Teacher Resource Pack Key Stage 2 and 3 · PDF fileTeacher Resource Pack ... Military Aircraft...

Teacher Resource Pack Key Stage 2 and 3 Flight

Teacher Resource PackThis booklet contains theory, experiments and suggested lesson plans to provide an introduction to the aerospace industry. It can also be used as a resource to teach the topics of flight and manufacturing to KS2 and KS3 pupils.

The pack has been designed as a teaching aid for teachers. It contains lesson plan ideas for various topics and many of the pages can be copied directly for pupils to use.

The lessons can be adapted depending on the year group. Suggestions on how to adapt and simplify the lessons have been provided where applicable.

For further media resources including videos, images and additional information, please visit:

www.airbus.com

The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company is a group of businesses which produce some of the world’s most technologically advanced aircraft and defence systems.

Airbus is the world’s leading manufacturer of civilian aircraft.

Eurocopter has been producing helicopters for civilian and military roles for more than 20 years.

The main business areas of the Astrium division are the development and manufacture of satellites. Astrium will also be entering the space tourism sector.

Cassidian is the defence and security division of EADS. Its products include global security systems using land, sea, air and joint technologies

One of the world’s leading aircraft manufacturers.

More than 7,000 of its jetliners currently operated by customers around the globe.

Airbus is a global company

Headquartered in Toulouse, France, Airbus produces 14 different types of aircraft, from the 100-seat A318 to the 525-seat A380.

We have 55,000 employees around the world, including France, Germany, Spain, the UK, North America, China, India, Japan and Russia

Airbus is committed to eco-efficiency

Airbus is the first aerospace company in the world to earn “full life-cycle approach” certification. This recognises the company’s effort to monitor and minimise the environmental impact of its production processes and airliner products from the design phase to the end of their useful service life.

Alternative sources and bio-fuels

Airbus addresses environmental concerns through co-operative programmes and research in areas that include alternative energy sources and bio-fuels, modernising air traffic management and lowering emissions.

Civilian AircraftAirbus makes families of aircraft, some designed to fly relatively short distances, others to go much further.

A320 familyTypical number of passengers 150

Maximum range 3,820 miles

Maximum speed 624 mph







A380 double-decker familyTypical number of passengers 525

Maximum number of passengers 853



And coming soon...

A350 XWB (Extra Wide Body) familyTypical number of passengers 314

Maximum range 9320 miles


Military AircraftAirbus Military designs and manufactures aircraft for use by the services. The A400M is a large, transport aircraft for carrying equipment, vehicles and personnel. The A330 MRTT (Multi Role Transport Tanker) is a passenger aircraft for service men and women. Both these aircraft can be refuelled in the air.

A400M AtlasMaximum payload 37,000 kg (weight it can carry)



A330 MRTTMaximum seating capacity 380



C295Maximum payload 9,200 kg



CN235Maximum payload 5,950 kg

Maximum range 3141 miles


C212 Maximum payload 2,700 kg



Flight – The Four ForcesKS2

Theory

Thrust:

The forward force that results from the air being pushed backwards from the engine exhaust.

Drag:

Resistant force produced by the air ‘hitting’ the aircraft.

Lift:

The force produced by the flowing air over and under the wings.

Weight:

The downwards acting force that comes from gravity.

Lift, weight and drag

LiftLift is the force that keeps the aircraft in the sky. It is generated by the aircraft wings in a similar way to the lift generated by the wings of eagles and seagulls. Lift is also what keeps a paper aeroplane in the air.

Can you think...

Which parts of the aircraft create lift?

Why are the wings important?

Is there any other part of an aircraft where lift is created?

What else are an aircraft’s wings used for?

WeightWeight is the force that acts vertically down, in the opposite direction to lift. It is a combination of the mass of the aircraft and gravity pulling it towards the earth.

Can you think...

What different weight forces act on an aircraft?

