Tata Steel Ritika (1)
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UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON MARKETINGPROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL OF STEEL
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
VARUN P.
BAGLA 2008
MA MARKETING
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AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON MARKETINGPROSPECTS AND POTENTIAL OF STEEL
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
by
VARUN P.BAGLA
2008
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED IN PARTCONSIDERATION FOR THE DEGREE OF
MA MARKETING.
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TABLE OF CO N TE N T S
TITLE PAGE NO.
Ch% t#$ 9 INTRODUCTION
. B%( 1$&-n" &, th# !t-"y::::::::::::::::::::.
.2 R#!#%$(h &b3#(t *#!::::::::::::::::::::::.2
.; St##) In"-!t$y::::::::::::::::::::::::....;.; P#$,&$/%n(# &, th# St##) S#(t&$ n In" % n th# )%!t 2? y#%$!:::.8.;.< S %$ ) n1 F-t-$# Ah#%":::::::::::::::::..8.;.? St##) G#tt n1 St ,, C&/ #t t &n ,$&/ Oth#$ M#t%)!::::::..
.;.= R#*&)-t &n%$y D#*#)& /#nt!::::::::::::::: ;.;.> R% " E(&n&/ ( G$&+th::::::::::::::::... ?
.;.8 P$&"-(t &n::::::::::::::::::::::.. =.< St##) A-th&$ ty &, In" % L / t#" 4SAIL5:::::::::::::.. 8
.2.;.> P-b) ( R#)%t &n!::::::::::::::::::::...;82.;.8 C&!t (&/ #t t *#n#!!:::::::::::::::::::;@2.;.@ -%) ty (&/ #t t *#n#!!:::::::::::::::::...;@
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2.< M%$ #t n1 St$%t#1 #! O, SAIL:::::::::::::::::::;.? M%3&$ P$&"-(#$! &, GP GC Sh##t! In In" %::::::::::::::=0
Ch% t#$ < EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
REFERENCES::::::::::::::::::::::: .@@APPENDI :::::::::::::::::::::::: .. 02
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LI S T OF T AB LE S
TABLE NO. NAME PAGE NO.
T%b)# . P$&"-(t &n' C&n!-/ t &n'E7 &$t %n" I/ &$t &,F n !h#" (%$b&n !t##) %n"P 1 $&n
>
T%b)# 2. P$&"-(t &n O, St##) A($&!!Th# G)&b#
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T%b)#
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LI S T OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME PAGE NO.
F 1-$# 2. S#(t&$ + !# C&n!-/ t &n &, St##) n In" %
?0
F 1-$# ;. Ann-%) (% %( ty 200> =
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CH A PTER I N TRO DU CTIO N
. BA CKGRO UND OF THE S T UDY
M#ht% !t%t#! n B-! n#!! &$)" 4200>5 th%t !t##) ! % h 1h)y (% t%) nt#n! *# n"-!t$y %n"
(y() (%) n n%t-$#. It! 1$&+th ! nt#$t+ n#" + th th# 1$&+th &, th# #(&n&/y %t )%$1#' %n"
n %$t (-)%$ th# !t##) (&n!-/ n1 n"-!t$ #! !-(h %! /%n-,%(t-$ n1' h&-! n1 %n"
n,$%!t$-(t-$#. St##)' 1 *#n t! b%( +%$" %n" ,&$+%$" ) n %1#!' h%! % )%$1# /-)t ) #$
#,,#(t. M#ht% 4200>5 %)!& & n# th%t + th (% t%) n*#!t/#nt! &, &*#$ R! 00' 000 ($&$#!'
th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y (-$$#nt)y $&* "#! " $#(t n" $#(t #/ )&y/#nt t& &*#$ 2 / )) &n
#& )#. A! In" % /&*#! %h#%" n th# n#+ / ))#nn -/' th# !t##) n"-!t$y + )) )%y %
($ t (%) $&)# n t$%n!,&$/ n1 In" % nt& %n #(&n&/ ( !- #$ &+#$.
A((&$" n1 t& M#ht% 4200>5 n $#(#nt t /#!' th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y h%! b##n n th#
) /#) 1ht. Th ! !-""#n (%t% -)t &, nt#$#!t ! "-# /% n)y t& th# ,#+ )%$1# /#$1#$ %n"
%(6- ! t &n "#%)!. Th#y n*&)*#" b 1 n%/# )%y#$! !-(h %! th# t% #&*#$ &, A$(#)&$ by LN
M tt%) %n" th# $#(#nt TATA %(6- $#" C&$-!' th# 1 %nt An1)& D-t(h 1$&- . St##)
A-th&$ ty &, In" % %)!& n&+n %! SAIL ! (h&!#n ,&$ /y " !!#$t%t &n %! I h%*# b##n
,&))&+ n1 &n th# (&/ %ny ! "#*#)& /#nt. h )# th# (&/ %ny ! )%$1# n ! # by In" %n
!t%n"%$"!' t ! !t )) % "&/#!t (%t#" )%y#$ -n) # t! &th#$ $ *%)$ #! ) # TATA St##).
H%* n1 %(6- $#" /%n%1#$ %) n&+)#"1# n th# MBA $&1$%//' I h%*# % !t$&n1 "#! $# t&
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#7 )&$# h&+ St##) A-th&$ ty &, In" % (&-)" %(h #*# t! (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# ,&$ th#
,-t-$#.
Th# !t-"y n*#!t 1%t#! th# (&/ #t t *# ,%(t&$! th%t n,)-#n(# &n th# !t##) n"-!t$y %n"
th#!# n()-"# %/&n1 &th#$!' th# / %(t &, 1&*#$n/#nt $#1-)%t &n!' /%$ #t ) b#$%) %t &n'
#t( n %"" t &n t& th# /%$ #t &t#nt %) %n" $&! #(t! &, th# St##) In"-!t$y n In" %. Th#
-$ &!# &, th ! !t-"y ! t& %n%)y # th# /%$ #t $&! #(t!' /%$ #t &t#nt %) %n" th#
/%$ #t n1 !t$%t#1 #! %"& t#" by th# #y )%y#$! n th# !t##) n"-!t$y n In" %.
.2 RE S E A RCH O B ECTI V E S
T& , n" &-t th# (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1#! +h (h th# )%$1# In" %n St##) C&/ %n #!
h%*# ($#%t#" &*#$t /# %n" th# $ %"% t%t &n t& th# (h%n1 n1 #n* $&n/#nt.
T& %n%)y # th# /%$ #t n1 %! #(t! &, th# (&/ %n #! ,-n(t &n n1 %n" -n"#$!t%n" n1
th#/ ,$&/ th# n"-!t$y ! & nt &, * #+.
T& %n%)y # th# /%$ #t n1 &t#nt %) %n" $&! #(t! &, th# !t##) n"-!t$y n In" %
T& /%$ &-t th# ,-t-$# &, th#!# (&/ %n #! %n" $#(&//#n" ! #( , ( & nt! +h (h
h%*# th# &t#nt %) ,&$ !-!t% n n1 th# (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1#
Sh$&,, 4200?5 %$1-#! th%t th# (&/ #t t *# n%t-$# &, th# In" %n !t##) !#(t&$ h%! b##n h#)"
b%( by th# b-$#%-($%t ( $%(t (#! by th# In" %n 1&*#$n/#nt -nt ) #%$)y @@0!. Th#
!-$* *%) %n" 1$&+th &, !&/# &, th# &)"#!t In" %n !t##) (&/ %n #! (&/# -n"#$ !($-t ny %!
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th#y +#$# (&n! "#$#" +h t# #)# h%nt!J by /%ny 6-%$t#$!. S n(# th#n' th# In" %n !t##)
!#(t&$ h%! -n"#$1&n# "$%!t ( (h%n1#. G&*#$n/#nt $%(t (#! h%*# b##n !t$#%/) n#" %n"
th# )#*#) &, nt#$*#nt &n! h%! b##n !-b!t%nt %))y $#"-(#". B-$#%-($%(y h%! (&/# t& %n
#n". In!t#%" #,, ( #n(y ! th# &$"#$ &, th# "%y Th# /%$ #t ) b#$%) %t &n $&1$%//'
+h (h ( #" n ! n(# #%$)y @@0!' ! th# /% n #n1 n# &, 1$&+th ,&$ th# In" %n !t##)
n"-!t$y.
Sh$&,, 4200?5 %)!& $#*#%)! th%t th# In" %n (&/ %n #! #/#$1#" #*#n !t$&n1#$ + th th#
& #n n1 - &, th# #(&n&/y %n" n&+ (&//%n" % (&/ #t t *# &! t &n n&t &n)y n th#
In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y b-t %$# (&/ #t n1 1)&b%))y. Th ! !t-"y nt#n"! t& , n" &-t th#
(&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1#! +h (h &n# &, th# )%$1#!t In" %n !t##) (&/ %n #! h%! ($#%t#" &*#$
t /# %n" h&+ h%*# th#y %"% t#" t& th# (h%n1 n1 #n* $&n/#nt. A th&$&-1h %n%)y! ! &, th#
)#%" n1 (&/ %n #! %$t (-)%$)y SAIL h%! b##n (&n"-(t#" n &$"#$ t& "#nt ,y th# ,-t-$#
&t#nt %) &, th# (&/ %ny %n" %)!& -n"#$!t%n" th# +%y n +h (h t (&-)" !-!t% n t!
(&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1#.
A((&$" n1 t& M P%n"h# 4200>5 th# !t##) n"-!t$y n In" % ! #7 #$ #n( n1 ,%*&$%b)#
(&n" t &n! "-# t& - !+ n1 n nt#$n%t &n%) $ (#!. Th# (&)" $&))#" (& )! $ (#! n($#%!#"
,$&/ 8 t& ?8> #$ t&nn# b#t+##n %n-%$y %n" A $ ) 200= +h )# h&t $&))#" (& ) $ (#!
!h&t - ,$&/ ;=8 t&
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M (h%#) P&$t#$' 4 @8?5 & n#! th%t (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# /#%n! ($#%t n1 -n 6-#
(% %b ) t #! %n" !t$#n1th!' +h (h (%n b# "#,#n"#" %1% n!t / t%t &n! ,$&/ $ *%) , $/!
