Technology education in industrial sector

HE 217 – Technological Trends & Problems in Industries

2.3 TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR by: John Lenon Mendoza

Republic of the PhilippinesCAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITYMain Campus, Roxas City

Graduate ProgramMASTER OF ARTS IN INDUSTRIAL

EDUCATIONMajor in Home Economics

Trade and Industry – refers to the manufacturing, construction, electricity and other areas of the industrial sector.

TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMSSecondary Trade CurriculumSpecial or Short Vocational CoursesOne-Year Post-secondary Vocational/Technical

CourseTwo-Year Trade-Technical Education CurriculumTwo-Year Certificate of TechnologyThree-Year Diploma TechnologyThree-Year Engineering Technology

Secondary Trade CurriculumThis curriculum is patterned after the 1973

revised secondary education program and was promulgated in the Circular No. 8, s. 1973 by the defunct Bureau of Vocational Education.

The functions of this curriculum are three-fold namely:

To equip the student with occupational skills for employment as skilled worker in a particular trade/industry.

To provide adequate general education or successful membership in society.

To prepare the individual for further education in college or post-secondary technology education.

The first year of curriculum provides general technology education organized under four (4) occupational clusters which include:General wood workingGeneral metal workingGeneral mechanicsGeneral electricity

Wood Working ClusterFurniture and Cabinet MakingBuilding Construction

Furniture and Cabinet Making

Building Construction

Electrical Cluster Industrial Electricity Radio Mechanics House Wiring and Motor rewinding

Industrial Electricity


Radio Mechanics


House Wiring and Motor rewinding

Metal Working ClusterFoundryMachine ShopWielding

Foundry

Metal Working ClusterFoundryMachine ShopWielding

Machine Shop

Metal Working ClusterFoundryMachine ShopWelding

Welding

Special or Short-Term Vocational CoursesAre intensive skill-building courses in a variety

of organizations designed to prepare the individual for employment.Some of the many short-term vocational courses are listed below.Automotive Driving CourseTruck OperatorBattery Building and RepairAutomotive ElectricianAuto Tinsmith

MechanicalPump operator SpecialistKey cutterLathe operatorPipe fitterOffice Machine operator

ElectricalMotor/Transformer RewindingCommunication line manElectrical AidePower Switchboard OperatorBuilding Electricity

ElectronicsRadio-MechanicsRadio-TV repairmenCoils winderTelephone installerTelephone repair

One-Year Post-Secondary Vocational Courses

This type of specialized technology education in trade and industry is designed for secondary school graduates who are interested to acquire employable skills the course designed heavily oriented towards the development of specialized technical knowledge and skills in a particular field of technology such as industrial electricity, auto-mechanics, and machne shop practice.

The Post-Secondary Vocational/Technical Courses in trades and industries are “terminal” in nature, which means that credit earned could not be used for college or for further education.

One-Year Craftsman Certificate ProgramThis Curriculum is geared to support

national and regional development goals. It is envisioned to meet the immediate needs to industrial establishment for adequately trained craftsmen.

The seven industrial technologies offered as fields of specialization include:

Automotive Technology Civil Technology Electronics Technology Mechanical technology Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technology Welding and Fabrication Technology

Two-Year-Trade-Technical Education CurriculumIs the first type of technical education offered

in post-secondary trade and industrial education. Major field of specializations in the two-year trade technical education curriculum include:

Technical Automotive Technical Drafting Technical Electricity Technical Machine shop Technical Food Trades Technical Furniture and cabinet Making Technical Garments Trades Practice Technical Electronics

Technical Automotive

Technical Drafting

Technical Electricity

Technical Machine shop

Technical Food Trades

Technical Furniture and cabinet Making

Technical Garments Trades

Practice Technical Electronics

Two-Year Certification of Technology

This program was developed to meet the need for middle-level manpower in various technology areas.

The Course study requires a minimum credit of 75 units which includes 25 units of general education and 50 units of technical and allied courses, including a semester of On-the Job-Training (OJT).

25 UNITS GENERAL

EDUCATION

50 UNITS TECHNICAL AND ALLIED COURSES INCLUDING OJT

75 UNITS MINIMUM CREDIT

Three-Year Industrial Technician Education

Consistent with its vision to provide leadership in technology education and the need to position its instructional functions to meet the challenges of development in the future and up drastically revised its three-year industrial technician programs at the main campus in 1988-1989 into a three-year engineering technology program.

