Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · ACHHAM DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL...

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013

Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk

Management in Development

(Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)

District Baseline Reports: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR) Achhame, Banke, Chitwan, Kathmandu, and Panchthar Districts Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

http://uxerppd04.adb.org:8000/OA_HTML/OA.jsp?OAFunc=ADBPA_PROJ_OVERVIEW_VIEW&addBreadCrumb=RS&paProjectId=3258&retainAM=Y&_ti=1996868042&oapc=10&oas=l8eCy6ajbRwmD2idEel-HA..

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District Baseline

1

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in

Development

1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

ACHHAM DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURAL ROADS

(DOLIDAR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia

Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ACHHAM DISTRICT ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 1

1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 2

1.5 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 2

1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ....................................................................... 2

1.6.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 2

2 ACHHAM DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ................................................................................ 4

2.1 Asset1: Mangalsen – Oligaun – Sila Road ....................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 5

ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM ....................................................................................................... 1

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR .......................................................................... 2

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 4

ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................ 5

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 7


1

1 ACHHAM DISTRICT

1.1 District Sector Master Plan

All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Achham District

prepared DTMP by engaging local consultant. The consultant submitted the DTMP report in March

2013. The report covers the district road plan for five years period.

The DTMP of Achham district is presented in Annex.

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff

Budgeting

Breakdown of DDC Budget

Budget Heading Budget Amount in Rupees (FYs)

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(proposed)

Current 166,318,714 152,057,161 57,160,000

Capital 286,956,198 238,218,092 476,847,000

Total 453,274,912 390,275,253 533,507,000

District's budgets for FYs 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 (proposed) are Rs 521,654766, 390275257

and 533507000 respectively. The DDC is carrying out several rural transport related projects such as:

Rural community infrastructure development program

Rural Access Program (RAP) funded by DFID

Local infrastructure and agricultural road development

Building suspension bridges at local level

DRILP funded by ADB

District core network

Road Board program for maintenance

Beside the above programs which are directly related to rural transport, several other programs are

also using their resources for rural roads in the district. It is estimated that about 70-80% of the

district development budget is being spent on construction, rehabilitation, upgradation and

maintenance of rural roads.

Staff

The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D

1.3 Sector trends and issues

1.3.1 Trends

Achham district was connected to national road network in eighties and very few strategic and rural

road are constructed until now. Moreover the condition of the majority of the constructed roads is

poor due to lack of maintenance.

Planning

Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing DTMP. Achham Distriect

recently upgraded DTMP. The upgraded DTMP covers for the period of 2013-2017.


2

Design

Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants and

district technicians.

Construction

All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges funded by DDC are mainly done by

using Users' Committees. However, some works are also executed engaging small local contractors.

1.3.2 Issues

The major issues and constraints for development of RRs in the district are summarized below.

a) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;

b) Quality of works is below average.

b) Several new roads are selected without completing the existing ones;

c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;

d) Weak Institutional Capacity/Arrangements causing delay in planning, execution and maintenance,

high financial irregularities

The main causes of the above issues area:

- Weak technical capacity of DoLIDAR and DDCs;

- Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);

- All party mechanism has influence but no accountability; not following rules and procedures for

personal/party benefits;

- Weak absorbing capacity of districts;

- Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;

- Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.

1.4 Past extremes in the district

The list of extreme events in the district is presented in Annex D

1.5 Linkages to other sectors

Cooperation with other sectors

The DDC/DTO at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:

DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)

Major Organization working in the District:

Rural Access Program (RAP) funded by DFID is the major partner for development of rural roads in

the district.

1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District

1.6.1 Prioritisation process

The key criteria for prioritisation include:

Infrastructure of national strategic importance

Infrastructure of district strategic importance


3

Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events

Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events

At least one planned infrastructure

ID Name Infrastructure

type

Reason/s for inclusion

1 Mangalsen-Oligaun-Jupu-Sila

Road

Local Road It is one of the important roads in the

district and its length is 28 km. Until now

DDC has constructed 15 km of earthen

track. At present vehicles can not ply on

the road due to huge landslide at km 4.

DDC is not able to clear the landslide as it

does not have sufficient budget. This

shows that DDC's financial capacity is very

poor and cannot manage/execute large

number of roads.

2 Sanfebagar-Mastamandu-Malika

Road

Local Road It is another important road of the district

and provides transport facilities to 8 VDCs

of the district. Its total length is 35 km. At

km 5, the road alignment passes through

the northern as well as southern faces of

a small hillock. Two years ago there were

landslides at both faces. At present the

schools as well as the houses which are

located at the top of hillock are

threatened by the landslides from both

faces.

3 Budhi Ganga Suspension Bridge

Suspension

Bridge

The bridge was constructed about 40

years ago with support from US Aid. The

condition of the bridge good until now.

Several adaptation measures are

provided to protect the bridge.


4

2 ACHHAM DISTRICT : ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: Mangalsen – Oligaun – Sila Road

Overall view of the main landslide. It is a huge landslide it extends up to 40m at the hill slope

2.1.1 Asset Description

It is one of the important roads of the district. It provides motorable link to several central VDCs of

the district with Mangalsen (district headquarter). The total length of the road alignment is 28 km.


5

DDC started to construct this road on 2008 and the earthen track is opened on 16 km. Until now

DDC has spent about 6 million rupees for opening of the track. But vehicles do not ply on this road

due to landslides and lack of structures (retaining and drainage).

In 2012, there occurred a big landslide at km 4. The estimated cost for its clearing is about 3-4

million rupees. Due to lack of budget DDC is not able to clear the landslide

Watershed context

The landslide area lies in the watershed of Kailash Khola which is one of the main rivers of

the district. The area is located at the upper level of the hill and hence major water

discharge in the landslide area is not likely. Asset location

Asset condition

The whole 200m long section of the road is damaged by landslides. There are not any other

structures (retaining and drainage) at this section.

Asset design

The road is designed as per District Road Class A standard.

Past extreme events and impacts

Beside the landslides there are not any extreme events.

Past adaptation responses

There are not any adaptation measures

Design appropriateness

Field observation showed that the extent of landslides would have been much smaller if the

road was aligned through a lower level.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit

Adaptation location

See Asset Baseline Report above.

Adaptation condition


Threat description

The road passes through steep and highly fragile area and hence it is highly vulnerable to future

landslides. The threat can be lowered if the road is realigned through lower level (about 10-15 m

lower) and adequate retaining and drainage structures are constructed.



Adaptation design


Adaptation success

Not applicable


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ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM


2

ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATIO N CALENDAR

Estimated funding levels (roads) for next five years (in NPR ‘000)

Funding source 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75

DDC Capital Grant 5,000 5,500 6,050 6,655 7,321

Local Transport Infrastructure Area

Program 6,200 6,820 7,502 8,252 9,077

Road Board Nepal 2,000 2,200 2,420 2,662 2,928

Central Level Grant to road 6,000 6,600 7,260 7,986 8,785

RAP GoN 2,400 2,640 2,904 3,194 3,514

Local Road Bridge Project 6,000 6,600 7,260 7,986 8,785

VDC (4 lakh/VDC) 30,000 33,000 36,300 39,930 43,923

Karnali area Special program

,500 10,450 11,495 12,645 13,909

People's participation based

Development program 15,000 16,500 18,150 19,965 21,962

RCIW (50%) 11,700 12,870 14,157 15,573 17,130

RAP Direct 30,000 50,000 55,000 60,500 66,550

People's contribution (10%) 12,380 15,318 16,850 18,535 20,388

Total 136,180 168,498 185,348 203,883 224,271

Grand total 918,179

Investment Plan

Item Year

Fiscal year 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 2074/75

Total budget

136,180

168,498

185,348

203,883

224,271

Village roads

13,618

16,850

18,535

20,388

22,427

Core road network

budget (DTMP)

122,562

151,648

166,813

183,494

201,844

Core network

length (km)

342.24

342.24

342.24

342.24

342.24

Gravel (km)

-

13.65

35.69

57.49

86.02

Earthen (km)

