Term paper ISP FINAL

8/7/2019 Term paper ISP FINAL

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Term paper

Of ISP (cse 404)

TOPIC: INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITED BY:

Mr.KIRAN KUMAR KAKI SATISH PANDEY

LPU Roll no 08



ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Words are the dress of thoughts, appreciating and acknowledging those, who are responsible for the

successful completion of the project. Our sincerity gratitude goes to LECT. Mr. KIRAN KUMAR

KAKI” who assigned us responsibility to work on this project and provided us all the help, guidance and

encouragement to complete this project. The encouragement and guidance given KIRAN KUMAR KAKI

have made this a personally rewarding experience. We thank him for his support and inspiration, without

which, understanding the details of the project would have been exponentially difficult.

With Sincere Thanks,(Satish Kumar Pandey)



DECLARATION

I, " Satish Kumar Pandey”, hereby declare that the work presented herein is genuine work done

Originally by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a Degree

program any literature, data or works done by others and cited within this dissertation

Has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.

Satish Kumar Pandey

Reg.no 7470070055

Date: 12-November -2010



Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..............................................................................................2

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................3

Table of Contents .........................................................4

...........................................................................................................................................5

Introduction to Internet connectivity ................................................................................5

Types of Internet connectivity ......................................................................................6

Cable Modem Broadband :( wired) ...............................................................................6

Digital Subscriber Connection (DSL) (Analog) ...............................................................8

Satellite connection .....................................................................................................10

Wireless Internet Connections ..........................................................................................11

...........................................................................................................................11

HOW INTERNET CONNECTIVITY WORK ..............................................................11

what is the Internet? ..................................................................................................12

What do we mean by HTTP? ..............................................................................................12

How does a user connect to a website? ...........................................................................13

What are the HTTP Requests and HTTP Responses? .......................................................13

Advantages of Wireless Internet connectivity ...............................................................14

Disadvantage of Wireless Internet connectivity ............................................................14

References: ........................................................................................................................15



Introduction to Internet connectivity

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over theyears, the way content is presented via the Web has changed drastically. Ten years ago being able to

center bold, colored text was something to admire, while today Flash, animations, online gaming,

streaming video, database-driven Web sites, e-commerce and virtual offices to name but a few

are becoming standards. The need for speed has changed the options available to consumers and

businesses alike in terms of how and how fast we can connect to the Internet.

While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do Internet connections. The connection speeds listed

below represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the time of publication. This is

no doubt will change over time and Internet connection speeds also vary between Internet Service

Providers (ISP).

Millions of people around the world use Internet every day to communicate with others, follow the

stock market, keep up with the news, check the weather, make travel plans, conduct business, shop,

entertain and learn. Staying connected has become so important that it is hard to get away from your

computer and your Internet connection because you might miss an e-mail message, an update on your

stock or some news you need to know. With your business or your personal life growing more

dependent on electronic communication over the Internet, you might be ready to take the next step and

get a device that allows you to access the Internet on the go.

That's where wireless Internet comes in. With a wireless-enabled laptop or PDA you can access the

Internet throughout. You have probably seen news or advertising about cell phones and PDAs that let

you receive and send e-mail.

No longer need your broadband Internet connection be limited to one computer, or even to one room

in the house. Over the past two years, wireless Internet has reached further into spaces it has not

penetrated before, and you can often find connections in coffee shops, airport lounges and hotels.

Some cities are even running wireless broadband networks that cover whole districts and boroughs.



Wireless technology allows us to use our equipment without the hassles of cable connected devices.

These devices work by sending data from one location to another by bouncing signals off antennas

from the devices. In wireless Internet, the wireless router sends the signals to the remote server and the

server bounces the signals back to the wireless router so the connection can be made for the wireless

Internet service.

There are a number of ways to get connected to the Internet and take full advantage of the options that

your Internet Service Provider (or ISP) makes available. Like any consumer, you want to get the best

deal for your money. During this time together we want to learn how to choose the type of service you

want and how to take advantage of your ISPs offerings.

Types of Internet connectivity

There are currently three major connection types available to just about everyone who isn't in a

completely rural setting. The most common connection type right now is cable, followed closely by

DSL and finally by satellite. We'll look at each option in that order.

Cable Modem Broadband :( wired)

Cable Modem Broadband a connection through an ordinary coax cable through your digital cable

provider is the easiest and most common way to connect to the Internet at high speeds. Most

connections average about 400K/second download and 128K upload. Cable's largest advantage is its

availability and ability to produce multiple upstream (when sending). The biggest downside to a cable

connection is the slow-downs you'll experience during gluts of service when several people are

sharing the network.