4P&$t#$' @8?5.
h%$t&n 4 @@>5 &n th# &th#$ h%n" !-11#!t! th%t % (&/ %ny n *%$ &-! +%y! (%n &bt% n
(&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# b-t t ! *#$y / &$t%nt ,&$ -! t& "#, n# th# !(& #. Th ! $#!#%$(h
"&(-/#nt #7%/ n#! th# (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# ($#%t#" by SAIL * ! % * ! th# &th#$
n"-!t$y )%y#$! 4In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y &-$n%)5. P-b) ( !#(t&$ &) ( #! (%n ($#%t# %n" h#)
!-!t% n (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# ,&$ , $/!' &$ (%n -n"#$/ n# %n" #*#n "#!t$&y %"*%nt%1#!
4 h%$t&n' @@>5' th-! t ! n#(#!!%$y t& -n"#$!t%n" th# &) (y !!-#! 1&*#$n n1 th#
n"-!t$y.
.; S TEEL I NDUS TR Y
S&/# /%3&$ !t$-(t-$%) (h%n1#! h%*# &((-$$#" &, )%t# n In" %' +h (h h%*# $#!-)t#" n
$&b-!t n"-!t$ %) #$,&$/%n(# &, In" %n n"-!t$y' !& /-(h !&' th%t t h%! b#(&/# th#
!-b3#(t &, 1)&b%) " !(-!! &n!' % )%-"#" &$ #n* #" by /%ny. Th# n"-!t$ %) $#(&*#$y n
th ! (&-nt$y $#%))y b#1%n t& b# !##n n 2002 0; +%! (&n!&) "%t#" "-$ n1 200; 0
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Th ! n"-!t$y h%! %)!& %)$#%"y $#(&1n #" th%t th# #%$th ! $#!&-$(#! %$# n&t -n) / t#"' %n"
t /# h%! (&/# t& n t %t# % $&(#!! &, $#th n n1. It ! h#%$t#n n1 t& n&t# th%t th# !t##)
b-! n#!! ! (&nt n-&-!)y +&$ n1 t&+%$"! $#"-(t &n n #/ !! &n! %)&n1 + th -! n1 )&+#$
%/&-nt! &, $#!&-$(#! %n" #n#$1y. It h%! %)!& b#(&/# #7t$#/#)y %+%$# &, , n" n1 /&$#
#(&n&/ (%) +%y! &, -t ) n1 t! by $&"-(t!. Th-!' th# )&n1 t#$/ !-!t% n%b ) ty &, !t##)
$&"-(t &n % #%$! t& b# 1-%$%nt##". N&n#th#)#!!' th# !t##) n"-!t$y ! (&n!( &-! th%t
&*#$ th# )&n1 h%-)' t + )) n##" t& "#*#)& % +h&)# 1#n#$%t &n &, t#(hn&)&1 #!' +h#$#
b# n1 #n* $&n/#nt%))y b#n 1n + )) b# %! / &$t%nt % (&n! "#$%t &n %! $&* " n1 t& ()%!
$&"-(t! %t $#%!&n%b)# (&!t.
.;. S t##) , &$ S&( %) C%- !#
Th#$# ! /&$# t& %n %!!#!!/#nt &, !-!t% n%b ) ty &, % /%t#$ %) th%n 3-!t )&& n1 %t th# -!#
&, n%t-$%) $#!&-$(#!. Th# &! t *# %n" n#1%t *# #,,#(t! &, th# % ) (%t &n &, %ny /%t#$ %)
%)!& )%y % $&)#. In th ! (&nt#7t' !t##) ! (-$$#nt)y n th# $&(#!! &, &! t *# "#*#)& /#nt!.
F&$ #7%/ )#' n &+#$ !t%t &n! n#+ !t##) /%t#$ %)! th%t (%n b# #7 &!#" t& h 1h#$
$#!!-$#! %n" t#/ #$%t-$#! %$# /% n1 % ! 1n , (%nt (&nt$ b-t &n t&+%$"! n($#%! n1
#,, ( #n(y' th#$#by $#"-( n1 CO2 &-t -t t& h#) !&( #ty. Th# "#*#)& /#nt &, n#+ !t##)!
,&$ th ( +%))#" h 1h #$,&$/%n(# (&/ &n#nt! ,&$ b& )#$! %n" #! h%! b#1-n. P #) n#!
/%"# &, !t##) h%*# $&*#" th# "#%) !&)-t &n ,&$ th# b-) t$%n! &$t &, & ) %n" n%t-$%) 1%!
&*#$ )&n1 " !t%n(#! b#,&$# th#y %$# -!#" by (-!t&/#$!. H 1h !t$#n1th !t##)! + th !- #$ &$
()#%n) n#!! %n" 1$#%t#$ $#! !t%n(# t&+%$"! (&$$&! &n h%*# ,&-n" + "#! $#%" -!#' ,&$
#7%/ )#' n !#% +%t#$ "#!%) n%t &n )%nt!. Th#$# h%! b##n $#/%$ %b)# $&1$#!! n th# %$#%
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&, #(& #,, ( #nt ) 1ht +# 1ht !t##) (&n!t$-(t &n!' +h (h ! % ()%!! ( #7%/ )# &, th#
!yn#$1#t ( %"*%nt%1# th%t (%n b# 1% n#" by !&( #ty %t )%$1# ,$&/ " !( ) n#! ) #
(&n!t$-(t &n' /%t#$ %) !( #n(#' %n" $&"-(t &n t#(hn&)&1y (&/ n1 t&1#th#$.4D%! SN' 200=5
.;.2 S t# %" y P$&1$ #!! n th # S t##) S#( t&$ n In" %
In" % ! %!!&( %t &n + th $&n %n" !t##) b#1%n /&$# th%n th$## (#nt-$ #! %1&. H 1h 6-%) ty
&&t !t##) +%! /%"# n !&-th#$n In" % /&$# th%n % th&-!%n" y#%$! b#,&$# !t##) %! 1&&"
+%! #*#n th&-1ht &, n th# #!t. Th# H%$% %n ( * ) %t &n -!#" % *%$ #ty &, / n#$%)!
%n" /#t%)!' n()-" n1 $&n. Th# R 1 V#"% /#nt &n! th# -!# &, / n#$%)! %! 1#/!t&n#!
Ch%n% y% %)!& $#,#$$#" t& th# ! 1n , (%n(# &, / n#$%)! %n" /#t%)! n In" %n ( * ) %t &n
h ! ,%/&-! " !!#$t%t &n QA$th%!h%!t$%Q "%t n1 b%( ;20 =20 A.D. Th# I$&n P ))%$ n D#)h
/%"# &*#$ ? h-n"$#" y#%$! %1& ! % /#t%))-$1 (%) +&n"#$ ! n(# t h%! n&t $-!t#" %t %))
&*#$ %)) th#!# y#%$!. It (%n th-! b# 3-!t , %b)y ()% /#" th%t In" % ! %!!&( %t &n + th $&n
%n" !t##) h%! !t&&" th# t#!t &, t /#. Th# $&"-(t &n &, !t##) n In" % &n %n n"-!t$ %) !(%)#
b#1%n #%$)y. By !#tt n1 - Th# T%t% I$&n %n" St##) C&/ %ny 4n&+ T%t% St##) L / t#"5 %t
%/!h#" -$ %)/&!t #7%(t)y h-n"$#" y#%$! %1&' %/!#t3 N-!!#$+%n3 T%t% &n##$#" th#
In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y. I//#" %t#)y %,t#$ In"# #n"#n(#' In" % ! $&n %n" !t##) $&"-(t &n
n($#%!#" 6- t# $% ")y. Th# * ! &n%$y b#h n" th ! %(h #*#/#nt +%! th# )%t# P$ /#
M n !t#$ %+%h%$)%) N#h$- +h& (&n! "#$#" !t##) )%nt! t& b# t#/ )#! &, /&"#$n In" % .
Un,&$t-n%t#)y' In" % ! !t##) (% %( ty +%! n&t %-1/#nt#" t& %ny % $#( %b)# #7t#nt &*#$
th# n#7t th$## "#(%"#!. 4D%! SN' 200=5
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.;.; P # $ , &$ / %n (# &, th # S t##) S#( t&$ n In" % n th # )%!t 2? y#%$!
Th# "#(%"# &, th# # 1ht #! 4%n" #*#n #%$)y n n#t #!5 !%+ th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y %t ($&!!
$&%"!. A,t#$ % n-/b#$ &, (&/ %n #! h%" "#( "#" t& 1& n ,&$ n#+ !t##) )%nt!' th# S&-th
E%!t A! %n b&&/ t-$n#" nt& % ($%!h. T& /% # /%tt#$! +&$!#' th ! (& n( "#" + th %
"&+n+%$" t-$n n )&(%) "#/%n"' ,&))&+#" by % (&))% !# &, !&/# n"-!t$ %) , n%n( %)
n!t t-t &n! &, In" %. Th# n#t $#!-)t +%! th%t ,$#!h n*#!t/#nt n th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y
+%! (&n! "#$#" #7t$#/#)y $ ! y' )#%" n1 t& % #$ &" &, )-)). F&$t-n%t#)y' th ! ! n&+ %)) %
%$t &, h !t&$y. Th# ) b#$%) %t &n &, th# In" %n #(&n&/y n th# #%$)y n n#t #! h%! $#!-)t#"
n % $#3-*#n%t &n &, th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y. H-1# n*#!t/#nt! h%*# b##n %nn&-n(#"
b&th by th# G&*#$n/#nt %! +#)) %! /%ny $ *%t# )%y#$! ,$&/ In" % %n" &*#$!#%!.
C&n!#6-#nt)y' &*#$ th# )%!t ,#+ y#%$!' th# !t##) n"-!t$y h%! b##n + tn#!! n1
-n $#(#"#nt#" 1$&+th. Th ! t-$n %$&-n" ! $#%))y n&t !-$ $ ! n1' ! n(# In" % h%! %)+%y!
b##n $#( &n#" %! % &t#nt %) 1)&b%) !t##) h-b. 4H n"-' 200=5
.;.< S %$ ) n 1 F-t-$ # A h # %"
&$)" $#n&+n#" -n" t! %$# Q1-n1 h&Q %b&-t th# ,-t-$# &, th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y.