342.24

328.59

306.55

284.75

256.22

Conservation

83,849

89,991

99,909

109,720

122,558

Emergency

8,556

8,556

8,556

8,556

8,556

Routine


3

6,845 6,845 6,845 6,845 6,845

Recurrent

(blacktop)

-

-

-

-

-

Recurrent (gravel)

-

5,460

14,276

22,997

34,408

Recurrent (earthen)

68,448

65,718

61,310

56,950

51,244

Periodic (blacktop)

-

-

-

-

-

Periodic (gravel)

-

3,412

8,922

14,373

21,505


4

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

1 Mr. Om Prakash Joshi DTO Chief

2 Mr. Hem Raj Bhatta Sub- Engineer

3 Mr. Mahendra Prasad Khanal Sub- Engineer

4 Mr. Chhewang Sherpa Sub- Engineer

5 Mr. Mr. Shamsher Karki Sub- Engineer

6 Mr. Durga Prasad Abasthi Sub- Engineer

7 Mr. Subhas Bahadur Kami Asst. Sub- Engineer

8 Mr. Kamal Bahadur Singh Asst. Sub- Engineer

9 Mr. Bhupendra Bahadur Kunwar Asst. Sub- Engineer

10 Mr. Durga Prasad Dhakal WS Sub-technician

11 Mr. Sudeep Acharya WS Sub-technician

12 Mr. Dharma Dev Sharma WS Sub-technician

13 Mr. Dhruba Raj Joshi WS Sub-technician

14 Mr. Basudev Bhandari Nayab Subba

15 Mr. Nandi Singh Pal Kharidae

16 Mr. Dev Singh Badal Sub-accountant

17 Mr. Kamal Prasad Dhungana Office Assistant

18 Mr. Karna Bahadur Bohara Office Assistant


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ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed

Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss

(Rs.) Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit

2066 (2009/2010)

Nada-8 2066/03/17 Flood 1

Kalekada 2066/04/04 Flood 1 2 2

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/16 Flood 50

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/25 Flood 50

Patalkot-9 2066/06/20 Landslide 10 60 4

Sidheshwor 2066/06/20 Flood 4

Bindabasini-1 2066/06/20 Flood 1 2 1

Marku-7 2066/06/21 Flood 3 2

Sokal-9 2066/06/21 Flood 9 9

Lungra-4 2066/06/20 Flood 22

Muli 2066/06/20 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)

Sanphebagar, 2067/04/04 Flood 2 22 15 60 ropani 920,000


6

diff. VDCs

Kulka-8, Boba VDCs 2

2067/05/09 Flood 2 1

2068 (2011/2012)

Malatikot-7 2011/07/02 Flood 3 1

Shidheshwor 2011/07/25 Flood 1

Kalagaon 2011/07/02 Landslide 3

Budarkot-2 2011/09/14 Landslide 1 2

2069 (2012/2013)

Raniban-2 2012/06/01 Storm 1 12

Budhakot-4 2012/09/06 Rainfall 2 1


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ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Photo of landslide from Mangalsen side. About 200m long section of road at km is damaged due

to above landslide.

There is another big landslide at about 100m from the main landslide towards Jupu side.


8

There is one gully between the above landslides. Main landslide is at the right side of the gully and

the second landslide is at the left side. Several slips (minor landslides) have also started to develop at

this gully.


1

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


BANKE DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL


(DOLIDAR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 BANKE DISTRICT .............................................................................................................. 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.4 Asset inventory ............................................................................................................... 1



1.7 Priority infrastructure in Banke District .......................................................................... 1


2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE .................................................................................... 2

2.1 Asset1: RRM – Damjhanachowk – Radhapur ................................................................. 2

2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts ............................................................................................ 5

2.2 Asset 2: RRM-Titiriaya-Sonpur-Udharpur-Sitapur Road ................................................. 5


2.3 Asset 3: Culvert across Kiron Nala on Nepalgunj – Parasprur - Gaughat Road............... 7

2.3.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 10

ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT ............................................................................................ 1

ANNEX B: MAJOR ISSUES .............................................................................................................. 1

ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 3

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 5

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ................................................................................................. 6

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - BANKE ........................................................................................... 7


1

1 BANKE DISTRICT


All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Banke has just

started this process and made a contract with Everest Engineering Consult for preparation of plan.

The Everest Consult has still not started the work.


Budgeting

The budget for the year 2011/12 is given in Annex C

Staff

The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D


1.3.1 Trends

The major issues related to the development of rural roads are presented in Annex B as problem

tree. These issues are relevant to Nepalgunj District also.

1.3.2 Issues

1.4 Asset inventory

The list of rural roads in the district is presented in Annex D.


The list of past extreme events is given in Annex E




DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, GiZ, SDC, TBSU (Helvetas), LRBP (SDC)


The World Bank is assisting DDC for implementation of Rural Access Improvement and

Decentralization Project (RAIDP). This is one of the major programs in the district in the rural

transport field.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Banke District


The key criteria for prioritization include:







2

2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: RRM – Damjhanachowk – Radhapur

Photograph of section of road after earthwork filling. The compaction works

are still not carried out.


This is a one of the important road of the district with a total length of 26 kilometer . It starts from

Chyama (near RRM, north of Kohlpur) crosses Nepalgunj-Guleria Road at Khajura and terminates at

Radhapur. This road is located at a distance of about 5 km west of RRM and runs parallel to it. It was

in the form of dirt road since long time and vehicles used ply on it only during dry season.


type


1 RRM-Samjhanachowk-Khajura-

Radhapur

DTMP Code No: 57A008R

Class A Road Important road of the district but in very

poor condition. The road is being

upgraded (including raising of

embankment height to protect the road

during monsoon)by RAIDP , a WB funded

project

2 RRM-Titiiriya-Sonpur-Udhrapur-

Sitapur Road


Class A Road Important road of the district.

The road is damaged due to improper

selection (of less capacity) of cross

drainage structure.

3 Nepalgunj-Paraspur-Gaughat Road


Culvert The approach road was damaged due to

overflow from the culvert.


3

. As the road was in the priority list of the district people, DDC decided to include it in RAIDP for

upgradation. The road is being upgraded at present at two sections: From Km 0+440 to Km 12+000

and from Km 23+420 to 34 + 074 under two contracts. Brief details of the contracts are presented

below.

Table 1: Brief Details of Contracts (as provided in RFP)

Description Contract Packages

RAIDP/W/NCB/BAN-2.1/067/

068 (0+440-12+000)

RAIDP/DANG/PCK-

B/066/067 (3+500-

13+024)

District Banke Banke

Cost Estimate (Rs) 24,661,271.68 37,094,774.54

Work Order Date 15th

March, 2012 07th

June 2011

Work completion Date 15th

March, 2013 07th

June 2013

Name of Contractor M/S Surya/Pashupati JV M/S Mahalaxmi

Constriction

Contract Amount Rs. 11,921,509.86 37,094,774.54

Supervisory Staff DTO, Banke DTO, Banke

Investor of the Project World Bank World Bank

o DDC has conducted IEE of both sections of the road before the contract award.

o District roads are still not maintained in a systematic way. They are repaired on ad hoc basis

(or as per requirement).

o The DDC has still not started to prepare life cycle cost.

o Systematic record keeping of road damage is still not started.

Watershed context

The asset lies in the watershed of the Kiron Nala in the district. The main problem in the area is

inundation due to flat area and disturbance to natural drainage system.

Asset location

The road is located in western part of the district. Most of the area from where the road passes is

cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the road passes is dominated by clayey silt/ silty

clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land slope is about 0.1% toward south. Khajura

bazaar area, from where the road passes, is very famous for cotton farming.

The road alignment is very near to Kiron Nala and runs parallel to it from north to south. As the

whole area from where the road passes is flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only

problem of the project area is inundation due to disturbance to local drainage system.


4

Asset condition

The project road was fair weather road. Due to the higher traffic and importance, DDC decided to

include it in RAIDP for upgradation. As the road is being upgraded at present, it is not practical to

describe its condition. However, the quality of some structures which were inspected was fair to

satisfactory.