Which force reacts against the weight force on an aircraft?

How much do you think the A380 weighs?

DragDrag acts in the opposite direction to thrust and is the force that slows the aircraft down. Drag is all around us. It’s much harder to run in a swimming pool than on land because the water is acting as drag.

Drag comes from the air travelling around the aircraft’s body. It is used to help slow the aircraft down when it lands. If you watch the wing when an aircraft is landing, you’ll see it change shape as parts called ‘Spoilers’ move to increase drag and slow it down.

Can you think...

What effect does drag have on an aircraft?

Where else might you experience drag?

KS2Theory

KS2Theory

Thrust is the force that pushes the aircraft forwards and comes from the engines pushing air backwards.

Can you think...

What effect does the thrust force from the engines have on an aircraft?

Why are the engines positioned on the wings?

How jet engines work

Jet engines have to generate enough speed to get the aircraft off the ground.

They do this in four main ways:

1 Suck:Air is sucked into the engine by the rotating blades at the front.

2 Squeeze:The air is driven through the engine by the compressor blades which squeeze it into a tighter and tighter space.

3 Bang:Fuel is sprayed into the compressed air and ignited so it bursts into flames.

4 Blow:The hot gases made by the flames produce the energy that turns the turbine blades. The turbine provides the power to drive the compressor. The gases blow out of the exhaust at the back of the engine thrusting the aircraft forward.

12

3

34

4

2

Thrust

Instructions1. Attach a long piece of string between

the opposite ends of a room.

2. Thread the string through the straw (before you attach one end!)

3. Blow up the balloon as far as you can.

4. Twist the open end of the balloon and secure it with the peg.

5. Use the sticky tape to attach the balloon to the straw.

6. Make the string as tight as you can.

7. Undo the peg and watch the balloon whizz along like a rocket.

How does this work?The balloon is powered by thrust – the air coming out of its open end is pushing it forwards in a similar way to how a jet engine powers an aircraft. By fastening it to the string, the balloon has to maintain its direction, like a rocket.

KS2Experiment

You will need...

Thread

Drinking straw

Balloon

Sticky tape

Pegs

Did you know?The A380 Trent engine’s hollow, 116-inch titanium fan operates at nearly 3,000 rpm with fan tips reaching 1.5 times the speed of sound!

Balloon jet engine…

KS2Answers

LiftWhich parts of the aircraft create lift? The wings.

Why are the wings important?

They create the lift that keeps the aircraft in the sky.

Is there any other part of an aircraft where lift is created?

The horizontal and vertical parts of the tailplane (at the back of the aircraft). These help stabilise the aircraft, maintain straight and level flight, and help in turning manoeuvres.

What else are an aircraft’s wings used for?

Most of the aircraft’s fuel is stored in tanks inside the wings. They also carry the engines and the control surfaces, which help slow the aircraft down, and change direction.

WeightWhat different weight forces act on an aircraft?

Any weights contained in the aircraft, for example its structure, passengers, cargo, systems, crew, fuel etc.

Which force reacts against the weight force on an aircraft?

Lift.

How much do you think the A380 weighs?

The maximum weight at which the aircraft can take off is 560 tonnes, 15 times as much as a large lorry or more than 100 times the weight of an elephant.

DragWhat effect does drag have on an aircraft?

The aircraft shape and its surface finish.

Where else might you experience drag?

Swimming pool, windy day, walking through sand etc.

ThrustWhat effect does the thrust force from the engines have on an aircraft?

Increasing thrust will increase the speed of the aircraft.

Why are the engines positioned on the wings?

Because it reduces the noise and vibration that reaches the passengers, and also improves safety.

Flight – The Four ForcesAnswers to prompt questions

KS2Theory

FlightHow does it all work?

KS2Theory

Did you know?The A380 is the largest civil aircraft in history. There is enough space in its three decks to hold 35 million ping pong balls!

How does an aircraft fly?