Briefly the three-year Industrial Technician Curriculum in the technician institutes is offered on a tri semester basis, the first two terms of which consist of fourteen weeks each, while the third term consists of 12 weeks. It is followed by six weeks of industrial orientation and training, usually during the summer period.

14 WEEKS 14 WEEKS 12 WEEKS

Home industries includes the processing of locally available resources such as bamboo, rattan, wood, clay, shells, corals, leather, stones, and oilier indigenous materials into useful or functional products. Over the last two decades, the government has been giving much-needed promotion and support for this indigenous industry. Among others, it organize the National Cottage Industry Development Authority (NACIDA) which has the function of promoting and providing mechanisms for accelerating house/cottage industries development throughout the country.

Common Types of Home Industries

Bamboo CraftsRattan CraftsShell CraftsCeramics

Wood carvingFurniture

Jewellery and fashion

AccessoriesBrassware

ShoemakingCoral Products

Handicrafts Pottery

Brick MakingDecorative Blocks

Filler CraftsLoom Weaving

Toy Crafts Leather Products

Bamboo CraftsRattan CraftsShell CraftsCeramics

Wood carvingFurniture

Jewellery and fashion

AccessoriesBrassware



ShoemakingCoral Products

Handicrafts Pottery

Brick MakingDecorative Blocks

Filler CraftsLoom Weaving

Toy Crafts Leather Products

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

To develop much needed manpower for various types of home industries, the following education programs are offered: Secondary Trade (Home Industries) Curriculum

The four-year Secondary trade curriculum discuss elsewhere offered by Home Industries or craftsman schools located in various parts of the country. Upon completion of the secondary curriculum, the graduates have the option to proceed to college or to seek employment in home industries.

One-year Certificate of craftsman Technology

1. To inculcate desirable values and work ethics as crucial factors in national development.

2. To develop appropriate training in crafts man skills in particular field of home industries courses.

3. To develop skills in fabricating, repairing, and maintaining hand tools, machines and equipment.

4. To provide general education that will enable the individuals to behave and interact effectively and efficiently within his social occupational milieu.

5. To develop entrepreneurial competence that will lead to self-employment.

The Curriculum provides different areas of specialization such as:

Bamboo CraftsRattan CraftsShell CraftsLoom WeavingApparelMetal CraftsFiber CraftsToy and flower craftsHair ScienceMachine KnittingLeather Craft

Two-Year Certificate in Technical home Industry

The course of study is composed of general education and specialized study in skills and techniques in home industries. The graduates of this program may organize their own business. Special Vocational Courses

The special vocational Courses includes: bamboo craft, rattan craft, soft and hard strip weaving, metal craft and wood craft.

Until recently, the main source of skilled workers and technicians for the mining industry are the graduates of technical and vocational education institutions. However, since there institutions do not offer any on mining technology, it is presumed that the mining industries have to train or retrain their recruits through in-house training schemes.

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education (BSIED)

Is a four year industrial teacher education program with specialization in number of technologies. It is designed to prepare technical and vocational teachers in trades and industries such as auto mechanics, industrial electricity, building construction. The curriculum is designed to include three major components, namely: general education, education, and technological field of specialization.

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Arts (BSIA)

Isa teacher training program for industrial art. teachers in the elementary and secondary school To develop a competent industrial arts teacher, the field of industrial arts include: ceramics, woodworking, metal working, electricity, home industry and graphic arts.

Bachelor of Science in Practical Arts (BSPA)

This teacher education curriculum is designed with strong general education and professional education components. It addressed to meet the need for practical arts or general technology education teachers in secondary schools.

Bachelor of Technician Teacher Education (BTTE)

This teacher training program is aimed to develop technicians and engineers to become technical teachers in technical education programs or training officers in industry.

Graduate Degree Programs

In the graduate programs in trades and industries currently offered are intended for the upgrading of industrial teachers, vocational and technical school supervisors and administrators.

Master of Teaching Technology (MTT)This graduate program for technology teachers is designed to enhance the quality of technical education, particularly in trades and industries. The program of study includes a good balance of professional education, research and technological specialization. Specializations are offered in automotive technology, building construction technology, drafting technology, machine shop technology, electrical technology, electronics technology, home technology and industrial arts.