Asset design

The road is being upgraded to Class A district. The main aspects covered by the design are;

o Increasing the road width to 6m (which is standard for Class A District road) throughout its

length

o Raising of embankment height by 0.5 m in average to protect the road from inundation.

o Provide CD structures (PC, causeway, bridge DC etc.) as per site condition.


The road runs from north to south parallel to the direction of the streams. It does not cross any

major river throughout its length. As per the local people, they have not observed any extreme

events except inundation in the project area.



major river throughout its length. As per the local people, they have not observed any extreme

events except inundation in the project area.


The project road is not a major structure and there is not any complexity in design. The major design

aspects which were considered during upgradation were:

o Widening of formation width to 6m throughout its length;

o Raising of embankment height to protect it from inundation;

o Improvement of horizontal and vertical alignment of the road;

o Design of cross drainage structures such as PC, SC, Causeway.

The field observation showed that the design is appropriate for the given condition.


No adaptations have been carried out.

Adaptation location

NA


NA

Threat description

The threat to the new road embankment is from an increase in riverine flooding caused by increased

rainfall due to climate change


5

2.1.3 Past extreme events and impacts

There is no record of past extreme events

Adaptation design

NA

Adaptation success

NA

2.2 Asset 2: RRM-Titiriaya-Sonpur-Udharpur-Sitapur Road

Washed away section of the road towards Sitpur side from the culvert. The damage was before the

construction of culvert. The main reason for washing away was the filling of the natural drainage.

The problem is not solved even after the construction of culvert.


This is a one of the important road of the district with a total length of 11.31kilometer . It is located

at the western area of the district. It starts from MRM passes through Tirtiria, Sonpur and

terminates at Sitpur. This road runs from north to south and is parallel to the Man River, the border

of Banke and Bardiya Districts. Although it is classified as a Class A Road, major design parameters

such as formation width, pavement width, minimum radiuses of vertical and horizontal curves etc.

do not match to the Class A road. However, major section of this road is already graveled.

. The road is graveled except at few locations. Similarly cross drains are also constructed at several

locations but they are not sufficient. Although it is a District Class A Road and should have formation

width of 6m but in actual the road width is lesser than specified. The DDC has not conducted any IEE

of this road.


6

The village people constructed a three cell, 90 cm dia pipe culvert to drain the water. The culvert

was not sufficient to drain the water and hence the excess water washed away the approach road.

The main problem at this location is that the people filled the natural drain and started cultivation.

As result, the water started to flow through a wider area damaging cultivated land and houses. Due

to wider regime width, very small portion of the monsoon discharge water is passing through the

culvert and the remaining through the existing road.

Watershed context

The road lies in the watershed of the Man River, which is the border of this district with Bardiya.

Occasional flooding of area during intense rain is the only a major problem.

Asset location

Most of the area from where the road passes is cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the

road passes is dominated by clayey silt or silty clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land

slope is about 0.1% toward south.

The road alignment is very near to Man River and runs parallel to it from north to south. As the

whole area from where the road passes is flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only

problem of the project area is inundation due to disturbance to local drainage system.

Asset condition

The project road was fair weather road in its initial construction. However, the road was graveled

with DDC and VDC funds. The graveling works took several years due to budget constraint. The

condition of gravel surface is fair to good. Field observation showed that there is the condition of

road is fair to good except at few locations.

Asset design

The road was built without any engineering design. Although it is a Class A road, its major design

parameters do not satisfy to it. However, the new structures such as PC, SC, retaining walls etc. are

being constructed following standard design.



major river throughout its length. During the monsoon of 2011, the water collected from adjoin

area washed away some portion of the road (where the PC is constructed at present) at km 4.

Damage to project road and surrounding areas due to flooding is common at the project area.


As mentioned above, there is a tendency of inundation in the project area. The road also used to

inundated due to its low embankment height. Hence, the users have raised the embankment height

at some areas, provided side drains at both sides at flood prone areas and added cross drainage

structures.


7


The project road is not a major structure and there is no requirement of any complex in design.

Following design aspects should be improved in the future:

o Proper design of horizontal curves;

o Construction of more cross drainage structures;

o Construction of more causeways rather than PC and SC.


No adaptations have been carried out.

Adaptation location

NA


NA

Threat description

The threat to this road is from increased rainfall and riverine flooding.

Past Extreme Events and impacts

There is no record of extreme events at this location.

Adaptation Design

NA

Adaptation Success

NA

2.3 Asset 3: Culvert across Kiron Nala on Nepalgunj – Parasprur - Gaughat Road


8

View of the culvert from US. The structure has already started to show sign of distress due to lack

of adequate maintenance. The newly constructed concrete causeway is located at the left side of

the culvert.


9


The culvert is located at Km 8+500 across Kiron Nala along Nepalgunj-Paraspur-Gaughat Road and

was constructed about 12 years ago. The culvert has two spans of 6m each and has a carriageway

width of 4.25m. The road is one of the important roads in the district and hence is already black

topped.

The left approach road of the culvert was washed away during the flood of 2011 due to overflow of

water from the culvert. DDC constructed 20 m long causeway at washed away section of the road.

The condition of the causeway is good.

Watershed context

The Kiron Nala (stream) itself drains substantial part of western Banke District. This stream joins

Man River in India at a distance of few kilometers south from the border.

location


10

Most of the area from where the road passes is cultivated land. The soil of the area from where the

road passes is dominated by clayey silt or silty clay. The land is flat and fertile. In average the land

slope is about 0.1% toward south.

The culvert is located at km 8+500 from Nepalgunj. As the whole watershed area of the stream is

flat, there is no probability of ground instabilities. The only problem associated with the culvert is

that it can not drain all the discharge of the stream during very high flood.

Asset condition

The condition of the culvert is satisfactory although it was built about 12 years ago There are sign of

distress due to lack of proper maintenance. It is structurally safe and there is no probability of

collapse in near future.

Asset design

The deck slab of the culvert is RCC over steel beams. It has a carriage width of 4.25m. The abutment

and pier are constructed of brick masonry. The overall design of the structure is good and there is no

problem on structural aspect. However, the draining capacity of the culvert is not sufficient for larger

discharge during high rainfall.


In 2012, the all the accumulated discharge could not pass through the culvert. As a consequence

substantial amount of discharge passed through the left approach road and washed away the road.


As mentioned above, the overflow of the stream washed away the left approach road. The DDC

constructed a 20 m long concrete causeway at that location.


The culvert is a small structure and its structural design is good. However, the length of the culvert is

not sufficient to accommodated discharge during high flood. Similarly, the concrete causeway which

was built to accommodate higher discharge seems appropriate for the given site condition.


Adaptation location

The adaptation of a concrete causeway is located a short distance from the culvert


The causeway is in good condition

Threat description

The threat is of increased volume of flooding due to higher rainfall which will cause increased flood

levels and overtopping of the roadway with probable destruction of the road.


In 2012 a high flood washed out a section of road which resulted in the DDC constructing the

adaptation of a concrete causeway

Adaptation Design

The design of the causeway is appropriate for the location


11

Adaptation Success

The adaptation has been a success but has not yet been exposed to a high flood.


1

ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: MAJOR ISSUES

PROBLEM TREE: RURAL ROAD

Higher Cost of Goods – Reduced Economic Growth – Lower Standard of Living – Reduced

Access to Medical Facilities – Fewer Business Opportunities – Reduced Access to Markets

Damaged roads

causing difficulty in

transportation of

goods and people

Very High

transportatio

n cost

Unsafe roads.

Loss of lives and

properties

Constructed roads

often do not lead to

agricultural and

market

VERY POOR STATE OF RURAL ROAD NETWORK IN THE COUNTRY

(Both in quality and quantity; MoLD estimates that about 55% of LRN is not motorable)

Poor Planning

Weak Institutional

Capacity/Arrangements

Poor Performance in

Implementation and Maintenance

Road classification not

clear

Lack of proper road

inventory

Limited understanding

and exercises in rural

planning

DTMP/ARMP not

prepared/followed

Sharing of fund between

political parties.