In the 18th Century the Swiss professor Daniel Bernoulli discovered that pressure in a moving fluid is lowest in areas where the speed of the flow is greatest. This discovery gave early engineers an idea: if the speed of air above a plate could be increased in comparison to the air below it, then the air above would be at a lower pressure and would pull upwards on the plate. Designers found that a curved upper surface and a flat lower surface, as shown in Figure A, could produce this difference in air speed.

(The theory was that because the air flow over the top has to travel a longer distance it has to travel at a higher speed in fact it has now been proved to be more complicated than that.)

The result is that the pressure above the wing is lower than the pressure below. This difference results in lift forcing the wing upwards.

It was soon discovered that the faster the wing travelled the greater the lift produced, so if an aircraft could be made to travel fast enough the resulting upward force could lift the aircraft off the ground. Propeller engines and later jet engines could make the aircraft go fast enough to fly using the force – which is known as thrust.

Did you know?During take-off, the A380’s wings bend upwards my more than 4 metres.

Two parts of the aircraft direct the left and right turns: the rudder and the ailerons. The rudder on the vertical fin of the tail pushes it left or right. The pilot controls the rudder using foot pedals in the cockpit. The left or right movement of the rudder is called YAW.

Ailerons are long, thin flaps on the rear – or ‘trailing’ – edges of the wings. They are connected, so if one moves down, the other moves up. If the aileron of the right wing moves down, this wing will move up and the aircraft will ROLL left. The opposite movement causes a right ROLL. To make the aircraft turn, the pilot uses a combination of the left and right movement of the control stick, and pressing one of the foot pedals to combine ROLL and YAW.

Elevators are movable surfaces on the horizontal part of the tailplane. They control the up and down movements of the aircraft, know as PITCH.

If the pilot pulls the control stick towards his or her body, the elevators are angled upwards. The air that is pushed against these surfaces pushes the tail downwards, and the aircraft climbs.

KS2TheoryHow does an aircraft

change direction?

KS2Experiment The mechanics of flight

Here are three different sets of instructions for making paper aeroplanes. If you get into groups, you could each make different versions and see which flies the furthest.

The

Dar

t

KS2Experiment

The Glider

KS2Experiment

The

Stu

nt P

lane

KS2Experiment

Do you think you could improve the design?

Try it again. This time fold the wing tips upwards. Did this make it better, or worse? Did anything unusual happen? Now try folding the wings downwards and see what happens.

Now add paper clips to the wings, one on each side. This alters the centre of gravity of your glider. What happens when you fly it now?

Make some more gliders using the same pattern. Change the shape of the wing. Make them from different thicknesses of card. Add Plasticine to the front and see what happens.

KS2Experiment

Instructions1. Cut two strips of thin card, one 2.5 cm wide and

12 cm long, the other 2.5 cm wide and 24 cm long.

2. Curl each card strip into a hoop. Tape the ends together so you have one big hoop and one smaller hoop.

3. Tape the small hoop to one end of the straw and the big hoop to the other end. Make sure the big hoop lines up with the small one.

4. Hold your glider by the middle of the straw, with the small hoop in front. Throw it gently like a spear. It might take some practice to get the hang of it.

5. Now give yourself plenty of room to test it out!

How does this work?The two sizes of hoops help to keep the straw balanced as it flies with both producing lift. The larger hoop creates drag which helps keep the straw level while the smaller hoop in front keeps it from turning off course.

The HoOp GliderYou will need... A plastic drinking straw with the bendy end cut off.

Stiff paper or card.

Tape.

Scissors.

KS2Experiment

You will need... Paper or thin card.

Scissors.

A paper clip

Paper Helicopter

4. Fold up along

the dotted

line

5.

Fol

d fo

rwar

d al

ong

this

line

1. Cut along ALL solid lines

2. Fold forward here

6.

