Terence Sim Leow Wee Kheng Department of Computer …cs4340/lecture/camera.pdfCinematography...
Transcript of Terence Sim Leow Wee Kheng Department of Computer …cs4340/lecture/camera.pdfCinematography...
Camera Work
CS4340 Digital Special Effects
Terence SimLeow Wee Kheng
Department of Computer ScienceSchool of Computing
National University of Singapore
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 1 / 23
Cinematography
Cinematography
The art of making camera and lighting choices for media production.
Includes many aspects
Film gauge (size):8mm (amateur), 16mm (semi-pro), 35mm (pro), 65mm (epic)Aspect ratio:4:3 (TV), 1.85:1 (widescreen movie), 26:9 (HDTV)Lab workCamera filtersCamera lens, depth of field, focusCamera shots and moves [Che80, Col]Lighting [KM01, Col]Special effects
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 2 / 23
Cinematography
Use of camera shot types helps to make the story interesting.
Help to lead viewers to important part of the scene.
Characterization of shot types [Che80, Col]:
Shot sizeCamera angleOthers
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 3 / 23
Shot Types Shot Sizes
Shot Sizes
extreme wide shot very wide shot wide shot
mid shot medium close up close up
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 4 / 23
Shot Types Shot Sizes
More Shot Sizes
Extreme close up Cut-in Two-shot
Over-the-shoulder Noddy Point-of-view
See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICcE72RwEyc
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 5 / 23
Shot Types Shot Sizes
Avoid the following:
Indecisive cut:
When cutting from one shot to another of the same subject, thechange in size must be significant.Otherwise, audience will perceive it as a mistake or a distraction.
Shock cut:
When cutting from one shot to another shot, the change is size shouldnot be too extreme.Otherwise, you produce a shock effect that is most likely inappropriate.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 6 / 23
Shot Types Camera Angles
Camera Angles
Horizontal camera angles:
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 7 / 23
Shot Types Camera Angles
Vertical camera angles:
High angle Eye level Low angle
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 8 / 23
Shot Types Camera Angles
Avoid indecisive cut:
When cutting from one shot to another of the same subject, thechange in angle must be > 35◦.
Otherwise, audience will perceive it as a mistake or a distraction.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 9 / 23
Shot Types 180◦ Rule
180◦ Rule
When editing shots from multiple cameras into a seamless sequence, placeall cameras on the same side of line of action.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 10 / 23
Shot Types 180◦ Rule
Camera 2 and 3: Viewer stays on same side of line of action.
Camera 2 and 4: Viewer crosses line of action. Confusing.
See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HinUychY3sE
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 11 / 23
Composition Rules
Composition Rules
Avoid frontal angle:
Frontal camera angle tends to remove sense of depth.
Frontal angle Oblique angle
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 12 / 23
Composition Rules
Headroom:
Leave empty space strategically in frame.
Baby has leading room for him to crawl into.
Mother has looking room for her to look into.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 13 / 23
Camera Moves
Camera Moves
Pan: camera rotates from side to side (horizontally).Panning too fast can cause strobing effect (broken motion) andmotion sickness.One way to avoid strobing is to apply scene motion blur.
Tilt: camera rotates up and down (vertically).
Zoom: camera lens is adjusted.
Dolly: camera moves in and out of scene or along a moving subject.
Crane or boom: camera moves up and down, as if on a crane.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 14 / 23
Camera Moves
Dolly is a small wheeled vehicle, piloted by a dolly grip, that is usedto move a camera around in a scene.
Need a lot of practice to perfect the skill.
NG example
Good example
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 15 / 23
Camera Moves
Difference between dolly and zoom:
Dolly
Camera moves.No change in camera’s focal length.Perspective changes, i.e. parallax
Zoom
Camera does not move.Changes camera’s focal length.No change in perspective, i.e. no parallax
See also: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r988E_J14FM
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 16 / 23
Interesting Examples of Camera Work
Interesting Examples of Camera Work
Change of shot size from extreme close up to wide shot: Next (2007)
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 17 / 23
Interesting Examples of Camera Work
Continuous camera move and shot change: Just Do It (2004)
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 18 / 23
Interesting Examples of Camera Work
Align music to camera shot: The Lord of the Rings Part 2 (2002) [LoR]
Observe: change of shot follows 180◦ rule.Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 19 / 23
Interesting Examples of Camera Work
Other interesting camera moves:
Dolly zoom: Vertigo (1958)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnpZN2HQ3OQ#t=1m50s
Dolly zoom: Jaws (1975)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB4bikrNzMk
Extreme crane: Notting Hill (1999)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3r7Y2_6zWo#t=1m15s
Extremely long shot (8 mins): The Player (1992)
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 20 / 23
Shooting Techniques
Shooting Techniques
Plan your shooting session.
Position yourself and camera properly.
Frame your shot: check camera setting, etc.
Learn to walk backward.Someone places his hand at your back to guide you.
Use tripod or dolly to reduce camera jerk.
Start moving before you start to record
Stop recording before you stop moving: reduce camera jerk.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 21 / 23
Summary
Summary
Camera shot types: shot size, camera angle, others (POV)
Camera moves: pan, tilt, zoom, dolly
Composition rules
Shoot techniques
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 22 / 23
References
References
D. Cheshire.The Book of Movie Photography.1980.
Media College.Camera shots, www.mediacollege.com/video/shots/.
G. Kindem and R. Musburge.Introduction to Media Production: From Analog to Digital.Focal Press, 2 edition, 2001.
The Lord of the Rings DVD, The Appendices, Part 4: The Battle forMiddle-Earth Begins.
Terence Sim (CS4340) Camera Work 23 / 23