Explosive expansion of

LRN but low sustainability

No strategic targets for

upgrading

Ownership of roads

between DoR, DDC and

VDC not clear

Weak technical capacity

of DoLIDAR and DDCs

Too many parallel

committees in the

district

Lack of coordination

between the donors

Weak absorbing capacity

of districts

Relationship between

DTO and LDO unclear;

complicating

implementation of

approved budget

Financial irregularities

DTOs are very weak in contractual

aspects

Lack of laboratory testing

materials in the districts

DDC and DoLIDAR technicians

are weak in design and

construction supervision aspects

DDC and DoLIDAR technicians

do not give due attention to

quality of works

Poor mechanism to check

corruption

Insufficient budget allocation

for maintenance

Very weak technical capacity in

maintenance;

Users’ Co ittees bei g extensively for implementation

and maintenance with poor

accountability


3

ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET

Budget of DDC Office Banke (FY: 011/12) 1000 rupees

S.

No. Name of Programs

Allocated Actual Expenditure

Capital Regular Capital Regular

Central Programs

1 VDC Grant 81,416 18,094 81,416 18,094

2 Excluded, Disadvantaged and

Dalits Development Fund 385 - 385 -

3 DDC Grant 26,233 23,002 26,233 23,002

4 Social Security Grant - 121,504 - 121,504

5 Local Transport Infrastructure

Sector wide Program 3,668 - 3,668 -

6 Local Transport Infrastructure

Sector wide Program 1,724 - 1,724 -

7

Local Infrastructure

Development (small

irrigation)

2,722 - 2,722 -

8 Madhesi-backward and

Muslim Upliftment 1,792 - 1,792 -

9

Local level roads, bridges and

community access

development

15,000 - 15,000 -

10 Suspension bridge local

program 1,280 - 1,280 -

11 Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation program 3,428 - 3,428 -

12 Decreasing Adibasi/Janajati

Development 193 - 3,428 -

13 Local Governance and

Community Development - 9,274 3,428 -

14 RAIDP 854 - 854 -

15 RAIDP 10,907 400 10,907 400

16 Local participation based 4,057 - 4,057 -


4

development programs

17 Central level roads 3,996 - 3,996 -

18 Backward Terai-Madhes

Special Program 4,029 - 4,029 -

19 Election Area Development

Program 9,280 - 9,280 -

20 Youth and Sport Ministry - 360 - 360

21 Royalty management and

distribution 1,000 - 1,000 -

22 Peace process support

program - 50 - 50

23 National Self Service Program - 144 - 144

Total 171,964 172,828 171,964 172,828

DDC Fund

1 Tax, Service fee, rental 6,200 8,500 6,435 8,264 1,260

2 Royalty distribution 19,500 - 14,949 - ,

3 Roads Board 3,396 - 2,505 -

Total 29,096 8,500 23,888 8,264

Grand Total 201,060 181,328 195,852 181,092


5

ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT

OFFICERS

1 Mr. Sano Kaji Kari DTO Chief

2 Mr. Ram Bahadur Thapa Engineer

3 Mr. Brish Lal Giri Engineer

4 Mr. Sarad Kumar Adhiklari Engineer

5 Mr. Purna Bahadur Rokaya Engineer

6 Mr. Gobinda Bhadur Mahatra Sub- Engineer

7 Mr. Dhana Bahadur Rokaya Sub- Engineer

8 Mr. Jaya Bahdur Karki Sub- Engineer

9 Mr. Govinda Tripathi Accountant

10 Mr. Suresh Kumar Shrestha Asst. Sub- Engineer

11 Ms. Sarita Shrestha Asst. Sub- Engineer

12 Mr. Rajendra Bahadur Sahi Asst. Sub- Engineer

13 Mr. Bijaya Raj Panta Asst. Sub- Engineer

14 Mr. Raj Kumar Chaudhari Asst. Sub- Engineer

15 Mr. Madaneswar Jha Asst. Sub- Engineer

16 Support Staffs 5


6

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss


2066 (2009/2010)

Different VDCs 2066/04/13 Flood

Rapti Nadi 2066/04/23 Flood

2067 (2010/2011)

2068 (2011/2012)

Titahariya-5 2011/07/11 Flood 1

Bankatuwa-9 2011/07/23 Flood 1 6

Nepalgunj-8 2011/08/16 Flood

Nepalgunj-5 2011/09/10 Flood 1

Kanchanpur-6 2011/09/13 Flood 1

Bageshwori 2011/04/25 Storm 1

2069 (2012/2013)

Kohalpur-3 2012/05/17 Storm 3

Betahani-4,6 2012/08/02 Flood

Phattepur-8 2012/08/04 Flood 58

Betahani-9 2012/08/04 Flood 1


7

ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - BANKE

ASSET 1

Filling works over the existing embankment by excavating at both sides

of the road. The project has envisaged increasing the embankment height

by 0.5m in average to protect the road from flooding.

Recently built 6m long slab culvert. The overall construction quality is good.


8

ASSET 2

Triple cell pipe culvert of 90 cm dia. The overall construction quality of the culvert is good. This

structure is not sufficient to drain the water. Moreover, the invert level of the culvert is about 40

cm higher than the ground level. This defect has also decreased the draining capacity.

View of road towards Nepalgunj side. The road is graveled and its condition is fair to

Good. The formation width is less than 6m although it is a Class A district.


9

ASSET 3

Recently built causeway at the damaged portion of the road. The total length of the causeway is

20m and its condition is good. There is no damage to the causeway after it was constructed two

years ago. Such structure may be replicated at other locations also.

Upstream view of the stream from the culvert. The width of culvert is less than natural channel

width. Hence it cannot pass full discharge and as a consequence the excess water passes through

the left approach road and damages it.

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


CHITWAN DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL


(DOLIDAR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 CHITWAN DISTRICT .......................................................................................................... 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1





2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ............................................................................... 4

2.1 Asset1: Gitanagar Settlement ......................................................................................... 4


ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT ....................................................................................... 1

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2



ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 5


1

1 CHITWAN DISTRICT


DDC Chitwan is finalizing DTMP. According the DTO Chief the DTMP report will be complete within

three months.


Budgeting

Budgets of DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2011/12 are presented in Annex b

Staff

The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex c


Chitwan district is constructing several infrastructural works especially roads and bridges. The

trends and issue of this district is similar to other districts and are described briefly in the following

section.

1.3.1 Trends

Planning

Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing District Transport Master Plan

(DTMP). Chitwan District is finalizing its DTMP within few months.

Design



Construction

All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges funded by DDC are done by using

local contractors (10%) and Users' Committee (80%). However in donor funded projects such as

RRRSDP, the share of local contractor is much more than UCs.

The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For example at present

construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently.

Monitoring

1.3.2 Issues

a) Difficult to manage due to large number of roads. There are at present 600 roads being

implemented.

b) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;

c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to absence of maintenance.

d) Sharing of funds between parties

e) No strategic targets for upgrading.

f) Very poor quality of constructed roads; approximately 55 % of the RRs are not motorable;

f) High financial irregularities.

g) Weak technical capacity of DoLIDAR and DDCs;

h) Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);


2

i) All party mechanism has influence but no accountability; not following rules and procedures for

personal/party benefits;

j) Weak absorbing capacity of districts;

k) Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;

l) Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.

One of the major causes of the above issues is the absence of elected bodies in local level. The other

which are reasons for the above issues are:

i) Low commitment of DDC for proper management of rural roads;

ii) Weak technical capacity (design, construction supervision and maintenance aspects) of district

engineers

iii) Lack of laboratory testing materials in the districts;

iv) DDC and DoLIDAR technicians do not give due attention to quality of works;

v) Poor mechanism to check corruption;

-vi)Insufficient budget allocation for maintenance;

vii Users’ Co ittees ore tha 80% bei g e te sivel used for i ple e tatio a d maintenance with poor accountability.


A list of past extreme events in Chitwan is given in Annex D






RRRSDP which is being funded mainly by ADB and GoN is the major donor agency for development

of rural roads and suspension bridges in the district.










