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PUnit-II: POPULAR MOVEMENTSUNIT MATRIX

CONTENT KNOWLEDGE COMPREHENSION

APPLICATION

ANALYSIS

SYNTHESIS

EVALUATION

Type of Movements: Long term and Short term

Distinguish between Popular Movements Long term and Short Term

Explain Popular movements and find examples of long term and short term movements

Analysis the causes of the popular movements

Compare long and short term movements.

Various Popular movements: -Women’s Movements

Case study:- Women Movement in China, US and India

Give examples of women’s movement

Demonstrate the women’s movement.

Discuss and analysed women’s’ movement of various countries

Interpret Women’s movement

Social Movements

Know the types of social movements and acquire knowledge as to how Democracy helps in accommodation of Social diversity and in preventing social division

Relate Social movement in Arabian Countries.

Political Movements

Describe Globalisation and Russian Movement

Comprehend more about Political movements in India and US.

Evaluate the pros and cons of Globalization in the World

Environmental Movements

Outline Environment. Movement In US and India.[ chipko movement]

Comprehend about Junglestan and Adivasi movement

Evaluate the positive and negative effects of Environmental movement in world

Relation between Popular

Knowledge Political Parties as they are born

Interpolate Political Parties open and indirect

Analysis the Popular

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movements and Political Parties.

out of Popular movements. Find out interdependence among business groups and Political Parties in Popular movement.

support in Strikes, Dharnas etc. in Popular movement.

movements and Political Parties in development of countries.

Unit-II: POPULAR MOVEMENTS

CONTENT

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1.Type of Movements: Long Term and Short Term (Popular Movements)

i. Long Term - [Indian National Movement]ii. Short Term- [Bolivia Water War]

2. Various Popular MovementsA. Women’s Movement(Case Studies)i. Indiaii. Chinaiii. USA

B. Social Movementsi. Definitionii. Types of Social Movementsiii. Industrialization & Urbanization in 1990 (Kenya: Mao Moa)iv. American Civil Rights Movement

C. Political MovementsI. Meaningii. Globalization.iii. Russian Revolution

D. Environmental movementsi. Meaningii. US Environment Movementsiii. Chipko Movement

3.Relationship between Popular Movements and Political Parties4.Conclusion

WHY TO TEACH THIS TOPIC?

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Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interest and viewpoints of People in the

Nation. These differences are often expressed in organized ways. Those who are in power are

required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures of the people. In this chapter, we

will look in to different ways of politics influencing the people, through pressure groups and

other movements, etc.

Popular Movements help in shaping the democracy by providing opportunities to the citizens

to express their views, problems and aspirations. Different types of Popular Movements are

led by different pressure groups, intellectual and citizens of the country.

A variety of activities have been included to ensure that the learner is fully involved in the

lesson and know about popular movements in the World.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading the chapter, the learner will be able to

Distinguish between Long Term and Short Term Movements and comprehend their

characteristics.

Know about Case Studies on any two Popular Movements and understand their impact

on the political system of that particular country.

Establish co-relation between democracy, mass mobilization and popular movements.

Understand the vital role played by Peoples’ struggle in the expansion of democracy.

Know about the role of popular movement in the development of the country.

Know about the relevance and various needs of different popular Movements.

CONTENT

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1. POPULAR MOVEMENTS: -

Movements that are popular among masses and of, representing, or carried on by the people at

large: are known as “popular movements”. Popular Movements helps a lot in shaping and

bringing democracy in a Country.

2. TYPES OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS

A. Short term movements

B. Long term movements

A. SHORT TERM MOVEMENTS

Short Term movements achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. There is a clear

leadership in the movement. People’s organizations run these movements. These movements’

active life is usually very short. For instance, Anticorruption Movement.

They are more of general movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These

movements have independent leadership. Example: The Environmental and the Women’s

Movements.

B. LONG TERM MOVEMENT –

The Indian National Movement

The term Indian National Movement encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations,

philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Rule in

India. This movement is also known as the Indian Freedom Struggle, Indian Independence

Movement etc. The movement incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations

and efforts of both non-violent and militant philosophies.

The first organized militant movements were in Bengal, but it later took political stage in the

form of a mainstream movement in the then newly-formed Indian National Congress (INC)in

1885, with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for civil service

examinations, as well as more economic rights for the people of the soil. The early part of the

20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders

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such as the Lala Lajpat Ray, Balagangadhara Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Sri Aurobindo etc.

Militant Nationalism also emerged in the first decades.

The last stages of the freedom struggle from the 1920s onward saw the adoption of Mohandas

Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's

constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns by the

Congress. Prominent leaders such as Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, later came to adopt a

military approach to the movement, and others like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who, along

with political freedom, wanted economic freedom for India's peasants and toiling masses. Poets

like Allama Iqbal used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. The period

of World War II saw the peak of movements such as the “Quit India movement” (led by

Gandhi) and the “Indian National Army (INA) Movement” (led by Subhash Chandra Bose),

Swadeshi Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement (led by Gandhi), and the Home Rule

Movement.

These various movements led to the formation of the independent dominions of India and

Pakistan in 1947. India remained a dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the

Constitution of India came into force, establishing the Republic of India.

Major events in Indian National Movement

Major events that shaped and nurtured the Indian National Movement may be discussed in brief

below.

The East India Company had established its control over almost all parts of India by the middle of the

19th century. There were numerous risings in the first hundred years of British rule in India. They were,

however, local and isolated in character. Some of them were led by the nobility who were refusing to

accept the changing patterns of the time and wanted the past to be restored. The Revolt of 1857, which

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was called a Sepoy Mutiny by British historians and their imitators in India but described as "the First

War of Indian Independence" by many Indian historians, shook the British authority in India from its

very foundations.

The Revolt of 1857, an unsuccessful but heroic effort to eliminate foreign rule, had begun. The capture

of Delhi and the proclamation of Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan are a positive meaning to

the Revolt and provided a rallying point for the rebels by recalling the past glory of the imperial city.

On May 10, 1857, soldiers at Meerut refused to touch the new Enfield rifle cartridges. The soldiers

along with other group of civilians went on a rampage shouting 'Maro Firangi Ko'. They broke open

jails, murdered European men and women, burnt their houses and marched to Delhi. The appearance of

the marching soldiers next morning in Delhi was a 'signal’ to the local soldiers, who in turn revolted,

seized the city and proclaimed the 80-year old Bahadurshah Zafar, as Emperor of India.

 Within a month of the capture of Delhi, the Revolt spread to the different parts of the country. Kanpur,

Lucknow, Banaras, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagdishpur and Jhansi etc became the part of the revolt. In the

absence of any leader from their own ranks, the insurgents turned to the traditional leaders of Indian

society. At Kanpur, Nana Saheb, the adopted son of last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, led the forces. Rani

Lakshmi Bai in Jhansi, Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow and Khan Bahadur in Bareilly were in

command. However, apart from a commonly shared hatred for alien rule, the rebels had no political

perspective or a definite vision of the future. They were all prisoners of their own past, fighting

primarily to regain their lost privileges. Unsurprisingly, they proved incapable of ushering in a new

political order. 

Government of India Act 1858

This Act was one of the direct impacts of the Revolt of 1857.

Queen Victoria issued a proclamation on November 1, 1858, placing India under direct government of

the Crown, whereby:

(a) A viceroy was appointed in India

(b) Princes were given the right to adopt a son (abolition of Doctrine of Lapse)

(c) Treaties were honoured

(d) Religious freedom was restored and equality treatment promised to Indians.

 The Proclamation was called the 'Magna Carta of Indian Liberty'. The British rule in India was

strongest between 1858 and 1905. The British also started treating India as its most precious possession

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and their rule over India seemed set to continue for centuries to come. Because of various subjective

and objective factors which came into existence during this era, the feelings of nationalism in Indians

started and grow.