P#$h% ! th ! ! b#(%-!# In" % ! %/&n1!t % ,#+ (&-nt$ #! n th# +&$)" h%* n1 th# "-%)
%"*%nt%1# &, ,%!t 1$&+ n1 "&/#!t ( "#/%n" (&- )#" + th %((#!! t& $%+ /%t#$ %)!.
F-$th#$' th# t$#n" th%t ! %)$#%"y " !(#$n b)# ! th%t th# %7 ! &, 1)&b%) !t##) $&"-(t &n
(&n!-/ t &n ! !h ,t n1 t&+%$"! A! %. th th# $ )%$1# & -)%t &n!' Ch n% %n" In" %
%)$#%"y %((&-nt ,&$ ;? &, th# t&t%) +&$)" !t##) $&"-(t &n /&$# th%n "&-b)# &,
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E-$& #. A! % ! #7 #(t#" t& &-t %(# &th#$ $#1 &n! &, th# +&$)" t& %n #*#n 1$#%t#$ #7t#nt
n th# (&/ n1 y#%$!.
S#*#$%) /%($& t$#n"! ,%*&$ 1$&+th n A! %. F $!t' A! % ! n&+ #7 #$ #n( n1 +h%t th#
"#*#)& #" n%t &n! ,%(#" n th# $#* &-! (#nt-$y !t$&n1 n"-!t$ %) "#/%n" )#" by
n,$%!t$-(t-$%) %n" (&n!t$-(t &n n##"!. S#(&n"' $#1-)%t &n! &n n"-!t$ %) &))-t &n (&nt$&)
h%*# b#(&/# !& !t$ n1#nt n th# US %n" E-$& # th%t th# (% t%) (&!t $#6- $#" t& n!t%))
#n* $&n/#nt % $&*#" n#+ (% %( ty h%! b#(&/# $&h b t *#. Th $"' ,&$ )&n1 t#$/
!-!t#n%n(# &, th# n"-!t$y' %((#!! t& $%+ /%t#$ %)! ! % /-!t' %n" A! % %! % +h&)# h%!
!&/# &, th# b#!t %n" )%$1#!t "# &! t! &, $&n &$# %n" (&%). A/&n1!t th# A! %n n%t &n!'
Ch n% h%! #!t%b) !h#" % h-1#' -nb$ "1#%b)# )#%". It ! %((# t#" th%t Ch n% + )) (&nt n-# t&
b# th# )#%"#$. H&+#*#$' In" % ! !)%t#" t& #/#$1# %! th# !#(&n" A! %n 1 %nt n th# n#7t t#n
y#%$!. F 1-$%t *#)y ! #% n1' +h )# th# QD$%1&nQ h%! $#%(h#" /%t-$ ty th# QL&t-!Q !
%b&-t t& b)&&/ n $#! )#n"#nt ! )#n"&$. In 200? Ch n#!# !t##) (&n!-/ t &n +%! %$&-n"
;20 Mt' .# Ch n% !+%))&+#" %)/&!t ;2 &, 1)&b%) !t##). It ! -n) #)y th%t ,-t-$#
$&"-(t &n %n" (&n!-/ t &n +&-)" (&nt n-# t& ,)&-$ !h %t 1$&+th $%t#! &, 8 %n" 8
$#! #(t *#)y %! h%! b##n th# (%!# &*#$ th# )%!t ,#+ y#%$!. On th# &th#$ h%n"' t ! !-n $ !#
t /# ,&$ In" % +h#$# th# "#/%n" h%! n($#%!#" by > 8 n th# )%!t (&- )# &, y#%$!
4H n"-'200?5. In th# )&n1 $-n' In" %n !t##) ! ) #)y t& b# /&$# (&!t #,,#(t *# ! n(# -n) #
Ch n%' In" % h%! $#)%t *#)y )%$1# $#!#$*#! &, $&n &$# 4 < b )) &n t&n#!5' +h (h
!t$%t#1 (%))y #7 )& t#"' (%n !-!t% n "&/#!t ( $&"-(t &n &, 20 ;0 / )) &n t&n#! ,&$ %t
)#%!t 2? ;0 y#%$!.
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.;.? S t##) G # tt n 1 S t ,, C&/ # t t &n ,$&/ Oth # $ M # t% )!
An&th#$ Q) t/-! t#!tQ th%t h%! t& b# %!!#" ! +h#th#$ !t##) + )) $#/% n (&/ #t t *#
$#)%t *# t& %)t#$n%t *# /%t#$ %)! ) # %)-/ n-/' /%1n#! -/' )%!t (!' t t%n -/' #t(. Th#!#
/%t#$ %)! %$# %)$#%"y , n" n1 -!# n th# %-t&/&b )# n"-!t$y' +h (h ! + th&-t "&-bt th#
b 11#!t n" * "-%) (&n!-/#$ &, !t##). Th#$#,&$#' % )&n1 t#$/ * #+ h%! t& b# t% #n %! ,%$
%! th# $ th$#%t t& !t##) n th# %-t&/&b )# n"-!t$y ! (&n(#$n#". C&/ #t t &n ,$&/
%)-/ n-/ A)-/ n-/ ! &,t#n t&-t#" %! % /#t%) th%t !t##) h%! t& (&nt#n" + th n ,-t-$# n
th# %-t&/&b )# !#(t&$. E*#n t&"%y' %*#$%1# E-$& #%n (%$! (&nt% n >0 1 %)-/ n-/ %n"
- t& 20 1 &, )%!t (! 3-!t "&-b)# &, th# @80 ! , 1-$#!. D#! t# th !' !t##) h%!
(&nt n-#" t& b# th# $#"&/ n%nt /#t%) -!#" %$t)y b#(%-!# &, th# ,%(t th%t (&n(#$t#"
#,,&$t! +#$# /%"# by th# !t##) n"-!t$y t& %$$#!t th# 1$&+th &, th# -!%1# &, %)-/ n-/ n
%-t&/&b )#!. S&/# , *# y#%$! b%( ' /&$# th%n ;? !t##)/% #$! %($&!! th# 1)&b#4 n()-" n1
T%t% St##) %n" SAIL ,$&/ In" %5#/b%$ #" - &n %n #7#$( !# #nt t)#" QU)t$% L 1ht St##)
A-t&/&b )# B&"yQ -n"#$ th# %#1 ! &, th# Int#$n%t &n%) I$&n %n" St##) In!t t-t# 4IISI5
t& $&/&t# th# -!%1# &, !t##) n %-t&/&b )#!. Th ! #,,&$t +%! % !-((#!! %n" %-t&/% #$!
+#$# (&n* n(#" th%t !t##) h%" %n #"1#.
F&$ #7%/ )#' A-" +h& +#$# #7 #$ /#nt n1 + th %)-/ n-/ ,&$ (%$ b&nn#t!' $&&,' #t(.
$#*#$t#" t& h 1h !t$#n1th' ) 1ht +# 1ht !t##) !h##t!. Th#y b#(%/# %+%$# th%t / $& #$ -!#
&, %)-/ n-/ (%n $#!-)t n $&b)#/! n (&nt$%!t t& !t##). Th# $#"-(t &n by t+& th $"! n
+# 1ht by -! n1 %n %)-/ n-/ %$t (&/ %$#" + th % ! / )%$)y ! #" $&n !t##) %$t
!##/#" #n&$/&-!)y %tt$%(t *#' b-t t +%! ,&-n" th%t t +%! %((&/ %n #" by % $#"-(t &n
by t+& th $"! n th# !t ,,n#!! &, th# %$t. 4S/%$ ' 200=5
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H&+#*#$' th# th$#%t ,$&/ %)-/ n-/ $# )%( n1 !t##) n %( %1 n1 4(%n!' ,& )' #t(.5' +%t#$
t$#%t/#nt' (&n!t$-(t &n 4+ n"&+!' "&&$!' ! " n1' b- )" n1 + $#' #t(.5' (&n!-/#$ "-$%b)#
1&&"! 4% ) %n(#!' (&& n1 -t#n! )!' #t(.5 ! $#%). In ,%(t' ,&$ b#*#$%1# (%n! %)-/ n-/ h%!
$# )%(#" !t##) t& % )%$1# #7t#nt n USA' n %$t (-)%$. F&$t-n%t#)y th#!# /%$ #t! %$# !/%))'
%n" n&t &, 1$#%t ! 1n , (%n(# n /%ny "#*#)& n1 (&-nt$ #!. P)%!t (! (&/ &! t#!
$# )%( n1 $&n !t##) Th# %-t&/&t *# n"-!t$y ! %)!& * #+#" %! % h-1# %n" 1$&+ n1
/%$ #t ,&$ )%!t (! %n" (&/ &! t# /%t#$ %)!. S#), $# n,&$(#" )%!t (! 4SRP!5 (&/b n# th#
*#$!%t ) ty %n" #%!y $# (y()%b ) ty &, % th#$/& )%!t ( + th th# h 1h #$,&$/%n(# &, , b#$
$# n,&$(#" (&/ &! t#!. Th&-1h SRP! %$# n th# n%!(#nt !t%1# &, "#*#)& /#nt' th# $ )&+
+# 1ht' h 1h !t ,,n#!! %n" / %(t $#! !t%n(# %$# /% n1 th#/ (%n" "%t# /%t#$ %)! ,&$ %
+ "# $%n1# &, !#/ !t$-(t-$%) %n" !t$-(t-$%) %-t&/&t *# % ) (%t &n!. SRP! %$# b# n1
%(t *#)y /%$ #t#" %! % !- t%b)# /%t#$ %) ,&$ /% n1 ) 1ht#$ %n" !/%))#$ (%$! th%t !%*# ,-#).
It ! ()% /#" th%t th# +# 1ht &, % / " ! # (%$ ! ) #)y t& "#($#%!# ,$&/ '
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t& -!# t t%n -/. On)y n !-(h *#h ()#! (%n th# n t %) h 1h (&!t &, th# /%t#$ %) b#
(&/ #n!%t#" ,&$ # th#$ by th# %"*%nt%1#! &, +# 1ht $#"-(t &n &$ by th# n($#%!#" ) ,# &,
th# (&/ &n#nt &n %((&-nt &, t! #7t$#/#)y h 1h (&$$&! &n $#! !t%n(#. 4S/%$ ' 200=5. I,
th# 1#n#$%) %nt ( %t &n th%t th# $ (# &, t t%n -/ /#t%) + )) "#($#%!# !-b!t%nt %))y + th
n($#%! n1 $&"-(t &n %n" / $&*#/#nt n $&(#!! n1 -! n1 !&/# $#(#nt $#*&)-t &n%$y
"#*#)& /#nt! n*&)* n1 #7t$%(t &n &, t t%n -/ ,$&/ ) /&n t# (&/#! t$-#' t t%n -/ /%y b#
%b)# t& $# )%(# !t##) n %-t&/&t *#!. F&$ th# /&/#nt' th#$# ! n& $#%) th$#%t.