3

The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of

the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The

priority list is given in the following table.


type


1 Ladari Motorable Bridge

Medium

Bridge

The pier at left bank has settled due to

scouring and extraction of river bed

materials. As a consequence, the two

spans of superstructure also collapsed

At present the vehicles cannot move

through this bridge.

To show the example of poor design,

construction and monitoring of

DDC/DoLIDAR.

2 Gitanagar Settlement Drainage

Structure

To show the drainage problems in new

settlements which are developed

without properly considering the

drainage management aspects.

3 Concrete Causeway along Parsa-

Kumaroj Road

Local Road The DoLIDAR recently completed the

construction of a concrete causeway of

20 m length and a depressed land

where the road was frequently closed

during high flood. After the

construction of the causeway, it has

become easier for vehicles and

pedestrians. To show the good

example of proper selection of

structures.


4

2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: Gitanagar Settlement

Starting point of Gitanagar settlement. There is no side drains at both sides.

Sketch Plan of Site


5


Gitanagar is a recently developed settlement. It is located 10 km south of Bharatpur. This new

settlement is already facing severe drainage problems. The locals of this settlement constructed

houses blocking the natural/ existing drains. As a result the road is submerged by water for a long

period making difficulty for vehicles and pedestrians. This is one of the serious issues on all new

settlements of Terai districts. It is believed that this problem will aggravate with the future climate

change.

Watershed context

Gitanagar settlement lies in the watershed of Khairang Khola. This khola originates at about 5

kilometer north and it joins with Rapti River, which is located at a distance of 7 kilometer towards

downstream

Asset location

The asset is located at 10 kilometer south from Bharatpur, headquarter of Chitwan District. The

adjoining areas of this settlement are flat and cultivated. The soil type of the Gitanagar and

surrounding area is is clayey silt. There are not any major water bodies near the asset. As the

settlement is located on flat area, there is not a problem of ground instabilities.

Asset condition

This is a new settlement and its condition is good.

Asset design

The settlement was developed without any planning and design. Hence there are several

shortcomings especially lacking proper surface drainage system.


There was not any major event in the past except flooding on the road during monsoon.


This is a very new settlement. The concerned people of the settlement have not constructed any

adaptation measures to tackle the inundation problem.


There are not any major adaptation measures.


Adaptation location

There has been no adaptation to the existing infrastructure


NA

Threat description

The threat to the settlement is from increased ponding on the roadways due to the increase in

rainfall and the intensity of rainfall due to the effects of climate change


There have been nont


6

Adaptation design

NA

Adaptation success

NA


1

ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT


2

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET

SN Budget Head Budget for FY (1000 Rupees)

2010/11 2011/12

1 DDC's fund 171,819,369 24,770,000

2 DDC grant 67,557,000 60,973,000

3 DDC resource distribution 62,317,205 37,050,000

4 Local level agricultural roads 94,00,000 11,200,000

5 Road Board Fund 4,000,000 4800000

6 Local level suspension bridges 1,669,000 3,576,000

7 Water Supply and Sanitation 4,930,000 5,350,000

8 VDC grant 97,471,000 76,312,000

9 Upliftment of excluded and dalits 415,400 450,000

10 Chepang Development Program 500,000 500,000

11 Election are development program 13,000,000

13,000,000

12 Indigenous Praja 1,945,000 2,200,000

13 Local self Governance and Community

Development

23,110,861 8,000,000

14 Upliftment of Madhesis and Backward

Communities

1,500,000 1,500,000

15 Management and Development of Gumbas 1,400,000 1,400,000

16 Youth and Sport 360,000 400,000

17 Community Participation Development Program 2,200,000 3,000,000

18 Core network 11,880,000 13,000,000

19 Local Level motrable bridges 10,000,000 17,500,000

20 Energy Development Unit 700,000 700,000

21 Local infrastructure Small Irrigation 3,000,000 3,500,000

22 RRRSDP 161,440,000 135,932,000

23 Local Development Fund 13,417,287 6,015,000

24 Children's welfare Fund 0 1,357,000

Total 689532022 631,985,000


3


OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Ram Chandra Dangal DTO Chief

2 Mr. Jagadish Sharma Engineer

3 Mr. Punya Ram Sulu Engineer

4 Mr. Balabhadra Paneru Engineer

5 Mr. Sarad Chandra Sharma Account Officer

6 Mr. Sujan Thapa Engineer

7 Mr. Bishnu Prasad Kafle Sub- Engineer

8 Mr. Krishna Pandit Sub- Engineer

9 Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Jha Sub- Engineer

10 Mr. Sohinder Yadav Sub- Engineer

11 Mr. Bed Prasad Bajgai Nayab Subba

12 Mr. Ramesh Bahdur Kunwar Nayab Subba

13 Mr. Min Bahdur Thapa Typist-Kharidar

14 Mr. Buddhi Bahadur Rayamajhi Water Supply Technician

15 Mr. Mana Bahadur Lama Water Supply Technician

16 Mr. Lok Nath Koirala Water Supply Technician

17 Mr. Umanath Padhya Office Assistant

18 Mr. Gopal Bahdur B. K. Office Assistant


4


VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed

Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss

(Rs.) Dead Missin

g

Injured Total Partly No. Unit

2065 (2008/2009)

Kawilas-6 2065/02/31

Flood

Landslide 7 7

815000

2066 (2009/2010)

Jagatpur Lothar 2066/04/23 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)

2068 (2011/2012)

Mangalpur-5 2012/07/01 Flood 70

Meghauli-1,2 2012/07/01 Flood 250

2069 (2012/2013)

Kabilas-9 2012/06/4 Storm 1 0


5

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Damage to the road pavement due to accumulation of water. The water from the settlement can

be drained through the field at right side. However it is not possible at present due to absence of

side drains.

Main settlement area. The houses in this area are built above the road blocking natural drains of

the surrounding areas

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


KATHMANDU DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL


(DOLIDAR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT .................................................................................................... 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 2





2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ......................................................................... 3

2.1 Asset 1 : Matatirtha – Durali – Kulekhani - Hetauda ...................................................... 3


2.2 Asset 2: Kageswori – Chakrapath (Ring Road); Indrayani – Gagalphedi Section ............ 5


ANNEX A – MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT .................................................................................. 1


ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT OFFICERS ........................................... 4


ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS-ASSET 1 ............................................................................................... 6

ASSET 2........................................................................................................................................ 7


1

1 KATHMANDU DISTRICT


All the districts are required to prepare District Transport Master Plan (DTMP). Kathmandu DDC

employed PARD (P) Ltd. to prepare DTMP in FY 2010/11. The road inventory made by PARD during

DTMP preparation was later updated by DoLIDAR.

Recommendation made by the PARD to effectively implement the DTMP are as follows:

Road priority should be given to the area having poor accessibility, especially where the

people need to walk more than 2 hours.

DDC has to play a vital role for the implementation of the DTMP;

District Road Coordination Committee (DRCC) should participate actively for the coordination

and supportive role on planning, implementation, monitoring and supervision of the rural

and agricultural roads.

For the proper implementation of the DTMP, local contribution should be increased for the

fund raising. The VDC funds are to be used for the repair and maintenance of village roads.

Green road construction approach shall be followed for the new construction. The approach

is simple, participatory, cost effective and environment friendly. Aspects should be

considered for the implementation of Initial Environment Examination (IEE) and

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

The mid term review of DTMP should be done after three years and DTMP should be updated

after five years. If any other sources of funding is available during the course of tiime, the

DTMP is to be updated so as to align with the available financial resources.

In order to have smooth implementation of DTMP, the technical manpower of the DDC

should be well trained and technical equipments should be added in the DDC.


Budgeting

The Budgets of the DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2012/13 are given in Annex

Staff

The names and positions of the District Officers are shown in Annex D


Several rural infrastructural works especially roads and bridges are being constructed/upgraded at

present. The trends and issue of this district is similar to other hill districts and are described briefly in

the following section.

1.3.1 Trends

Planning

Implementation of rural roads in all districts including Kathmandu is done following DTMP. But there

are several instances where the implementation of the roads is done under political pressure also.