Master of Technician Education (MTE)

This is a graduate program developed under the ADB- assisted Technical aid Vocational Education Project for the instructors of technician institutes covered under this Project. The program of study includes two· semesters and one summer of study and research in technical education and a particular area of technology.

Master in Technology Education (MTE) MTE provides specialization in the following:

1. Industrial technology 2. Industrial psychology3. Instructional technology 4. Administration and supervision5. Non-formal education

Master of Arts in Teaching Vocational Education (MATVE)

This graduate program for vocational

teachers is offered in some state colleges of technology and public vocational schools authorized to offer graduate courses. It seeks to upgrade the teaching and technical work competencies of vocational teachers.

Doctor of Technology Education (DTE)

DTE is designed to upgrade the qualifications of technology teachers, instructors, professors and administrators with a masteral degree. The program is broadly structured to allow other fields to specialization, particularly in the field of technology to be offered as resource capabilities allowed.

Doctor of Education (EdD.) in Industrial Education Management

This is designed to provide advanced

education for specialists in industrial education management. It is intended for the upgrading of supervisors and administrators of trade schools, technical colleges and universities which offers a masteral degrees.

In general, the three-year industrial technical curriculum a strong technology orientation in both theory and practices and in industry based practical training. The technologies offered for specialization include: automotive technology, chemical technology, civil technology, electrical technology, mechanical technology and refrigeration and air-conditioning technology.

The Three – Year Diploma of TechnologyIn more specific terms, industrial technician education seeks:

1. Develop desirable values and work ethics as a crucial factorsinnational development.2. Develop tradesmen and broad technician skills in a particular field of technology.3. Provide technically/ technological knowledge and information whichwill enable the individual to analyze job problems, to determine appropriate solutions, and to perform problem-solving task.4. Provide general education that will enable the individual to behave and interact effectively and efficiently within his social and occupational milieu.5. Develop entrepreneurial competencies that will lead to self-employment.

Engineering Technician Education

Is designed to prepare students to seek employment as engineering technicians. An engineering technician is a member of the technical team who works closely with the engineers and performs one or a combination ofthe following functions: (I) research, design or development, (2) production, operation or control, and(3)installation, maintenance or sales.

On the whole, the three- year engineering technology program contains about 30 percent general education and 70 percent engineering science and technology, including on-the-job training degree.

Undergraduate Degree Program:The reason why there is a need to offer an

undergraduate degree program in industrial and engineering technologies.l. Attract the youth to technical education and technical occupations.2. Increase educational opportunities and contribute in realizing the .desire of Filipinos to cam a college degree, and 3. Prepare the technicians and technologist to assume supervisory positions and greater responsibilities.

Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology (BSIT)

The purpose of this program is ·to prepare well- trained industrial technicians and technologist who, after some experience, can· be promoted to function as foreman, supervisor and other management roles in industry. Toachieve this aim, the curriculum is designed with courses in mathematics, chemistry, physics, management, communications and other general education courses, in addition to the major field of specialization.

Bachelor of Technology (BOT) This program is designed as a form of

continuing education for industrial technician education graduates who have had at least a minimum of two years work experience in industry.The Process of obtaining the Bachelor of Technology Degree

Industrial Teacher EducationThe curriculum design of industrial teacher

education is anchored on three basic premises, namely:

1. The industrial teacher must be a technician or a highly skilled worker along a. Particular field of technology or technician specialization.2. The industrial teacher is not only a technician or technologist, but a professional3. The industrial teacher must have a strong education foundation and should exhibits desirable values.

These educational programs are designed as ladder-type courses where die student is awarded a certificate after completing the second and third year, respectively. The units earned in these programs are credited towards a college degree in mining engineering, metallurgical engineering or geology as the case maybe.

Certificate in Mining TechnologyThis is a three-year "ladder-type"

curriculum designed to train mining technologists and technicians. The program of study consists of general education with the strong bias in the applied sciences and specialized courses in mining technology. However, the student may choose to continue to the third year after completing the practicum. If he does a Certificate in Mining Technology is awarded upon completion of all the requirements of the program.

Certificate in Mineral Processing Technology

This is also a ladder-type curriculum for the education and training of mineral processing technicians and technologists. The curriculum is organized with a combination of general education and specialized mineral processing technology courses and an 8-week practicum or on-the-job training in metallurgical analysis following the second semester of the Second Year. This certificate qualifies the student to seek employment as metallurgical aide or technician.