Fold

Bac

k al

ong

this

line

7. Fix a paperclip to this edge to provide weight

3. Fold back here

Instructions1. Copy the design shown in the diagram onto a strip of paper

20 cm x 3 cm.

2. Follow the instructions 1 – 7 on the diagram.

Hold the paper helicopter high in the air and let it go to launch it.

Manufacturing

Putting it all togetherAirbus makes families of aircraft, some designed to fly relatively short distances, others to go much further.

An Airbus aircraft is the result of people all around the world working together to make and supply all the components, and to put them together.

Production of the finished aircraft takes place in different sites across Europe. Each site makes different sections

which are brought together in the final assembly lines in

Toulouse, France and Hamburg, Germany.

The final assembly lines are organised by stations, each

performing a specific task, either assembling the sections,

or testing the aircraft systems. Airbus employees are proud

of the assembly system which is efficient and clean. Airbus

manufactures more than 530 aircraft every year.

KS2 / 3Theory

Lean ManufacturingLean manufacturing is the process of making things as efficiently as possible. At Airbus we have to be lean, to make as many aircraft as we do. We do this by using stations. Different tasks are performed at each station, which makes production very efficient.

Manufacturing

Transporting the sectionsAirbus transports most of the large, pre-assembled sections of its aircraft from their production locations to the final assembly lines by air. It uses a growing fleet of A300-600ST Super Transporters, known as the ‘Belugas’ because of their whale-like shape.

For videos of how an aircraft is assembled, please go to: http://tinyurl.com/d5t4l4y

Did you know?The paint on an aircraft is the same thickness as a human hair.

KS2 / 3Theory

KS2 / 3Lesson Plan Assembly Line Activity

This exercise is designed to introduce students to the concept of a production line and some of the challenges of the manufacturing process.

This is achieved by creating a simulated production line of aircraft made from paper and introducing some costs and customer/supplier relationships.

It is designed for students aged 14 years or more in teams of four to eight. For Key Stage 2 extend each stage by 5 minutes.

For each team you will need:1 x Stapler and Staples 1 x Scissors 1 x Team Record Sheet 1 x Participants exercise brief 1 x Set of cardboard templates (two fuselage

sections, two wings and one tail plane)1 x Dry wipe marker

For yourself:CalculatorExample ‘High Quality’ aircraftDry wipe markersLots of blank A4 paperSpare scissors and staplers and staples

Production Run 1:Planning stage 5 minutesPlan strategy, buy materials.

Production stage 10 minutesProduce prototype and get it approved.

Produce aircraft.

Assessment stageSell aircraft and complete record sheet.

Production Run 2:Planning stage 5 minutesPlan strategy, buy materials.

Production stage 10 minutesProduce aircraft.

Assessment stageSell aircraft and complete record sheet.

Making the aircraft:

1. Draw around the templates onto paper.

2. Cut out the sections.

3. Staple the two fuselage (body) sections together. Staple the wing and tailplane sections to the

assembled fuselage.

Fuse

lag

eFu

sela

ge

Wing Wing

Tailplane

Running the exerciseThere are two production runs in the exercise to allow students to learn from their mistakes. Each production run has a planning phase. For KS3 the students can purchase paper ($100m/sheet) and additional tools (scissors $100m and staplers $50m) from you. Their purchases should be recorded on their team record sheets. After the five minutes are up, no more purchases can be made. For KS2, the students will be given a set amount and the planning phase can be used for discussion and role assignment.

Production Run 1

The teams can now start the 10-minute production phase. Their first task is to make a single, prototype aircraft which they must present to you for approval before they can start mass production. After this has been done, they can make as many aircraft as possible during the time remaining. Make it clear to the teams that the quality of the aircraft is important – you will pay a reduced price for shoddy workmanship. You are also able to fine the teams for working in the planning phase, health and safety or environmental issues that arise from messy desks. Input any fine under the ‘Penalties’ heading on each Team Record sheet.

