Technology in the Street

Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

Police TechnologyPolice TechnologyChapter EighteenChapter EighteenTechnology in the StreetTechnology in the Street


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Constitutional and case law that has Constitutional and case law that has

motivated the development of less-lethal motivated the development of less-lethal use-of-force devicesuse-of-force devices

Use of radar and laser technology in Use of radar and laser technology in traffictraffic

Technologies used in vehicle pursuitsTechnologies used in vehicle pursuits Gunfire-reduction technology Gunfire-reduction technology Automated external defibrillatorsAutomated external defibrillators Body ArmorBody Armor


IntroductionIntroduction Nightstick and revolver were the first Nightstick and revolver were the first

technologies police officers used to technologies police officers used to protect themselvesprotect themselves

Today, officers carry semiautomatic Today, officers carry semiautomatic handgunshandguns

Shotgun is second-most common Shotgun is second-most common firearm carried by police officersfirearm carried by police officers


Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices

The offender’s The offender’s actions dictate the actions dictate the Police officer’sPolice officer’sresponse. response.

Level 1 – Level 1 – CooperationCooperation

Level 2 – Passive Level 2 – Passive ResistanceResistance

Level 3 – Active Level 3 – Active Resistance Resistance

Level 4 – Threat of Level 4 – Threat of bodily harmbodily harm

Level 5 – Use-of-Level 5 – Use-of-forceforce


Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices

The levels of use of force is not a stair-step approach…in other words an officer may not try one beforethe other….the officer chooses the correct response to the offender’s actions….more link a tool kit.


44thth Amendment & Use-of-force Amendment & Use-of-force

Is the foundation for the use of force by Is the foundation for the use of force by police officers (Search and Seizure)police officers (Search and Seizure)

Any timeAny time police officers stop someone, police officers stop someone, they are seizing that person. they are seizing that person.


Tennessee v. GarnerTennessee v. Garner The use of deadly force against an The use of deadly force against an

offender who offender who does notdoes not appear to appear to pose a threat to police officers or pose a threat to police officers or others in others in unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

This ruling established the This ruling established the ““defense-defense-of-life” standardof-life” standard

Introduced the concept that all force Introduced the concept that all force must be must be reasonablyreasonably applied. applied.


Less-lethal use-of-force devices – Less-lethal use-of-force devices – tools that can overcome offenders’ tools that can overcome offenders’ resistance with a resistance with a minimum amount minimum amount of forceof force and and minimal injuryminimal injury to the to the offender and officers. offender and officers.

AnyAny form of force can be form of force can be deadly.deadly.


Less-lethal featuresLess-lethal features Must improve on present practiceMust improve on present practice Must be accessible to the officer yet Must be accessible to the officer yet

not overburden the officer. not overburden the officer. Must be relatively inexpensiveMust be relatively inexpensive Must be ruggedizedMust be ruggedized Cannot require intensive or Cannot require intensive or

frequent trainingfrequent training Must work under adverse conditionsMust work under adverse conditions


The Police BatonThe Police Baton

The most widely used and accepted The most widely used and accepted impact/leverage impact/leverage

tool used by police officers.tool used by police officers.


Chemical AgentsChemical AgentsChloroacetophenone (Chloroacetophenone (CNCN) and ) and OrthochlorobenzalmalononitriOrthochlorobenzalmalononitri

le (le (CSCS))

Both work on the central Both work on the central nervous system of the nervous system of the offender. offender.

Induce pain by activating Induce pain by activating receptor cells via neural receptor cells via neural transmitters within the transmitters within the brain. brain.


Any change in an offender’s system can Any change in an offender’s system can diminish or negate the effectiveness of the diminish or negate the effectiveness of the chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)

CNCN Burning pain in Burning pain in

the eyes, nose, the eyes, nose, and throat. and throat.

CS CS Pain in the nose, Pain in the nose,

throat, and chestthroat, and chest Can cause nausea Can cause nausea

and vomiting. and vomiting.


Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) A natural substance A natural substance

found in cayenne pepper. found in cayenne pepper.

Is an inflammatory agent, Is an inflammatory agent, not an irritant. Causes not an irritant. Causes swelling of the eyes and swelling of the eyes and breathing passages and breathing passages and burning sensation. burning sensation.

Can cause shortness of Can cause shortness of breath, involuntary breath, involuntary closing of eyes and closing of eyes and coughing.coughing.

Photograph provided by ZARC International


Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Unlike Unlike

conventional conventional “tear gas” OC “tear gas” OC works on dogsworks on dogs


Beanbag ShotgunBeanbag Shotgun By changing the By changing the

ammunition, the ammunition, the traditional shotgun traditional shotgun is changed to a is changed to a less-lethal use-of-less-lethal use-of-force device. force device.

Projectile is a Projectile is a beanbag-like round. beanbag-like round.

