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CE 481 Traffic Safety Usage of Seat Belts in IIT Kanpur

by

Aditya Suman (10043, 14.28%),

Ajay Nehra (10045, 14.28%),

Bhim Singh Meena (10197, 14.28%),

Dhanraj Meena (10236, 14.28%),

Harshit Shihara (10292, 14.28%),

Himanshu Singh (10304, 14.28%),

Tejram Meena (10764, 14.28%).

Supervised by

Prof. Vinod Vasudevan

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

KANPUR 208 016

[April, 2014]

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Introduction:

With increase in motor vehicles in India, the transportation methods of people have changed

considerably. These motor vehicles have brought in different kinds of vehicles, mainly cars and

younger drivers on Indian roads. After 1990s, the cars on Indian roads have increased

significantly. Although, two wheelers of different types occupy a major space, motorcars have

also increased at a rapid speed. Among the total registered vehicles in India, motorcars comprise

of 9% of total vehicles that are running on Indian roads right now, double the number it was

during the last decade. The numbers are even expected to increase in the upcoming years. Hence

the road safety priorities have also increased and are expected to increase further so as to provide

a safer environment to pedestrians, bicyclists and motorized vehicles while they are on roads.

Lap and shoulder belts were made compulsory for all motor vehicles after the Ministry of Road

Transport and Highways, Government of India published a rule. Some vehicles were exempted

from this rule like vehicles with engine capacity less than 500 cc. After this rule was implicated,

all the vehicle companies sold the vehicles which have been equipped with belts in front seats.

A new rule that seat belts by front seat occupants was made mandatory nationally five years later

on 18th March 1999. Use of Installation of seat belts on all seats in cars was mandated in

September 2000 but the use of seat belts by rear seat occupants is not yet governed by any

national law. Since traffic is a state subject in the federal structure of the Indian constitution,

traffic regulations have to be notified and enforced by each state. Example: The Delhi Traffic

Police made use of seat belts by front seat passengers compulsory with effect from 15th February

2002 and initiated enforcement of the same. Noncompliance of the seat belt regulation would be

punished with a fine of Rs. 100 (~2 Euro) in the first instance and Rs. 300 (~ 6 Euro) for

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subsequent violations. The Delhi Police fine about 23 percent of the motorists every month for

noncompliance.

Law on Use of Seatbelt: CENTRAL MOTOR VEHICLES RULES 1989:

1. As per the provisions of subrule (3) of Rule 138 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules,

1989, in a motor vehicle, in which seatbelts have been provided under subrule (1) or

subrule (1A) of rule 125 or rule 125A, as the case may be, it shall be ensured that the

driver, and the person seated in the front seat or the persons occupying front facing rear

seats, as the case may be, wear the seat belts while the vehicle is in motion.

2. Rule 125 (1) requires the manufacturer of every motor vehicle other than motor cycles

and three wheelers of engine capacity not exceeding 500 cc, shall equip every such

vehicle with a seat belt for the driver and for the person occupying the front seat.

3. Rule 125 (1A) requires the manufacturer of every motor vehicle that is used for carriage

of passengers and their luggage and comprising no more than 8 seats in addition to the

driver's seat, shall equip it with a seat belt for a person occupying the front facing rear

seat.

All vehicles purchased in India afterwards have been provided with belts on their front seats.

Later use of seatbelts by the seat occupants was made compulsory nationwide on 18th March

1999, but the use of seatbelts by the occupants at rear seats in cars is yet not governed by any

law. Since, car occupants comprise only 2%3% of the fatalities in Delhi, the belt law may have

resulted in an overall fatality reduction of less than 1%, an estimated 1115 lives per year. This is

assuming that front seat occupants comprise about 68% of all car passengers and belt

effectiveness in reducing fatalities is 45%60%.

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Literature Review:

Mark G Solomon in his paper Taking the Click It or Ticket model nationwide mentioned that

Click It or Ticket is a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) that combined both

intensive paid and publicity with enforcement within short period of time. States like North

Carolina showed gradual increase in safety belt use after the program was implemented in 1993.

