Technical Note TN 3.1 ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign Implementation … · 2007-11-07 · Document Nr....

Document Nr. AE.TN.DLR.A2D. TN31.050906

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Doc. Title: ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign Implementation

Doc.-Nr.: AE.TN.DLR.A2D.TN31.080906

Doc.-Title: Technical Note TN 3.1

ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign

Implementation Plan Number of pages: 32 pages

Prepared by: Oliver Reitebuch (DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany)


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0.1 Document Change Log

Issue. Date New pages Modified pages

(after introducing new pages)

Observations Name

V1.0 05.09.2006 -- -- draft prepared with input from Volker Freudenthaler (University Munich) and Volker Lehmann, Dirk Engelbart (DWD)

Reitebuch


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0.2 Table of Contents

0.1 Document Change Log ........................................................................................................................2 0.2 Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................3

1 Introduction and Purpose of Document.......................................................................................................4 2 Recall of the ADM-Aeolus Campaign Objectives........................................................................................5

2.1 Motivation and recall of general objectives..........................................................................................5 2.2 Recall of AGC Objectives ....................................................................................................................6

3 Instrument Description ................................................................................................................................9 3.1 The ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator A2D ...........................................................................................9 3.2 2-µm Doppler Wind Lidar ...................................................................................................................13 3.3 Aerosol Lidar MULIS..........................................................................................................................13 3.4 DWD Instruments at RAO..................................................................................................................15 3.5 Summary of instrument specifications for AGC .................................................................................17

4 Implementation of the ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign AGC...................................................................18 4.1 Schedule ............................................................................................................................................18 4.2 Targeted Events.................................................................................................................................19 4.3 Instrument Site ...................................................................................................................................21 4.4 Instrument Operation Times ..............................................................................................................25 4.5 Campaign Logistics............................................................................................................................25 4.6 Campaign Briefings............................................................................................................................25 4.7 Instrument Operation and Responsibilities ........................................................................................26

5 Outline of AGC Data Analyses..................................................................................................................27 6 Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................................28 7 References ................................................................................................................................................30


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1 Introduction and Purpose of Document This Technical Note TN 3.1 defines the implementation of the ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign AGC performed at the “Richard Aßmann Observatorium (RAO)” of the German Weather Service DWD. It covers tasks of workpackage WP 3100 of the study contract “Planning and execution of Aeolus Campaigns” by DLR from 5 April 2004, based on the Statement of Work from ESA SW-ESA-AD-015, Issue 01a (ESA 2004, DLR 2004).

The objective of the document is to define the implementation of the ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign AGC in Lindenberg for the campaign participants, who operate instruments from DLR, DWD, and University of Munich, for participants in the analysis of the AGC data and for ESA personal.

A first version of this TN was prepared by Oliver Reitebuch (DLR), with input from Dirk Engelbart and Volker Lehmann (DWD) and Volker Freudenthaler (University of Munich). The AGC Implementation plan is based on the campaign objectives defined in TN 1.2 (DLR 2005a), the experience with operating the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator A2D at DLR (DLR 2005b, 2006a, 2006b, handouts of progress meetings PM4 and PM5, and Paffrath 2006), and the achieved performance of the A2D during the acceptance tests by EADS-Astrium France and Germany (EADS-Astrium 2005a, 2005b, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c).


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2 Recall of the ADM-Aeolus Campaign Objectives 2.1 Motivation and recall of general objectives The ADM instrument ALADIN (Atmospheric Lidar Doppler Instrument) is based on a direct-detection Doppler lidar operating at 355 nm. The receiver consists of two interferometers, which sense the Doppler shift from aerosols as well as from molecules, yielding profiles of the line-of-sight LOS wind speed throughout the whole troposphere and part of the stratosphere. The molecular channel uses the double-edge technique with a sequential Fabry-Perot interferometer, whereas the aerosol channel is based on a Fizeau interferometer (Schillinger et al. 2003, Durand et al. 2005, Meynart et al. 2006, Paffrath 2006). The instrument concept of ALADIN combines new techniques, like a novel combination of the molecular and aerosol receiver, and the use of an Accumulation Charge Coupled Device ACCD to improve detection sensitivity. Also the use of a sequential Fabry-Perot with different maximum transmissions and spectral widths for the two channels of the Fabry-Perot was never applied before. There is a need to validate these features from ground and from aircraft, which is the most comparable to the downward looking geometry from space. Also the use of novel technologies within this instrument raises several topics for the ground processing algorithm development, which can be optimised with datasets from real atmospheric measurements. Several ground campaigns have been performed in the past to validate the direct-detection Doppler lidar principle through comparisons of radiosondes wind profiles with lidars based on double edge technique at 355 nm (Flesia et al. 2000, Gentry et al. 2000). Comparisons of wind measurements from direct-detection Doppler lidars with coherent Doppler lidars and other sensors were made in Europe (Delaval et al. 2002a, Delaval et al. 2002b) and USA (Hardesty et al. 2001). Airborne validations of coherent Doppler lidars were performed during last years (Reitebuch et al. 2001, 2003, Weissmann et al. 2005). A comparison of LOS wind profiles from a radar profiler with a coherent Doppler lidar has been published by Cohn and Goodrich 2002, which presents a similar approach as foreseen for the ADM-Aeolus ground campaign. The main objectives of the ADM-Aeolus campaigns are

Validation of the predicted instrument radiometric and wind measurement performance. Establishing a dataset of atmospheric measurements obtained with an ALADIN type instrument to

improve algorithm development for L1B (uncorrected horizontal line-of-sight HLOS wind speed), L2A (aerosol and cloud products) und L2B products (corrected HLOS wind speed).

The ADM-Aeolus campaigns should address the following questions:

1. a) Is the actual instrument radiometric performance (number of detected photons) in the expected range? b) Is the actual instrument wind observation performance (accuracy and bias of wind observation) within the expected range?

2. What is the influence of real homogenous atmospheres on the instrument performance including operational L1b algorithms?