.;.= R #*&) -t &n%$ y D#*#) & / # nt !
T%) n1 %b&-t th# %"*#nt &, n%n&t#(hn&)&1y' ! n(# /%ny ))-!t$ &-! !( #nt !t! h%*#
$#" (t#" th%t th ! $#*&)-t &n%$y t#(hn&)&1y h%! th# &t#nt %) t& (h%n1# th# *#$y +%y +#
) *#. Th-! , n%n&t#(hn&)&1y ,-), )! #*#n % %$t &, t! (&n! "#$%b)# $&/ !#' th# &-t)&&
,&$ /&!t /#t%)! /%t#$ %)! n()-" n1 !t##) (&-)" (&/# n ,&$ !($-t ny. M%ny &, y&- %$#
$&b%b)y %+%$# &, +h%t n%n&t#(hn&)&1y ! %)) %b&-t. On# / )) /#t#$ ! &n# / )) &n
n%n&/#t#$! %n" th ! ,&$/! th# b%! ! &, th# n%n& /%1 ( . -!t t& 1 *# % hy! (%) "#% &,
h&+ !/%)) % n%n&/#t#$ 4n/5 %(t-%))y !' +# n##" t& * !-%) # th%t t#n hy"$&1#n %t&/!
/% # n/' th# + "th &, n&$/%) h-/%n h% $ ! 80'000 n/' %n" % $#" %nt ! ? / )) &n n/
th ( . Th-!' n%n&t#(hn&)&1y ! %)) %b&-t $#%))y !/%)) &b3#(t!' &,t#n "&+n t& th# ! # &,
n" * "-%) %t&/!. Th# % ) (%t &n &, n%n&t#(hn&)&1y +&-)" (&*#$ th# #nt $# $%n1# ,$&/
t& 00 n/. F&$ !&/#' n%n& !(%)# n()-"#! &b3#(t! %! !/%)) %! % t#nth &, % n%n&/#t#$'
+h (h ! %b&-t th# ! # &, th# b&n" b#t+##n t+& (%$b&n %t&/! ,&$ &th#$!' th# $%n1#
#7t#n"! t& ?0 n/ &n)y. h%t ! ()#%$ ! th%t th# /%1 ( &, n%n& !(%)# %t&/! %n" /&)#(-)#!
! " ,, (-)t t& (&/ $#h#n". In"##" t ! / n" b&11) n1 t& /%1 n# th# #7t#nt t& +h (h
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!t$%n1# th n1! (%n h% #n n th ! n#+ +&$)" . I, !&/#&n# th$&+! % t#nn ! b%)) %1% n!t %
b$ ( +%))' h# +&-)" (#$t% n)y b# !h&( #" , th# b%)) %!!#" ()#%n)y th$&-1h th# +%)) %n"
!% )#" &-t t& th# &th#$ ! "#. Y#t' th ! ! $#%) n th# n%n& +&$)". It h% #n! b#(%-!# %t *#$y
!/%)) !(%)#!' th# $& #$t #! &, /%t#$ %)! n()-" n1 !t##)' (%n (h%n1# "$%/%t (%))y n t#$/!
&, (&)&-$' /%1n#t !/' th# %b ) ty t& (&n"-(t #)#(t$ ( ty %n" !& &n. In th ! n%n& +&$)"' t ny
%$t ()#! &, 1&)" /#)t %t t#/ #$%t-$#! !#*#$%) h-n"$#" "#1$##! )&+#$ th%n % )%$1# n-11#t
%n" (& #$' +h (h ! n&$/%))y % 1&&" (&n"-(t&$ &, #)#(t$ ( ty' (%n b#(&/# $#! !t%nt t&
#)#(t$ (%) /%1n#t ( , #)"! b#(%-!# #)#(t$&n!' ) # th# /%1 n%$y t#nn ! b%))' (%n ! / )y
3-/ ,$&/ &n# )%(# t& %n&th#$' %n" /&)#(-)#! (%n %tt$%(t #%(h &th#$ %t /&"#$%t#
" !t%n(#!. By th# +%y' th ! ! th# #,,#(t th%t %))&+! 1#( &! t& +%) &n th# (# ) n1! &,
b- )" n1! -! n1 t ny h% $! &n th# !&)#! &, th# $ ,##t. 4H n"-' 200?5
At th# n%n& !(%)#' n#+' #7( t n1 %n" %)t&1#th#$ " ,,#$#nt $& #$t #! (&/# nt& (&nt#nt &n.
I, &n# +#$# t& !t%$t + th % 1$% n &, !-1%$' %n" (h& t - nt& #*#n !/%))#$ #(#! t&
! / )y #n" - + th % t ny 1$% n &, !-1%$' th%t +&-)" n&t b# !-$ $ ! n1 %t %)). H&+#*#$' ,
&n# ! %+%$# th%t %! %n &b3#(t 1#t! !/%))#$' th# $%t & b#t+##n t! !-$,%(# %$#% %n" t!
*&)-/# $ !#!' % n#+ * !t% +&-)" & #n - b#(%-!# &, th# ,%(t th%t th# %t&/! &n th# !-$,%(#
&, % /%t#$ %) %$# 1#n#$%))y /&$# $#%(t *# th%n th&!# %t t! (#nt$#. A! % $#!-)t' ( n1 !-1%$'
,&$ n!t%n(#' " !!&)*#! ,%$ /&$# $% ")y n +%t#$ th%n "! th# 1$%n-)%t#" ,&$/. S / )%$)y'
, % /#t%) ) # ! )*#$ ! t-$n#" nt& *#$y !/%)) %$t ()#!' t b#1 n! t& !h&+ %nt / ($&b %)
$& #$t #! th%t %$# n&t $#!#nt n th# b-) /%t#$ %). A (&/ %ny &*#$!#%! h%! %)$#%"y
b#1-n t& #7 )& t th ! h#n&/#n&n by /% n1 n%n& %$t ()#! &, (#$ -/ &7 "#' +h (h %$#
(h#/ (%))y $#%(t *# #n&-1h t& !#$*# %! % (%t%)y!t. A (&/ %ny n USA' h%! ($#%t#"
/#t%)) ( $-bb#$' +h (h ,)#7#! %n" !t$#t(h#! ) # $-bb#$' b-t (&n"-(t! #)#(t$ ( ty ) # %
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!&) " /#t%). G#n#$%) E)#(t$ ( ! t$y n1 t& /% # ,)#7 b)# (#$%/ (! %n" /%ny (&/ %n #! %$#
+&$ n1 &n /%t#$ %)! th%t (&-)" &n# "%y b# /%"# nt& !&)%$ (#))! n th# ,&$/ &, % nt. Th#
!t&$y &, th# $#!#%$(h#$ +&$ n1 n % %n +h& " !(&*#$#" th%t th#$# +%! % n#+ ,&$/ &,
(%$b&n th%t h%" #7t$%&$" n%$y $& #$t #! ! %)$#%"y +#)) n&+n. Th# !& (%))#" (%$b&n
n%n&t-b# ! ) # % t ny !h##t &, 1$% h t# $&))#" nt& % (y) n"#$' + th % " %/#t#$ &, %$&-n"
&n# n%n&/#t#$' %n" ! *#$y !t$&n1 %n" ) 1ht. It h%! b#(&/# th# !t%$ &, n%n&t#(hn&)&1y. A
h&!t &, -!#! th%t h%! ! n(# b##n $& &!#" n()-"# !#n!&$!' /&)#(-)%$ $&b#!' (&/ -t#$
/#/&$y' t#)#* ! &n!' b%tt#$ #! %n" ,-#) (#))!. &$ ! n $&1$#!! t& , n" % +%y &,
! nn n1 n%n&t-b#! nt& , b#$! t& /% # th# +&$)" ! t&-1h#!t &)y/#$. I, #*#n % !/%))
#$(#nt%1# &, th#!# #,,&$t!' n +h (h b )) &n! &, "&))%$! %$# b# n1 ! #nt' %(t-%))y !-((##"'
n#+ /%t#$ %)! +&-)" b#(&/# %*% )%b)#. At th%t !t%1#' /&!t /%t#$ %)! +# n&+ &, t&"%y
+&-)" t% # % b%( !#%t. In"##"' n%n&t#(hn&)&1y h%! !-(h t$#/#n"&-! &t#nt %) th%t /%ny
b#) #*# th%t t /%y t-$n &-t t& b# %! / &$t%nt %! #)#(t$ ( ty &$ )%!t (. Th# (&/,&$t n1
th&-1ht ! th%t th ! ! -n) #)y t& h% #n n th# n#7t t+& t& th$## "#(%"#! %t )#%!t' b#(%-!#
&, th# nh#$#nt )%1 b#t+##n th# "$#%/! &, /%t#$ %) !( #nt !t! %n" th# %*% )%b ) ty &, th#
, n%) $&"-(t &n % (&//#$( %) !(%)#.
A1% n' th# ,-t-$# &, !t##) )&& ! !%,# %n" !t##) + )) (&nt n-# t& b# +%y %h#%" &, th#
/#t%)! /%t#$ %)! %( n th# ,&$#!##%b)# ,-t-$#. 4H n"-' 200?5
.;.> R% " E ( &n&/ ( G$ &+ th
In" % ! $% " #(&n&/ ( 1$&+th ! b# n1 b- )t &n % ,$%/# &, !t##). S&%$ n1 "#/%n" by
!#(t&$! ) # n,$%!t$-(t-$#' $#%) #!t%t# %n" %-t&/&b )#!' %t h&/# %n" %b$&%"' h%! -t
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In" % ! !t##) n"-!t$y &n th# +&$)" /% . D&/ n%t n1 th# In" %n h&$ &n %$# !t##) 1 %nt!