Again it is divided into different groups:

Simple Cable - Cable internet is connected through the coaxial cables that you would normally use

for cable TV. It is very fast, and in Texas, Comcast Cable gives you 4Mbit download and 256-

384KbitUpload.

T-1 Lines



T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet

Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection

supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of

which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or

data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or some of these individual

channels. This is known as fractional T-1 access.

Bonded T-1

A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase

bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide 3Mbps or

46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where

two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be bonded the T-1 must

run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.

• T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps

• Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of

leased channels.

• Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines

T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is a

popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which

supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the

Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.

• Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

OC3

Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks conforming to

the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large networks with large

voice, data, video, and traffic needs.



• Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.

Optical Cable: The cream of the crop. The best darn internet period. From OC3 to OC255 and

beyond, speeds of 1Gbit are possible.

Internet 2 - Not a real 'connection', but a study. Speeds of 6.63 Gigabytes a second. Can't wait!

Digital Subscriber Connection (DSL) (Analog)

Digital Subscriber Link (DSL) this is a connection using your phone line and a special modem. You

have to be within so many feet of a phone station "hub" and your line has to be of a newer type to

qualify. Good portions of the population (especially in urban areas) match these criteria and can get a

DSL connection. The modem uses a sound frequency well above the human ear's limits and will not

interfere with normal telephone operation. Most connections average about 400-650K per second in

download (some are faster) while anywhere from 128-256K in upload speed is available as well. The

biggest downside to this type of connection is the availability. The biggest boon to this technology is

its reliability and that network slow-downs are less common than with a cable connection.

Again it contains different groups:

DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line

connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no

need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home

subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.

ADSL

ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital

subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the

downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL

requires a special ADSL modem.



ADSL+2

ADSL+2A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscri

significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2

works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to split

existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+

service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in

close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.

SDSL

SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that

allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up

to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and

cannot operate simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special

SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and

downstream traffic.

VDSL

Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short distances

the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.

• All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.

• XDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.

Dial-Up connections:

Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC,

users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your

ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an

analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and vice-



versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always

good and data rates are limited.

ISDN - Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for

sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.

• Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a type of Dial-up connection with faster speeds, but

you need to pay the extra cash to get it. Common speeds of 128Kbit and 256Kbit download.

ADSL - Asymmetric DSL is Common to most households, supports up to 24Mbit down and 3.5Mbit

up, but you never see that much. You get like 1.5MBit down and

SDSL - Symmetric DSL is like ADSL, but with the same download speed as upload speed.

Satellite connection

Satellite this is the most expensive alternative for getting a high-speed connection to the Internet. If you live in a rural area or a spot where other options are not available (as I do), then this is probably

your only hope for a high-speed connection. These come in two varieties, 1-way and 2-way. One-way

satellites are like television receivers: they only accept signals. You'll still have to use your modem to

connect for uploads. A 2-way connection, however, both sends and receives and is telephone-free.

Average speeds for this type of connection are 600K and higher for download and 128K for the

upload. Averages tend to be higher because there are far fewer users on the network to slow things

down. The biggest up side to this technology is that it is available just about everywhere. The biggest

downside to this type of connection is two-fold: price and reliability. Expect to spend $600 or more

for the equipment and another $50 or more a month for the connection. You'll also experience down

time (which will not be reimbursed by the ISP) during severe weather (called "rainouts"). Most

satellite providers provide a dialup backup service as a part of their plan.



If you have need of it, a high-speed connection is both convenient and timesaving. If you spend

a lot of time online, you should probably look into getting a faster connection to boost your

productivity while online.

Tier-Carrier- Consists of many tiers of speed.

T1 - Tier1- Very expensive and 'slow'. It's a great connection for hosting servers, yet the download

speeds are lacking. It is 1.5Mbit/1.5Mbit, symmetrical download and uploads.

T3 - Tier3- Droningly awesome. Very fast, but very expensive. 44Mbit downloads. Whoa!

T2, T4, T5 - Tier 2, 4, and 5 are not used as much as above but have speeds of 6Mbit (T2), 274Mbit

(T4), and 400Mbit (T5)

Wireless Internet Connections

Wireless Internet or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using

telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless

Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere as long as you

geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new,

and it may be difficult to find a wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive

and mainly available in metropolitan areas.