Seeing positive results it was implemented in South Carolina too. In 2001, Click It or Ticket was

implemented across all eight states of the southeast as it was showing good results. In 2002, ten

states in various parts of the country implemented Click It or Ticket; four states implemented

parts of the full Click It or Ticket program; and four states were used as comparisons. Belt use

increases were greatest in the full implementation states. Click It or Ticket was implemented

nationally in 2003.

Many efforts are being done to increase the seat belt usage. Mackay, 1985, Robertson,

1977 and Robertson et al., 1974 found that people are very less convinced through persuasion

and education and it is very difficult to convince them to wear seat belts in this way.

Similarly, Block, 2001 in his survey found that many people even those who dont use seatbelts

responded that seat belts are effective in reducing injury and that using belts is advisable. For

example, in a national survey of drivers, the importance of using seat belts was endorsed by 94%

of the respondents, and even 56% of those who said they rarely or never use belts agreed that

they would like to be belted in a crash.

Canadianstyle publicity and enforcement campaigns to increase seat belt use were subsequently

adopted and used successfully in the United States. Initially their use was confined to small and

mediumsized cities. These programs differed somewhat in style and content, but they all

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successfully increased belt use. The 1983 Elmira program consisted of three phasesa week of

publicity including television and radio spots featuring local enforcement personnel, a week of

publicity and warnings, and a week of ticketing. Seat belt use increased from 49% to 77%. A

supplemental program the following year increased belt use to 80% Williams, Preusser,

Blomberg, & Lund, 1987.

Ruth A. Shults in his paper Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced

enforcement of safety belt laws considered that use of safety belts is the single most effective

means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motorvehicle crashes. He summarized the

systematic reviews of two interventions to increase safety belt use: primary enforcement safety

belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws. These reviews provide strong evidence

that primary laws are more effective than secondary laws in increasing safety belt use and

decreasing fatalities and that enhanced enforcement is effective in increasing safety belt use.

Increases in belt use are generally highest in states with low baseline rates of belt use. Based on

the strong evidence for effectiveness of primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement

programs, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommended that all states enact

primary safety belt laws and that communities implement enhanced enforcement programs.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration wearing a seat belt can reduce

the risk of crash injuries by 50 percent. They saved lives for more than 75,000 lives from 2004 to

2008. They also found that Fortytwo percent of passenger vehicle occupants killed in 2007 were

unbelted. A 2009 NHTSA study estimated more than 1,600 lives could be saved and 22,000

injuries prevented if seat belt use was 90 percent in every state. Yet seat belt use remains lowest

among young drivers. NHTSA also reports that, in 2007 that seat belt use was lower

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among blacks than any other race, seat belt use was higher among females than males ,seat belt

use was lower among drivers who drove alone than drivers with passengers.

A thorough study of statistics suggested that nearly 80 per cent of the fatalities could have been

averted if the drivers and those sitting in the front seats were wearing seat belts at the time of the

accident.

Varun Chadha on 5th July 2009 stated that Superintendent of Police (Traffic) Hardeep Singh

Doon said that lives of passengers sitting on back seats are as precious as those sitting in the

front seats. Keeping the safety of city residents in mind, the Chandigarh traffic police have

decided to moot a proposal to make wearing seat belts mandatory even for passengers on the

back seat. Hence, rear seat belt usage may be made compulsory.

Jennifer Bell on 17th September, 2013 in The National UAE stated that study of car crashes in

Al Ain has found that 98 per cent of passengers were not wearing a seat belt and not a single

child restraint was used in any of the vehicles.

Yanerkang in wiki answers stated that 63% of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat

belts. Data suggests that education alone is not doing the job with young people, especially

males ages 16 to 25 the age group least likely to buckle up. If 90 percent of Americans buckle

up, we will prevent more than 5,500 deaths and 132,000 injuries annually.