Certificate in Geological Techniques

To train technicians and aides in geological mapping and related skills, the two-year Certificate in Geological Techniques was developed. The curriculum is also composed of essential general education courses, specialized courses in geology and an 8-week practicum 01 on-the-job training in geological techniques.

The most significant technological development of the 20th Century is the coming of computer technology. With roots dating back to the 1830s, electronic' computers appeared in the 1940s and the First Generation of electronic computers using vacuum tubes turned out in 1951.

Fourth Generation, .electronic computers are perfected with subsequent evolutionary changes through the micro-chips and semiconductors. This fourth generation electronic computer is a product of “microminiaturization” is characterized by large application of large-scale integrated circuits, semiconductor storage, data management software and microprogramming .In the previous generation, its speed, versatility and capacity greatly increased and made the computer a common office and home equipment. The Fifth Generation, the electronic computer may have been developed and available in market. The International Business Week (September1998) estimated that by 1990, a next-generation computer using a "superchip'’ will magnify the speed and capability of the computer

Brief Computer BasicsA Computer is basically a group of

electronic devices designed to process data according to a programmed instruction. It works following the input-process-output system model. The computer performs data processing operations automatically such as recording, sorting; computing, classifying, summarizing, storing and communicating. A computer is dependent on man. It cannot think, plan, evaluate or make decisions by itself. It performs only according to what is programmed by man.

Three Major Components of ComputerInput UnitThe input unit is the component of the computer system that converts source data into communication, the computer can "understand" the process. It accepts, senses, reads or feeds the data into the storage portion of the central processing unit.

The Central Processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer consisting of three major components.

Three major units of the CPU1. The Storage Unit of the CPU is the file cabinet and

memory system of the computer. Sometimes called main or internal storage, it receives and holds all the computer programs that the computer follows during the processing. Also, it holds the results of processing unit these result are release or printed as output. The amount of instructions, raw data and results it can store depends on its size.

2. The Control Unit of the CPU executes the stored programs. It directs the computer to perform the processes required in the program. It also takes care of inspecting the instructions and accepting those that are incorrect form and rejecting the deviants. The control unit also issues orders and guides the computer; directs and coordinates the input and output units; transfer data to and from storage; and controls the arithmetic/logic unit.

3. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit of the CPU carries out calculation functions such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. During processing, it monitors conditions and changes the sequence or· make appropriate is completed, it sends the findings or solutions to the storage. Output UnitThe output unit provides the end result of a computer job. The output unit releases the answer, solution or information from the storage unit computer print, punched card, magnetic tape or disks.

Electronic Data ProcessingThe use of computers to process data automatically is called Electronic Data Processing or EDP. An EDP system is basically the combination of computer hardware, software and personnel ·involved in processing data into useful information. These components of the EDP system are described below. HardwareThis includes all the devises and or physical parts that make up a computer system installation. It includes the input, central processing, and output units of the computer.

SoftwareThis includes all the programs or instructions that direct the hardware to perform data processing functions. Software are of two kinds, namely:1. System Software - This is software that directs and controls operation of the computer system. It is essentially a program to activate the.hardwareto operate.2. Application Software - This is a software that directs the processing of a particular application, such as inventory control system payroll system, etc.

Personnel1. System Analysts - who take care of designing information system and EDP requirements of an organization. .2. Programmers - who take care of preparing computer programs based on the specifications prepared by the systems analysts.3. Computer Operator-who runs or operates the computer

In addition to these computer personnel or computer “professionals", there are other people involved with computers. The Technical Team computer engineers, technicians and skilled workers, who designed, build, install and maintain the computer hardware. In addition, there are countless computer users who apply the output of EDP for various purposes.

Application of Computers in Education

One of the most significant areas of applications of the computer is education and training. In technologically advanced countries, computers ·are used effectively as instructional media, a tool for enhancing instruction where the traditional approach have limits. In the Philippines, the use of computers in the education and training process (except in computer school or classes) is just beginning. For many schools, it remains to be a dream. The reason for this is cost. For most schools, it is a luxury to acquire and use computers for instruction. There are more pressing educational need to be met.