Indian National Congress (1885)

Although the British succeeded in suppressing the 1857 Revolt, they could not stop the growth of

political awareness in India. The Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885. It was the

visible embodiment of the national awakening in the country. Its founder was an Englishman, Allan

Octavian Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service. The Indian leaders, who cooperated

with Hume in launching the Congress, were patriots of high character. The first President of the

Congress was W.C. Bannerjee. 

The aims of the Congress were: promotion of friendship and cooperation amongst the nationalist

political workers from the different parts of the country; the eradication of racial, creed or provincial

prejudices and promotion of national unity; formulation of popular demands and their presentation

before the Government; and, most important of all, the training and organization of public opinion in

the country.

The formation of the Indian National Congress was a mile stone in the History of Freedom Movement

in India.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

On December 30, 1898, Lord Curzon took over as the new Viceroy of India. The partition of Bengal

came into effect on October 16, 1905, through a Royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of

Bengal in size by creating a new province of East Bengal, which later on, became East Pakistan and

present day Bangladesh. The government explained that it was done to stimulate growth of

underdeveloped eastern region of the Bengal. But, actually, the main objective of the British was to

'Divide and Rule' the most advanced region of the country at that time. In fact, this policy, along with

other factors paved the way for the emergence of communalism in India.

 

Muslim League (1906)

In 1906, All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullab of

Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The League supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the

Swadeshi Movement, and demanded special safeguards for its community and separate electorates for

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Muslims. This led to communal differences between Hindus and Muslims. Both sections carry their

own responsibility for the further growth of communal politics in Indian National Movement along with

the British. 

Swadeshi Movement (1905)

The Swadeshi movement has its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the

British decision to divide Bengal. With the start of the Swadeshi Movement at the turn of the century,

the Indian National Movement took a major leap forward.

The Indian National Congress took up the Swadeshi call in Benaras Session, 1905, presided over by

G.K. Gokhale, and supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement of Bengal. Militant Nationalism

spearheaded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Aurobindo Ghosh was,

however, in favour of extending the movement for the rest of India and carrying it beyond the

programme of just Swadeshi and boycott of goods to full-fledged political mass struggle.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

Morley-Minto Reforms were introduced in 1909 during the period when Lord Minto was the Governor

General of India. The reforms envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims besides other constitutional

measures. The government thereby sought to create a rift within the Congress on the one hand by

winning the support of the moderates, and on the other, to win favour of Muslims against Bindus. To

achieve the latter objective, the reforms introduced the system of separate electorates under which

Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates. This was done to encourage the notion that the

political, economic and cultural interests of Hindus and Muslims were separate and not common. Indian

political leaders were however dissatisfied by these reforms.

Lucknow Pact (1916)

An important step forward in achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was the Lucknow Pact 1916. Anti-British

feelings were generated among the Muslims following a war between Britain and Turkey which opened

way for Congress and Muslim League unity. Both the Congress and the Muslim League held sessions at

Lucknow in 1916 and concluded the famous Lucknow Pact. The Congress accepted the separate

electorates, and both organizations jointly demanded dominion status for the country.

 Hindu-Muslim unity weakened the British attitude and forced the government to announce its future

policy. In 1916 a British policy was announced whereby association of Indians was increased and there

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was to be a gradual development of local self-governing institutions.

Home Rule Movement (1915-16)

Dr. Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started a Home Rule Movement in India in September

1916. The movement spread rapidly and branches of the Rome Rule League were established all over

India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak wholeheartedly supported this movement. Rejoined forces with Dr. Besant

and persuaded the Muslim League to support this programme.

 

The Gandhian Era (1918-1947)

Mahatma Gandhi dominated the Indian political scene from 19181947. This period of the Indian

National Congress is also referred to as the Gandhian Era. It was the most intense and eventful phase of

India's freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi provided the leadership of the highest order and his

philosophy of non-violent Satyagraha became the most potent weapon to drive out .the British from the

Indian soil.

Khilafat Movement (1920)

The Caliph, Sultan of Turkey, was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious head. During the First

World War, when the safety and the welfare of Turkey were threatened by the British thereby

weakening the Caliph's position, Indian Muslims adopted an aggressive anti-British attitude. The two

brothers, Mohammed Ah and Shaukat Ali launched an anti-British movement in 1920-the Khilafat

Movement for the restoration.

 The Rowlatt Act (1919)

While trying to appease Indians, the British Government was following a policy of repression.

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Throughout the First World War, repression of freedom fighters had continued. The revolutionaries had

been hunted down, hanged or imprisoned. The Government now decided to arm itself with more powers

in order to suppress the freedom fighters. In March 1919, it passed the Rowlatt Act. This Act authorised

the government to detain any person without trial. The Rowlatt Act came like a sudden blow. The

Indians had been promised extension of democracy during the war. They felt humiliated and were filled

with anger when they found that their civil liberties were going to be curtailed still further. Unrest

gripped the country and a powerful agitation against the Act started. During this agitation, Gandhiji

took command of the nationalist movement. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political

awakening in the country. There were hartals, strikes and demonstrations at various places. The slogans

of Hindu-Muslim unity filled the air.

 

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (1919)

The Government was bent on suppressing the mass agitation. In Bombay; Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Delhi

and at other places demonstrators were lathi-charged and fired upon. Gandhiji gave a call for a general

hartal on April 6, 1919. The call was responded to with great enthusiasm. The Government decided to

resort to repression to suppress the agitation. At this time the British Government committed one of the

worst political crimes in modem history. An unarmed but a large crowd had gathered in Jallianwalla

Bagh, Amritsar (Punjab) on April, 13, 1919 for a meeting. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire

on them without warning. This massacre of unarmed people (hundreds died and thousands were

wounded) in an enclosed place from which there was no exit, was followed by a reign of terror in

several districts under martial law.

 

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

With the Congress support of the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity was achieved which

encouraged Gandhiji to launch his non-violent, non-cooperation movement. At the Calcutta Session in

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September 1920, the Congress resolved in favour of the non-violent, non-cooperation movement and

defined Swaraj as its ultimate aim. The movement envisaged: (i) Surrender of titles and honorary

officers; (ii) Resignation from nominated offices and posts in the local bodies; (iii) Refusal to attend

government darbars and official functions and boycott of British courts by the lawyers; (iv) Refusal of

general public to offer themselves for military and other government jobs, and boycott of foreign goods,

etc.

 The non-cooperation movement also saw picketing of shops selling foreign cloth and boycott of the

foreign cloth by the followers of Gandhiji.

Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)- Civil Disobedience Movement

The Congress session held at Ahmedabad in December 1921 decided to launch a Civil Disobedience

Movement while reiterating its stand on the non-violent, noncooperation movement of which Gandhiji

was appointed the leader. Before Gandhiji could launch the Civil Disobedience Movement, a mob of

countrymen at Chauri Chaura, a place near Gorakhpur in D.P., clashed with the police which opened

fire. In retaliation the mob burnt the police-station and killed 22 policemen. This compelled Gandhiji to

call off the Civil Disobedience Movement on February 12, 1922.

 Despite this Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment. The Chauri Chaura

incident convinced Gandhiji that the nation was not yet ready for the mass-dis6bedience and he

prevailed upon Congress Working Committee in Bardoli on February 12, 1922 to call off the Non-

Cooperation Movement.

Swaraj Party (1922)

Gandhiji's decision to call off the agitation caused frustration among masses. His decision came in for

severe criticism from his colleagues like Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C. Kelkar, who organized the

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Swaraj Party. The foundations of the 'Swaraj Party' were laid on January 1, 1923, as the 'Congress

Khilafat-Swarajya Patty'. It proposed then an alternative programme of diverting the movement from

widespread civil disobedience programme to restrictive one which would encourage its member to enter

into legislative councils (established under Montford Reforms of 1919) by contesting elections in order

to wreck the legislature from within and to use moral pressure to compel the authority to concede to the

popular demand for self-government.

