Temperature Distribution in Intumescent Coating...

1

Temperature Distribution in Temperature Distribution in IntumescentIntumescent Coating Protected Coating Protected

Steel Connections in FireSteel Connections in Fire

By : X H Dai, Y C Wang, C G BaileyBy : X H Dai, Y C Wang, C G BaileyBy : X H Dai, Y C Wang, C G BaileyBy : X H Dai, Y C Wang, C G Bailey

School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering

The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, UK

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ContentsContentsContentsContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

1.1. Effects of Partial Fire Protection on Effects of Partial Fire Protection on

Temperature Development in Steel Joints Temperature Development in Steel Joints

Protected with Protected with IntumescentIntumescent CoatingCoating

2.2. Simple Calculation Methods Using to Simple Calculation Methods Using to

Predict Temperatures in Connection Predict Temperatures in Connection

Components in Fully or Partially Protected Components in Fully or Partially Protected

Joint componentsJoint components

3

4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted4 typical joint types adopted

(a) Flush endplate joint

(c) Fin plate joint (d) Web cleat joint

(b) Flexible endplate joint

Column: UC254x254x89 Length 1000mm.

Beam: UB305x165x40 Length 605mm, 485mm.

Slab: 1000x1000mm Overall depth 130mm.

4

Outline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection optionsOutline of fire protection options

��Protecting a segment of beam of 300mm or Protecting a segment of beam of 300mm or

400mm from the connected end.400mm from the connected end.

��Leaving the bolts unprotected in a protected Leaving the bolts unprotected in a protected

joint assembly.joint assembly.

��Protecting column only.Protecting column only.

5

Typical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections appliedTypical fire protections applied

(b) protected bolts

(c) unprotected bolts (d) protected column only

(a) reduced beam protection

6

Specimen setSpecimen setSpecimen setSpecimen setSpecimen setSpecimen setSpecimen setSpecimen set--------upupupupupupupup

7

Main research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectivesMain research objectives

��Effect of Effect of protecting a small segmentprotecting a small segment of the beam of the beam near the joint on temperature developments in near the joint on temperature developments in joint componentsjoint components

��Effect of Effect of not protecting boltsnot protecting bolts on temperature on temperature developments in joint componentsdevelopments in joint components

��Effect of Effect of protecting column onlyprotecting column only on temperatures on temperatures in joint components and column itselfin joint components and column itself

��Develop a Develop a simple calculation methodsimple calculation method to predict to predict temperature distribution in connections protected temperature distribution in connections protected using using intumescentintumescent coating coating

8

Effect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on to

connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)connection components (1)

UB305X165X40

J-J View

40

20

0

150

40

60

60

40

10

50 50 50

UC254X254X89

90

50 40

J

J

X66

Web cleat

150x90x10mm

I-I View

90

50 40 40

20

0

40

60

60

40

10

90

50 40

UC254X254X89

UB305X165X40

X52

Web cleat

90x90x10mm

I

I

X51

UncoatedZone

400

605605

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.66 (SP1, FP+B)

No.51 (SP1, FP+B)

No.52 (SP1, FP+B)

TC66 (full beam protection)

TC52 (partial beam protection: 400mm)


Protecting a segment of Protecting a segment of

the connected beam for the connected beam for

about about 400mm400mm from the from the

connected end behaved connected end behaved

as as full beam protection to full beam protection to

connection componentsconnection components

9

Effect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on toEffect of partial beam protection on to

connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)connection components (2)

UB305X165X40

40

505050

40

60

60

40

10

UC254X254X89

X

X18

17

Fin plate

(200x150x10mm)

40

50 50

40

60

60

40

10

Fin plate

(200X100X10mm)X

X24

25

UB305X165X40

UncoatedZone

400

605605

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.24 (SP4, FP+B)

No.25 (SP4, FP+B)

No.17 (SP4, FP+B)

No.18 (SP4, FP+B)





Protecting a segment of Protecting a segment of

the connected beam for the connected beam for

about about 400mm400mm from the from the

connected end behaved connected end behaved

as as full beam protectionfull beam protection to to

bolts.bolts.

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Effect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on toEffect of not protecting bolts on to

connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)connection components in a protected joint (1)

UB305X165X40

40

200

150

40

60

60

40

10

50 50 50

UC254X254X89

J

J

X60

Web cleat

150x90x10mm

X58

605

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.58 (SP2, FP_B)No.60 (SP2, FP_B)No.58 (SP1, FP+B)

No.60 (SP1, FP+B)No.58 (USP4, UP)No.60 (USP4, UP)

TC60TC58Test USP4, unprotected

specimen

Test SP2, protection scheme: FP_B

Test SP1, protection scheme: FP+B

Before fire test

Whether or not protecting the bolts had minor influence on temperature

developments in the protected connection components

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UB305X165X40

40

200

150

40

60

60

40

10

50 50 50

UC254X254X89

J

J

X

X

61

56

Web cleat

150x90x10mm

605

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.56 (SP2, FP_B)No.61 (SP2, FP_B)No.56 (SP1, FP+B)No.61 (SP1, FP+B)No.56 (USP4, UP)No.61 (USP4, UP)