3. Do temperature and pressure corrective schemes for Rayleigh winds operate well?

4. What is the influence of real atmospheres under mostly inhomogenous conditions (clouds, wind shear, and aerosol) on the instrument performance including operational L1b algorithms?

5. Can an improvement be achieved by other algorithm implementations and Quality-Control-methods? Have further correction schemes to be implemented in the processing?

6. What is the performance of the calibration using the laser pulse as internal reference? What are the implications of the Mie and Rayleigh response calibration modes, which rely on atmospheric targets and ground return?

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You should also cite the Fizeau. To my knowledge, it has never been used for a Doppler lidar.


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7. What is the effect of the atmosphere on the ground return bin? Does the proposed detection scheme for the ground return work under different conditions?

8. What is the detectability and strength of the return from water under 0° (specular reflection) and 35°? What is the detectability and strength of the ground return over land, e.g. ice/snow surfaces or des-serts?

9. What is the effect of real atmospheric conditions including inhomogeneity on L2B processing?

10. What L2A products (aerosol, cloud) could be derived under different atmospheric conditions?

11. What is the variability of geophysical parameters (atmospheric backscatter, extinction, ground return strength, clouds) during different conditions and over different locations?

These questions will be addressed during the Aeolus Ground Campaign AGC, and two Aeolus Airborne Campaigns AC01 and AC02 according to Tab. 2.1.

No. Objective AGC AC01 AC02

1a. Radiometric performance x x

1b. Wind velocity performance x x

2. Atmospheric influence on performance (homogenous conditions)

x x (x)

3. Temperature and pressure corrections x x

4. Atmospheric influence on performance (inhomogeneous conditions, clouds, shear, aerosol)

x (x) x

5. Algorithm improvement and Quality-Control x x x

6. Calibration (internal, Mie response, Rayleigh response)

x (x) (x)

7. Ground return detection and atmospheric influence

x

8. Ground return strength and variability (x) x

9. Optimisation of L2B processing x

10. Deriving of L2A products (x) x

11. Database of geophysical parameters x x x

Tab. 2.1: Objectives of the ADM-Aeolus campaigns, which will be addressed during AGC, AC01, AC02; a x-symbol in parentheses is indicating that this objective is partly addressed during the campaign.

2.2 Recall of AGC Objectives Based on the objectives for the AGC, a methodology was established describing how these objectives can be achieved, and which parameters have to be measured by additional instruments (Tab 2.2.). The baseline for AGC site was the the “Richard Aßmann Observatorium” RAO of DWD in Lindenberg, which is well equipped with ground based remote sensing instruments (Neisser et al. 2002, Deutscher Wetterdienst 2005, Neisser and Steinhagen 2005).


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Objective No. Method Parameters Instruments

Radiometric Performance Mie and Rayleigh

1a Hard-Target measure-ments with A2D for Mie at DLR

Vertical pointing A2D for Rayleigh and Mie

A2D Mie/Rayleigh signal strength profiles of wind, temp. profiles of backscat. and ext. aerosol optical depth cloud base background radiation

A2D pointing on hard target and vertical WPR vertical Radiosonde Aerosol lidar Raman lidar sun photometer ceilometer UV radiometer

Assessment of A2D LOS measurement statistical error

1b Hard-Target measure-ments with A2D for Mie at DLR

Statistical comparison of A2D wind with reference wind

Mie/Rayleigh LOS wind of A2D LOS wind of WPR, and 2µm profiles of wind, temp. profiles of backscat. and ext. aerosol optical depth cloud base background radiation

A2D (15 °) WPR (15 °) 2µm (15 °) Radiosonde Aerosol lidar Raman lidar sun photometer ceilometer UV radiometer

Mie Response Calibration MRC Rayleigh response calibration RRC

6 Hard-Target measure-ments for MRC at DLR

Vertical pointing A2D for RRC

A2D Mie/Rayleigh wind 2µm wind horizontal; LOS vertical of WPR profiles of wind, temp. profiles of backscat. and ext. aerosol optical depth cloud base background radiation

A2D pointing on hard target and vertical WPR, 2µm vertical Radiosonde Aerosol lidar Raman lidar sun photometer ceilometer UV radiometer

Development of QC and correction schemes for homogenous and inhomogeneous conditions (clouds, aerosol, wind shear)

2 4 5

Measurement of A2D under various character-ized conditions

Test of various process-ing and quality control algorithms

Mie/Rayleigh intensity and wind of A2D LOS wind from 2µm, WPR profiles of wind, temperature profiles of backscat. and ext. aerosol optical depth cloud base background radiation

A2D (70-90°, 15 °) WPR (15° and DBS) 2µm (70-90°, 15°, scan) Radiosonde RASS Aerosol lidar Raman lidar sun photometer ceilometer UV radiometer

Tab. 2.2: Objectives, method, measurement parameters and instruments for AGC

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Every time the hard-target is mentioned, it is written "at DLR". Does that mean there will be no hard-target in Lindenberg ? I hope not.


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Objective No. Method Parameters Instruments

Level 2A products (aerosol, clouds) problem with upward looking geometry !

10 Comparison of A2D derived L2A products with other instruments

cloud heights, optical depth from A2D and aerosol lidar/cloud radar profiles of backscat. and ext. aerosol optical depth cloud base

A2D (0°, 15°) Radiosonde Aerosol lidar Raman lidar sun photometer ceilometer cloud radar

Rayleigh Wind Correction

3 Comparison of Rayleigh corrected winds with WPR

A2D Rayleigh wind uncorrected/corrected temperature, pressure

A2D (15 °) WPR (15 °) Radiosonde

Geophysical Parameters

11 Compiling derived L2A products and additional parameters

L2A products (aerosol, clouds)

A2D (0°, 15°) Aerosol lidar cloud radar ceilometer

Tab. 2.2 (cont.): Objectives, method, measurement parameters and instruments for AGC

The main reference instruments for comparison of LOS wind speeds will be the 2-µm Doppler lidar from DLR (Köpp et al. 2004, Weissmann et al. 2005), and the 482 MHz windprofiler radar WPR from DWD

(Görsdorf 2000, Steinhagen et al. 1998). Additional instruments from DWD will be operated to allow comprehensive characterisation of various atmospheric conditions (Engelbart et al. 1996, Engelbart 2005, Engelbart et al. 2006, Leiterer et al. 1998, Leiterer 2005, Münkel et al. 1999, Weller et al. 1998, Weller 2005). For evaluation of the received backscatter intensity of the A2D, an aerosol lidar operating at 355 nm from the Meteorological Institute of the University Munich will be deployed (Böckmann et al., 2004; Matthias et al. 2004).