 

Simon Commission (1927)

Under the 1919 Act, a statutory commission was to be appointed by the British Government at the end

of ten years from the passing of the Act to inquire into the working of the system of government in the

country and to recommend further reforms. Thus the commission was scheduled to be appointed in

1929. It was actually appointed two years earlier in 1927. The commission consisted of seven members

of the British Parliament. It was headed by Sir John Simon. As all its members were British, the

Congress decided to boycott it. The Commission arrived in India in Feb. 1928. It was greeted with

black flags and hostile demonstrations everywhere it went. In one such demonstration at Lahore, Lala

Lajpat Rai was seriously injured in a wanton police lathi-charge on the demonstrators. Lalaji died soon

after from wounds received during the demonstration.

 

Dandhi March (1930)

Also called the 'Salt Satyagraha'. To achieve the goal of complete independence, Gandhiji launched

another civil disobedience movement. Along with 79 followers, Gandhiji started his famous march from

Sabarmati Ashram on March 20, 1930, for the small village Dandi to break the Salt Law. While Gandhi

was marching to Dandhi,

Congress leaders and workers had been busy at various levels with the hard organizational tasks of

enrolling volunteers and members, forming grass root Congress Committees, collecting funds, and

touring villages and towns to spread nationalist messages.

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 On reaching the seashore on April 6, 1930, he broke the Salt Law by picking up salt from the seashore.

By picking a handful of salt, Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement, a movement that

was to remain unsurpassed in the history of the Indian National Movement for the countrywide mass

participation it unleashed. The movement became so powerful that it sparked off patriotism even among

the Indian soldiers in the Army. The Garhwal soldiers refused to fire on the people at Peshawar.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

Early in 1931 two moderate statesmen, Sapru and Jayakar, initiated efforts to bring about

rapprochement between Gandhi and the government. Six meetings with Viceroy Lord Irwin finally led

to the signing of a pact between the two on March 5, 1931, whereby the Congress called off the

movement and agreed to join the Second Round Table Conference. The terms of the agreement

included the immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted for violence, the remission of all

fines not yet collected, the return of confiscated land not yet sold to third parties, and lenient treatment

of all the government officials who had resigned.

 Gandhi and other leaders were released from jail as Irwin agreed to release most political prisoners and

to return the properties that had been seized by the governments. The government also conceded the

right to make the salt for consumption of villages along the coast, and also the right to peaceful and

non-aggressive picketing. The Congress on its part, agreed to discontinue the Civil Disobedience

Movement and to participate in the next Round Table Conference.

The Government of India Act, 1935

The Simon Commission report submitted in 1930 formed the basis for the Government of India Act

1935. The new Government of India Act received the royal assent on August 4, 1935.

 The Act continued and extended all the existing features of the Indian constitution. Popular

representation, which went back to 1892, diarchy and ministerial responsibility, which dated from 1921,

provincial autonomy, whose history went back to eighteenth century presidencies, communal

representation, which first received recognition in 1909, and the safeguards devised in 1919, were all

continued and in most cases extended. But in addition there were certain new principles introduced. It

provided for a federal type of government. Thus, the act:

(a) Introduced provincial autonomy

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(b) Abolished diarchy in provinces I

(c) Made ministers responsible to the legislative and federation at the centre

 The Act of 1935 was condemned by nearly all sections of Indian public opinion and was unanimously

rejected by the Congress. The Congress demanded instead, the convening of a Constituent Assembly

elected on the basis of adult franchise to frame a constitution for an independent India.

Quit India Movement (1942)

On August 8, 1942, the Congress in its meeting at Bombay passed a resolution known as 'Quit India'

resolution, whereby Gandhi asked the British to quit India and gave a call for 'Do or die' to his

countrymen. On August 9, 1942, Gandhi was arrested but the other leaders continued the revolutionary

struggle. Violence spread throughout the country, several government officers were destroyed and

damaged, telegraph wires were cut and communication paralyzed. The movement was, however,

crushed by the government.

Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)

The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The British Prime Minister,

Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission would visit India to

make recommendations regarding constitutional reforms to be introduced in India. The Cabinet Mission

which constituted of Lord Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander visited India and met the

representatives of different political parties but a satisfactory solution to the constitutional difficulties

could not be found. The Mission envisaged the establishment of a Constituent Assembly to frame the

Constitution as well as an interim government. The Muslim League accepted the plan on June 6, 1946,

while maintaining its rights of striving for a separate Muslim state. The Congress also partially accepted

the plan.

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Interim Government (1946)

On September 2, 1946, an interim government was formed. Congress members led by Pandit Jawaharlal

Nehru joined it but the Muslim League did not as it withdrew its earlier acceptance of the Cabinet

Mission Plan.

 

Formation of Constituent Assembly (1946)

The Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its

President. The Muslim League did not join the Assembly.

 

Mountbatten Plan (1947)

In March 1947, Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell. He announced his plan on June 3, 1947. It

offered a key to the political and constitutional deadlock created by the refusal of the Muslim League to

join the Constituent Assembly formed to frame the Constitution of India. Mountbatten's formula was to

divide India but retain maximum unity. The country would be partitioned but so would be Punjab and

Bengal, so that the limited Pakistan that emerged would meet both the Congress and the League's

position to some extent. The League's position on Pakistan was conceded in that it would be created,

but the Congress position on unity would be taken into account to make Pakistan as small as possible.

He laid down detailed principles for the partition of the country and speedy transfer of political powers

in the form of dominion status to the newly formed dominions of India and Pakistan. Its acceptance by

the Congress and the Muslim' League resulted in the birth of Pakistan.

 

 The Indian Independence Act, 1947

The Bill containing the provisions of the Mountbatten Plan of June 3, 1947, was introduced in the

British Parliament and passed as the Indian Independence Act,

1947. The Act laid down detailed measures for the partition of India and speedy transfer of political

powers to the new government of India and Pakistan.

 Partition of India (1947)

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In accordance with the Indian Independence Act, 1947, India was partitioned on August 15, 1947 into

India and Pakistan. The Act made India and Pakistan independent dominions. Bloodshed and violence

marked the exodus of refugees. The state of Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union, after the raiders were

helped by Pakistan, in October 1947. Lord Mountbatten was appointed the Governor-General of

free1ndia and M.A. Jinnah the first Governor-General of Pakistan.

B.SHORT TERM MOVEMENT- BOLIVIA WATER WAR

To establish democracy is not the end of a struggle .People’s struggle against privatization of

water in Bolivia reminds us that popular struggles are the integral part of working in

democracy.

The protests in Cochabamba were known as the “Cochabamba Water War”, in 2000. There

were series of protests in the third largest city between Jan 1999 and April 2000. All those

were because of the participation of MNC in the management of the city’s water supply.

The military dictatorship ended in Bolivia in 1982, but it did not bring economic stability

MNC increased the prices of water by four times. Monthly water bill RS 1000 whereas the

monthly income was around RS 5000 of the percents. Access to the piped water was 70

percent to 40 percent to the people. There was only four hours water supply in the

Cochabamba. It received funds from World Bank. World Bank opposed the construction of

MISICUNI PROJECT, as it was the wastage of money. Water works of Cochabamba were

controlled by the state agency SEMAPA. Angles- de Tunari’s programme was set up to

correlate with the govt.’s plan for the development but engineer’s for Augus –de-Tunari

were not trained in marketing . It was declared if people did not pay bill, their water supply

would be turned off. This led to massive protests.

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In January, 2000. Young men, leaders, labourers and so on, all joined hands and went on four

days strike. All children came on to the roads.

The President declared 90 days emergency to maintain peace, but nothing happened.Power

of people made MNC to flee the city and made the government to accept all the demands of

the protesters. At last the contract with MNC got cancelled. The settlement between the

Government of Bolivia and Aguas –de-Tunari ended on 19, Jan. 2006. . At last the water

supply was restored to the Municipality at old rates. This was known as Bolivia’s Water

War.

ACTIVITY 1.

PLACARD MAKING & ENACT THE MOVEMENT

Read the above case studies of Indian population movement and Bolivia Water War.

Students are asked to divide in to two groups.

One group will be given popular movements of India and the other group will be given

Bolivia Water War (Events given in the book) and children will enact with the help of

placards and messages to be related with the movement.