Design

Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants.


2

Construction

All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local contractors

and Users' Committee. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines.

For example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used

more frequently.

1.3.2 Issues

Issues and Constraints

The major issues and constraints for development of RR are summarized below.

DTMP/ARMP not prepared/followed

Very limited fund in comparison to number of roads;

Sharing of funds between parties – many small projects (100-300 per district);

No strategic targets for upgrading.

Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;

Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;

High financial irregularities.

Insufficient budget allocation for maintenance and very weak technical capacity of the district

technicians in maintenance etc.


A record of past extreme events in the District is given in table D




DoR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, SDC, TBSU (Helvetas), NT, NEA etc.


RRRSDP which was the major project (funded by GoN, ADB, DfID, OFID, SDC) until the last fiscal year

has phased out. It is envisaged that the project will start next year.



The prioritisation process is described in the Vulnerability assessment and adaptation guidance

methodology. The key criteria for prioritisation include:







3

The consultant in consultation with the DTO chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the

district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list

is given the following table.

2 KATHMANDU DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset 1 : Matatirtha – Durali – Kulekhani - Hetauda


The Matatirtha-Durali-Kulekhani-Hetauda is one of the shortest road link joining Kathmandu and

Hetauda. It is about 40 kilometer long of which 8.5 km lies in the Kathmandu District. This road starts

from Matatirtha which is located very near to Kathmandu city. The initial 2 kilometer of the road lies

in rolling terrain is already black topped. The remaining section is either graveled or earthen. After


type


1 Matatirtha-Deuralikhani-Hetauda

Raod

Local Road It is one of the prioritized road of

Kathamndu DDC. It is the shortest

motorable route between Kathmandu

and Hetauda.

2 ASSET 2: Kageswori Chakrapth Local Road This road falls in the priority of the

district and hence it was included in

RRRSDP for upgradation. The road is

stabilized by providing geo-textile and

bio-engineering works which is not

very common for rural roads.


4

passing the rolling terrain the road starts to ascend along the hill slope of western part of the valley

and passes through Deurali Bhanjyang which is the end point of Kathmandu District.

Construction of this road was started in 2003. But the construction activities were stopped for about

8 years. The construction works restarted in FY 2059/60. It is to be noted that both DDC Kathmandu

are involved in maintaining/rehabilitating this road although it is classified as a rural road. GoN is

providing 2 million rupees per year to DDC Kathamandu and DoR to clear debris, construct walls and

widen few road sections every year as per requirement.

Watershed context

This road lies in the watershed of Matatirtha Khola. The length of the khola up to the start of the road

is about 2 km. The field observation showed that the discharge of the khola will not be significant

even during the monsoon season. The road does not face any vulnerabilities from Matatirtha Khola

and other streams because the road is located very near to the top of the hill.

Asset location

The initial 2 km of the road passes through settlement areas. This area is covered by cultivated land,

shrubs and bushes. From Km 2 to the end of the road section, the area is mountainous and is covered

with forest.

The soil at the project area is comprised of clayey silt, weathered rocks, gravels and boulders.

There are not any major streams affecting the road. The road crosses few rivulets throughout its

length.

There is no problem of ground instabilities along the initial 2 kilometer long section. Beyond 2 minor

landslides and slips were observed but they are not serious

Asset condition

Major section (excluding initial 2 km) of the road is still in the form of track with the following

characteristics:

Narrow road section

Sharp curves

Very few drainage structures etc.

Although the condition of the road is very poor, it is difficult to rehabilitate/upgrade it as the number

of district roads in Kathmandu is very high and the budget allocated for them is very low.

Asset design

The road is designed as a Class A rural road. Although the design is satisfactory, the existing condition

of the road is very poor due to lack of fund. Very few structures are constructed along the road. The

materials adopted for the road structures are gabions and stone masonry in cement sand mortar.


Landslides are frequent at this location. Beside this, there was not any major event in the past.


Kathmandu DDC and DoR have constructed some retaining and breast walls along the road. These

walls are functioning satisfactorily.



5

There are no shortcomings in design of the asset. However, the condition of the road is very poor as

GoN allocates very little budget for its upgradation/construction.


Adaptation location

The adaptations, consisting of retaining and breast walls occur at various locations along the

alignment


The adaptations are generally in reasonable condition

Threat description

Increase in total rainfall and the intensity of rainfall during the rainy season is a threat to the stability

of the hillside both above and below the road


There is no record of extreme event along the road alignment

Adaptation design

The design of the adaptation is reasonable but is unlikely to be effective against future extreme

events brought about through climate change

Adaptation success

The adaptations have generally been successful.

2.2 Asset 2: Kageswori – Chakrapath (Ring Road); Indrayani – Gagalphedi Section


6

Sketch of Site


This is a Class A Road and falls in the district core network. It starts from Indrayani and its teminates

at Gagalphedi and its total length is about 8 km. The road is black topped at some locations. The road

section which is considered for study is located at km 7+300.

The road is a very important one as it connects several villages located in the eastern part of the

valley. Construction of this road was initiated when DDC Kathmandu constructed gabion walls in FY

2001/02 to retain the road at above chainage. DWIDP also assisted the DDC and constructed more

walls. Due to improper water management the gabion walls collapsed about 3 years ago.

EIA/IEE of the road was not conducted.

Watershed context

This road lies in the watershed of Matatirtha Khola. The length of the khola up to the start of the road

is about 2 km. The field observation showed that the discharge of the khola will not be significant

even during the monsoon season. The road does not face any vulnerabilities from Matatirtha Khola

and other streams because the road is located very near to the top of the hill.

Asset location


7

The project road is located in the southern end of Kathmandu Valley. It starts from Matatirtha which

is one of the holiest places of Kathmandu Valley. Matatrtha is linked by a 2 kilometer long road with

TRP at Satungal. The initial 2 km of the road which is already blacktopped lies in the rolling terrain

and the remaining 6 kilometer lies in the mountain.

The initial 2 km of the road passes through settlement areas. This area is covered by cultivated land,

shrubs and bushes. From Km 2 to the end of the road section, the area is mountainous and is covered

with forest.

The soil at the project area is comprised of clayey silt, weathered rocks, gravels and boulders.

There are not any major streams affecting the road. The road crosses few rivulets throughout its

length.

There is no problem of ground instabilities along the initial 2 kilometer long section. Beyond 2 minor

landslides and slips were observed but they are not serious

Asset condition

Major section (excluding initial 2 km) of the road is still in the form of track with the following

characteristics:

Narrow road section

Sharp curves

Very few drainage structures etc.

Although the condition of the road is very poor, it is difficult to rehabilitate/upgrade it as the number

of district roads in Kathmandu is very high and the budget allocated for them is very insignificant.

Asset design

The road is designed as a Class A rural road. Although the design is satisfactory, the existing condition

of the road is very poor due to lack of fund. Very few structures are constructed along the road. The

materials adopted for the road structures are gabions and stone masonry in cement sand mortar.


Except for the landslide which is the subject of this assessment there is no recorded major event in

the past.

Past adaptation response

After the collapse of the wall DDC Kathmandu conducted detail design of the road stretch. The most

interesting aspects of the design was the provision of geotextile and bio-engineering works which is

rare in design and construction of rural roads.

The construction works started on June 2011 and completed on March 2012. The total cost of the

whole works including improvement works at Km 7+148 was 5.7 million rupees. The works comprised

the followings:

Construction of gabion walls

Filling of road embankment

Sub surface drainage

Providing geotextile in layers

Bio-engineering works


8


The design for the rectification of the landslide is appropriate. However, a new surface water

drainage management system should also have been incorporated in the adaptation to ensure that

the threat from increased rainfall would be alleviated


Adaptation location

The work carried out as an adaptation following the landslide is at km 7+300


The adaptation described above is in good condition

Threat description

The continuing threat at this location is from increased rainfall and intense rainfall which as a result

of the inadequate surface water management will enter the ground at the top of the landslide zone

and cause instability in the underlying soils


There is no record of extreme events occurring at this location

Adaptation Design

The adaptation work carried out consisted of:

Construction of gabion walls

Filling of road embankment

Slope sub surface drainage

Providing geotextile in layers

Bio-engineering works

Adaptation Success

The adaptation work carried out to rectify the landslide has been successful but the non-inclusion of

surface water management means that there remains a threat from increased rainfall.