) # T%t% St##)' +h (h h%! 3-!t -!h#" th$&-1h % US 8 b )) &n b-y&-t &, UK D-t(h !t##)
(&/ %ny C&$-!. M#%n+h )#' th# LN M tt%) &+n#" M tt%) St##) h%! %(6- $#" F$#n(h !t##)
(&/ %ny A$(#)&$ t& ($#%t# th# +&$)" ! n-/b#$ &n# !t##) (&/ %ny' A$(#)&$ M tt%) %n"
K&$#%n !t##) 1 %nt POSCO ! -/ n1 /&n#y nt& / n#! %n" !t##) )%nt! n O$ !!% t&
#/#$1# %! &n# &, th# b 11#!t !t##) )%nt! n th# !t%t#.
Th# Int#$n%t &n%) I$&n St##) In!t t-t# 4IISI5 n t! ,&$#(%!t ,&$ 200= h%! (&n, $/#" th#
t$#n" &, $#(#nt y#%$! &, %n n($#%!# n !t##) -!# n ) n# + th 1#n#$%) #(&n&/ ( 1$&+th' th#
,%!t#!t 1$&+th &((-$$ n1 n th# (&-nt$ #! + th th# h 1h#!t GDP 1$&+th !-(h %! In" % %n"
Ch n%. A %$#nt +&$)"+ "# !t##) "#/%n" ! ,&$#(%!t t& 1$&+ t& b#t+##n '0
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TABLE .
PRO DU CTIO N' CO NSU MPTIO N' E PORT AND IMPORT OF FI N I S HE DC A R B O N S TEEL AND PIG IRO N 4IN MILLIO N TO NN E S5 IN I ND I A
It#/ 200< 0? 200< 0? 200? 0=
4A $ ) O(t&b#$5
PRODUCTION
FINISHED CARBON STEEL
MAIN PRODUCERS ?.= 8.>8 @.0=
SECONDARY PRODUCERS 2
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IMPORTS
FINISHED CARBON STEEL 2.2 . .>=
PIG IRON 0.008 N ) N )
APPARENT
CONSUMPTION
FINISHED CARBON STEEL ;
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SAIL ! + "# $%n1# &, )&n1 %n" ,)%t !t##) $&"-(t! ! /-(h n "#/%n" n th# "&/#!t ( %!
+#)) %! th# nt#$n%t &n%) /%$ #t. SAIL ! &+n C#nt$%) M%$ #t n1 O$1%n !%t &n 4CMO5 %n"
th# Int#$n%t &n%) T$%"# D * ! &n (%$$y &-t th ! * t%) $#! &n! b ) ty. CMO #n(&/ %!!#! %
+ "# n#t+&$ &, ;8 b$%n(h &,, (#! %n" !t&( y%$"! )&(%t#" n /%3&$ ( t #! %n" t&+n!
th$&-1h&-t In" %.
th t#(hn (%) %n" /%n%1#$ %) #7 #$t !# %n" n&+ h&+ n !t##) /% n1 1% n#" &*#$ ,&-$
"#(%"#!' SAIL ! C&n!-)t%n(y D * ! &n 4SAILCON5 %t N#+ D#)h &,,#$! !#$* (#! %n"
(&n!-)t%n(y t& () #nt ! +&$)"+ "#.
SAIL h%! % +#)) #6- #" R#!#%$(h %n" D#*#)& /#nt C#nt$# ,&$ I$&n %n" St##) 4RDCIS5
%t R%n(h th%t h#) ! t& $&"-(# 6-%) ty !t##) %n" "#*#)& n#+ t#(hn&)&1 #! ,&$ th# !t##)
n"-!t$y. B#! "#!' SAIL h%! t! &+n n h&-!# C#nt$# ,&$ En1 n##$ n1 %n" T#(hn&)&1y
4CET5' M%n%1#/#nt T$% n n1 In!t t-t# 4MTI5 %n" S%,#ty O$1%n %t &n %t R%n(h . O-$
(% t *# / n#! %$# -n"#$ th# (&nt$&) &, th# R%+ M%t#$ %)! D * ! &n n C%)(-tt%. Th#
En* $&n/#nt M%n%1#/#nt D * ! &n %n" G$&+th D * ! &n &, SAIL & #$%t# ,$&/ th# $
h#%"6-%$t#$! n C%)(-tt%. A)/&!t %)) &-$ )%nt! %n" /%3&$ -n t! %$# ISO C#$t , #".
M%3&$ Un t! 4+++.!% ).(&. n5
.
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R&-$ #)% St##) P)%nt 4RSP5 n O$ !!%
B& %$& St##) P)%nt 4BSL5 n h%$ h%n"
IISCO St##) P)%nt 4ISP5 n #!t B#n1%)
.
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B& %$& P&+#$ S- )y C&/ %ny P*t. L / t#"
Th ! ?0 ?0 3& nt *#nt-$# b#t+##n SAIL %n" th# D%/&"%$ V%))#y C&$ &$%t &n ,&$/#" n
%n-%$y 2002 ! /%n%1 n1 th# ;02 M &+#$ 1#n#$%t &n %n" 880 t&nn#! #$ h&-$
!t#%/ 1#n#$%t &n ,%( ) t #! %t B& %$& St##) P)%nt.
Bh )% E)#(t$ ( S- )y C&/ %ny P*t. L / t#"
An&th#$ SAIL NTPC 3& nt *#nt-$# &n ?0 ?0 b%! ! ,&$/#" n M%$(h 2002 /%n%1#! th# >' T%t% St##) ! A! % ! , $!t %n" In" % ! )%$1#!t $ *%t# !#(t&$ !t##
(&/ %ny. T%t% St##) ! %/&n1 th# )&+#!t (&!t $&"-(#$! &, !t##) n th# +&$)" %n" &n# &,
th# ,#+ !#)#(t !t##) (&/ %n #! n th# +&$)" th%t ! EVA 4E(&n&/ ( V%)-# A""#"5.
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It! (% t *# $%+ /%t#$ %) $#!&-$(#! %n" th# !t%t# &, th# %$t ? MTPA 4/ )) &n t&nn# #$
%nn-/5 )%nt %t %/!h#" -$' n h%$ h%n" St%t#' In" % 1 *# t % (&/ #t t *# #"1#.
D#t#$/ n#" t& b# % /%3&$ 1)&b%) !t##) )%y#$' T%t% St##) h%! $#(#nt)y n()-"#" n t! ,&)"
N%tSt##)' A! % 42 MTPA5 %n" M ))#nn -/ St##) 4 .> MTPA5 ($#%t n1 % /%n-,%(t-$ n1
n#t+&$ n # 1ht /%$ #t! n S&-th E%!t A! % %n" P%( , ( $ / (&-nt$ #!. S&&n th#
%/!h#" -$ )%nt + )) #7 %n" t! (% %( ty ,$&/ ? MTPA t& > MTPA by 2008. Th#
C&/ %ny )%n! t& #nh%n(# t! (% %( ty' /%n ,&)" th$&-1h &$1%n ( 1$&+th %n"
n*#!t/#nt!. Th# C&/ %ny ! + $# /%n-,%(t-$ n1 -n t n S$ L%n % ! n&+n %! L%n %
S #( %) St##)' +h )# th# 3& nt *#nt-$# n Th% )%n" ,&$ ) /#!t&n# / n n1 ! n&+n %! S )%
E%!t#$n.
T%t% St##) ! $&"-(t! %$# t%$1#t#" %t th# 6-%) ty (&n!( &-! %-t& !#(t&$ %n" th# b-$1#&n n1
(&n!t$-(t &n n"-!t$y. th + $# /%n-,%(t-$ n1 ,%( ) t #! n In" %' S$ L%n % %n"
Th% )%n"' th# C&/ %ny )%n! t& #/#$1# %! % /%3&$ 1)&b%) )%y#$ n th# + $#
b-! n#!!.4+++.t%t%!t##).(&/5
.?. F-t-$ # P )%n !
St##) P)%nt P$&3#(t! In" %
Th# C&/ %ny h%! #/b%$ #" - &n !#tt n1 - th$## 1$##n , #)" !t##) )%nt! n #%!t#$n
In" %
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2 MTPA )%nt n h%$ h%n"
= MTPA )%nt n O$ !!%
? MTPA )%nt n Chh%tt !1%$h
%/!h#" -$ St##) &$ ! + )) b#(&/# % > MTPA -n t by 2008.
MTPA / )) &n t&nn#! #$ %nn-/
O*#$!#%!
I$%n
B%n1)%"#!h
.?.2 Oth # $ P$ & 3#( t!
In" %
.2 MTPA M#t(& # $&3#(t n #!t B#n1%)
D## !#% &$t n Dh%/$%' O$ !!%
T t%n -/ D &7 "# $&3#(t n T%/ ) N%"-
& nt V#nt-$# + th B)-#S(& # St##) ,&$ /#t%)) ( (&%t n1 %n" % nt n1 !t##) -n t
O*#$!#%!
D#*#)& /#nt &, % !&-$(# &, )&+ %!h (&%) ,$&/ -##n!)%n"' A-!t$%) %
F#$$& Ch$&/# $&"-(t &n n R (h%$"! B%y' S&-th A,$ (%
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.?.; P$ &" - ( t!
T%t% St##) ! $&"-(t! n()-"# h&t %n" (&)" $&))#" (& )! %n" !h##t!' 1%)*%n #" !h##t!'
t-b#!' + $# $&"!' (&n!t$-(t &n $#b%$!' $ n1! %n" b#%$ n1!. In %n %tt#/ t t& "#(&//&" t !#
!t##)' th# (&/ %ny h%! nt$&"-(#" b$%n"! ) # T%t% St##) -/ 4th# +&$)" ! , $!t b$%n"#"
C&)" R&))#" St##)5' T%t% Sh% t## 4G%)*%n !#" C&$$-1%t#" Sh##t!5' T%t% T !(&n 4$# b%$!5'
T%t% B#%$ n1!' T%t% A1$ (& 4h%n" t&&)! %n" / )#/#nt!5' T%t% $&n 41%)*%n !#" + $#
$&"-(t!5' T%t% P #! 4 #! ,&$ (&n!t$-(t &n5 %n" T%t% St$-(t-$% 4(&nt#/ &$%$y
(&n!t$-(t &n /%t#$ %)5. Th# (&/ %ny h%! )%-n(h#" th# C-!t&/#$ V%)-# M%n%1#/#nt
n t %t *# + th th# &b3#(t *# &, ($#%t n1 (&/ )#t# -n"#$!t%n" n1 &, (-!t&/#$ $&b)#/!