HOW INTERNET CONNECTIVITY WORK



WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks. These networks use the

standard Internet Protocol Suite (known as TCP/IP) to allow information to be transferred between

computers and networks. The diagram below illustrates the Internet in its simplest form, a networked

computer connected to a host (server) using HTTP, with a domain name server (DNS) translating the

web address entered by the user into an IP address.

The user communicates with the server using a browser (e.g. Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, etc) .

Using this Internet connection the user can access a vast array of information resources and services,

particularly the inter-linked hypertext documents which are commonly referred to as the World Wide

Web (WWW), but also services such as electronic mail and streamed multi-media (films, television

and audio). There is an interesting video illustrating internet connectivity.

What do we mean by HTTP?

HTTP is the stateless request-response based communications protocol which is employed by the

browser on your computer to request and receive information from a web-server. By stateless, we mean

that the protocol does not maintain any contextual information about the browsers communicating with



it. Hence browsers maintain session information and may use cookies to provide memory about the

current status of the interaction between a user and the host system. The Internet currently uses version

1.1 of the HTTP,

How does a user connect to a website?

In the above diagram, if the user wishes to obtain a page from the WWW, the page address may be

entered into the browser address field, or a hyperlink clicked. The browser initiates the communication

by sending an HTTP Request and the Website (Server) will respond with an HTTP Response. Every

time the browser needs to send a request, it first establishes a TCP reliable connection with the website,

then transfer the request via this connection. Similarly, when the website needs to return an HTTP

Response to browser. Either of the two parties – the browser or the website can prematurely stops a

data transfer by simply terminating the TCP connection.

What are the HTTP Requests and HTTP Responses?

An HTTP Request has three main components, they are:

HTTP Request Method, URI, and Protocol Version

HTTP Request Headers

HTTP Request Body

An HTTP Response also has three main components, which are:

Protocol/Version, Status Code, and its Description

HTTP Response Headers

HTTP Response Body .



Advantages of Wireless Internet connectivity

Wireless Internet provides super-fast broadband speed, approaching 2 megabytes per second or faster.

More customers are expecting broader bandwidth, so this number should creep up steadily over the

next few months to years. Wireless Internet is more affordable and more reliable than satellitebroadband, since satellite signals typically have to travel tens of thousands of miles.

Wireless Internet is also incredibly responsive, when you call up web pages, download emails, and

engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the net, your wireless Internet system will

yield ultra-fast transmission.

Weather, radio frequencies, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless Internet flow. Moreover,

with the construction of transmission towers across the nation, it's a safe bet that if you live within areasonable proximity of an urban area, you will be near to a wireless Internet tower.

The wireless Internet broadband service offers rural Web surfers a way to tap into high speed

telecommunications without laying down fiber or reconfiguring the public switched telephone

network system based on new DSL standards. Thus, delivering communications to a small town in an

area which lacks cable infrastructure or merely looking to avoid the slower speeds and sometimes

confusing plans associated with DSL, wireless Internet is a wonderful way to optimize your surfing

time.

Disadvantage of Wireless Internet connectivity

With wireless Internet service, there’s the problem of someone, within the wireless traffic, hacking

into your connection. So, you need to be sure to use wireless security to ensure all your private

information is safe from those unauthorized viewers. There are many firewalls out there that work

well for this purpose or you can look into using a network system to set up password protected

connections.

Verizon wireless and Sprint wireless are two popular wireless companies in business today. Verizon

wireless offer several different types of wireless devices that are commonly used by consumers. Cell

phones and wireless broadband Internet are the most popular services they offer. They also offer

PDAs and wireless PC cards.



Wireless technology comes in various other forms as well. You can find wireless speakers for your

stereo system, wireless headphones, wireless receivers and transmitters and even microphones. You

can find wireless computer mice, keyboards, satellite TV, cordless telephones and even garage door

openers. The future will probably bring us a world full of wireless technology. Hard wired devices

will end up being more of a thing of the past, once wireless technology grows.

References:1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet_connection.html

2. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc775634%28WS.10%29.aspx

3. http://www.telocity.com/

4. http://www.freedsl.com/

5. http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/internet_connection_types.asp

6. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ISP.html

7. http://science.howstuffworks.com/working _internet.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet_connection.html


http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc775634(WS.10).aspx


http://www.telocity.com/


http://www.freedsl.com/



http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/internet_connection_types.asp


http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ISP.html


http://science.howstuffworks.com/working%20_internet.html









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