1

ANNEX A – MAP OF KATHMANDU DISTRICT


2


SN Budget Head Budget for FY

2010/11

(Actual

Expenditure)

2011/12

(Revised

Estimate)

2012/13

(Proposed

Expenditure

Estimate)

DDC's Internal Sorce

1 Furniture purchase 454,931 500,000 500,000

2 Vehicles 337,800 6,000,000 1,000,000

3 Machinery and other equipment 467,764 1,000,000 1,000,000

4 Building construction 631,930 5,000,000 2,000,000

5 Expenditure on community construction 35,161,637 117,910,890 73,520,000

6 Expenditure for capital formation 199,308 8,000,000 500,000

7 Study and consultancy fee 956,550 1,300,000 1,500,000

8 Non conditional grant to local bodies

9 Grant to NGOs and clubs 200,000 200,000

10 Unconditional grant to social service

11 Education service grant

12 Health grant

13 Grant to other social sector

14 Grant to social organizations

15 Contingencies

Sub-total 43,166,101 149,510,890 90,720,000

External Resources

1 Election area development program 32,945,100 0 0

2 LGCDP 13,017,010 0 0

3 VDC grant 107,250,500 62,215,000 93,340,000

4 DDC grant 41,588,100 42,241,000 34,981,000

5 Disadvantaged dalit group 386,900 242,600 470,000

6 Community participation development

program

20,864,497 23,700,000 25,000,000

7 Electricity Development Department 7,776,000 8,000,000 8,000,000

8 Central level roads 11,467,800 11,500,000 12,000,000

9 Rural water supply and sanitation 598,625 6,100,000 9,918,000

10 Local transport infrastructure area

program

7,354,510 6,000,000 7,830,000

11 Local Infrastructure and agriculture 2,209,106 2,000,000 3,000,000

12 Suspension bridges 1,453,976 2,100,000 5,164,000


3

13 Local level bridges 5,137,838 5,000,000 15,660,000

14 RRSDP 108,846,000 99,944,000 136,853,000

Sub-total 360,895,965 269,042,600 352,216,000

Aid from Indian Embassy 12,871,308 80,000,,000 80,000,000

Miscellaneous 2,909,106 500,000 500,000

GRAND TOTAL (Internal + External) 419,842,480 499,053,490 523,436,000


4

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF KATHMANDU

DISTRICT OFFICERS

Names and positions of district officers

1 Mr. Mahesh Aryal DTO Chief

2 Mr. Khagendra Prasad Dahal Engineer

3 Mr. Shaligram Devkota Engineer

4 Mr. Chuda Raj Dhakal Engineer

5 Mr. Devi Prasad Panday Engineer

6 Mr. Shyam Saran Shrestha Engineer

7 Mr. Babu Ram Ghimire Engineer

8 Mr. Chandra Mani Gyawali Account Officer

9 Mr. Dol Raj Poudel Section Officer

10 Mr. Prakash Man Shrestha Engineer

11 Mr. Sandesh Dhakal Engineer

12 Mr. Mr. Rabindra Rijal Sub-engineer

13 Mr. Sarad Kumar Shrestha Sub-engineer

14 Mr. Mr. Basudev Bhandari Sub-engineer

15 Mr. Kumar Prasad Sapkota Sub-engineer

16 Ms. Sandhya Regmi Sub-engineer

17 Mr. Dil Prasad Bhattarai Sub-engineer

18 Mr. Mr. Jageswao Sah Sub-engineer

19 Mr. Lilam Raj Rai Sub-engineer

20 Mr. Ms. Mandira Shrestha Sub-engineer

21 Mr. Ram Saran Khadka Water Supply Technician

22 Ms. Maya Panthi Accountant

23 Ms. Bimala Panday Nayab Subba

24 Ms. Bina Shrestha Typist

25 Ms. Mithimaya Basnet Water Supply Technician

26 Mr. Shree Ram Lamichhane Kharidar

27 Ms. Jyoti Panthi Ma. Ka. Ka.

28 Ms. Nirmala Regmi Water Supply Technician

29 Ms. Pabitra Baral Water Supply Technician

30 Ms. Sailaja Khatiwada Water Supply Technician

31 Mr. Mukunda Poudel Water Supply Technician

32 Mr. Shree Krishna Raut Office Assistant

33 Mr. Suresh Karmacharya Driver

34 Ms. Sunita Karki Office Assistant

35 Mr. Shyam Raja Bhattarai Office Assistant


5


VDC/

Municipality &

Ward No.

Date

Type of

Disaster

People Affected

Family

Animal

Loss

House

Destroyed

Shed

Destroyed

Land Loss Public

Property

Estimated

Loss


2066 (2009/2010)

2067 (2010/2011)

2068 (2011/2012)

Kathmandu 9 2012/08/15 Flood 1

Thankot 9 2012/08/15 Flood 1

Kathmandu 1 2012/09/26 Flood 1

Manamaiju 1 2011/07/01 Rainfall 3

Kirtipur 2011/07/01 Rainfall 3

Chunikhel-7 2011/08/19 Rainfall 3

Kirtipur-14 2011/08/26 Rainfall 1 2

Bhimdhunga 2011/08/26 Rainfall 1 100,000

Kathmandu-2 2011/09/06 Rainfall 1

Dakshankali 2011/09/26 Rainfall 2 80,000

2069 (2012/2013)

Chaimale-9 2012/07/20 Landslide 1 400,000

Sheshnarayan 2012/07/23 Rainfall 1 500,000

Thankot-8 2012/09/01 Flood 1 900,000

Thankot-9 2012/09/02 Flood 1 2,500,000

Mahadevsthan 2012/08/14 Rainfall 2 1

Chhaimale-4 2012/09/17 Rainfall 1 400,000

Chhaimale-6 2012/09/19 Rainfall 1 250,000


6

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS -ASSET 1

Overall view of the landslide. This landslide was obstructing vehicular traffic in regular basis

before the construction of gabion breast wall. At present the landslide is almost stabilized

Small slips are common along the whole road stretch. This is due to steep hill slope at hill side.

According to the DDC sub-engineer, the hill slope could not be made flatter due to budget

constraint.


7

ASSET 2

View of road and bio-engineering works at the slope. It is a good example that the bio-

engineering measures are applied for rural roads also.

View of bio-engineering works from the bottom of the slope. At the bottom of the slope, 2 m high

gabion wall is constructed to retain the fill. Good example of combination of walls and bio-

engineering works.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoLIDAR District baseline

i

TA – 7984 NEP

October, 2013


Development


PANCHTHAR DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL


(DOLIDAR)


METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting




Version B


ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT...................................................................................................... 1




1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 1





2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ........................................................................... 3

2.1 Asset1: Shiwa Khola Bridge ............................................................................................. 3


ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT .................................................................................... 1



ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ............................................................................................... 5


1

1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT


DDC Panchthar is preparing DTMP and expects to finalize within 3 months


Budgeting

The Budget of DDC for the FY 2010/11 to 2012/13 are presented iin Annex B

Staff

The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex C


Panchthar District is constructing several infrastructural works especially roads and bridges. The

trends and issue of this district is similar to other districts and are described briefly in the following

section.

1.3.1 Trends

Planning

Planning of rural roads and bridges in the district is done by preparing DTMP. Chitwan District is

preparing its DTMP and is finalizing within few days.