%n" , n" n1 !&)-t &n! 3& nt)y. Th# (&/ %ny ! R#t% ) V%)-# M%n%1#/#nt %""$#!!#! th#
n##"! &, " !t$ b-t&$!' $#t% )#$! %n" #n" (&n!-/#$!. Th# (&/ %ny h%! %)!& )%-n(h#" In" % !
, $!t !t##) $#t% ) !t&$# !t##)3-n(t &n ,&$ /% n1 !t##) !h& n1 % h% y %n" /#/&$%b)#
#7 #$ #n(#.
.?.< C &// -n ty O-t$ #%( h %n" En * $ &n/# nt M %n %1#/# nt
h )# th# C&/ %ny ! ,&(-!#" n th# -$!- t &, t! & #$%t &n%) 1&%)!' t ! %)!& (&// tt#"
t& b# n1 % 1&&" (&$ &$%t# ( t #n. T%t% St##) #7t#n"! !- &$t t& th# #(&n&/ (%))y
-n"#$ $ * )#1#" n&t by (h%$ ty b-t by !t$#n1th#n n1 %n" #/ &+#$ n1 th#/ + th #7 #$t !#
%n" n&+)#"1#. It! (&//-n ty &-t$#%(h $&1$%// (&*#$! th# T%t% St##) /%n%1#" ( ty &,
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%/!h#" -$ %n" &*#$ =00 * ))%1#! n %n" %$&-n" t! /%n-,%(t-$ n1 %n" $%+ /%t#$ %)!
& #$%t &n!. It! !t##) +&$ !' / n#! %n" (&)) #$ #! %n" ( * ( !#$* (#! n %/!h#" -$ %$# ISO
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(&/ #t t *# " /#n! &n! th%t ,&$/ th# (&/ #t t *# &! t &n &, % (&/ %ny n()-"# th#
,&))&+ n1.
C&!t 9 M% # t (h#% J th n #*#$y n"-!t$y' th#$# ! -!-%))y % !#1/#nt &, th#
/%$ #t th%t b-y! !&)#)y &n th# b%! ! &, )&+ (&!t. T& !-((#!!,-))y (&/ #t# n th ! n (h#' %
, $/ /-!t b# th# )&+ (&!t $&"-(#$' b-t #*#n "& n1 th ! "! n&t %)+%y! 1-%$%nt##
$&, t%b ) ty %n" !-((#!!. 4H%$*%$" B-! n#!! R#* #+' @@=5
P$&"-(t 6-%) ty %n" $#) %b ) ty 9 M% # t 1&&"J. -%) ty (%n b# " * "#" nt&
t+& (%t#1&$ #! $&"-(t 6-%) ty %n" $&(#!! 6-%) ty. Th# )#*#) &, 6-%) ty n % $&"-(t !
"#! 1n + )) *%$y + th th# /%$ #t !#1/#nt %t +h (h t ! % /#". Ob* &-!)y' % (h )" ! , $!t
t+& +h##)#" b (y()# ! &, ! 1n , (%nt)y " ,,#$#nt 6-%) ty th%n th# b (y()# &, % +&$)" ()%!!
(y() !t. Th# 1&%) n #!t%b) !h n1 th# $& #$ )#*#) &, $&"-(t 6-%) ty ! t& ,&(-! &n th#
$#6- $#/#nt! &, th# (-!t&/#$. O*#$ "#! 1n#" $&"-(t! + th t&& /-(h 6-%) ty + )) b#
* #+#" %! $&h b t *#)y #7 #n! *#. Un"#$ "#! 1n#" $&"-(t!' &n th# &th#$ h%n"' + )) )&!#
(-!t&/#$! t& $&"-(t! th%t (&!t % ) tt)# /&$# b-t %$# #$(# *#" by th# (-!t&/#$! %!
&,,#$ n1 1$#%t#$ *%)-#. 4H%$*%$" B-! n#!! R#* #+' @@=5
P$&(#!! 6-%) ty ! ($ t (%) b#(%-!# t $#)%t#! " $#(t)y t& th# $#) %b ) ty &, th# $&"-(t.
R#1%$")#!! &, +h#th#$ th# $&"-(t ! % (h )" ! , $!t t+& +h##)#$ &$ % b (y()# ,&$ %n
nt#$n%t &n%) (y() !t' (-!t&/#$! +%nt $&"-(t! + th&-t "#,#(t!. Th-!' th# 1&%) &, $&(#!!
6-%) ty ! t& $&"-(# #$$&$ ,$## $&"-(t!.
D#) *#$y ! ##"X M% # t ,%!t.J In !&/# /%$ #t!' % (&/ %ny ! %b ) ty t& "#) *#$y /&$#
6- ( )y th%n t! (&/ #t t&$! /%y b# ($ t (%). S## n1 % n##" ,&$ ! ##"y' $#) %b)# &*#$n 1ht
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"#) *#$y' FEDE b#(%/# % ? b )) &n (&/ %ny %n" th# +&$)" ! )%$1# #7 #" t#" "#) *#$y
!#$* (#. 4H%$*%$" B-! n#!! R#* #+' @@=5
D#) *#$y $#) %b ) tyX D#) *#$ t +h#n $&/ !#".J Th ! " /#n! &n $#)%t#! t& th# %b ) ty
&, th# , $/ t& !- )y th# $&"-(t &$ !#$* (# &n &$ b#,&$# % $&/ !#" "#) *#$y "-# "%t#.
F&$ %n %-t&/&b )# /%n-,%(t-$#$ t ! *#$y / &$t%nt th%t th# $ !- ) #$ &, t $#!
$&* "# th# n##"#" 6-%nt ty %n" ty #! ,&$ #%(h "%y ! (%$ $&"-(t &n.
C& n1 + th (h%n1#! n "#/%n" 9 Ch%n1# t! *&)-/#.J In /%ny /%$ #t!' %
(&/ %ny ! %b ) ty t& $#! &n" t& n($#%!#! %n" % "#($#%!# n "#/%n" ! %n / &$t%nt ,%(t&$
n t! %b ) ty t& (&/ #t#. It ! +#)) n&+n th%t % (&/ %ny + th n($#%! n1 "#/%n" (%n "&
) tt)# +$&n1. h#n "#/%n" ! !t$&n1 %n" n($#%! n1' (&!t! %$# (&nt n-&-!)y $#"-(#" "-#
t& #(&n&/ (! &, !(%)#' %n" n*#!t/#nt! n n#+ t#(hn&)&1 #! (%n b# #%! )y 3-!t , #". B-t
!(%) n1 b%( +h#n "#/%n" "#($#%!#! /%y $#6- $# /%ny " ,, (-)t "#( ! &n! $#)%t n1 t&
)%y n1 &,, #/ )&y##! %n" $#)%t#" $#"-(t &n! n %!!#t!. Th# %b ) ty t& #,,#(t *#)y "#%) + th
"yn%/ ( /%$ #t "#/%n" &*#$ th# )&%n t#$/ ! %n #!!#nt %) #)#/#nt &, & #$%t &n!
!t$%t#1 #!.
F)#7 b ) ty %n" n#+ $&"-(t nt$&"-(t &n ! ##"X Ch%n1# tJ. F)#7 b ) ty' ,$&/ %
!t$%t#1 ( #$! #(t *# $#,#$! t& th# %b ) ty &, % (&/ %ny t& &,,#$ % + "# *%$ #ty &, $&"-(t!
t& t! (-!t&/#$!. An / &$t%nt #)#/#nt &, th ! %b ) ty t& &,,#$ " ,,#$#nt $&"-(t! ! th#
t /# $#6- $#" ,&$ % (&/ %ny t& "#*#)& % n#+ $&"-(t %n" t& (&n*#$t t! $&(#!!#! t&
&,,#$ th# n#+ $&"-(t. 4H%$*%$" B-! n#!! R#* #+' @@=5
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A((&$" n1 t& % $# &$t -b) !h#" n T /#! &, In" % 4200>5 SAIL h%" $#(# *#" #7(#))#nt
$%t n1 ,&$ %(h #* n1 t%$1#t! !#t n th# MOU + th th# G&*#$n/#nt ,&$ th# y#%$ 200? 0=.
C&n! "#$ n1 th# !-!t% n#" 1$&+th "#/&n!t$%t#" by th# (&/ %ny "-$ n1 200= 0>' %
! / )%$ $%t n1 ! #7 #(t#" th ! y#%$ %! +#)). D-$ n1 200? 0=' +h )# /% nt% n n1 (% %( ty
-t ) !%t &n %t 0< ' th# (&/ %ny ,&(-!#" &n th# $&"-(t &n &, , n !h#" !t##)' )&+#$
#n#$1y (&n!-/ t &n %n" $#"-(t &n n (& # $%t#' n($#%!#" $&"-(t &n th$&-1h th#
(&nt n-&-! (%!t 4CC5 $&-t# %n" / $&*#" th# $&"-(t / 7 "-$ n1 200= 0>. 4S%$ %$' 200>5
2.; EFFECTI V E S TR A TEGIE S OF SA IL TO A TT A I N COMPETITI V E
ADVAN T A GE
R%+%t 4200>5 !t%t#! th%t "#! t# th# /%$ #t $#/% n#" b-&y%nt' th# $ ! n1 !t##) $&"-(t &n
+&$)"+ "# -t t$#/#n"&-! $#!!-$# &n %*% )%b ) ty &, #!!#nt %) n -t! ) # (& n1 (&%).
D#! t# ,%( n1 % !#*#$# (& n1 (&%) ($ ! ! "-$ n1 th# , $!t h%), &, 200= 0>' h&+#*#$' th#
SAIL )%nt! %(h #*#" %)) t /# b#!t #$,&$/%n(# by & t / ! n1 & #$%t &n! %n" )%y n1 %
th$-!t &n *%)-# %"" t &n n "&+n!t$#%/ -n t! !-(h %! $&"-(t &n &, , n !h#" !t##)' )%t#!'