Computer-Assisted Instruction

Using the programmed-instruction format, it has the capability to interact with the student which is a very critical factor in the learning process. Moreover, the computer can store many instructional modules and can provide a display feature that makes learning interesting. The CAI is very effective in three types of lessons, namely: (1) drill-and- practice; (2) tutorial; and (3) simulation..

Computer-Assisted Instruction

Computer-Manage Instruction

Another important application of computers in the instructional process is to help evaluate the effectiveness of CAI instruction. The process of providing evaluation and feedback mechanism of computerized instruction is called CMI. Thus through, testing and recording students' performance' determining effective learning process and providing feedbackaremadepossible.·

In addition to the application of computers in the instructional process, it is also very useful in enhancing the following:

1. School management information system2. Enhancement library services3. Improving financial management4. Improving instructional materials

management5. Improving equipment inventory6. Improving the research and extension

functions

Computer-Manage Instruction

General Technology Education in Computer

As already stated, education is yet to be integrated in the elementary and· secondary education curricula. Some schools offering ·basic computer training for elementary or secondary students are doing so as additional and optional teaming opportunities for students. It is at ·the post-secondary and collegiate levels where computer education is integrated in some curricula for general or specialized training or both.

Likewise, it is important to mention that computer centers, schools and institutes offer basic or foundation training courses in computers in youngsters and adults who are interested to enhance their general knowledge and skills, particularly with respected to computer technology. Such courses include computer appreciation to microcomputers and programming. · · ·

Considering the very fast phase of computerization of business and industry and society as a whole, it has· become imperative to include computer education in the elementary and secondary education not only to enrich general education but also to train the citizenry to become computer literate.

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS

There are three groups of people that computer education and training must address:(I)The Technical Team who design, build, install and maintain computer hardware(2) The "computer professionals” which include systems analysts, computer programmers and operators;(3) The computer users who will apply the products of computer professionals for various purposes and application.

Over the past few years, several computer training centers have been established to offer special training courses for computer professionals and users. Some technical schools, college and universities also offer regular vocational and technical courses in· computers ranging from five months to three years. These vocational and technical education courses address the need for trained manpower for computer technicians, programmers, systems analysts, operators as well as computer users. They are briefly described below..

Special/Short-Term Computer Training Courses

Short term training programs open for people who want to become computer literate, to widen or enrich their professional competencies or to develop job entry skills in the computer trade. These courses are hands-on training supported with lecture, seminars and required reading. Most school provide a multi-media learning environment where the students can progress at his own pace. The duration of some courses are fixed, ranging from 6 hours to 140 hours, some are flexible where the student can take a series of computer programs or software to meet his particular training needs.

Students admitted to these computer training must be at least secondary school graduates, but· college students and graduates can benefit better in the training in view of the need for higher level of comprehension and use of logic to take these courses. Some of the common courses include the following:1. System and Programming Skills Courses • Computer Fundamentals• Structured BASIC Course• Programming Fundamentals

2. User-Oriented Computer Courses• Personal Computer Courses•Wordstar Professional

3. Five-Month Computer Secretarial Course-This is a special for secretaries or clerks in Wordstar, Multimate and some related computer skills.4. Special Computer Technician Course- A rapid course (3-6months) course designed to train the student in simple repair and maintenance of the computer hardware.

One-Year Computer Technology Course·

This computer software technology course is designed to train computer programmers and operators. The course concentrates in developing skills in: programming and system development. Open to high school graduates, the course concentrate in providing hands on learning experiences.

Two-Year Computer Science and Technology

This is a post-secondary program designed· to train programmers and system analysts. The graduates are expected to use languages of the computer go through hands-on and problem solving exercise;, develop their own software. The course also includes general education courses trained to broaden the overall education and culture of the graduate. ·

Two-Year Business Data Processing Course.This is a post-secondary course geared to develop skills in programming and use of computer language in payrolls inventories, and other business problems. It also includes planning tools such as PERT, CPM, Gantt charts, simulation and other techniques applicable to business. It also includes general education. Completions of the course lead to a Certificate in Business Data processing.

Two-Year Junior Computer Secretarial Course

This post -secondary course is designed to train computer oriented secretary it includes various subjects such as office procedures and techniques, computer application computer software and relevant general education courses to meet the need of a modern office secretary.

Two-Year Computer Technician CourseThis post-secondary course is designed

to train computer technician. It covers such areas ·as assembly maintenance and repair of compute including-trouble-shooting and computer testing or components, design analysis of digital circuits, logic pathology prototyping method and instrumentation. To enable students the course includes instruction in computer software.