1. Students must investigate the background.

2. What ignited the spread of movement

3. On the basis of investigation, students must discuss in the class.

4. Ask them to find out relevant laws related to the event.

5. Students must note down their idea and prepare a detailed sequence of the event.

6. Asked the students to prepare placards for the movement and enact the movement in

classroom.

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STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL.

History of the Nepal Political Scenario

Nepal was ruled by hereditary monarch and was traditional

societies with predominantly agricultural economy. Nepal

Society is predominantly a caste oriented society. Nepal had

been existed as a Kingdom Centered in the Kathmandu

Valley for more than 1500 years.

Modern Nepal began its evolution in the sixteenth century with the founding of the House of

Gorkha by Dravya Shah in 1559. In the late eighteenth century, Gorkha conquests extended

the kingdom through the Himalayas for almost 1,500 kilometers from the western boundary

of Garhwal, India, through the territory of Sikkim in the east. In the early nineteenth century,

Gorkha power came into conflict with the British East India Company. The resulting Anglo-

Nepalese War (1814-16) was devastating for Nepal: the Treaty of Sagauli reduced the

kingdom to the boundaries it has since occupied, less than 900 kilometers from east to west.

For almost thirty years after the treaty was concluded, infighting among aristocratic factions

characterized Nepal.

The next stage of Nepalese politics was the period of hereditary Rana rule--the establishment

of a dictatorship of successive Rana prime ministers beginning with Jang Bahadur Kunwar in

1846. During the period of Rana rule, which lasted until the end of 1950, Nepal was governed

by a landed aristocracy; parliamentary government was in name only. This period provided

stability, but also inhibited political and economic development because the Ranas isolated

the country and exercised total control over internal affairs. Although during this period

Nepal was a constitutional monarchy with universal suffrage granted at age eighteen, political

parties were not formed until the mid-twentieth century and were later banned. The longevity

of the Rana’s dictatorship was also a result of a partnership between the rulers and the army.

Patronage ensured loyal soldiers: the military supported the Rana prime ministers and, later,

the Shah monarchs, who were figureheads during Rana rule.

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In January 1951, the Ranas were forced to concede to the restoration of the monarchy, which

then assumed charge of all executive powers: financial management, appointment of

government officials, and command of the armed forces. The latter power became an

increasingly useful tool for enforcing control. In 1962 King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah

Dev devised the centrally controlled council system of government called panchayat. This

system served as the institutional basis of the king's rule and was envisioned by the palace as

a democratic administration although it functioned only at the king's behest. Incorporated into

the 1962 constitution, the panchayat system was established at the village, district, and

national levels. Successive changes in government and constitutional revisions did not

weaken the powers of the absolute monarchy. In fact, a May 1980 referendum reaffirmed the

status quo of the panchayat system and its continuation as a rubber stamp for the king.

Elections in 1981 and 1986 were characterized by the lack of political programs.

Government by an absolute monarch behind a democratic façade lasted for some thirty years.

Although many party members were exiled to India, opposition to the government and the

panchayat system continued to grow, particularly in the late 1980s when the outlawed

political parties announced a drive for a multiparty system. A coalition between the Nepali

Congress Party and the Communist Party of Nepal was formed in late 1989. The increasing

disillusionment with and unpopularity of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev's regime and

the worsening economic situation caused by the trade and transit dispute with India added to

the momentum of the incipient pro-democracy movement.

The dissolution of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union, and the successes of the

prodemocracy movements in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s, had an impact

in Nepal. In part as a result of the participatory experiences of Nepalese in India, movements

arose to effect changes in Nepal's government and society. Nepal's longstanding history of

continuity of rule and relative stability was challenged when the Movement for the

Restoration of Democracy, or prodemocracy movement, was formally established on

February 18, 1990, almost forty years after the end of Rana control. Demonstrations and

rallies--accompanied by violence, arrests, and even deaths--were held throughout the country.

Political unrest became widespread. Ethnic groups agitated for official recognition of their

cultural heritage and linguistic tradition and demonstrated against the monarchy. The goal of

the prodemocracy movement, however, was to establish a more representative democracy

and to end the panchayat system.

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The demonstrations and protests characterizing the prodemocracy movement gained

momentum when the ban on political parties and activities was lifted in April 1990. That

same month, the prime minister resigned, the Council of Ministers and the Rashtriya

Panchayat (National Panchayat, or Parliament) were dissolved, and talks with the opposition

were begun. A multiparty interim government replaced the panchayat system. The king

nominated a four-member council, established a Constitution Recommendation Commission,

and announced that he would begin an official inquiry into the deaths that had resulted from

the prodemocracy demonstrations. In mid-May, a general amnesty was declared for all

political prisoners. A draft constitution was announced in the summer of 1990. King Birendra

wanted the draft amended to give him more leverage, but subsequent negotiations did not

yield as much as he desired. In November 1990, the king finally approved and promulgated a

new, more democratic constitution that vested sovereignty in the people.

The panchayat system finally ended in May 1991, when general elections, deemed "generally

fair, free, and open" by an international election inspection team, were held. Approximately

65 percent of the populace voted. Although more than forty political parties registered with

the election commission, only twenty political parties--mostly small, communist splinter

groups--were on the ballot. The Nepali Congress Party won 110 of the 205 seats in the House

of Representatives, and the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) won 69

seats. Previously operating in exile and behind the scenes, the various communist and other

parties and coalitions became a powerful presence in the newly constituted bicameral

Parliament. Nepal continued its gradual move toward a multiparty democracy.

Prodemocracy protests continued unabated. Demonstrations were held on February 18, 1992,

the second anniversary of the founding of the prodemocracy movement. In early April 1992,

rival student groups clashed, and communist and leftist opposition groups called for a general

strike as a response to double digit inflation and a more than 60 percent increase in water and

electricity tariffs. As a result of skirmishes between the police and demonstrators, a curfew

was imposed. In addition, the government banned primary and secondary schoolteachers

from political activities and from joining or campaigning for political parties.

Elections to the village development committees and municipalities were held in late May

1992; the elections pitted the various communist factions and other parties against the Nepali

Congress Party administration of Prime Minister Girija Prasad (G.P.) Koirala. More than

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90,000 civilian and security personnel were assigned to safeguard the elections. In contrast to

the May 1991 parliamentary election, the Nepali Congress Party routed the communists in the

urban areas and even made some gains in the rural areas. The Nepali Congress Party won 331

positions, or 56 percent of the seats, in the municipalities; the Communist Party of Nepal

(United Marxist-Leninist) won 119 seats, or 20 percent of the seats; and other lesser parties

won the remainder of the seats. In newly established village development committees, the

Nepali Congress Party won 21,461 positions; the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-

Leninist) won 11,175 seats.

Although Nepal emerged as a democratic form of political system in 1990’s, the power of

royal politics under king Gyanendra, was the head of the state still, and the final authority.

This form of political pattern of Nepal witnessed a number of peoples’ movements under the

leadership of various communist groups. King Gyanendra had to confront with the Maoists’

uprising in the country. He tried to control the People’s Movement but did not succeed. In

Nov 2005, the Maoists joined hands with the other political parties and signed a 12-Point

Agreement between SPA and CPN (M). Nepalese people fought for several years to establish

democracy and finally in April 2000, the powers of king came to an end. The Unified

Communist Party of Nepal UCPN (M) believed in the ideology of Mao, the leader of Chinese

revolution. Maoists’ were followers of communalism which wanted to establish rule of

peasants and workers. They opposed King Gyanandra’s monarchial dictatorship. Several

European powers removed the CPN (M) from their government’s terrorists list.

In 2005, the CPN (M) sought a different strategy of seeking permanent peace accords while

forming a pro democratic alliance with several other political parties. It was an opposition to

the monarchical dictatorship of the King. New constitution was written to establish

democracy. Actually they did not want to continue the previous constitution. In April 2006,

the King restored the Third Parliament and asked parties to form a government, in 2007.