Other implicit objectives of the AGC (not listed in Tab. 2.2) are preparation of the airborne campaigns, optimisation of alignment, calibration and measurement operations and characterisation of A2D functionality over an intensive measurement period.


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3 Instrument Description 3.1 The ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator A2D The A2D was developed by EADS-Astrium, Toulouse with EADS-Astrium, Friedrichshafen as the supplier of the A2D laser and DLR. The major component is the receiver breadboard PDM (Pre-Development Model) developed within the ESA pre-development program (Durand et al. 2005, Meynart et al. 2006). The optical and mechanical design of this breadboard is similar to the satellite instrument, except for some changes in the front optics of the receiver, and the separation of the transmit and receive beam instead of a transceiver telescope. An electro-optical modulator EOM is introduced to attenuate the near field signal. The dynamical range and altitude dependence of the signal differs strongly from the satellite operating at 408 km compared to the aircraft with a flight level of 10 km or from ground. Table 4.1 summarises the main instrument specifications of the airborne demonstrator compared to the satellite instrument; an output energy of 40 mJ was achieved during acceptance test of the A2D laser in August 2006, compared to the specification of 70 mJ (EADS-Astrium 2006c). The A2D is designed to achieve comparable specifications for the statistical wind measurement error as the satellite instrument over 700 shots (EADS-Astrium 2004a, 2004b, Paffrath 2006). This corresponds to a time resolution for ground measurements of 14 s with a pulse repetition rate of 50 Hz, and a horizontal resolution for airborne measurements of 2.8 km assuming an aircraft ground speed of 200 ms-1. The results of the A2D acceptance tests are documented in EADS-Astrium 2005 a, 2005b, 2006a and for the A2D laser in EADS-Astrium 2006c. The characterisation of the single frequency performance of the A2D laser with heterodyne measurements is described by Schröder et al. 2006.

satellite ALADIN A2D

transmitter Nd:YAG, tripled, diode-pumped

wavelength 355 nm

operation burst-mode continuous

repetition rate 100 Hz 50 Hz

energy / pulse 120 mJ 70 mJ specified / 40 mJ achieved

laser linewidth < 50 MHz (FWHM)

freq. stability 4 MHz rms over 7s 4 MHz rms over 14 s

telescope ∅ 1.5 m 0.2 m

receiver FOV 15 µrad 100 µrad

receiver aerosol fringe imaging Fizeau interferometer, 16 channels

receiver molecules double edge Fabry-Perot interferometer, 2 channels, sequential

detection accumulation CCD, quantum efficiency 0.85

pointing angle 35° off nadir 20° off nadir (aircraft)

0°, 15 ° off zenith (ground)

platform altitude 408 km (satellite) 10 km (aircraft)

min. vertical resolution 250 m 300 m

platform speed 7600 ms-1 (satellite) 200 ms-1 (aircraft)

Tab. 3.1: Specifications of the satellite and ALADIN instrument A2D.

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The ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator A2D differs from the satellite ALADIN instrument for the following details:

Same timing of ACCD with minimum readout of 2.1 µs (315 m) results in different vertical ranges (296 m at 20° off nadir from aircraft, 304 m at 15° off zenith from ground, instead of 251 m at 37° off nadir from satellite)

different horizontal resolution for 700 shots: 2.8 km instead of 50 km, when operated from an aircraft; on ground this converts to a temporal averaging period of 14 s for 700 shots

Co-axial transmit path with respect to the receiver telescope instead of transceiver-telescope (same telescope for transmit and receive path)

Receiver FOV 100 µrad instead of 20 µrad => footprint on ground Ø 1 m from range 11 km instead of Ø 10 m from 500 km

Difference in front optics (Airborne Front Optics AFRO) with Electro-Optical Modulator EOM and additional CCD for co-alignment of laser transmitter and telescope FOV

Fibre coupling of laser reference signal to the front-optics of the receiver instead of free path propa-gation

Quasi-continuous operation (4 s readout for 14 s measurement) instead of burst mode operation with laser PRF 50 Hz instead of 100 Hz

Non-perfect Pre-Development Model PDM (ghost images, polarising beamsplitter problems, trans-mission losses, spacing Rayleigh Fabry-Perot 2.65 pm instead of 2.3 pm) instead of “perfect” Flight Model FM

Reference pulse from transmitter is accumulated with the same number of shots than atmospheric signal instead of single shot acquisition => but single shot acquisition is realised with separate het-erodyne unit

energy*aperture/range2 product (40 mJ, Ø 0.2 m, 11 km) is 12 times higher than satellite (120 mJ, 1.5 m, 500 km)

Different sensing ranges of 11 km (10 km, 20 ° from aircraft or 10 km, 15 ° from ground) instead of 500 km (408 km, 35 °) lead to different dynamical range of signal => strong signal dynamics for air-borne platform and ground instead of “flat” dynamics from satellite due to R-2-factor (Fig. 3.1)