$% )!' !t$-(t-$%) !t##)' #t(. %((&$" n1 t& R%+%t 4200>5' t&t%) , n !h#" !t##) $&"-(t &n +#nt
- by < )% h t&n#! t& % $#(&$" )#*#) &, @.28 / )) &n t&nn#! 4MT5' % 1$&+th &, ? &*#$ th#
$#* &-! y#%$. Th# $& &$t &n &, , n !h#" !t##) $&"-(t &n n t&t%) !t##) +#nt - t& 85 %)!& !t%t#! th%t th# ,&-$ /% n nt#1$%t#" !t##) )%nt! &, SAIL $&"-(#" %
$#(&$" >.?; MT &, !t##) th$&-1h th# (&n(%!t $&-t# "-$ n1 th# y#%$. Th ! +%! < h 1h#$
th%n th# CC $&"-(t &n &, th# $#* &-! y#%$. A! % $#!-)t' th# $& &$t &n &, BOF CC
$&"-(t &n +#nt - t& =< &, t&t%) ($-"# !t##) $&"-(t &n. In ,%(t' 200= 0> !%*# b#!t #*#$
%*#$%1# (% %( ty -t ) !%t &n &, (&nt n-&-! (%!t n1 ,%( ) t #! %t 2? . P$&"-(t &n &, *%)-#
%""#" t#/! ) # )%t#!' b%$! $&-n"! %n" $% )+%y $&"-(t! $#(&$"#" 1$&+th. P)%t#
$&"-(t &n %t 2. 2 MT +%! th# h 1h#!t #*#$' + th % 1$&+th &, ? Bh )% !t##) )%nt %)!&
$&"-(#" 8= /&$# th%n th# $
%(h #*#/#nt &, 200? 0=' (&nt$ b-t n1 !-b!t%nt %))y t& th# (&/ %ny ! (-/-)%t *#
$&"-(t &n #$,&$/%n(#. Th# t&t%) $&n &$# $#6- $#/#nt &, th# SAIL )%nt! +%! /#t ,$&/
(% t *# !&-$(#!. Th# (&/ %ny ! / n#! $&"-(#" @.8; MT &, $&n &$#' th# h 1h#!t #*#$'
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"-$ n1 th# y#%$. Th# / n#! &, R%+ M%t#$ %)! D * ! &n n th# #%!t#$n %$t &, th# (&-nt$y
t&1#th#$ $&"-(#" n#%$)y ; MT &, $&n &$#' !h&+ n1 % 1$&+th &, %$&-n" .2 &*#$ th#
$#* &-! y#%$ %n" !#tt n1 % $#(&$". h )# %)) th# RMD / n#! $#1 !t#$#" b#!t #*#$ y#%$)y
&-t -t' B%$-!% I$&n M n# "#!#$*#! ! #( %) /#nt &n ,&$ !h&+ n1 h 1h#!t 1$&+th &, 5 th# ! #( %) th$-!t )% " by RMD "-$ n1 200= 0> &n 6-%) ty
#nh%n(#/#nt /#%!-$#! %n" (&!t $#"-(t &n $#!-)t#" n b#tt#$ $&"-(t * ty %n" #,,#(t *#
/ t 1%t &n &, th# (&/ %ny ! *%$ %b)# n -t (&!t!. A/&n1 th# *%$ &-! !t# ! t% #n by RMD
t& #nh%n(# #,, ( #n(y +#$# b#tt#$ / n# )%nn n1' "#*#)& /#nt &, / n#! n n#+ %$#%!'
/ $&*#" $&(#!! n1 ,%( ) t #!' %n" $# )%(#/#nt &, &)" h#%*y #%$th/&* n1 /%(h n#$y
+ th n#+ #6- /#nt. A"& t &n &, *%$ &-! (&!t (-tt n1 /#%!-$#! )#" t& !-b!t%nt %)
!%* n1!. D-$ n1 200= 0>' SAIL b#(%/# th# , $!t n"-!t$ %) #nt#$ $ !# n th# (&-nt$y t&
+h##) !-$ )-! &+#$ ,$&/ &n# &, t! (% t *# -n t! t& %n&th#$ th$&-1h th# n%t &n%) 1$ ".
G#n#$%t &n &, &+#$ by th# (% t *# &+#$ -n t! %t ?2? M +%! %)!& th# h 1h#!t #*#$'
!h&+ n1 % 1$&+th &, = &*#$ 200? 0=. 4Z-b) n' 200>5
2.;. T #( hn & #( &n&/ ( %$%/ # t# $ !
Sh#$yn 4200>5 !t%t#! th# ,&))&+ n1 t#(hn& #(&n&/ ( %$%/#t#$!
C& # $%t# L&+#!t #*#$ $%t# &, ?;= 1 t&nn# &, h&t /#t%) +%! %(h #*#" "-$ n1 th# y#%$'
%n / $&*#/#nt &, &*#$ 200? 0=.
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R#,$%(t&$y (&n!-/ t &n At =.> 1 t&nn# &, ($-"# !t##)' +%! )&+#!t #*#$' @ )&+#$
th%n th# (&n!-/ t &n n 200? 0=' "-# t& ! 1n , (%nt n($#%!# n BOF ) n n1 %n" )%")# ) ,#
%t %)) th# )%nt!.
En#$1y (&n!-/ t &n Th# SAIL )%nt! t&1#th#$ (&n!-/#" &n)y >.28 1 1% (%)&$ #! #$
t&nn# &, ($-"# !t##) &n %n %*#$%1#' +h (h +%! 2 )&+#$ th%n th# $#* &-! y#%$' n ! t#
&, th# n($#%!# n $&"-(t &n &, *%)-# %""#" !t##) +h (h (&n!-/#! h 1h#$ #n#$1y.
4Sh#$yn' 200>5
2.;.2 C &! t E ,,#( t *# n #!!
K / 4200=5 +$ t#! n E(&n&/ ( T /#! th%t th# th$-!t &n / $&* n1 #,, ( #n(y &, (&!t
/%n%1#/#nt )%-n(h#" by SAIL "-$ n1 th# "&+nt-$n n th# !t##) !#(t&$ (&nt n-#" "-$ n1
th# y#%$ 200?. N#+ !(h#/#! +#$# "#nt , #" %n" #7 !t n1 !(h#/#! $#* #+#" %n" $#* !#"
t& &,,!#t th# / %(t &, th# !h%$ $ !# n n -t $ (#!' %$t (-)%$)y n th# (%!# &, (& n1
(&%)' F#$$& %))&y!' #t(.' "-$ n1 th# y#%$' $#!-)t n1 n !%* n1! &, %b&-t R!. ;0 ($&$#.
SAIL ! (&!t /%n%1#/#nt #n"#%*&-$! &n(# %1% n $#(# *#" $#(&1n t &n %t th# n%t &n%)
)#*#). Th# In!t t-t# &, C&!t &$ ! A((&-nt%nt! &, In" % %"3-"1#" SAIL %! b# n1 th#
!#(&n" b#!t (&/ %ny n th# -b) ( !#(t&$ n In" % "-$ n1 200? n th ! %$%/#t#$ %n"
$#!#nt#" th# (&/ %ny t! N%t &n%) A+%$" ,&$ E7(#))#n(# n C&!t M%n%1#/#nt. SAIL
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h%" $#(# *#" th# + nn#$ ! t$& hy )%!t y#%$ ,&$ #7(#))#n(# n (&!t $#"-(t &n "-$ n1 2008 /#t#$!. 4K /'
200=5
A((&$" n1 t& K / 4200=5 % th$-!t +%! 1 *#n &n !- )y n1 !t##) &n $ &$ ty t& -!#$
!#1/#nt! &, n%t &n%) / &$t%n(# !-(h %! 1&*#$n/#nt' PSU! 4 -b) ( !#(t&$ -n"#$t% n1!5
%n" !t%t# !/%)) !(%)# n"-!t$y (&$ &$%t &n! 4SSIC!5. A! % $#!-)t' th#$# +%! % 2? n($#%!#
n !- ) #! &, SAIL !t##) t& th# 1&*#$n/#nt !#(t&$ %n" =? t& SSIC!. A)&n1 + th
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h 1h#$ !- ) #! t& $&3#(t!' SAIL +%! %b)# t& h # !- ) #! t& (&n!-/#$! by > "-$ n1
th# y#%$ &n %n &*#$%)) b%! !. D-$ n1 th# y#%$' %)) th# b$%n(h#!' !t&( y%$"! %n" &,, (#! &,
CMO +#$# ) n #" t& % (#nt$%) !#" "%t%b%!#. Th ! h#) #" n &n) n# %*% )%b ) ty &, "%t%
(&n! !t#nt "%t% nt#1$ ty %n" !#%/)#!! n,&$/%t &n ,)&+ %($&!! %)) % ) (%t &n!' )#%" n1 t&
n($#%!#" #,, ( #n(y n !#$* n1 (-!t&/#$!. 4K /' 200=5
2.;.< H- / %n R #!&- $ (# M %n %1#/# nt
M&h%n D%! 4200=5 !t%t#! n B-! n#!! E(&n&/y th%t %$&-n" '000' !h&+ n1 % $#"-(t &n &, %b&-t .
A/&n1 th# n t %t *#! t% #n n th ! $#1%$" +#$# %y/#nt &, +%1# !%)%$y %$$#%$! ,&$ th#
#$ &" . . @@> 9 ; . 2.2000' $#!t&$%t &n &, #%$n#" )#%*# #n(%!h/#nt' #nh%n(#/#nt n
(&n*#y%n(# #7 #n!#!' / n n1 %))&+%n(#' $# /b-$!#/#nt &, n 1ht !h ,t #7 #n!#!'