The next stage is the assessment stage. Each team presents all their aircraft to you, a price is negotiated and then recorded on their Team Record sheet. The ‘perfect’ aircraft price is $150m, the ‘acceptable’ price is $100m and the ‘poor’ price is $50m – or you can refuse to buy.

Lean Discussion

Lean is the method of analysing a process and making it more efficient. Efficient production lines have stations for different tasks set up in a line. When a phase is finished, it can be passed directly to the next stage along.

As a class, discuss how the planning and production processes could be made more effective. The following points are useful:

• Settingupaproductionlinewithinthegroupwhereeach student has a specific job, and having the right number of people for each job.

• Planningmoreefficientlytogetthecorrectbalancebetween material bought for the time to build.

• Efficiencyofmaterialusageintheproductionphase.

• Enhancedteamworkandcommunication.

• Leadership.

Production Run 2

The second run is identical but the teams do not need to build a prototype. The students should have learned from the mistakes they made in the first run and be able to predict more accurately how much paper they need to buy. This will allow them to maximise their profit margins.

Each group should now be given time to compare their performance over the two production runs. Why were they able to make more profit second time around?

KS2Experiment

KS2 / 3Lesson Plan

Presentations and debriefMost of the following points should come out in discussions during the team presentations.

The aim of simulating a production line:

Teamwork: The sum of the parts is greater than individuals working separately.

Communication: It’s important to allow each individual to contribute ideas.

Decision-making: Did a natural leader emerge in each group?

Improvements: How did things improve on the second production run?

Material requirements: How did better knowledge help?

Productions processes: What changes did you make?

Assessment of costs: How do you assess if it’s worth buying more tools?

Quality: Is there more profit in producing lots of substandard aircraft or fewer high quality aircraft?

Communication: It’s good to talk and work as a team.

Additional Information

Cost of aircraft and engines

Aircraft are expensive – for the cost of one A340 aeroplane you could buy more than 8,500 family saloon cars. The overall cost of an aircraft is calculated around a series of extras. These include crew training, simulator time, maintenance packages, the provision of spares etc. Engines are bought separately.

Cost penalties for quality

The cost penalties for quality cover a number of issues. The charge may be due to parts with concessions on them, penalty performance issues due to the aircraft not achieving specific fuel consumption/drag figures/speed etc. The cost penalties are calculated to cover the cost of the degraded performance or extra maintenance over the life of the aircraft.

Profit margins

You will have noticed that aircraft profit margins are small. Manufacturers only expect to recoup their investment 10 to 15 years into a programme. Profits can also be reduced because of constant battles with the other manufacturers and the airlines driving a hard bargain.

KS2 / 3Lesson Plan

Fuse

lag

e

Wing

Wing

Tailplane

Front Fuselage

Plane Templates

PRODUCTION LINE SIMULATION RECORD SHEET Team:

Paper @ $100mFirst Production Run Second Production Run

Number Bought or Sold Total Price $m Number Bought or Sold Total Price $m

Scissors @ $100m

Staplers @ $50m

Penalties @ $ m

Total Spent @ $ m

Aircraft Sold @ $50m – Poor Quality

Aircraft Sold @ $100m – Reasonable Quality

Aircraft Sold @ $150m – Excellent Quality

Total from Aircraft Sales $m

Balance $m

Profit/Loss:

School Work ExperienceAirbus in the UK offers a Work Experience Programme, aimed at school and college students aged 14 to 19. We consider it to be an important part of our activities to promote an interest in Engineering and Manufacturing among students. This is particularly true at the point when students are considering their future options. Many placements we offer are in Engineering, as well as in Finance, Human Resources (HR), Information Communication Technology (ICT), Administration, Procurement and Air Traffic Control, amongst others.

We want our work experience students to gain an understanding of what may be required of them when they enter the world of work. The programme operates across both sites in the UK and a list of dates for placements is available on our website. All placements are of one week’s duration.