TC61TC56

Test USP4, unprotected specimen

Test SP2, protection scheme: FP-B


After fire test

Higher temperatures in unprotected bolts but still much lower than bolt temperature in an unprotected joint

Bolt heads were not covered by char

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

No.48 (SP7, FP+B)

No.48 (SP8, FP_B)

No.48 (USP1, UP)


Test SP8, protection scheme: FP_B


60

70

13

460

10

10605 200

X

50

E-E ViewE

E

UB305X165X40

48

Bolt locations

Temperature in unprotected bolt got closer to protected bolt temperature

Bolt heads were covered by char

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Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)Effect of protecting column only (1)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.58 (SP3, PC)No.60 (SP3, PC)No.58 (SP1, FP+B)

No.60 (SP1, FP+B)No.58 (USP4, UP)No.60 (USP4, UP)


Test SP3, protecting column only

Test SP1, total protection

UB305X165X40

40

20

0

150

40

60

60

40

10

50 50 50

UC254X254X89

J

J

X60

W eb cleat

150x90x10mm

X58

605

Protecting column only appeared gave similar temperatures in connection components on beam web side as

unprotected

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.63 (SP3, PC)No.64 (SP3, PC)

No.63 (SP1, FP+B)No.64 (SP1, FP+B)

No.63 (USP4, UP)No.64 (USP4, UP)

Test SP3, protecting column only


Test SP1, total protection

UB305X165X40

J-J View

40

20

0

150

40

60

60

40

10

50 50 50

UC254X254X89

90

50 40

J

J

64

63X

X

Web cleat

150x90x10mm

605

Protecting column only slightly reduced temperatures in connection components connected to column

flange

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40

505050

40

60

60

40

10

20

19X

X

UB305X165X40

UC254X254X89

Fin plate

(200x150x10mm)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.19 (SP6, PC)

No.20 (SP6, PC)

No.20 (SP4, FP+B)

No.19 (USP3, UP)

No.20 (USP3, UP)

No.14 (SP6, PC)

Weld in Test SP6, protecting column only

Weld in Test USP3, unprotected specimen

Weld in Test SP4, total protection

Column section remote from joint in Test SP6, protecting column only.

Protecting column only substantiallyreduced temperatures in fin plate weld

on column flange

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Conclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire testsConclusions by fire tests

�� Protecting a segment of the connected beam for about Protecting a segment of the connected beam for about 400mm from the joint appeared to be sufficient to 400mm from the joint appeared to be sufficient to achieve full protection for the joint.achieve full protection for the joint.

�� Whether or not protecting bolts had little influence on Whether or not protecting bolts had little influence on temperatures in other connection components in a temperatures in other connection components in a protected joint. protected joint.

�� In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the In a protected joint with unprotected bolts, the unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than those unprotected bolt temperatures were higher than those with full bolt protection, but still much lower than bolt with full bolt protection, but still much lower than bolt temperatures in a completely unprotected joint. temperatures in a completely unprotected joint.

�� Protecting the column only in a joint appeared not reduce Protecting the column only in a joint appeared not reduce to the unprotected connection component temperatures, to the unprotected connection component temperatures, however the protection did reduce temperatures in however the protection did reduce temperatures in components immediately contacting column flanges.components immediately contacting column flanges.

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calculation method provided in EN 1993EN 1993--11--2:20052:2005

Temperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods providedTemperature assessment methods provided

in in in in in in in in EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993EN 1993--------11111111--------2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 2:2005 for steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sectionsfor steel sections

,

/m

a t sh net

a a

A VK h t

Cθ

ρ∆ = ∆&

( ), /10

, ,

/ 1( 1)

1 / 3

p t p p

a t t a t t

a a

d At e

c V

φλ

θ θ θ θρ φ

∆ = × × × − ∆ − − ∆ +

/10

, ,

,

1( ) (1 / 3) ( 1)

( )p t p a a a t t

p t a t

Vt d c e

A t

φλ ρ φ θ θθ θ

= × × × + × × ∆ + − ∆ − ∆

Temperatures in unprotected steel sections

Temperatures in fully protected steel sections using coating

(calculation method provided in ENV13381-4:2002)

VAm /

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Temperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sectionsTemperatures in standard steel sections

The simple calculation method provided in EN 1993The simple calculation method provided in EN 1993--11--2:20052:2005

may be used to assess temperatures inmay be used to assess temperatures in standard steel sectionsstandard steel sections

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

Beam web, by test

Beam flange, by test)

Beam web, by EC, η=333, h=25, ε=0.5)

Beam flange, by EC, η=205, h=25, ε=0.5)

Fire Curve

Fire

Beam web temperature by test and simple method

Beam flange temperature by test and simple method

(b) Comparison of temperatures in protected steel section

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

Beam flange (SP8)

Column f lange (SP8)

Beam (Simple method, SF=209, DFT=1.140mm)

Column (Simple method, SF=133, DFT=0.837mm)