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Fig. 3.1: Signal dynamics from aircraft platform (left), satellite (middle) and ground (right); ratio of Rayleigh and Mie Photons for different sensing platforms (bottom); aircraft and ground instrument parameters (70 mJ laser energy, 20 cm telescope, 11 km altitude, no EOM), satellite (130 mJ, 1.5 m telescope, 400 km altitude). The user can define and change the following parameters during operation of the A2D (EADS-Astrium 2006b):

vertical binning of the Mie and Rayleigh channel independently in steps of 2.1 µs, 4.2 µs, 6.3 µs and 8.4 µs, which corresponds to a minimum vertical resolution of 296 m at a nadir angle of 20 ° and 304 m at a zenith angle of 15 ° from ground; the maximum number of range bins for atmospheric meas-urements is limited to 21 out of 25, because two range gates are lost due to timing, and two due to the acquisition of the laser reference and the background radiation

time offset for Mie and Rayleigh channel simultaneously (called dt2) to start data acquisition on ACCD from 0 to 71 µs (10650 m) in steps of 20.83 ns (3.1 m)

number of pulses P for on-board accumulation on the CCD in range of [3,700] and number of meas-urements per observation N in range of [1,128] with the constrain that N*P<=700

laser energy with a polarising attenuator

attenuation settings for the EOM for 100 time steps with a total duration of 100 µs with constant step difference of 1 µs (150 m)

a pre-defined calibration procedure for the A2D can be commanded with 25 MHz and 250 MHz frequency steps; every other laser frequency (absolute and step) can be commanded manually

the temperature of the Rayleigh spectrometer can be commanded to adjust the frequency crossing point of the two Rayleigh channels A and B relative to the centre frequency of the Mie Useful Spec-tral Range USR

the automatic co-alignment loop can be switched off to control the laser pointing into the atmosphere manually


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The A2D is operated from ground within a container and an adjustable ground mirror for vertical pointing and off-zenith pointing up to 20° (see. Fig. 4.3) and a roof mirror for horizontal pointing with the following constraints:

Operation of A2D within container with roof opening allows operation day and night during no-precipitation conditions

2 zenith beam pointing modes from ground with 0° zenith pointing, 15° off zenith

an additional horizontal pointing with 0°-20° elevation angle with roof mirror, e.g. for hard target measurements

Eye safety of the outgoing laser beam is achieved at a range of 1000 m for 70 mJ, 15 ns, 50 µrad full angle divergence

because of defocus and central obscuration of the telescope the 90 % overlap is achieved at 2 km, assuming a 100 µrad receiver FOV and laser divergence of 70 µrad

Fig. 3.2: The A2D installed in the ground container; indicated are the transmit (green) and reception path (yellow) with a ground mirror


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3.2 2-µm Doppler Wind Lidar The 2-µm Doppler lidar is based on the transceiver unit of a MAG-1 Instrument from CTI/CLR Photonics (now Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies). The master and slave lasers are diode-pumped Tm:LuAG lasers operating at 2.02254 µm. The transmitter emits 500 pulses per second of 400 ns (FWHM) and output energy of 1.5-2 mJ via an off-axis telescope (Tab 3.2). At DLR a wedge scanner and high-speed data acquisition system was developed, which allows sampling and storage of every single laser shot, with a very high accuracy in time stamping relative to aircraft attitude data of a GPS (Global Positioning System). The system was deployed from ground during several campaigns for aircraft wake vortex characterisation within several projects and during airborne campaigns in central Europe and the North Atlantic (Köpp et al. 2004, Weissmann et al. 2004, 2005).

Unit Specification transmitter Tm:LuAG wavelength 2.02254 µm energy 1.5 mJ repetition rate 500 Hz pulselength 400 ns (FWHM) vertical resolution 100 m telescope off-axis, 108 mm ∅ scan conical with 20°, step and stare power•aperture 6 mW•m2

horizontal wind speed accuracy 0.3 – 1.3 ms-1

Tab. 3.2: System specifications of the airborne 2 µm Doppler lidar

3.3 Aerosol Lidar MULIS The aerosol lidar MULIS (Munich University Lidar System) was developed by the Meteorological Institute of the University of Munich. It was designed as a three wavelength backscatter lidar, emitting pulses at 1064 nm, 532 nm and 355 nm with a repetition rate of 10 Hz (Tab 3.3). To obtain quantitative backscatter and extinction coefficients and to be able to observe atmospheric volumes, the lidar was constructed as a scanning system (Böckmann et al. 2004, Matthias et al. 2004). Recently, a cross polarisation channel at 532 nm and two Raman channels (387 nm and 607 nm) were implemented. These extensions allow characteriz-ing aerosol particles more precisely and to derive extinction and backscatter coefficients quantitatively during nighttime.

Fig. 3.3: Aersol lidar MULIS on roof of University Munich


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Unit Specification Laser Nd:YAG (Continuum Surelite II) Pulse-Energy 175 mJ @ 1064 nm 50 mJ @ 532 nm 175 mJ @ 355 nm Rep. Rate 10 Hz Pulse Duration 6 ns Beam Divergence 0.6 mrad FWHM Telescope Cassegrainian, 301 mm ∅ Field of View 1.5 - 4 mrad, adjustable Detectors Pin-Diode @ 1064 nm

PMTs @ 355 nm, 387 nm, 532 nm (S-pol.), 532 nm (P-pol.), 607 nm

Detection Analog Detection @ 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm with 12 bit @ 40 MHz and 14 bit @ 20 MHz Photon Counting @ 387 nm, 607 nm

Scanning in azimuth and elevation

Tab. 3.3: System specifications of aerosol lidar MULIS


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3.4 DWD Instruments at RAO The German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD) operates a wide variety of instruments at the “Richard Aßmann Observatorium” Lindenberg. An overview is given by Neisser et al. 2002 and within a special issue of PROMET issued for the 100-year anniversary of the observatory (Deutscher Wetterdienst 2005). Fig. 3.4 shows the wide variety of the instruments at the RAO:

Fig. 3.4: Instruments operated at the RAO forming the “Lindenberg column”: soil, radiation, turbulence, standard meteorological measurements, cloud observations, aerological soundings, active and passive remote sensings (from Neisser et al. 2002)


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The specification of the instruments at RAO operated during AGC is listed in the following table.