Design, Construction & Monitoring



1.3.2 Issues

The major issues and constraints for development of RRs in Myagdi Distirct are summarized below.

a) Roads are constructed on ad hoc basis without completing the existing ones;

b) Several new roads are selected without competing the existing ones;

c) Very poor condition of the constructed roads due to distribution of budgets;

d) Sharing of funds between parties – many small projects (100-300 per district);

e) Weak Institutional Capacity/Arrangements causing delay in planning, execution and

maintenance;

f) High financial irregularities.

g) Too many parallel committees in the district (DTICC, DRRMC, LRUC, RMUC, etc.);

h) Weak absorbing capacity of districts; the allocated yearly budget is not spent.

i) Weak checking and monitoring mechanism due to absence of elected bodies;

j) Financial rules and regulations bypassed taking advantage of transition period.

k) Users’ Co ittees ore tha 80% ei g e te sivel used for i ple e tatio a d ai te a e with poor accountability.



2






RRRSDP was the major donor agency for development of rural roads and suspension bridges in the

district. But the RRSDP expired in 2012 and is envisaged to start within one year.









The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of

the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The

priority list is given in the following table.


type


1 Shiwa Khola Bridge (motorable) Bridge This is the first motrable bridge

constructed by DDC/DoLIDAR in

Panchthar District.

2 Samdin-Chokmagu-Siwa-Panchami

Road

Road This is one of the important road of the

district and provides motrable link to

several VDCs. The road is frequently

blocked by a landslide at km 4.5

although DDC is spending substaial

amount for its stabilization. Good

example of landslide problem in the

district.

3 Ithum-Tamakhe-Tribeni-Phidim Road This is a village road constructed by

peoples' participation. The road is

blocked by a landslide for about 2 years.

The approximate cost of landslide is

estimated to be Rs. 1.5 million. The DDC

is not able to provide the fund due to

number of roads in the district.


3

2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE

2.1 Asset1: Shiwa Khola Bridge

Photo of the bridge from upstream. As seen on photo, the length of the bridge is almost equal to

the present waterway width and its vertical clearance is also sufficient.


4


The bridge lies located at km 5 of Phidim-Ranigaun-Yachok Road. It is a single span bridge and its

total length is 25m and its foundation type is shallow. The carriageway width and overall width of

the bridge is 4.25m and 5m respectively. Materials for superstructure as well as sub-structure of the

bridge are adopted of reinforced concrete.

The bridge was financed by RRRSDP and was completed six months ago. The total cost of the bridge

including approach roads and protection works is about 20 million rupees.

Watershed context

The asset lies in the watershed of Tamor River. The distance between the bridge site and Tamor

River is less than 2 kilometer. The watershed of the khola is covered by cultivated land, shrubs,

bushes and forests. Field observation showed that there is little probability of large scale impact to

the asset at present.

Asset location

The asset is located in a hilly terrain. The right bank of the river near the bridge site is steep whereas

the left bank is relatively flat and is under cultivation. The area near the bridge site is covered by

cultivated land, bushes and thin forest. The bed slope of the river near/at the bridge site is relatively

flat (about (2 %). The soil at the bridge site mainly consist of sand, gravels and occasional boulders.

Nibu Khola merges with Shiwa Khola at 60m upstream. There are not any other major water bodies

near the bridge site.

There is no problem of ground instabilities at/near the bridge site.

Asset condition

The condition of all components of the bridge system such as superstructure, sub-structure,

approach roads and bank protection works is good. There are not any immediate threats to these

components.

Asset design

It is a simply supported single span bridge and its total length is 25m. It is a single lane bridge with

4.25m carriageway width.

Superstructure as well as substructure of the bridge are constructed of RCC and most of the bank

protection works are gabion walls.


There was not any major event in the past except flooding during monsoon.


A retaining wall has been constructed on the right bank upstream of the bridge to protect the

approach road from erosion by the river


The design of the bridge is appropriate due to:

Bridge site is appropriately as there is little threat of heavy scouring, siltation, ban erosions

etc.

The length of the bridge is almost equal to the existing waterway width.

The vertical clearance is sufficient;


5


Adaptation location

The retaining wall protecting the approach road is constructed 20 - 30 metres upstream from the

bridge.


The condition of the retaining wall is good

Threat description

Local people are extracting river bed materials from the bridge upstream. Although there is not

immediate threat to the structure for few years to come but if this activity is continued for several

years, the bridge might collapse due to heavy scouring of the river bed from the increased flow of

flash floods caused by the increased intense rainfall because of climate change.

There is also a threat to bank protection works from the same causes.


There are no records of extreme events at this site

Adaptation design

The design of the retaining walls is appropriate to the site conditions

Adaptation success

The adaptation has been successful to date


1

ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT


2


SN Budget Head Budget for FY (1000 Rupees)

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

(Proposed)

1 DDC Grant 22,852,597 11,394,000 15,340,000

2 VDC Grant 76,280,000 44,700,000 65,410,000

3 Election Area Development Program 5,000,000 0 0

4 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Program 4,915,440 4,880,170 6264,000

5 Local Agricultural Roads 9092061 7,400,000 10,440,000

6 Suspension and Local Level Motorable

Bridges 854,961 5,042,000 1,979,000

7 Excluded and Dalit Uplifting Program 390,400 242,600 444,000

8 Local Infrastructure and roads 13,884,077 0 0

9 Local Governance and Community

Development 20,00,000 1,800,000 2,610,000

10 Local Infrastructure; Irrigation, Landfill,

Housing 6,000,000 1,800,000 3,000,000

11 DDC fund 8,123,804 11736446 11,686,650

12 Indigenous/Janajati Uplifting 1,676,000 2,000,000 209,000

13 Community Particpation Devlopment

Program 2,700,000 6,600,000 0

14 Monestry Development and

Management Program 280,000 300,000 313,000

15 Royalty Management and Distribution 130,000 0 0

16 Culture Preservation 150,000 0 0

17 Roads Board 1,370,411 2,373,401 1,900,000

18 Special Fund 2,779,793 4,629,793 6,579,793

19 CMN Program 367,012 5,333,079 5,866,386

Total 158,846,956 108,431,489 132,041,829


3

Current Expenditure

1 DDC Operation Grant 16,003,,404 17,940,000 20,279,000

2 VDC Operation Grant 16,800,000 16,800,000 16,266,000

3 Social Security Program 86,217,600 64,562,400 71,018,640

4 Local Governance and Community

Development Program 8,532,854 8,507,166 14,474,000

5 Youth and Sport Program 360,000 612,000 612,000

6 DDC Fund (current) 2,492,500 2,492,500 2,619,278

7 Devolution Program for Women and

Children 3,587,762 4,223,150 8,427,000

8 Local Development Fund 546,080 406,480 505,000

9 Loan Capital Program 1,539,432 1,600,000 1,600,000

Total 113,079,632 117,143,696 135,800,918

Grand Total 271,926,588 225,575,185 267,842,747


4


OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Bhanubhakta Baral DTO Chief

2 Mr. Yadav Chandra Gautam Engineer

3 Mr. Rudra Narayan Pandit Sub- Engineer

4 Mr. Basudev Dahal Sub- Engineer

5 Mr. Prem Bahadur Kafle Sub- Engineer

6 Mr. Prami Lal Sah Sub- Engineer

7 Mr. Bhairab Lawati Assistant Sub- Engineer

8 Mr. Sone Lal Chaudhary Assistant Sub- Engineer

9 Mr. Suresh Kumar Chaudhary Assistant Sub- Engineer

10 Mr. Narendra Rai Assistant Sub- Engineer

11 Mr. Ram Kumar Devan Typist

12 Mr. Basudev Ghimire Support Staff

13 Ms. Bidya Laxmi Ghimire Support Staff


5

ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Carriageway of the bridge. Its overall condition is good.

The structure is built at about 60 downstream of the Shiwa Khola and Nibu Khola. However, there

is no threat to the bridge due to the confluence at upstream.


6

Right bank near/at the bridge. The boulder deposition at this location shows that the waterway

width of the river was about 50m in the past.

Right bank and approach road at immediate upstream. The river is hitting the bank near the

approach road. Hence DDC/DoLIDAR has constructed a retaining wall for its protection. However,

there is no danger to the bridge as it is protected by rocky bank.


7

The locals are extracting riverbed materials (sand, gravels and stones) from the immediate

upstream of the bridge. There is very little threat to the structure due this activity at present. But

if the activity continues for longer period it may be damage the bridge.

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