In early 2008 CPN (M) won the largest votes in Nepalese Constituent Assembly. Maoists

announced ‘People’s War’ on Feb 13, 1996. They gave slogan ‘"Let us march ahead on the

path of struggle towards establishing the people's rule by wreaking the reactionary ruling

system of state." CPN (M) chairman Prachanda was elected as Prime Minister in Aug, 2008.

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Young Communist League (YCL) played an active role in mobilizing the people for the

movement. Senior Maoist leader, Mohan Vaidya (Kiran) says ‘Just as Marxism was born in

Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, Prachanda Path is Nepal’s identity of

revolution’.

Women, young students and many other people from different groups joined the struggle

Maoists were also supported by South Asian Organizations Strikes were declared. Security

forces were unable to control, as the people gathered to restore democracy.

24th April, 2004 was the last day of ultimatum. The king accepted 3 demands to the people.

1. Restoration of Parliament

2. Powers to all party governments

3. New Constituent Assembly

SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister. April 1, 2007- a new

government was formed in which 5 Maoists party leaders sworn in, but due to the rejection of

CPN (M) they resigned the demand to give priority to the Constituent Assembly. In the next

election they planned to abolish monarchy. April 10, 2008 CPN (M) gained 30% votes. In

16th AUG., 2008 Mr Prachanda was sworn in as Prime Minister of Nepal. He resigned on 4

May, 2009. This government again resigned and then 7 months coalition of CPN (M) and

(UML) formed Nepal Parliament. They elected Jhala Nath Khanan as the Chairman of the

CPN. So the struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to other democrats of the

World.

Activity II ( Group Activity) Wall papers Display

1. Teacher will divide the class into four groups

2. Students will collect imformation, photos, drawing and make posters.

3. They will develop a report on people’s participation in Nepal democratic movement.

4. Each group will display its information on the wall and make a wall paper display.

5. The leader of the group can make the presentation on various events allotted to each

group.

6. Marks can be allotted on the basis of presentation and content.

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RELATION BETWEEN- DEMOCRACY, MASS MOBILIZATION AND POPULAR

MOVEMENTS

Democracy

The term ‘Democracy’ comes from the Greek (Demokratia) means ‘Rule of the

People’.’Demos’ mean ‘People’ and ‘Kratos’ means ‘power’. Abrahim Lincoln defined

democracy as the “government of the people, for the people and by the people”. It means that

citizens choose their representatives to form the government. The government would work

for the collective interest of the people. All people participate in the decision making,

proposal and developments. It also covers social, economic and cultural conditions. In this all

people are equal to practice their right and political self determinations.

Source -www.india.wikia.comMass mobilisation to end discrimination.

These pictures show the equal right to vote.

Mass mobilization

Mass mobilization (also known as social mobilization or popular mobilization) refers to

mobilization of civilian population as part of contentious politics. Mass mobilization is often

used by grassroots-based social movements, including revolutionary movements, but can also

become a tool of elites and the state itself. The process usually takes the form of large public

gatherings such as mass meetings, marches, parades, processions and demonstrations. Those

gatherings usually are part of a protest action.

Mass mobilization usually starts in places where individuals have significant ties to their

communities (peasant villages, urban craft and worker guilds and labor unions, or religious

communities). News or rumors of political change (or political opportunity) are common

triggers for mass mobilization, which aim is to call attention to economic distresses of the

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community. Peasant rebellions are an example of such an occurrence. The extent to which

mass mobilization is organized versus spontaneous and the extent to which it relies on reason

versus emotions are still debated by scholars. Informal mass mobilization is Popular

Movement.

The Popular Movement

Movement which is popular among masses is known as ‘Popular Movement’. Struggle in

Bolivia was for one specific issue but struggle in Nepal was for the foundation of democracy

in Nepal.

Democracy evolves through popular struggles. Sometimes significant decisions were taken.

For example in 1957, a Conservative Liberal party was established by Berbar Caid

Mahajoubi with the help of Dr Abdelkrim at Khatib. Later he founded a separate party.

(Morocco)

ACTIVITY-III: DESIGN A MASS MOBILISATION MOVEMENT

1. On the given topic any thing related to common problems of your community or

school.

2. Conduct a Brain Storming session on the topic in the classroom.

3. Conduct an opinion poll.

4. Write the ideas on the paper.

5. Imagine that you are the leader of the movement and put the steps in an order and

prepare PPT and present it to the class.

6. This will enable students to develop leadership qualities.

ROLE PLAYED BY ‘PEOPLE’ IN THE STRUGGLE AND EXPRESSION OF DEMOCRACY

People’s movement described in many forms of collective actions like –Narmada Bache

Angolan, Movement for rights to information, Anti Liquor Movement, Women’s Movement

etc. Movements also attempt to influence politics. Nepalese Movement for Democracy arose

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with the specific objectives to restore democracy.Indian National Movement also led in the

restoration of Democracy.

I. VARIOUS POPULAR MOVEMENTS

WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

Women individually or

collectively struggled to bring about changes in the society. This struggle is known as

‘Women’s Movement’. Individual women and women organizations form different parts of

the country are part of the movement.

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and

defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women.

Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues. Feminists are "persons whose beliefs and

behavior are based on feminism."

Feminist activists campaign for women's rights – such as in contract law, property,

and voting – while also promoting bodily integrity and autonomy and reproductive rights for

women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the West, by

achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for women, reproductive

rights for women and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminists have

struggled to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment. They have

also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity leave, and against forms

of discrimination against women.

The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves" Each

wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first

wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave was associated with the ideas

and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave

campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The third wave is a continuation of, and

a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.

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Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the nineteenth century and early

twentieth century. In the U.K. and U.S., it focused on the promotion of equal contract,

marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century,

activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of

women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's

sexual, reproductive, and economic rights at this time.

Mid-twentieth century

Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960 and continuing to

the present and it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely

concerned with issues of equality other than suffrage, such as ending discrimination

Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked

and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and

as reflecting power structures.

Second and third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by a re-examination of

women's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new

discussions about whether women's equality has actually been fully achieved

Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

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In the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures

of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the

second wave. Third-wave feminists often focus on "micro-politics" and challenge the second

wave's Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as Gloria Anzaldua, bell hooks,

Chela Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other

black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-

related subjectivities

Since the 1980s standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist movement should address

global issues and culturally specific in order to understand how gender inequality interacts

with racism, homophobia, classism and colonization in a "matrix of domination. Third-wave

feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists, who believe that there

are important differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent

differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning

Women from different parts of the world played an important role in social, economic,

political and environmental movements

Activity I V: FANCY DRESS COMPETITION-( IDENTIFY THESE POPULAR WOMAN)

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1. Teacher can discuss about role played by the popular women and can give clue if not identified

by children.

2. Students will be allowed to search the internet.

3. Each member in the group dresses up like a prominent personality and expresses their views.

4. Assessment- on Effectiveness of the dress and speech.

THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT IN USA - A DIVIDED UNION 1941-80

The 1960s saw the rise of the new women’s movement that took its inspiration from the Civil

Rights Movement. Betty Friedan’s book the Feminine Mystique influenced a whole

generation. of women

The movement is an indication that women were not content with being tied to the home. They

wanted careers and campaigned against:

1. Low women’s wages- discrimination against women in the workplace

2. Overt sexism in society e.g. Playboy, Miss America

3. Demanded the right to control their own fertility (birth control)

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Achievements

Women became much more aware of their rights. Women’s pay gradually improved. Most

people were aware of sexual discrimination and considered it wrong.

The birth control pill was widely available after 1960. 

Employment discrimination in Government jobs was ended. By the 1990s far more women

had careers and many more were entering the professions.

The Civil Rights Movement grew to include the women's movement and achieved:

1963 - Equal Pay Act

1964 - Civil Rights Act on employment

1972 - Educational Amendment Act outlawing sexual stereotyping in school textbooks.