Three-Year Computer Technology CourseThis is a computer technician course in the

three- years industrial technician technology curriculum discussed under technology education in trades and industries. The course is designed to train graduates in the construction and operation of computer, electronic circuits, computer circuit analysis troubleshooting and servicing of computer hardware, facility in computer language for scientific problem -solving data processing andother application. It includes one to two summers of on the-job training to immerse the students in computer industry environment. Completion of the course leads to a diploma in computer technology.

Three-Year Computer Engineering Technology Course

This is a new program in computer education designed to develop computer · engineering technicians with proficiency in computer hardware and software technologies. Essentially similar to the three-year computer technology program in terms of computer hardware and software learning content, the curriculum includes on-the-job training. After completing the course requirements, the graduate is awarded with a diploma in computer engineering technology. Newly developed by TUP, this years program gives the graduate two-fold option -to continue towards a bachelors’ degree in computer engineering or seek employment As computer technician.

Degree Programs in ComputerThe need for highly trained computer professionals

and technologist who can match the volatile and fast -changing and development in the computer industry was a very strong consideration in the development of degree programs in computer education and training beyond the technician level has to be provided and a growing number of schools, colleges and unadvertised offering these program have increased over the past ten years· like the vocational and technical education programs in computers, the degree programs · are directed towards the hardware and software technology of computers. The trained manpower for design and engineering aspects of computer hardware however is provided by appropriate engineering programs which is not a subject of inquiry of this book the following are degree programs 'in computer science and technology Bachelor of Technology (Major in Computer Technology)

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS)

This degree aims to develop computer professional in the true since of the word the curriculum consists of a good balance of general education and technical courses in computers designed to provide professional training in the languages of the computers and in designing systems. The graduates are expected to use each of the computer languages and software in solving various problems and needs in computerization. Graduates are trained and required to develop their own software's.

Bachelor of Science in Computer Information Science (BSCIS)

`This program somewhat similar to the BSCS, except that specialization focuses on information systems design and development. The program of instruction includes general education studies and a series of .specialized computer courses in programming and systems development. Graduates are expected to design and develop software and become proficient in the area of computerized information systems.

`One to six weeks, the courses are designed for computer professionals who are already teaching. The course usually includes basic computer fundamentals, teaching principles and techniques and practicum in the design of training materials, machine problems and exercises. The course usually includes basic computer fundamentals, teaching principles and techniques and practicum in the design of training materials, machine problems and exercises. The NMYC, institute of advance computer technology (I/ACT) of Sycip, Gorres, Velayo & Co., and the IMPACT center of De La Salle University are among the leaders of this program.

Bachelor of Technician Teacher Education (BTTE)

For teachers in computer hardware, the BTTE of TUP Manila Technician institute appears to be a suitable teacher training program. This program provides .teaching competence to the graduate of the third-year industrial technician/technology program, major in computer technology and other technologies.

Considering the necessity to integrated computer education of all level of the educational system, a teacher training program in computer education leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Education should be considered to prepare teachers for computer technology. Another alternative is to offer a major in computer education in the Bachelor in Computer Science program. Still another alternative is to offer computer technology as a major in the various teacher training programs already discussed. ·

Graduate Programs in Computers

The very rapid growth of computerization of business, industry and government sectors have increased the need for high-level professionals. Moreover, the need for computer research, and the application of abstract models in studying computer systems and information technology as a whole are major contributing factors in the development and implementation of graduate in computer science. To date, there are a number of graduate schools offering a master's degree in computer science.

Master of Science in Computer Science (MSCS)

This is standard master's degree program in computer science designed to upgrade the competencies of computer professionals, managers of computer systems, and instructors and administrators of computer schools. It includes advanced studies of operating systems, theory of programming languages computer architecture, computer networking, software engineering and database management. Computer research techniques culminating with a thesis is required for completion of degree.

Master of Science Major in Computer Science

Designed by the De La Salle University, this graduate program in computer· science is aimed to attain the following objectives.(DLSU, no date):1. To prepare the students for doctoral studies through training in high-level research in computers and use of abstract models in computer systems.2. To provide professional expertise for students to assume positions of high responsibility in business, government and education, particularly in the area of research, development and planning.

Technology education in industrial sector

Education

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