Photograph provided by Defense Technology Federal laboratories


Foam baton roundFoam baton round Cousin to the beanbag shotgun.Cousin to the beanbag shotgun. Is a tactical crowd control less-lethal Is a tactical crowd control less-lethal

device (to move large groups of people)device (to move large groups of people) Fired from a 37 mm launcher. Fired from a 37 mm launcher. Round ricochets into crowd. Round ricochets into crowd. Large psychological effect (noise, Large psychological effect (noise,

smoke, flash). smoke, flash).


Electrical Control DevicesElectrical Control Devices

The most common is the Taser. The most common is the Taser. Handheld, used like a pistol. Handheld, used like a pistol. Compressed nitrogen is used to Compressed nitrogen is used to

propel two projectiles or probes. propel two projectiles or probes. The electrical charge interferes with The electrical charge interferes with

the electrical communication the electrical communication between the brain and the muscles. between the brain and the muscles.


Radar Speed DetectionRadar Speed Detection

The traditional method of speed detectionThe traditional method of speed detectionis the is the radarradar. . A radar is a transceiver designed to pick A radar is a transceiver designed to pick

up its own RF signals. up its own RF signals. Police radar uses a constant RF wavePolice radar uses a constant RF wave Good up to about 1,000 feetGood up to about 1,000 feet


Laser speed detectionLaser speed detection The laser unit reflects light off the The laser unit reflects light off the

violator’s vehicleviolator’s vehicle Using the TDOA formula, Using the TDOA formula,

calculates the speed of the calculates the speed of the vehicle. vehicle.

More expensive, but more specificMore expensive, but more specific Dedication range of up to 2000 Dedication range of up to 2000

feetfeet


Vehicle PursuitsVehicle Pursuits

The first tool is a The first tool is a pursuit policypursuit policy that guides the that guides the actions of police actions of police officers during officers during stressful events. stressful events.

Basic technology Basic technology hashas

not changed - not changed - policepolice

vehicle vehicle emergency emergency

lights and sirens lights and sirens

Photograph provided by Woodcrest Vehicle Center


How to stop an offenderHow to stop an offender

Two common Two common mechanical means: mechanical means:

Tire deflation Tire deflation spikes – difficult to spikes – difficult to deploydeploy

Precision Precision immobilization immobilization technique technique (PIT maneuver)(PIT maneuver)


Gunfire-Reduction TechnologyGunfire-Reduction Technology

It is nearly as dangerous It is nearly as dangerous to fire a gun into the air to fire a gun into the air as it is to fire a gun at as it is to fire a gun at someone. When the someone. When the bullet returns to Earth, it bullet returns to Earth, it has nearly the same has nearly the same energy that it did on the energy that it did on the way up. way up.



Some new technologies Some new technologies available to detect and available to detect and locate gunfire use GIS locate gunfire use GIS principles to provide principles to provide local police officers with local police officers with information as to the information as to the location of the gunfire. location of the gunfire.

Screen capture provided by ShotSpotter, Inc.


Acoustic devices are placed on Acoustic devices are placed on telephone poles, rooftops, and telephone poles, rooftops, and streetlamps within a one-square mile streetlamps within a one-square mile area. area.

These devices detect gunfire and These devices detect gunfire and feed information about sound and feed information about sound and direction to a computer. direction to a computer.

The computer uses TDOA to The computer uses TDOA to determine the location of the gunfire. determine the location of the gunfire.



Gunshot ResidueGunshot Residue

The use of chemicals to detect the The use of chemicals to detect the presence of gunpowder residue.presence of gunpowder residue.

Technologies are improving so that Technologies are improving so that the techniques can be applying in the techniques can be applying in the field.the field.


Body ArmorBody Armor

Soft body armor Soft body armor started started

out as tire treadsout as tire treads(Kevlar). Two basic(Kevlar). Two basictypes of body armor: types of body armor: SoftSoft HardHard

Soft – a series of Soft – a series of tightly woven nylon tightly woven nylon threads that act to threads that act to dispersedisperse the the energy of a bullet. energy of a bullet.

Hard – Metal or Hard – Metal or ceramic plates. It ceramic plates. It deflects deflects gunfire. gunfire.


Automated External DefibrillatorAutomated External Defibrillator

Your heartbeat is controlled by Your heartbeat is controlled by electrical impulses. Sometimes, electrical impulses. Sometimes, these electrical impulses beat out of these electrical impulses beat out of synchronization. The heart contracts synchronization. The heart contracts irregularly, does not pump blood irregularly, does not pump blood throughout your body, and can cause throughout your body, and can cause you to die. you to die.


If your heart is If your heart is defibrillated defibrillated (shocked), survival (shocked), survival rates can be high. rates can be high. An An automated automated external defibrillator external defibrillator (AED)(AED) is a device is a device designed to allow designed to allow first responders to first responders to diagnose and diagnose and administer administer defibrillation. defibrillation.

Photograph provided by Cardiac Science, Inc.


Police TechnologyPolice Technology

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Technology in the Street

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Transcript of Technology in the Street