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Objective:

Although many awareness programs have been initiated by Indian government and traffic

police of various states but they are not specifically on usage of seat belts. Government

research team has developed an educational film on No mobile when mobile to highlight the

causes of distracted driving among drivers and way to control it. Other programs like Road

Safety and Anti Aggression campaign, finding effective interventions for reducing aggressive

driving.

After going through various literature and government sites we found that no survey has been

directed to increase awareness among drivers for the usage if seat belts in recent years.

Hence, it was decided to conduct a survey a survey on the usage of seat belts. Since,

conducting a survey on the national basis was difficult task and would require a lot of time

therefore we tried to concentrate on a particular city. We started our survey in the city of

Kanpur but we faced many problems. Some of the problems were like residents of the city were

not willing to fill our survey forms, they thought that they might face some legal action if they

say that they dont wear seat belts. At the end we were able to collect only 52 filled forms after

3 hours and that too biased. Due to time constraints and all the problems faced it was decided

that the survey should be conducted among 621 students and 7 workers in the campus.

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Methodology:

Mail surveys were given survey forms to sample of people containing Males and Females

93.78% and 6.22% respectively, with explaining them how to fill out the survey and return it.

We adopted this kind because it has historically been one of the cheapest and most efficient

methods of survey distribution. However it is not without drawbacks: because the survey is

selfadministered, participants cannot ask for clarification, and there is no way to definitely

control the order the questions are answered in. We gave the survey forms to students

belonging to every year i.e. from freshmen to doctorate students. After a week we collected

those forms and entered the full data in excel so as to analyze it.

Table 1: Hall Wise Distribution of Sample Space

Place Date Sample Space

Hall-1

27/3/2014 5/4/2014

209

Hall-2 42

Hall-3 29

Hall-4 11

Hall-5 34

Hall-6 39

Hall-7 12

Hall-8 23

Hall-9 181

Hall-10 49

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Results:

Figure 1: Response Distribution for question no.1

Figure 2: Response distribution intermediate Figure 3: Response distribution graduate

students students

25%

4%

9%

21%

41%

Always Never Rarely

Sometimes Usually

35, 18%

7, 4%

21, 11%

54, 28%

75, 39%

Always Never Rarely

Sometimes Usually

From the following pie chart we can see

that majority of the students (40%) in IIT

Kanpur wear seat belts while driving. There

are chances that 5% of the students might

not have told the truth and hence taking

some error we can say that only around

40% of the sample students wear seat belts

while driving. The percentage is too low as

compared to people in America which is

around 88%. Although percentage of

people who never wear seat belt is very low

(4%), most of the people wear seat belts

but they are not consistent and hence

seatbelt awareness programs should be

held informing and educating them to wear

it regularly and consistently.

24%

4%

10%

22%

40%

Do you wear Seat Belt ?

Always Never Rarely Sometimes Usually

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Figure 4: Response distribution post graduate

Students

Figure 5: Usage of Seat Belts among Males Figure 6: Usage of seat Belts among Females

The gender distribution of our sample space is 93.78% (male) and 6.22% (female). Hence,

standard error in case of data collected from females might be more. From figure 5 and 6 it can

be found that the proportion of males wearing seat belts is far more compared to females.

Hence awareness programs should be more focused on enlightening females about the benefits

17, 37%

1, 2%

3, 7%

7, 15%

18, 39%

Always Never Rarely Sometimes Usually

142, 24%

22, 4%

58, 10%

128, 22%

239, 40%

Always Never Rarely Sometimes Usually

7, 18%

3, 8%

4, 10%

13, 33%

12, 31%

Always Never Rarely Sometimes Usually

From Figure 2, 3, 4 it can be stated that as

age increases tendency to wear seat belts

increases (in our case it came to be 12%)

and this increment might be because post

graduate students are more mature. Only

2% of the post graduate students never

wear seat belts attributing to the fact that

post graduate students are more aware of

the benefits of wearing seat belts. Survey

results contributed by post graduate

students were very less as compared to the

undergraduate students leading to increase

in standard error for post graduate

students.

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of seat belts. It is even supported by the fact that percentage of males never wearing seat belts

is half of that of the females (4% for males and 8% for females).