WOMEN MOVEMENT IN CHINA

In semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, women were for a long time kept at the bottom of

society. It was not until the first half of this century that the Chinese Communist Party led the

Chinese people to wage a great and profound national democratic revolution. At the same time, a

large-scale women's emancipation movement was launched, resulting in the historic liberation of

Chinese women which won worldwide attention.

. In political, economic, cultural, social and family life, women were considered inferior to men.

For national salvation and self-emancipation, Chinese women, along with the entire nation,

waged a dauntless struggle that lasted for over a century. They also launched a succession of

movements for women's liberation. The Reform Movement of 1898 advocated and ignited the

wave to ban feet binding and establish schools for women. The 1911 Revolution kindled a

feminist movement which focused on equal rights for men and women and participation by

women in political affairs. These movements promoted the awakening of Chinese women

Ever since its birth, the Chinese Communist Party has made the achievement of female

emancipation and equality between men and women one of its goals. Women of all ethnic groups

and walks of life united to stage popular women's liberation movements closely tied to the

Chinese revolution. In Communist Party-led base areas in particular, the revolutionary political

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powers issued a series of decrees and regulations to ensure the rights of women and raise their

status. This brought light and hope to women throughout the country. With an entirely new face,

they have stood up and become the masters of new China like all citizens of the country.

The Common Program, adopted by the 1949, the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's

Political Consultative Conference, which had the nature of a provisional constitution, solemnly

declared the toppling of the feudal system which fettered women and stated that women enjoyed

equal rights with men in the political, economic, cultural and educational fields and in other

aspects of social life. Thus a new era in the emancipation of Chinese women was ushered in.

---- Rural women obtained land, just like their male counterparts, and became masters of their

piece of soil. This fundamentally altered the situation of economic inequality between men and

women.

--- Universal balloting. The Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in

1953 clearly stipulated that women enjoy the same rights to vote and stand for election as men.

-- In 1957, around 70 percent of rural women engaged in agricultural work, and the number of

urban women workers and staff reached 3.286 million, representing a 5.5-fold increase over

1949. This thoroughly transformed the situation in which women were excluded from social

productive labor, providing them with an independent source of income.

-- Illiteracy eradication campaign: By 1958, 16 million women had learned to read, and this

represented an initial step in eradicating the ignorance and backwardness of Chinese women.

-- Publicity and implementation of the Marriage Law. The Marriage Law of the People's

Republic of China, promulgated in 1950, was the first statute enacted by New China. It clearly

declared the abolition of the feudal marriage system characterized by arranged and forced

marriage, male superiority and female inferiority, and disregard for the interests of children

By means of these large-scale mass movements, New China took only a few years to clean up the

filth and mire left over from a feudal society that had lasted for thousands of years. It effected

fundamental emancipation for women in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and

family life

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WOMENS’ MOVEMENT IN INDIA

In India, the first phase of feminism was initiated by men and uprooted social evils of sati

system, widow remarriage, forbid child marriage, equal right to property. Only women

organizations like (AIWC) All India Women Conference and (NFIC) the National Federation

of Indian Women emerged later. Women were grappling with the issues- scope of women

participation emerged. Women Franchise, Communal Awards and women played an important

role in politics.

Gandhi Jib initiated and invited women to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement against

British Raj. Women became conscious about their rights which resulted in the making of new

acts for equal pay, equal opportunities, maternal health, child education, welfare of women etc.

Fifth and Sixth Five Year Plan included women development.

Islam’s first leading lady or the mother of all Muslims Hazard Khalida wife of Hazrat Mohammed Sahib was the biggest business woman who supported first consent of women in NIKAH (Muslim marriage).National Policy on Education was created in India in 1986 and Mahila Samakhya programme was launched to uplift women.

Women holding demonstration for proper Public Distribution system Source-The Hindu 16.12.2011

1980: women group across the country came out against ‘dowry deaths’ When women were killed by their in-laws or husband. Women groups spoke out against the failure of law and order to bring justice to these cases. Women conducted processions on streets, approached the courts and shared information. This became a public issue in the newspapers. At last, laws were changed to punish families who seek dowry.

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Women show solidarity on 8th March and celebrate Women International Day.

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Definition- Charles Tilly defines social movements as a series of contentious performances,

displays and campaigns by which ordinary people made collective claims on others. Sidney

Tarrow defines social movements as collective challenges [to elites, authorities, other groups

or cultural codes] by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions

with elites, opponents and authorities.

Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of

individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues. It is sometimes

argued that the freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence

prevalent in the modern Western culture is responsible for the unprecedented number and

scope of various contemporary social movements. However others point out that many of the

social movements of the last hundred years grew up, like the Mau Mau in Kenya, to oppose

Western colonialism. Either way, social movements have been and continued to be closely

connected with democratic political systems. Occasionally social movements have been

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ACTIVITY V— WOMEN LEADER-ACTIVITY REPORT

Choose any women from the above given picture and prepare a write-up on her

activity as a “Women Leader”.

With reference to activity students will collect photographs from newspaper.

Students will make a collage on the same topic

CBSE-iCLASS- X- POLITICAL SCIENCE

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involved in democratizing nations, but more often they have flourished after democratization.

Over the past 200 years, they have become part of a popular and global expression of dissent.

Modern movements often utilize technology and internet to mobilize people globally.

Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements.

American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements in the 20th

century. Here, Martin Luther King is giving his "I Have a Dream" speech, in front of the

Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 Freedom change. In the post-war period, women's rights,

gay rights, peace, civil rights, anti-nuclear and environmental movements emerged, often

dubbed the Social Change.

Types of social movements.Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movements: They have classified that movement based on their characteristics:a. Reform Movement - Movements advocating changing some norms or laws. Examples of

such movements would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws.

b. Radical movement - Movements dedicated to change the value systems in a fundamental way. Examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans, regardless of race.

Type of change :

a. Innovation Movement - Movements which want to introduce or change particular norms, values, etc.

b. Conservative Movement - Movements which want to preserve existing norms, values, etc. For example, the anti-technology 19th century Luddites movement

Targets:

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a. Group-focus movements - focused on affecting groups or society in general, for example, advocating the change of the political system. Some of these groups

b. Transform into or join a political party, but many remain outside the reformist party political system.

c. Individual-focused movements - focused on affecting individuals. Most religious movements would fall under this category.

Methods of work :

a. Peaceful Movements - Various movements which use nonviolent means of protest as part of a campaign of nonviolent resistance, also often called civil resistance. The American Civil Rights movement, Polish Solidarity. Violent movements - various movements which resort to violence; they are usually armed and in extreme cases can take a form of a paramilitary or terrorist organization. Examples: the Rote Armee Fraktion, Al-Qaida.

Old and new social movements :

a. Old Movements - movements for change have existed for many centuries. Most of the oldest recognized movements, dating to late 18th and 19th centuries, fought for specific social groups. New movements - movements which became dominant from the second half of the 20th century - like the feminist movement, pro-choice movement, civil rights movement, environmental movement.

Range:

Global Movements - social movements with global (transnational) objectives and goals. Movements such as the First (where Marx and Bakunin met), Second, Third and Fourth Internationals, the World Social Forum, the Peoples' Global Action and the Anarchist movement seek to change society at a global level.

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Local Movements - most of the social movements have a local scope. They are focused on local or regional objectives, such as protecting a specific natural area etc.

Source: http:india.wikia.com

Social movements occur in liberal and authoritarian societies but in different forms. For example, American Civil Rights Movement grew on the reaction to black woman, Rosa Parks, riding in the whites-only section of the bus (although she was not acting alone or spontaneously—typically activist leaders lay the foundation of movements in USA. For example: Rosa Park refused to give up her seat in a bus to a white man on 1 st December, 1955. Her refusal on that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African – Americans were treated and that came to be known as Civil Rights Movement Act of 1964. This Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It stated school would be open to African –American children and they would no longer attend separate schools.