Instrument Type, Name Specifiation range, vertical resolu-tion, temporal res.

data products

482 MHz windprofiler radar

Radian LAP-16000

482 MHz 16 kW RASS with 1 kHz acoustic

0.5 km - 16 km, 250 m / 500 m; 30 s for LOS 30 min for u,v,w

profiles of LOS wind or wind vector (u, v, w) or virtual temperature (up to 4.0 km)

1290 MHz windprofiler radar

RADIAN LAP-3000 1290 MHz 0.5 kW

0.2 km – 4 km 100 m / 400 m 30 minutes

profiles of LOS wind or wind vector (u, v, w)

Raman lidar RAMSES 355 nm 9 W

1.0 km - 15 km 7.5 m – 100 m 0.5 min – 10 min

profile of water vapor, aerosol backscatter ratio

Radiosonde Vaisala RS92 PTU sensor GPS wind finding

up to lower stratosphere

operational times: 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC

additional times: 03, 09, 15, 21 UTC

profile of tempera-ture, humidity and wind vector

Cloudradar Metek MIRA 36 35.5 GHz 30 kW

0.25 km – 12 km, 15 m – 60 m 0.1 s – 60 s

profile of radar reflectivity, vertical velocity in clouds; cloud base/top

Sun Photometer SP1A 17 channels from 349.7 nm to 1065.1 nm

range integrated measurement, 10 min

aerosol optical depth at channel wavelength

Ceilometer Impulsphysik LD40 905 nm 10 m – 12 km 7.5 m 15 s – 600 s

profile of reflectiv-ity; derived cloud base

UV spectral-radiometer

Bentham DM 150 290 nm – 450 nm several minutes global irradiance

Tab. 3.4: Characteristics of the DWD instruments used during AGC


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3.5 Summary of instrument specifications for AGC The reference lidar instrument for line-of-sight LOS wind speed is the 2-µm lidar in case of aerosol backscat-ter within the boundary layer. For boundary layer as well as higher altitudes the reference instrument for LOS wind speed is the 482 MHz windprofiler radar WPR. The aerosol lidar MULIS will be the main instrument to characterise the aerosol content and backscatter characteristics of the atmosphere at the wavelength of 355 nm. The instruments are summarized in the Table 3.5.

Parameter A2D 2-µm lidar WPR MULIS

measurement Mie/Rayleigh LOS wind speed, Mie/Rayleigh backscatter intensity

LOS wind speed, wind vector (VAD scan), uncalibrated aerosol/cloud backscatter at 2 µm

LOS wind speed, wind vector (in DBS mode), reflectivity, virtual temperature in RASS mode

aerosol/cloud backscatter and extinction profiles at 355 nm, 532 nm

minimum range resolution

2.1 µs = 315 m 100 m 250 m (low mode) 500 m (high mode)

7.5 m (raw data)

minimum temporal resolution

18 s 14 s observation with 700 pulses

1-2 s: accumulation of 500-1000 pulses VAD with 24 azimuth angles => 30 s - 54 s

18 s - 30 s (LOS)

30 minutes (wind vector with DBS)5 minutes (virtual temperature)

0.1 s (raw data)

beam pointing zenith angles

0°, 15° horizontal 70°-90°

0°, 15° zenith horizontal 70°-90° VAD scans

0°, 15 ° fixed LOS total of 5 LOS in DBS mode

0° elevation, azimuth scan possible

range up to 10 km for Rayleigh up to 2-3 km for Mie

depending on aerosol: in boundary layer 8 km (70°-90° pointing)2-3km (0-20° pointing) and cloud return

up to 12 – 16 km (wind) up to 3 – 4 km (virtual temperature)

250 m – 15 km

Tab. 3.5: Characteristics of the A2D, 2-µm lidar, windprofiler radar WPR and aerosol lidar MULIS; DBS: Doppler Beam Swinging


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4 Implementation of the ADM-Aeolus Ground Campaign AGC 4.1 Schedule After finalisation of the functional tests at DLR the A2D and the container will be packed (2-3 days) and shipped to Lindenberg by truck (1 day, scheduled for September 18). After unpacking and re-integration of the A2D into the container (2 days), the A2D laser will be tested functionally to determine, if realignment of the laser optics is necessary. After passing the laser tests, the laser, receiver and telescope will be inte-grated in the A2D frame and functionally tested (2 days). After alignment of the A2D (2 days), the perform-ance of the A2D will be verified with atmospheric measurements (3 days). The integration of the A2D, alignment and testing should be finished by September 29.

The 2-µm lidar from DLR and the aerosol lidar MULIS from University Munich will be shipped to Lindenberg by begin of October. Both lidars should be ready for operation in Lindenberg on October 5.

The AGC is scheduled for a 2.5-weeks period from October 5 to October 22 including possible operation on weekends. If deemed necessary the AGC will be extended for one week from October 23-27, although the DLR 2-µm lidar will be probably not available during this week due to other campaign obligations. The A2D will be packed and shipped back to DLR on October 23/24 (or October 30/31 if extended).

The following table 4.1 summarizes the AGC schedule

Week Date Activitiy

33-36 22.08-25.08 A2D integration, alignment and functional tests, atmos-pheric and hard-target measurements at DLR

Laser Integration and Check, Receiver Integration and Check, Alignment at DLR

37 11./12.09

13./14./15.09

Finalisation of Functional Tests at DLR

Packing of A2D and container at DLR

38 18/19.09.

20.09 - 24.09

Transport A2D to Lindenberg Container setup in Lindenberg

Mech/Electr. Integration in Container, laser functional test

39 25.09. – 29.09.

28.09. – 04.10

Functional Test A2D, Alignment and atmospheric measurements at RAO

Shipment and setup of 2-µm Shipment and setup of MULIS

40-42 05.10 – 22.10. AGC with operation of A2D, 2-µm, MULIS and DWD instruments

43 23.10 – 27.10. Possible extension of AGC (no 2-µm)

43 or 44

23./24.10. or 30./31.10

A2D packing and shipment

Tab. 4.1: AGC schedule.