Figure 7: Response distribution to question no.4 (question mentioned in appendix A)

Observing the data mentioned in figure 7, it can be seen that people tend to wear seat belts

more when they are driving with their family followed by; when the police is patrolling the

area. Watching other people wearing seat belts had the least impact on the minds of the driver

or user compared to other situations.

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

Average ofAfter

witnessingan accident2

Average ofWhen police

arepatrollingthe area

Average ofwhen

someoneelse in thevehicle is

wearing theirseat belt

Average ofWhen thedriver isdrunk

Average ofWhen you

are drunk (asa driver)

Average ofWhen youare drivingwith your

family

3.75

3.85

3.41

3.76

3.61

3.97

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Figure 8: Distribution of answers for the Figure 9: Distribution of answers for the

response to the Question No. 5, Option 2 response to the Question No. 5, Option 1

Figure 10: Average Ratings for Question no. 5

From figure 8, 9 and figure 10 it can be observed that people are aware of the fact that they are

safer when they are wearing seat belts and they dont need a law to change their minds. But it is

also a fact that people who resist wearing seat belts need a law to force them to wear it as they

think that wearing seat belt will have effect on their status or make others think that they are

frighten of driving.

0

50

100

150

200

250

VeryUnlikely

Unlikely NoChange

Likely Verylikely

2346

141174

244

0

50

100

150

200

250

130

70

153

220

55

3.00

3.91

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Average of There is a law thattells you to wear it

Average of You think it ishelpful to you and you do not

need a law to wear it

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Figure 11: Response to Figure 12: Response to Figure 13: Response to

Question No. 6(a) Question No. 6(b) Question No. 6(c)

By comparing the results found in figure 11, 12, and 13 most of people are aware of wearing

seat belts and also most of them find that having rear seat is helpful. It was also found that

wearing seat belts does not make driving uncomfortable.

Figure 14: Response to question no. 7

By seeing the above trend it is found that people feel that highways are not as safe as

expressways and hence are more careless on expressways and not wear seat belts there. Ideally

people should have been wearing seat belts on expressways more often compared to city as

speed limit is more on expressways but data estimates were not consistent with the ideal

2% 11%

87%

Benefits of Wearing Seat Belt

No

Uncertain

Yes

5%

32%

63%

Wearing seat belt at rear seat is help

full

N

U

Y

53%21%

26%

It makes uncomfortable

N

U

Y

99

176

119

192

42

0

50

100

150

200

250

ExpressWays Highways Within City Always Never

NU

MB

ER O

F P

EOP

LE

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situation. The possible reason could be due to the fact that the city is under the surveillance of

more police patrolling.

Figure 15: Response to Question no. 8

Most of the people not wearing seat in all places think that fine is less at other places hence

they tend not to wear seat belts.

Figure 16: Response to Question No. 9

Fine is Less26%

Risk is less47%

Speed9%

Don't Find it Necessary

18%

Fine is Less Risk is less Speed Don't Find it Necessary

44 42

120 113

143

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Rs. 200 Rs. 300 Rs. 400 Rs. 500 Rs. 500+Suspensionof license

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In the above figure it has been shown that people think that the current fine is not enough for

them to force them to wear seat belts and they want a stricter action. Majority of the people

want that suspension of license along with some amount of fine should be the punishment.

STATISTICAL TESTS

1. Testing of proportions between the number of 2nd year students and 4th year

students who always use their seatbelts:

Age group Number of students

1 30

2 273

3 105

4 219

25 years 1

(blank)

Grand Total 628

Age group Number of students who always wear their seatbelts

Always 149

1 9

2 69

3 19

4 51

25 years 1

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Sample size:

2nd year students (n1) = 273

4th year students (n2) = 219

Successful events:

Number of 2nd year students who always put on their seatbelts (x1) = 69

Number of 4th year students who always put on their seatbelts (x2) = 51

Through Statistical test we want to find out if there is meaningful difference between the

proportions of 2nd and 4th year students who always wear a seatbelt.

