated to 5500-person years. These numbers look quite significant, however information on the amount of those jobs are temporary and how many will remain in the system. A lot of focus was also placed on the cost savings and increased supply of western Canadian and U.S. Brakken crude. However, predictions were made by manipulating variable favorably. Therefore, an approval of the Keystone XL project, for example will drastically affect the decision and the justification of the project.Also it was cited that there would be a significant increase in the Canadian GDP due to the project. However, spreading the amount predicted over the period suggested, leaves the figure insignificant compared to size of the annual GDP.

OPPONENTS:The major issue identified by the opponents is the possible risk attached to the execution and operation of the project. Current pipeline condition and lack of Enbridges preparedness for a possible environmental hazard has left opponents worried. However, some of the views displayed lack objectivity and are smeared by bias towards specific goals.The First Nations provided valid arguments siting the risk of spillage within their designated land area which is fair. However, most concentrated on the negligence of the Crown in consulting them on the issue in order to discuss possible tribute. Also, although the argument for the possible location of archaeological artifacts within locations identified for integrity digs is valid, one cannot fail to ignore identifying the underlying request for First Nation hired third party evaluation of digging operations as a means of gain. These views are well brought up, however they shift the focus from the importance of the project and its effect on the environment.The environmentalist groups and associations have an uncompromising resolve to protect the environment. That in itself creates bias in view of the decision at hand. Their views are generally justified in that the footprint left on the environment has the oil and gas industry should be reduced to the barest minimum, however, the worlds energy requirement cannot be totally ignored. Renewable energy is nowhere close to substituting fossil fuels, therefore emphasis should be put on instigating strict regulations to ensure compliancy and reduce footprint.

5.0PERSONAL OPINION AND SELF EVALUATIONAfter a thorough review of the arguments presented by both of the interested parties, in my personal opinion, I would support the approval of the project. My thought pattern toward choosing this view is explained below.On the issue of the need and commercial impact of the project, I believe that the urge to increase cost savings is a practical path for any company with growth in mind. The project provides the opportunity for local companies to become more competitive within harsh market environments. The argument that the asset would otherwise remain dormant further backs the need for the project. The commercial impact on the other hand is quite minimal in my opinion. Majority of the savings and revenue will be circulated within the companies and leveraging the taxes gotten from the tolling of the pipeline and other operational processes against the capital base of the country and province makes it relatively insignificant.On the matter of the engineering design and integrity of the project, I believe that the facilities of the proponents have been operational prior to the application. The NEB has periodically evaluated the status of the equipment to ensure that they remain above industry standards. However, there is room for improvement as we cannot ignore the argument that technology has advanced significantly from the conception of the pipeline therefore, state of the art equipment should be enforced to reduce the risk of a spill or leakage.On the matter of Environmental and socio-economic effect of the project, I believe that there is no compromising the environmental stability for human gain. However, there is a problem at hand and it cannot just be erased, and if the crude is not transported through that medium, there are numerous other avenues for its transport. Therefore, I advocate that the strictest restrictions (within economic sense) be placed on all areas of the project to ensure environmental and socio-economic safety.On the review of the tolling tariffs to accommodate the transport of dilbit, I remain indifferent, strict regulations have been placed by regulatory bodies and refineries alike to ensure the optimum quality of feed and pipeline integrity. Again, other avenues can be used to transport the dilbit feedstock if it is not moved through that avenue. Therefore, restrictions should be enforced minimize risk of leakage.Evaluating my position on this issue, some bias can be tribute to my educational background. As an engineer, I understand the detail put into project and equipment design. This leads me to believe that although risk cannot be totally eliminated, it can however be reduced significantly, and tracked. This justifies my ease in decide for the project. Also, as a partner in the energy industry, the project presents an avenue to learn and grow, which also tilts me towards its approval.

6.0REFERENCESAccufacts Inc. (2013). Report on Pipeline Safety for Line 9B application to NEB. Redmond: Equiterre (Collation).Board, T. R. (2013). Effect of Diluted Bitumen on Crude OIl Transmission Pipelines. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.Enbridge, P. I. (2012, November 29). B01 - Application for Line 9B Reversal and Line 9 Capacity Expansion Project (A49446). Retrieved from National Energy Board - Regulatory Document Index: https://docs.neb-one.gc.ca/ll-eng/llisapi.dll?func=ll&objId=890501&objAction=browse&viewType=1Gray, M. R. (2010). Upgrading of Oil Sands Bitumen and Heavy Oil. CHE 522 Course Notes - Fundamentals of Oil Sands Upgrading . Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Murray, R. Gray.IHS, G. C. (2013). Outlook For Enbridge Line 9 Re-Reversal Impact on Quebec Refinery. Quebec: Suncor Energy Marketing Inc./Valero Energy Inc.John, F. K., & Willard, A. M. (2013, November). The benefits and limitations of hydro-testing. Quebec: Commission Parlementaire du Qubec novembre.NEB, N. E. (2013, October 17). Hearing Order OH-002-2013, volume 6. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.NRDC, N. R. (2011). Tar Sands Pipelines Safety Risk. Newyork: NRDC.NSTB, N. T. (2010). Enbridge Incorporated Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Rupture and Release. Washignton : NSTB.The Goodman Group,. (2013). The Relative Economic Cost and Benefits of the Line 9B reversal and Line 9 capacity Expansion. Berkely: Equiterre (Collation).Valero, E. I. (2013, August 6). Valero Evidence. Retrieved from National Energy Board Website: https://docs.neb-one.gc.ca/ll-eng/llisapi.dll/fetch/2000/90464/90552/92263/790736/890819/956564/956941/981430/C34-2-2_-_Valero_Evidence_-_Final-CAL_LAW-1975574-v1_%282%29_-_A3J8A5.pdf?nodeid=981549&vernum=-2

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