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4.2 Targeted Events A minimum of 8 target events (Tab 4.2) during day and night, with and without clouds should be obtained during the campaign period to achieve the campaign objectives (Tab. 2.1 and 2.2). The A2D will be operated in vertical pointing with 0° and 15 ° off zenith angles in calibration and wind measurement mode. It is foreseen to operate the A2D for a period of about 4 hours per day or night. No atmospheric measurements are foreseen during precipitation, fog or very low level stratus clouds.

event time BL aerosol

clouds wind pointing operation duration objective

1 day no clouds 0 ° Cal. 3 times 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5, 6

2 day no clouds 15 ° Wind 1 h 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5

3 night no clouds 0 ° Cal. 3 times 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5, 6

4 night no clouds 15 ° Wind 1 h 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5

5 day clouds 0 ° Cal. 3 times 1a, 1b, 3, 4 5, 6

6 day clouds 15 ° Wind 1 h 1a, 1b, 3, 4 5

7 night clouds 0 ° Cal. 3 times 1a, 1b, 3, 4, 5, 6

8 night clouds 15 ° Wind 1 h 1a, 1b, 3, 4 5

Tab. 4.2: Minimum target events during AGC; empty boxes indicate no preferences for this condition; BL: Boundary Layer; CAL. calibration mode for A2D; Wind: wind measurement mode; the campaign objectives number refer to Tab. 2.1 and 2.2

The targeted events and instrument measurement modes will be discussed during daily briefings, based on the current weather conditions and the weather forecast. The following actual and forecasted parameters about the weather conditions should be available during briefings:

precipitation

satellite images of cloud cover in different altitudes

cloud cover in different altitude layers

profile of temperature, humidity and wind up to 15 km

If the weather conditions allow, it would be preferable to perform measurements during at least some of the different conditions below defined as preferable target events (Tab. 4.3).

dabas

Note

Oliver, I am surprised there is no operation with the elevation angle 20°. With a nadir angle of 15°, the LOS wind is only 25% of the horizontal wind. Testing the instrument under strong conditions is almost impossible. I would like to have data under strong wind consitions because there the system is more sensitive to the temperature and pressure corrections. I suggest we have a 2a and a 2b case, the 2a with weak wind (that helps for chacking the radiometric budget), and one wth a strong wind.


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event time BL aerosol

clouds wind pointing operation duration objective

9 no clouds high level jet

15 ° Wind 1 h 4, 5

10 cirrus high level jet

15 ° Wind 1 h 4, 5

11 cirrus, clouds 6-10 km

0° Cal. 3 times 5, 6

12 cirrus, clouds 6-10 km

15 ° Wind 1 h 4, 5

13 high no clouds in BL

70-90° Wind 1 h 4,5

14 low no clouds in BL

70-90° Wind 1 h 4,5

15 broken clouds, cumulus

15 ° Wind 1 h 4, 5

16 night no clouds in BL

low-level jet

15 ° Wind 1 h 4, 5

17 night no clouds in BL

low hard target

Wind Cal.

15 min. 3 times

5,6

Tab. 4.3: Preferable target events during AGC.


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4.3 Instrument Site The AGC will take place at the “Richard Aßmann Observatorium” RAO of Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD in Lindberg about 65 km southeast of Berlin, Germany, in the federal state of Brandenburg (Fig. 4.1, coordi-nates 52°12´38´´ N, 14°07´00´´E, 97 m ASL). The site is surr ounded by small hills up to 130 m, lakes, forests and agricultural fields.

Fig. 4.1: Location of the RAO of DWD Lindenberg southeast of Berlin with the airports Tegel, Tempelhof and Schoenefeld (figure provided by DWD).

Figure 4.2 gives on overview of the observatory with the main sites for instrument operation at the balloon hall for the radiosonde launch, the optical laboratory (“Strahlungszentrale”) and the windprofiler site. The Raman lidar RAMSES, the sunphotometer, and one laser ceilometer will be operated from the optical laboratory, which is in a distance of about 500 m from the windprofiler site.


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Fig. 4.2: Plan of the RAO Lindenberg (figure provided by DWD).

The A2D, 2µm, and MULIS will be deployed at the windprofiler site with the 482 MHz and 1290 MHz windprofiler radar, a laser ceilometer, and the Ka-band cloud radar (Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3: Photo of the windprofiler site with the 482 MHz WPR, the 1290 MHz WPR, 3 sites for containers for the A2D, MULIS and 2-µm lidar (figure provided by DWD).

The northerly pointing LOS beam of the 482 MHz WPR is chosen for comparison, because it is less influenced by ground clutter from wind mills with a distance of 2.5 km than the easterly beam. Thus the A2D

dabas

Note

Where is the Ka-cloud radar ?


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and 2-µm lidar have to be adjusted in azimuth to this beam and with a zenith angle of 15° (Fig. 4.4). MULIS is operated in zenith pointing mode. In order to align the A2D, horizontal pointing towards a forest is necessary in easterly direction. Also two events (no. 13 and 14) are targeted towards quasi horizontal measurements with A2D, MULIS and 2-µm lidar.

Fig. 4.4: Windprofiler site with A2D, 2-µm and MULIS container sites (adapted from DWD figure).


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The volume, weight and electrical power needs for the containers are as follow:

Container Length,Width, Height

Weight Electrical Power photo

A2D 6.1 m

2.5 m

2.9 m

2 t 9 kW

32 A connector

2-µm 4.8 m

2.2 m

3.0 m

3 t 5 kW

32 A connector

MULIS 6.1 m

2.4 m

2.7 m

2 t 5 kW 32 A connector

Tab. 4.4: Volume, weight, and electrical power needs of the A2D, 2-µm and MULIS container.


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4.4 Instrument Operation Times It should be possible to schedule operation for the instruments during day and night and also weekends during the campaign period from October 5 to 22 with the following exceptions:

Raman Lidar RAMSES can only operate during night after sunset and before sunrise

operational radiosondes are launched on 0, 6, 12, 18 UTC; additional radiosondes can be launched in between on 3, 9, 15, 21 UTC

the total number of additional radiosondes is limited to 10; thus these sondes will be launched during the period October 9 to October 22

the sunphotometer can be only operated during day and clear sky conditions

The A2D will be operated during about 4 hours of continuous measurements per day, if the weather conditions allow. This does not include preparation time of the A2D (functional tests, alignment checks, thermal stabilisation).