P1 = true proportion of 2nd year students who always wear a seatbelt

P2 = true proportion of 4th year students who always wear a seatbelt

Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who always wear seatbelts = P1

Variance for this distribution, 2 = P1 (1 P1)

Sampling distribution for the mean:

Mean= P1

Variance for this distribution is = P1 (1 P1)/n1

Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who always wear seatbelts = P2

Variance for this distribution, 2 = P2 (1 P2)

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Mean= P2

Variance for this distribution is = P2 (1 P2)/n2

We are trying to come up with 95% confidence interval for the diference (P1 P1) for we do not

know what the true difference between these two proportions is.

1 = proportion of 2nd year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey

= 69/273 = 0.253

2 = proportion of 4th year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey

= 51/219 = 0.233

Now, the sampling distribution for the difference:

Mean = (P1 P1)

Variance, 2 = P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2

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Now, the difference between the proportions coming from our data

1 2 = 0.02

We want 95% chance that 0.02 lies within d of the actual difference, (P1 P2) i.e., if we take a

random sample then there is 95% chance that the difference lies within the range d.

So our objective is to find d.

1.96

So the range d = Stand. Deviation for sampling distribution of mean difference x 1.96

=sqrt [P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2 ] x 1.96

=sqrt [1 (1 1)/n1 + 2 (1 2)/n2 ] x 1.96

=0.076

So the 95% confidence interval for (P1 P2) = (0.020.076, 0.02+0.076)

= (0.056, 0.096)

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2. Testing of proportions between the 2nd year students and 4th year students who

know the benefits of wearing a seatbelt:

Age group Students saying yes

1 26

2 240

3 83

4 192

Sample space:

No. of 2nd year students = 273

No. of 4th year students = 219

Through Statistical test we want to find out if there is meaningful difference between the

proportions of 2nd and 4th year students who know the benefits of seatbelts.

P1 = true proportion of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts

P2 = true proportion of 4th year students who know the benefits of seatbelts

Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts = P1

Variance for this distribution, 2 = P1 (1 P1)

Sampling distribution for the mean:

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Mean= P1

Variance for this distribution is = P1 (1 P1)/n1

Mean of the distribution of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts = P2

Variance for this distribution, 2 = P2 (1 P2)

Mean= P2

Variance for this distribution is = P2 (1 P2)/n2

We are trying to come up with 95% confidence interval for the diference (P1 P1) for we do not

know what the true difference between these two proportions is.

1 = proportion of 2nd year students who know the benefits of seatbelts coming from the survey

= 240/273 = 0.879

2 = proportion of 4th year students who wear seatbelts coming from the survey

= 192/219 = 0.877

Now, the sampling distribution for the difference:

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Mean = (P1 P1)

Variance, 2 = P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2

Now, the difference between the proportions coming from our data

1 2 = 0.002

We want 95% chance that 0.002 lies within d of the actual difference, (P1 P2) i.e., if we take a

random sample then there is 95% chance that the difference lies within the range d.

So our objective is to find d.

1.96

So the range d = Stand. Deviation for sampling distribution of mean difference x 1.96

=sqrt [P1 (1 P1)/n1 + P2 (1 P2)/n2 ] x 1.96

=sqrt [1 (1 1)/n1 + 2 (1 2)/n2 ] x 1.96

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=0.058

So the 95% confidence interval for (P1 P2) = (0.0020.058, 0.002+0.058)

= (0.056, 0.06)

Discussion:

The data collected from survey was analyzed by two types of methods. The first one was through

simple analyzing by making pie charts and bar graphs and second was done by statistical

method. Statistical Test was carried out to compare 2nd and 4th year students behavior. Statistical

methods give good comparisons when the sample size is large. The survey data was dominated

by the 2nd and 4th year students, hence we chose them to compare the proportions.