Fire

FireBeam temperature by test

Beam temperature by simple method

Column temperature by simple method

Column temperature by

test

(a) Comparison of temperatures in unprotected steel section)

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Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2Approximate 2--------D calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods for

Section factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factors and and and and and and and and exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors for typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connectionsfor typical connections

4 /(2 2 2 )e b cf cf eF d W t t= × × + × + ×

2 ( )cf cf e

s

cf cf e e

W t tF

W t W t

× + +=

× + ×

4 /(2 2 2 )e b f f w

F d L t t= × × + × + ×

2 ( )

( )

f f w

s

f f w

L t tF

L t t

× + +=

× +

1

1 2

2 ( )

( ) (2 ) 2 )

c cf cf

s

c c c w c c cf cf

L t WF

L t t t L t W t

× + +=

− × × + + × × + ×

1

8 /(2 2 2 )e b c cf cf

F d L t W= × × + × + ×

20

33333333--------D calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods forD calculation methods for

Section factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factorsSection factors and and and and and and and and exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors exposure factors for fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connectionsfor fin connections

(2 )

( )

f f w f bs b

s

f w f f bo b

L t t H A nF

t t L H V n

+ + +=

+ +

/[(2 ) ]e be b f f w f bs bF A n L t t H A n= + + +

bn : Bolt quantity in the analyzed joint.

bsV : Side surface area of a bolt excluding the

part inside the connected members.

2bs b b

V d hπ= ×

boV :Volume of a bolt and nut excluding the

part inside the connected members.

2

2 ( )2

bbo b

dV hπ= ×

beV : Two end surface area of a bolt.

22 ( )2

bbe

dV π= ×

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Temperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint componentsTemperatures in fully protected joint components

(b) Temperatures in fin plate (SP4)

0

200

400

600

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

No.21 (SP4)

No.22 (SP4)

EC, DFT=1.562mm, SF=141

TC22

Simple method

TC21

(a) Temperatures in web cleat (SP1)

0

200

400

600

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

No.46 (SP1)

No.51 (SP1)

EC, DFT=0.685mm, SF=90

TC46

TC51

Simple method

The simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperaturesThe simple calculation method may be used to assess temperatures

inininininininin fully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint componentsfully protected joint components using appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factorsusing appropriate section factors

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Temperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint componentsTemperatures in partially protected joint components

(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)(leaving bolts not protected in a protected joint)

( )pp fp up fp e

T T T T F= + − ⋅

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated Temperatures in protected components may be calculated

by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.by assuming the joint is fully protected.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2. Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately Temperatures in unprotected bolts may be approximately

calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:calculated by the following method:

andandandandandandandandup

T fpT Calculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation methodCalculated using the simple calculation method

eF Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation Exposure factor calculated using the approximate calculation

method as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previouslymethod as described previously

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The simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict TemperatureThe simple calculation method may be used to predict Temperatures ins ins ins ins ins ins ins in unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts unprotected bolts

in a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected jointin a protected joint with appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factorswith appropriate section factors and exposure factors

(a) Temperatures in unprotected bolts in a protected fin plate (SP5)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

No.18 (SP5)

EC(3-D), DFT=1.056mm,

SF=137, EF= 0.111

EC(2-D), DFT=1.056mm,

SF=141, EF=0.386

EC, DFT=1.056mm, SF=141,

EF=0

Simple method, Fe =0.386 (2-D)

Simple method, Fe =0.111 (3-D)

Simple method, Fe =0 (full protection)

TC18

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

EC, DFT=0.842mm,

SF=102, EF=0

EC(-2D), DFT=0.842mm,

SF=102, EF=0.2276

EC(3-D), DFT=0.842mm,

SF=102, EF=0.0704

No.7 (SP10)

TC7Simple method,Fe=0.0704 (3-D)

Simple method,Fe=0.2276 (2-D)

Simple method,Fe=0 (full protection)

(b) Temperatures in unprotected bolts in a protected endplate (SP10)

24

Conclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analysesConclusions by numerical analyses

The simple calculation methods provided in EN The simple calculation methods provided in EN

19931993--11--2: 2005(E) can be used to predict 2: 2005(E) can be used to predict

temperature developments in unprotected and temperature developments in unprotected and

protected joint components. However protected joint components. However

appropriate exposure factors should be used in appropriate exposure factors should be used in

prediction of temperatures in unprotected bolts prediction of temperatures in unprotected bolts

in a protected joint. in a protected joint.

25

Comments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studiesComments and further studies

��Limitation of specimen quantity, joint types and Limitation of specimen quantity, joint types and

joint dimension.joint dimension.

��Will the conclusions and calculation methods hold Will the conclusions and calculation methods hold

for joints with other dimensions and types ? for joints with other dimensions and types ?

Validation and parameter studies are being done Validation and parameter studies are being done

by in the University of Manchester.by in the University of Manchester.

26

Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your Thank you for your

attendanceattendanceattendanceattendanceattendanceattendanceattendanceattendance

Temperature Distribution in Intumescent Coating...

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