4.5 Campaign Logistics The following logistic will be provided by DWD in Lindenberg:

site for 3 containers (A2D, 2-µm, MULIS) and electrical power at windprofiler site

additional storage/office container at windprofiler site

storage room for A2D boxes in balloon hall

office room for 2-3 persons in optical building (“Strahlungszentrale”) with internet connection

briefing room for up to 10 persons in remote sensing sensing departements building (aerological station)

air-conditioned optical laboratory for realignment of laser for limited period of some days, if needed; this could be possible after transport of the A2D to Lindenberg during week September 20-22

support through mechanical workshop if needed

In case of more serious alignment and refurbishment needs for the laser, there are clean-room facilities at DLR Berlin Adlershof available (about 1.5 hours drive).

4.6 Campaign Briefings Daily briefings will be performed during the AGC campaign period from October 5 to 22; time of the briefings is planned for 13 LT. The objective of the briefings is to report on the instrument status on the actual day (D), the performed measurements on the previous day (D-1), the achieved events and weather from the previous day (D-1) and the weather forecast for the 2 following days (D+1, D+2). During the briefing the operation for the instrument on the ongoing and following days (D, D+1, D+2) will be discussed and decided for D and D+1. The release of additional radiosondes is decided for the following day and night with an alert time of 24 h. An operation during weekend is decided on the briefing on Thursdays. A possible extension of the AGC in week 43 (October 23-27) will be decided on October 18 during a progress meeting.


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The briefing on day D contains of the following reports and decisions:

Report on instrument status from D-1, D

Report on instrument measurements (quick-looks) from D-1

Report on weather and events from D-1

Report on weather forecast for D, D+1, D+2

Decision on instrument operation for D, D+1

Decision on additional radiosondes and times for D+1

Decision on weekend operation on Thursday

Decision on campaign extension on October 18

4.7 Instrument Operation and Responsibilities Table 4.5 lists the instruments involved during the AGC and the responsible operators:

Task/Instrument Principle Investigator PI and operators

Institute

AGC coordination Oliver Reitebuch DLR

Coordination of DWD instruments

Dirk Engelbart DWD

Weather Forecasting NN DWD

A2D lidar Oliver Reitebuch, Charlotte Hoeltzel, Christian Lemmerz, Engelbert Nagel, Ulrike Paffrath,

DLR

2-µm lidar Stephan Rahm, Rudolf Simmet DLR

Aerosol lidar MULIS Volker Freudenthaler, Franziska Schnell University Munich

482 MHz windprofiler Volker Lehmann, Dirk Engelbart DWD

1290 MHz windprofiler Volker Lehman, Dirk Engelbart DWD

RAMSES lidar Jens Reichardt DWD

Radiosondes Ulrich Leiterer DWD

Laser Ceilometer Steffen Gross DWD

Ka-Band Cloudradar Ulrich Görsdorf DWD

Sunphotometer Nephelometer, UV radiometer

Michael Weller, Winfried Baum DWD

Tab. 4.5: Tasks, instruments, principle investigators, operators and institutes.


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5 Outline of AGC Data Analyses The draft schedule for the data analyses is as follows:

during AGC: daily quicklooks from radiosonde, WPR, ceilometer, 2µm, MULIS, A2D; processed/QC data available from radiosonde; daily reports on instrument status, weather forecast

end of AGC: selection of events based on quicklook data, instrument status, weather

AGC+2weeks: Campaign Event Summary: Content of data-set, events summary, brief outlook campaign results and lessons learned; justification of selection of events

AGC+1 month: processed/QC data available for selected events of each instrument: WPR (LOS, wind-vector, Intensity.), 2µm (LOS, Intensity), MULIS (backscat-ter/extinction), A2D raw data ("L0"), calibration results, Mie/Rayleigh winds / intensity with baseline algorithm ("L1B") depending on A2D data quality => Consolidated Data Set + Content/Format Description

AGC+3 months: processed/QC data available for all events of each instrument and combined analysis of instrument data for selected events; preliminary conclusion on objectives => update of consolidated data set

AGC+6 months: combined analysis of instrument data for all events and conclusion on objectives => update of consolidated data set


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6 Abbreviations

A2D ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator

AC01 Aeolus Airborne Campaign 1

AC02 Aeolus Airborne Campaign 2

ACCD Accumulation CCD

ADM Atmospheric Dynamics Mission

AGC Aeolus Ground Campaign

ALADIN Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument

BL Boundary Layer

CCD Charge Coupled Device

CTI/CLR Coherent Technologies Incorporated / Coherent Laser Radar

DBS Doppler Beam Swinging

DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst

EADS European Aeronautic Defence and Space company

EOM Electro-Optical Modulator

ESA European Space Agency

FOV Field of View

FWHM Full Width Half Maximum

GPS Global Positioning System

HLOS Horizontal LOS; projection of LOS onto the horizontal

L1 Level 1

L1B Level 1B

L1BP Level 1B Processor

LOS Line-of-Sight

LT Local Time

MAG Mission Advisory Group

MULIS Munich University Lidar System

NWP Numerical Weather Prediction

PM Progress Meeting

PMT Photomultiplier Tube

PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency

PTU Pressure Temperature Humidity

QC Quality Control

RAMSES Raman lidar for atmospheric moisture sensing

RAO Richard Aßmann Observatorium

RASS Radio Acoustic Sounding System


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SoW Statement of Work

TN Technical Note

USR Useful Spectral Range

UV Ultraviolet

VAD Velocity Azimuth Display

WPR WindProfiler Radar


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7 References Böckmann, C., U. Wandinger, A. Alnsmann, J. Bösenberg, V. Amiridis, A. Boselli, A. Delaval, F. de Tomasi,

M. Frioud, I.V. Grigorov, A. Hagard, M. Horvat, M. Iarlori, L. Komguem, S. Kreipl, G. Larcheveque, V. Matthias, A. Papayannis, G. Pappalardo, F. Rocadenbosch, J.A. Rodrigues, J. Schneider, V. Shcher-bakov, and M. Wiegner (2004): Aerosol lidar intercomparison in the framework of the EARLINET pro-ject: 2. Aerosol backscatter algorithms, Appl. Opt. 43, 977-989.