Seeing all the above results it can be seen that as age increases or as maturity increases tendency

to wear seat belts increase. More male candidates are interested to wear seat belts compared to

females. Anomalous behavior was observed after statistical test for proportions of 2nd year and

4th year students always wearing seat belts. The results show that the students are well aware

about the benefits of the seat belts and they dont require any law to wear it. People think that the

current fine is not enough for them to force them to wear seat belts and they want a stricter

action. Majority of the people want that suspension of license along with some amount of fine

should be the punishment.

Conclusion:

People need stricter for laws to be enforce because there are some kind of people who tend not to

wear seat belts given any situation causing harm in traffic safety. The other reason for increasing

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the fine or taking stricter action is for most of the vehicles are not afraid of this small amount of

fine and they are just of afraid of being caught. Vehicles should be fined at the spot and the

notice should be send through the mail. Since most of the people in Kanpur tend not to wear seat

belts or forget to wear seat belts hence it would be better if more emphasis is laid on Air Bags or

some other protecting parts. Various NGOs and Government organization should also work on

conduction a national survey on usage of seat belts so they can decide what kind of law should

be enforced. Also, various kind of awareness programs should be conducted to educate and

persuade the vehicle or motor drivers regarding usage of seat belts and other protective measures

while driving.

Scope of future work:

A larger sample space i.e. more number of people would have been better since then standard

error would have been decreased and statistical analysis would have given better results. Various

other types of model like discrete model can be used for further analysis. A better form of filling

survey forms could be if the surveyor himself notes all the answers or basically like a personal

interview which consists of both way talks. Usage of seat belts survey should mainly be done in

metro or large cities since there is a strict law regarding it.

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Reference:

1. Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

2. Seat Belt Law and Road Traffic Injuries in Delhi, MOHAN

3. Wiki Answer by Yanerkang (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_people_die_a_year_from_wearing_a_seat_belt#slide=1)

4. Taking the Click It or Ticket model nationwide, Solomon et all

5. Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviews, Shults et all

6. Seat belt use laws in the United States: trends and prospects, Preusser et all

7. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website(http://www.nhtsa.gov/)

8. Evaluation of Primary Safety Belt Laws in California, Preusser et all

9. The National, Jennifer Bell (http://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/98percentofpassengersincarcrasheswerenotwearingseatbeltsstudyfinds)

10. CRRI Annual Report. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.

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Appendix A

Seat Belt Survey IIT Kanpur

Place___________________

Personal Information Sex ___________

Age Group 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year Education Matriculate Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate

Q.1) As a driver you do wear seat belt a) Never b) Rarely c) Sometimes d) Usually e) Always

Q.2) Do you have a driving license? Y N

Q.3) If your answer is yes to the previous question, how often you drive over the speed limit a) Never b) Rarely c) Sometimes d) Usually e) Always

Q.4) Which of the following situations would make you more likely to wear your seat belt? (Rate on a scale of 1-5 where 1: Very unlikely, 2: Unlikely, 3: No change, 4: Likely, 5: Very likely) 1 2 3 4 5 After witnessing an accident When police are patrolling the area When someone else in the vehicle is wearing their seat belt When the driver is drunk When you are drunk (as a driver) When you are driving with your family

Q.5) You wear the seatbelt because (1: Very unlikely, 2: Unlikely, 3: No change, 4: Likely, 5: Very likely) 1 2 3 4 5

There is a law that tells you that you should wear it

You think it is helpful to you and you do not need a law to wear it

Q.6) Give your response to following questions in Yes (Y) No (N) or Uncertain (U) S.No. Y U N

A. Are you aware of the benefits of wearing a seatbelt

B. Do you think giving seat belts at the rear seats is helpful

C. Is it that wearing seat belts make travelling uncomfortable

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Q.7) Where do you wear seat belt a) Express ways b) Highways c) Within City d) Always e)

Never

If response to above question is not d, then

Q.8) Why dont you wear seat belt at other places a) Fine is less b) Risk is less c) Speed d) You dont find it

necessary

Q.9) Currently fine for not wearing seat belt is Rs.100, at what fine you would always wear a seat belt. a) Rs.200 b) Rs.300 c) Rs.400 c) Rs.500 d) Rs.500 + driver license suspension