For more information, please visit www.airbus.com/work/early-careers/uk-school-pupils

ApprenticeshipAirbus is proud of its Apprenticeship programmes and the many people who have completed their apprenticeships with us. We consider them to be ideally qualified, with the right skills, knowledge and experience to enable them to make an immediate contribution when they enter the workforce.

All our Apprenticeship programmes are around three years’ duration and run partly at Airbus’ UK sites and partly at our partnership colleges or universities. Joining an Airbus Apprenticeship programme could be the ideal place to begin a career in engineereing, just as it has been for many of our Senior Operational Managers today.

Early Careers at AirbusEmploying some 55,000 people drawn from over 100 nationalities, our employees are selected for their drive, dynamism and innovation, plus their ability to work together in integrated, transnational teams across geographical and professional boundaries.

To stay at the top, we need to recruit the very best and maximise our employees’ skills and potential. To this end, we provide a huge range of career development opportunities.

Airbus offers a variety of early career opportunities for pupils and school leavers, including:

• School work experience for 14 to 19 year olds

• Apprenticeship schemes

For more information, please visit www.airbus.com/work

Airbus Undergraduate ApprenticeshipOur new ‘Undergraduate Apprenticeship’ in Engineering leads to a BEng with Honours in Aeronautical Engineering in the third year. A combination of job-related and academic training, the ‘Undergraduate Apprenticeship’ provides an outstanding opportunity for participants to go to University and attain a degree without the accompanying debt.

The first of its kind in the UK, Airbus is leading the way with this programme through which participants will also achieve a professional IEng level qualification.

Applicants must have a minimum of 300 UCAS points with at least two A Levels (or equivalent; this includes Welsh, Scottish and International equivalents only) at grade B or above in Maths and Physics. Additionally, six GCSEs at grade B or above including Maths, English, Science (Double Award) and preferably two related subjects; these could include an Engineering Diploma, Principle Learning, PEO Level 2 and Pathways to Apprenticeship. If GCSE level Science has been taken as single subjects then one of the sciences gained must be Physics.

Higher Supply Chain Logistics ApprenticeshipSupply Chain Logistics (SCL) supports the wide range of aircraft produced by Airbus with an integrated supply chain. It manages the supply base of hundreds of external suppliers responsible for parts and materials consumed during the wing manufacture process.

This apprenticeship leads to Essential Skills Level 3, NVQ Level 2 in Performing Engineering Operations (PEO), BTEC Level 2 Certificate in Supply Chain Management, CIPS (Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply) Level 5 and NVQ Level 3 in Logistics Operations Management, amongst others.

Applicants must have a minimum of two A Levels (or equivalent; this includes Welsh, Scottish and International equivalents only) at grade B or above in Business Studies or a BTEC National Diploma in Business Studies (Distinction) and a related subject such as Economics, as well as a minimum of five GCSEs (or equivalent; this includes Welsh, Scottish and International equivalents only) at grade B or above including Maths and English.

Craft ApprenticeshipA Craft Apprentice can become a skilled craftsperson e.g. aircraft mechanic/electrics. A good head for figures and IT literacy is important, as well as first-rate written and verbal communication skills.

Our Craft Apprenticeship leads to NVQ Extended Diploma (Aeronautical Engineering) Level 3, Technical Certificate (National Diploma Certificate in Aeronautical Engineering), Essential Skills Level 2 and Wider Key Skills amongst others.

Applicants must have a minimum of five GCSEs (or equivalent; this includes Welsh, Scottish and International equivalents only) at grade C or above in Maths, English Language, Science (Double Award) and preferably one related subject; these could include an Engineering Diploma, Principle Learning, PEO Level 2 and Pathways to Apprenticeship. If GCSE level Science has been taken as single subjects then one of the sciences gained must be Physics.

Careers at Airbus

www.airbus.com/careers

for more informationclick www.airbus.com

www.facebook.com/airbus @airbus

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