Activity VI- CHART MAKING ACTIVITY

: Write about people involved in a group or a Movement that fought for the welfare of

society in your locality

1. Prepare a list of individuals of your locality who are involved in various movements.

2. Group them according to their movement.

3. Write a paragraph on the person whom you admire the most for his/her contribution in

the Movement.

4. Every student will be assessed by giving 2 minutes to show chart and speak on it.

5. Assessment on the basis of presentation. Motivation them to make interesting

predations with picture, play cards etc.

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POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

A political movement is a social movement in the area of politics. A political movement

may be organized around a single issue or a set of issues, or around a set of shared concerns

of a social group. In contrast with a political party, a political movement is not organized to

elect members of the movement to government office; instead, a political movement aims to

convince citizens and/or government officers to take action on the issues and concerns which

are the focus of the movement.

Political movements are expressions of the struggle of a social group for the political space

and benefits. The political movements are presented by non-state groups who are led by their

élites. In fact the process of the construction of identities and reinforcing them is also a part

of political movements.

Types of Political Movements: local, regional, national, or international

GLOBALISATION –AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION

Globalization: A new type of political movement emerges that is not merely international or

single-issue focused, but is characterized with global approach.

This has been termed a global citizens movement.

ACTIVITY - VII GLOBALIZATION A debate can be organised on the “Impact of Globalisation” in your country.1. Among two participants, one will speak in favour and one against.

2. Students will be given a week’s time to prepare for the debate and rest of the class spectators.

3. Only two questions will be asked by the other students in the class.

4. Marks will be given on the basis of their performance, expression and content.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS

The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green politics, is a

diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues.

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The US environmental movement emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,

with two key strands: preservationist such as John Muir wanted land and nature set aside for

its own sake, while conservationists such as Gifford Pinchot wanted to manage natural

resources for human use. Among the early protectionists that stood out as leaders in the

movement were Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau

was concerned about the wildlife in Massachusetts; he wrote Life in the Woods. He studied

the wildlife from a cabin. John Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of the largest conservation

organizations in the United States. Marsh was influential with regard to the need for resource

conservation. Muir was instrumental in the creation of the world's first National Park at

Yellowstone in 1872.

In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm,

and for the first time. UN Environment Program. The United States also passed new

legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and

the National Environmental Policy Act – Which had the foundations for current

environmental standards.

By the mid-1970s anti-nuclear activism had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain

a wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single co-ordination organization the anti-

nuclear movement's efforts gained a great deal of attention. In the aftermath of the Three Mile

Island accident in 1979, many mass demonstrations took place in America. The largest one

was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved two hundred thousand people;

speeches were given by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader.

Social and Environmental Movements play an important role in bringing Public Welfare.

Environment Movement is a label for a large number of organizations and issue specific

movements. All these have separate organizations, independent leadership etc.

In the United States today, the organized environmental movement is represented by a wide

range of organizations sometimes called non-governmental organizations or NGOs. These

organizations exist on local, national, and international scales. Environmental NGOs vary

widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence the environmental policy

of the United States and other governments.

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POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIES CHIPKO MOVEMENT

ACTIVITY- VIII ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

Read the above newspaper clipping. Infer the role played by the School children in the Environmental Movement. Put your ideas on a paper and design and analyses any kind of environmental

Movement in your locality.

CHIPKO MOVEMENT

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The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan (literally "to cling" in Hindi) is a social-

ecological movement that follow the Gandhian methods of Satyagraha and Non-violent

resistance, through the act of hugging trees to protect them from falling. The modern Chipko

movement started in the early 1970s in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, with

growing awareness towards rapid deforestation. A group of peasant women in Reni village,

Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees

and reclaim their traditional forest rights that were threatened by the contractor system of the

State Forest Department. Their actions inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots

level throughout the region. By the 1980s the movement had spread throughout India and led

to formulation of people-sensitive forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees

in regions as far reaching as Vindhyas and the Western Ghats.

The first recorded event of Chipko however, took place in village Khejarli, Jodhpur district,

in 1730 AD, when 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives while protecting

green Khejri trees, considered sacred by the community, by hugging them, and braved the

axes of loggers sent by the local ruler, today it is seen an inspiration. In 1987 the Chipko

Movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award.

ADIVASIS (TRIBAL) MOVEMENT

Adivasis led their movement for their rights like the adivasi activists who were forcibly displaced from their traditional land. C.K.Janu in Wayned District, Kerala an activist pointed out the government, where non-tribal encrochers like timber merchants, paper mills etc exploit tribal land. After a long popular struggle, government had to pass a law to punish those people.

Junglistan Source:http://india.wikia.com/wiki/

Suffering tribal women raised their voice against the government decisions

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‘Save jungle’ movement starts, known as ‘JUNGLISTAN’.

"To symbolize this struggle for the safety of our forests, we are asking people to become

citizens of a virtual land called Junglistan - the country of the forests – and pledge to protect

it from mining and show the government that we want our forests to remain intact, '' says

Preethi Herman, Climate and Energy Campaigner, Greenpeace India.

Organizations’ play an active role in Junglistan. Students start to play on this topic.

Newspapers highlighted and encouraged people to understand the importance of jungle and

jungles.

ACTIVITY -IX–) POSTERMAKING ON /STATEMENT/SLOGAN/ON TRIBAL GROUP

MOVEMENT

SOURCE-THE HINDU 16.12.201

Write a Sloan /Statement or draw a poster to express your feelings as a member of this

locality.

Dress up in the dress of tribal group organizes a fancy dress show in the classroom.

Teacher will access the students on the basis of their Content and presentation. Dress&

Speech.

2) Draw a web chart on the initiative taken by the UNO to remedy the situation of

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pollution between different nations.

1. Teacher will divide class into six groups.

2. Each group would display their information on the wall.

3. Marks will be allotted on the basis of their presentation and content.

4. Student will be allowed to do paper reading and show chart.

6. Ask students to chart out different NGO’s working in India/in their respective country

III RELATION BETWEEN POPULAR MOVEMENTS AND POLITICAL PARTIES

Political Parties are formed for specific aim .But some Movements which are popular can be

successful as the political parties join them. Political Parties are born out of Popular

Movements. Many such groups take the shape of political parties and they contest elections,

for example Assam Movement led by students to drive out of the ‘Foreigners’ and party

Asom Gana Parishad was formed. DMK and ADMK are also result of Social Reform

Movement in Tamil Nadu.

They try to influence the media for giving more attention to these issues. They organize protest activities like strikes or disrupting government programmes. For

example- Workers Organizations’ and Employees Associations.

Some people from the pressure groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.

Movements seek to exert influences on political parties; so relation between Popular Movements and Political parties may be direct or indirect.

Pressure groups may be led by leader of political parties.

Movement groups raise new issues that have taken up by political parties. So new

leadership of political parties comes from interest of Movement groups.

Bolivian Movement was supported by Socialist Party. In 2006 this party came into

power.

The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objectives. SPA, Nepalese

Communist Parties and many other organizations join the movement.

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People’s movement to describe many forms of collective action: A movement also attempts

to influence politics. Their decision making is more informal and flexible. They depend much

more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.More general or generic

movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term.The Nepalese movement

for democracy arose with the specific objective of reversing the King’s orders that led to

suspension of democracy. It became a wider movement. The environmental movement and

the women’s movement are examples of such movements. Environmental movement is a

label for a large number of organisations and issue-specific movements.

Movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways

They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and their activities by carrying

information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions etc. Some people from pressure

groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and committees that offer

advice to the government.In some instances, the pressure groups are either formed or led by

the leaders of political parties. Most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually

activists and leaders of party. Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. For

example, when the Assam movement led by students against the ‘foreigners’ came to an end,

it led to the formation of the Asom Gana Parishad. The roots of parties like the DMK and the

AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can be traced to a long-drawn social reform movement during the 1930s and

1940s.Movement groups have raised new issues that have been taken up by political parties. Most

of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups.

ACTIVITY - X RELATION BETWEEN POPULAR MOVEMENT & POLITICAL PARTIES.

Prepare a list of political parties in your country and explain how they maintain their relation

with popular movements.