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Delaval, A., C. Loth, P. H. Flamant, D. Bruneau (2000a): Experimental Tests to Validate a Multiwavelength backscatter database. Final Report VALID 1, CNRS/IPSL September 2000, 56 pages + annex.

Delaval, A., P. H. Flamant, C. Loth, A. Garnier, C. Vialle, D. Bruneau, R. Wilson, D. Rees (2000b): Perform-ance Validation of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection Doppler WIND Lidars. Final Report VALID 2, CNRS/IPSL September 2000, 76 pages.

DLR (2004): Technical Proposal – Planning and Execution of Aeolus Campaigns. DLR 3472868, 5 April 2004.

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DLR (2006b): ADM-Aeolus Campaigns: Alignment Sensitivity of the A2D Optics. AE.RP.DLR.A2D.190606, V1.0, June 2006.

Deutscher Wetterdienst (2005): 100 Jahre Atmosphärensondierung am Meteorologischen Observatorium Lindenberg. promet, 31, 81-177 (in German).

Durand, Y., Meynart, R., Endemann, M., Chinal, E., Morancais, D., Schröder, T., Reitebuch, O. (2005): Manufacturing of an airborne demonstrator of ALADIN, the direct detection Doppler wind lidar for ADM/Aeolus. Proc. SPIE Europe Int. Symposium Remote Sensing, 19-22 Sept. 2005, Bruges, Bel-gium, 5984-01.

EADS-Astrium (2004a): Technical Note 2: Aladin Airborne Demonstrator – Preliminary Design Report. AE.TN.ASF.AL.00164, Issue 01, Rev1; 05 March 2004.

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EADS-Astrium (2006b): ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator User manual. AE.UM.ASF.AL.00011, Issue 01, Rev. 00, February 2006.

EADS-Astrium (2006c): A2D Transmitter Test Report. AE-TR-ASG-A2D-001, Issue 1, Rev 0, Augugst 2006

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Engelbart, D., H. Steinhagen, U. Görsdorf, J. Lippmann, J. Neisser (1996): A 1290 MHz profiler with RASS for monitoring wind and temperature in the boundary layer. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 69, 63-80.

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Engelbart, D., J. Reichardt, I. Mattis, U. Wandinger, V. Klein, A. Meister, B. Hilber, V. Jaenisch (2006): RAMSES – German Meteorological Service Raman Lidar for Atmospheric Moisture Sensing. Proc. 23rd Int. Laser Radar Conference, Nara, Japan, 24-28 July, session 7O-2.

ESA (2004a): Statement of Work: Planning and Execution of Aeolus Campaigns. AE-SW-ESA-AD-015, Issue 01a, 25 February 2004.

Flamant, P., A. Garnier, D. Bruneau, A. Hertzog, C. Loth, A. Dolfi, A. Dabas, J. L.. Zarader, B. Gas, C. Werner, J. Streicher, I. Leike, F. Jochim (2002): Evaluation of Direct Detection Doppler WIND Lidar Signal Processing. Final Report on CD, ESA Contract 14442/00/NL/SF.

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Köpp, F., S. Rahm, I. Smalikho (2004): Characterisation of Aircraft Wake Vortices by 2µm Pulsed Doppler lidar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Techn. 21, 194-206.

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Matthias V., V. Freudenthaler, A. Amodeo, I. Balin, D. Baslis, J. Bösenberg, A. Chaikovsky, G. Chourdakis, A. Comeron, A. Delaval, F. de Tomasi, R. Eixmann, A. Hagard, L. Konguem, S. Kreipl, R. Matthey, V. Rizi, J. A. Rodrigues, U. Wandinger, and X. Wang (2004): Aerosol lidar intercomparison in the frame-work of the EARLINET project: 1. Instruments Appl. Opt. 43, 961-976.

Meynart, R., Durand, Y., Endemann, M., Chinal, E., Reitebuch, O. (2006): ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator: a Doppler Wind Lidar to prepare ESA´s Aeolus Explorer Mission. SPIE Optics and Photonics, 13-17 Au-gust 2006, San Diego.

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Paffrath, U. (2006): Performance assessment of the Aeolus Doppler wind lidar prototype. Dissertation Technische Universität München, Juni 2006, 137 pages.

Reitebuch, O., Werner, Ch., Leike, I., Delville, P., Flamant, P. H., Cress, A., Engelbart, D. (2001): Experi-mental Validation of Wind Profiling Performed by the Airborne 10µm-Heterodyne Doppler Lidar WIND. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 18, 1331-1344.

Reitebuch, O., Volkert, H., Werner, Ch., Dabas, A., Delville, P., Drobinski, Ph., Flamant, P. H., Richard, E. (2003): Determination of air flow across the Alpine ridge by a combination of airborne Doppler lidar, routine radio-sounding and numerical simulation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 129, 715-728.

Schillinger, M., D. Morancais, F. Fabre, A. Culoma (2003): ALADIN: the LIDAR instrument for the AEOLUS mission. Proc. SPIE Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI, Vol 4881, 40-51.


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Schröder, T., Lemmerz, C., Reitebuch, O., Wirth, M., Wührer, C., Treichel, R. (2006): Frequency jitter and spectral width of an injection-seeded Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for a Doppler wind lidar. Appl. Phys. B, submitted.

Steinhagen, H., J. Dibbern, D. Engelbart, U. Görsdorf, V. Lehmann, J. Neisser, J. Neuschaefer (1998): Performance of the first Euopean 482 MHz Wind Profiler Radar with RASS under operational condi-tions. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 7, 248-261.

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Weller, M., E. Schulz, U. Leiterer, T. Naebert, A. Herber, L. W. Thomason (1998): Ten years of aerosol optical depth observation at the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory. Contr. Atmos. Phys 71, 387-400.

Weller, M. (2005): Investigation of radiant fluxes at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg. promet, 31, 119-128 (in German).

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