1. Pick up any one the particular issues address by any political party and make a note on it.

2. Conduct a debate on this issue.

3. Each student will show signs of political parties and their relation with popular movements.

4. Class will be divided into six groups.

5. Marks will be allotted on the basis of their presentation & explanation.

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ASSESSMENT RUBICS

Given below is some guideline for assessment. They are closely related to the skills and

concepts to be developed through the discipline of Social Science. Teachers can arrive at

a grade for the task performed keeping in mind the following parameters. For each

task, the specific learning objectives have been given in the worksheets.

Criteria Excellent(A+,A) Satisfactory(B+,B) Needs Improvement(C,D)

Knowledge and understanding of the content

Demonstrates detail & depth in discussion of a chosen topic at a level of relative complexity. Content is relevant to the chosen topic and displays relevant research

Content is relevant to the chosen topic. Reflects some research work done.

Content is sometimes relevant to the chosen topic. Mostly copied from outside source.

Language Employs complex structure & speech. Conveys thoughts meaningfully and systematically.

Conveys thoughts meaningfully and systematically. Sometimes uses complex structure and speech.

Is ambiguous and vague.

Analytical skill

Interprets accurately & appropriately in new contexts. Draw well supported conclusion, integrates ideas or develop solutions that are clear & coherent.

Interprets accurately and in new contexts sometimes.

Does not interpret, simply explains.

Participation in Group Discussion

Participates fully; fully gives relevant facts; Courteous and listens to others; Attempts to get others to participate; Does not monopolize the proceedings.

Participates fully. Listens to others; Gives relevant facts; Gets disturbed /withdraws when criticized

Needs much persuasion from teachers to participate; Gets agitated when stopped in between.

Logical reasoning

Has strong reasoning ability: is capable of solving complex or abstract problems has ability to make inferences integrates knowledge and applies to new situations.

Reasons out his arguments well can make inferences needs clues to apply knowledge to new situations.

Finds it difficult to reason out. Needs strong teacher support to apply knowledge to a new context.

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Team work Is sociable team oriented collaborative, enjoys working towards a shared goal.

Is sociable sometimes prefers to work independently

Collaborates occasionally prefers to work independently

Creative expression

Demonstrates a wide range of creativity, versatility and imagination, highlights the essence, puts ideas in proper context.

Some hesitation in expression meaning is clear always.

Some hesitation Meaning not always clear.

Originality Uses his own ideas, gives his own view points and relates it to contemporary time’s depth in thinking.

With support teachers uses his view points and relates it to new situation.

Cannot relate to new situation without support from teachers.

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ANSWERS OF WORK SHEETS

WORKSHEET- I.

1Match the following: 1

1. Ans -3 Loktantrik Day

2. Ans -4 70% to 40%

3. Ans -2 SPA

4. Ans -1 Jan-Andolan II

5. Ans -5 Government of Bolivia

2 MCQ

1 .a, 2 d, 3b, 4.b, 5d

3 Ans –Indian National Movement , Bolivia Water War

4 Long Term Movement- Movement that run for a longer period of time. They are

general movement that seeks to achieve a broad goal. They have independent

leadership. There is no single organization examples environmental and women

movement

Short Term Movement- They achieves a single objective within a limited time. They have

some sort of organization e.g. The Nepalese or Narmada Bachao Andolan in India

WORKSHEET- II.

1 Short Question

1. Pushpin Kamal Dal

2. United Communist party of Nepal.

3. For peaceful agitation against the direct role of the King and to end autocratic rule.

4. Senior Maoist Leader Mohan Vaidya.

5. Coalition government formed by CPN(M) and Communist party of Nepal

6 Ans. –Maoists are the followers of Communalism.

5 Ans.—Maoist

6 Ans.--Pranchanda

7 Ans.—Similarities b/w Nepalese and Bolivian Water War

(a) Both are instances of political conflicts that led popular struggle.

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(b) Both instances involved the critical role of political organization.

10 Ans.—some persons from pressure groups participate in official bodies and advice to the

Govt. Pressure groups either formed or led by leaders of political parties .Sometimes political

parties grow out of movement. Movement groups raised new issues.

11—Ans—UCPN-Nepalese far left political party which holds to the Maoists form of

communalism .It was founded in 1994 and is currently led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal .

12 ANS—(a) Maoists are the followers of communalism.

(b) 1. They seek to overthrew the govt. through an armed revolution and establish the rule of

peasants and workers

2. They supported SPA ‘during the movement for democracy in Nepal in 2004.

13-ANS— It took place in April 2006, aimed at restoring democracy. All major political

parties formed SPA, called of strikes, Maoists and other organizations joined hands. They

demanded restoration of parliament. SPA signed 12 point agreement with CPM. After more

than seven months political gridlock, a coalition of CPN and Communist Party of Nepal was

formed.

WORKSHEET - III

Give one word for each

1. Democracy

2. Mass Mobilization

3. Popular movement

4 Ans. MCQ_1 (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c)

5 Ans.—All India Women Conference

6 Ans.—Achievements 1 .Civil Rights Act 1964 (USA) 2. 1963 Equal Pay Act

7 ANS. –Popular struggle influence significant decision. Democratic conflict is resolved

through Mass mobilization. Conflicts and mobilization are based on political

organizations .But public participation became effective with the help of organized politics.

8 Ans.—Democracy-Govt. of the people, for the people and by the people

WORKSHEET IV

4 SOCIAL MOVEMENT

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.

1 Ans. –MCQ-(b)

2 Ans.—focused on effective groups or society in general e.g. advocating the change of

political system.

3 Ans. –American Civil Rights Movement.

4 Ans.—Reform Movement- advocating changes in some laws e.g. trade union

Radical Movement- dedicating to change value system in a fundamental way e.g. American

Civil Rights Movement.

5 Ans.—Yes, It is true. People can influence Govt.

(1) By direct participation in politics—create parties, contest election, form Govt.(2) indirect-

make govt. to listen their demands by forming organizations and these will promote the

interests of people . This is called pressure groups or interests groups.

6 Ans.—People’s movements describe many forms of collective actions like Narmada

Bachao Andolan, Anti Liquor Movement. Movement attempts to influence politics e.g.

Indian National Movement led the expansion of democracy.

7 Ans. –( from chapter)

8 Ans. –( explain from chapter )

WORKSHEET V

5. Political Movement

1. Aimed to change government policies.

2. Anti warsMovement

Anti Globalization Movement

Civil Right Movement

Women Suffrage Movement

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3 Ans.—Political Movement—It is organized around single issue or set of issues. It is

expression of struggle of a social group for political space and benefit.

4 Ans. –Discuss Nepal and Bolivia Water War

5 Ans.—Globaliosation-A new type of political movement, that is not merely international or

a single issue focused but characterized with global approach.

WORKSHEET VI

6) Relation between Popular Movement and Political Parties

1. Assam Gana Parishad

2. Social Reform Movement

3. Direct

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References

General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions: Honour Nepali Sentiment; Continue

support to Jana Andolan II

Sengupta, Somini (25 April 2006). "In a Retreat, Nepal's King Says He Will Reinstate

Parliament". The New York Times.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/world/asia/25nepal.html?

hp&ex=1146024000&en=8fe71bf94d2a73c8&ei=5094&partner=homepage.

"Full text: King Gyanendra's speech" . BBC. 24 April 2006.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4940876.stm.

PBS program NOW on the Water Wars

"Bechtel battles against dirt-poor Bolivia: Nation severed water deal after hefty rate

increases led to protests"

"Cochabamba's Water Rebellion -- and Beyond" February 11, 2001 San Francisco

Chronicle

The Cochabamba Water Wars: Marcela Olivera Reflects on the Tenth Anniversary

Olivera, Oscar, "The voice of the People can dilute corporate power". Wednesday

July 19, 2006 The Guardian

S .Chand’s-cce manual

R Gupta and M Arora-Inspiration

NCERT Text books

Web source -http://india.wikia.com/wiki/

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