#nh%n(#" n(#nt *# %y/#nt!' #t(. A $&)) n1 t$& hy +%! nt$&"-(#" t& #n(&-$%1#
/%n%1#/#nt #7(#))#n(# %/&n1!t y&-n1 /%n%1#$! &, th# (&/ %ny. A t#%/ ,$&/ Bh )%
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St##) P)%nt ) ,t#" th# n%-1-$%) Ch% $/%n ! T$& hy ,&$ Y&-n1 M%n%1#$! ,&$ th# y#%$ 200 #/ )&y##! 4? ,$&/ BSP %n" 2 ,$&/ VISL5 + )) $#(# *# th# Sh$#/ Sh$ t t)#
)%t#$ th ! y#%$. 4D%!' 200=5
2.;.? R #!# %$ ( h D#*#) & / # nt
D%n #) 4200?5 #)%b&$%t#! th# "#*#)& /#nt /#%!-$#! %t SAIL %((&$" n1 t& D%n #) 4200?5
R D $&3#(t! %t SAIL ,&(-! &n $&(#!! / $&*#/#nt' (&!t (&/ #t t *#n#!!' $&"-(t
6-%) ty' $&"-(t "#*#)& /#nt %n" b%! ( $#!#%$(h ,&$ / $&*#/#nt n t#(hn& #(&n&/ (
%$%/#t#$! t& n($#%!# (% %( ty -t ) %t &n. M%3&$ n t %t *#! % /#" %t (
(&/ #t t *#n#!! n()-"#"
I/ $&*#/#nt n ) n n1 ) ,# &, (&n*#$t#$ t& 2'000 h#%t! n SMS II %t RSP n()-" n1
!t##) )%")#! %t RSP BSP by t#(hn&)&1 (%) n t %t *#!
R% ! n1 $&"-(t * ty &, DSP S nt#$ P)%nt t& .;= t&nn#! / h$ 4 #% .= t&nn#!5
In($#%!# n BF $&"-(t * ty %t RSP by $&(#!! (h%n1#! n ,-$n%(# +&$ n1 ,$&/
#$ h#$%) +&$ n1' $#*#$!%) &,, BLT /%t$ 7 %n" &th#$ (h%n1#! n (h%$1 n1 !y!t#/.
T#(hn&)&1 (%) n t %t *#! ) # h&t (h%$1 n1 &, +h##)!' /&" , (%t &n &, n1&t "#! 1n'
#t(.' h#) #" n $#(&$" $&"-(t &n &, +h##)! #7()#! %t DSP
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R#"-(t &n n HSM $&)) ! %)) n1 %t BSL
M#%!-$#! t& &bt% n n($#%!#" (%/ % 1n )#n1th %n" $#"-(#" $&)) (&n!-/ t &n %t BSL.
In!t%))%t &n &, %-t&/%t &n &, h&t !%+! n BSP ! R% ) St$-(t-$%) M )).
P$&"-(t "#*#)& /#nt #,,&$t! by RDCIS n()-"#" th# ,&))&+ n1
SAIL HITEN =@0 AR 1$%"# )%t#! %t BSP
S $ n1 !t##) %t DSP
H 1h !t$#n1th (&)" $&))#" !t##) 4HSCR ;?5 %t BSL.
St##) n& !# b%$$ #$! ,&$ $&%"! h 1h+%y!
DMR 2 %""#" ,-$th#$ !-b!t%n(# t& th# (&/ %ny ! #,,&$t! n th ! " $#(t &n. SAIL %t
" ,,#$#nt )%nt -n t / n# )&(%t &n! h%! )%nt#" %$&-n" ; / )) &n t$##! !& ,%$. Th# SAIL
)%nt! -n t! /% nt% n#" th# $ th$-!t &n (&nt$&)) n1 &))-t &n "-$ n1 th# y#%$. S&/# &,
th#/ #*#n $#(# *#" %+%$"! ,&$ #7(#))#n(# n &))-t &n (&nt$&) /#%!-$#!. Th#y %$#
G&)" %+%$" n /#t%) !#(t&$ ,&$ &-t!t%n" n1 %(h #*#/#nt n #n* $&n/#nt /%n%1#/#nt
,&$ 200; 0< by G$##nt#(h F&-n"%t &n N#+ D#)h t& BSP %n" RSP
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In" $% G%n"h M#/&$ %) N%t &n%) A+%$" 200< ,&$ E7(#))#nt P&))-t &n C&nt$&)
I/ )#/#nt%t &n G&)" A+%$" by Int#$n%t &n%) G$##n)%n" S&( #ty 4IGS5 Hy"#$%b%" t&
BSP %n" RSP
In" $% G%n"h M#/&$ %) N%t &n%) A+%$" ,&$ E7(#))#nt En* $&n/#nt %n" E(&)&1 (%)
I/ )#/#nt%t &n G&)" A+%$" by IGS t& B%$!-% I$&n M n#. 4SAIL' 200>5
2.;.> P-b ) ( R #) %t &n !
A((&$" n1 t& Ann-%) R# &$t &, SAIL -b) !h#" n M%$(h 200>' t& $# n,&$(# #/ )&y##
/&$%)#' nt#$n%) (&//-n (%t &n %(t * t #! +#$# ,-$th#$ !t$#n1th#n#". A )%nn#" % $&%(h
y #)"#" #7(#))#nt $#!-)t!' + th % $#( %t *# ,##"b%( ,$&/ #/ )&y##! %t %)) )#*#)! &n th#
n t %t *#! t% #n %n" th#/#! !#)#(t#" t& /&t *%t#' n,&$/ %n" n!t )) $ "# n th#
+&$ ,&$(#. "# %n" ,&(-!#" (&//-n (%t &n th$&-1h b&th $ nt %n" #)#(t$&n ( /#" %
!t$#n1th#n#" th# /%1# &, th# &$1%n %t &n %/&n1!t th# (&/ %ny ! !t% #h&)"#$! %n"
1#n#$%) -b) (. R#* *%) &, th# t#)#* ! &n %" (%/ % 1n Th#$# ! % ) tt)# b t &, SAIL n
#*#$yb&"y ! ) ,# n th# )%t#$ %$t &, th# y#%$' $# #n,&$(#" th# (&/ %ny ! /%1# %! th#
n"-!t$y )#%"#$ n * #+#$ ! / n"! "-# t& t! #7(#))#nt $#(%)) *%)-#. Oth#$ (%/ % 1n! !-(h
%! th# &n# h 1h) 1ht n1 SAIL ! t-$n%$&-n" %! th# /&!t / $#!! *# n In" %n n"-!t$y'
St##) G$##n %n" St##) n N##"' SAIL n D##" +#$# +#)) $#(# *#" by th# t%$1#t %-" #n(#!.
A $%" & 3 n1)# n H n" ' S%,#ty n !# ,)y&*#$...' %)!& 1#n#$%t#" & -)%$ $#! &n!#. 4SAIL'
200>5
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2.;.8 C &! t ( &/ # t t *# n #!!
A((&$" n1 t& Ann-%) R# &$t &, SAIL -b) !h#" n M%$(h 200>' th# ,&))&+ n1 (&!t
$#"-(t &n /#%!-$#! %$# %"& t#" n SAIL t& 1% n (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1#
4%5 R#"-(t &n n , 7#" (&!t th$&-1h *&)-/# 1$&+th' $#"-(t &n n /%n &+#$ (&!t %n"
, n%n( %) (h%$1#!
4b5 R#"-(t &n n *%$ %b)# (&!t th$&-1h t#(hn&)&1 (%) nt#$*#nt &n! ) # #) / n%t &n &
n1&t !t##) $&-t#' 00 B%! ( O7y1#n F-$n%(# %n" C&nt n-&-! C%!t n1' (& # $%t#
$#"-(t &n * % CDI %-7 ) %$y ,-#) n3#(t &n' %n" h 1h#$ )#*#)! &, $&(#!! (&nt$&)
(&/ -t#$ %t &n %-t&/%t &n' )#%" n1 t& #nh%n(#/#nt &, & #$%t n1 #,, ( #n(y %n"
4(5 By b-! n#!! $&(#!! / $&*#/#nt! !-(h %! !t$#%/) n n1 &, !- ) #! &, #y n -t! &,
!t##) /% n1 th$&-1h h 1h#$ -t ) %t &n &, # (&//#$(#' (#nt$%) #" $&(-$#/#nt ,&$ !#)#(t
t#/!' #t(. 4SAIL' 200>5
2.;.@ -%) ty ( &/ # t t *# n #!!
SAIL %)!& #/ h%! # &n t#(hn&)&1y n -t 6-%) ty / $&*#/#nt %($&!! *%)-# (h% n
th$-!t &n ! #( %) 6-%) ty !t##) %n" n#+ $&"-(t! / $&*#/#nt n $&(#!! (&n! !t#n(y %n"
/#t%) t$#%t/#nt %"*%n(#" &n) n# t#!t n1 %n" 6-%) ty (&nt$&) ,%( ) t #!
!t%n"%$" %t &n %-t&/%t &n $&(#!! (&nt$&) IT. C&$ &$%t# P)%n 20 2 h%! (&n! "#$#" th
/%$ #t 1$&+th $&3#(t &n! %!!-/ n1 &*#$%)) !t##) (&n!-/ t &n %t %b&-t 8 #$ %nn-/.
H&+#*#$' th# 1$&+th t$#n"! %n" /%($& #(&n&/ ( n" (%t&$! (&-)" )#%" t& h 1h#$ 1$&+th
&t#nt %). Th#$#,&$#' "# #n" n1 &n th# /%$ #t 1$&+th' !t$%t#1 #! &, (&/ #t t&$!' 1)&b%)
#(&n&/ ( !(#n%$ &' 1&*#$n/#nt &) ( #! %n" $#!&-$(# %*% )%b ) ty' SAIL ! )%n! /%y b#
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$#* !#" ,$&/ t /# t& t /#' %n" ,-$th#$ 1$&+th n t#$/! &, *&)-/#' $&"-(t!' #t(.' /%y b#
% /#" th$&-1h G$##n, #)" n*#!t/#nt!' %(6- ! t &n! /#$1#$! #t(. Th# (-$$#nt )%n
$&* "#! th# b$&%" " $#(t &n ,&$ SAIL t& /&*# ,&$+%$" %n" +&-)" b# $#* #+#"
#$ &" (%))y. 4SAIL' 200>5
2.< M A RKETI N G S TR A TEGIE S OF SA IL
S nh% 4200>5 (%t#1&$ (%))y !t%t#! th# () n (%) /%$ #t n1 !t$%t#1 #! %"& t#" by SAIL'
%((&$" n1 t& S nh% 4200>5' th# St##) b# n1 %n n"-!t$ %) (&//&" ty t ! *#$y n#(#!!%$y t&
/% nt% n (-!t&/#$ $#)%t &n!h ,&$ $&, t%b ) ty %n" !/&&th $-nn n1 &, (&/ %ny. SAIL
%"& t! ,&))&+ n1 $%(t (#! ,&$ (-!t&/#$ !%t !,%(t &n.
P$&(#"-$# $&(#!! %"% t#" t& %((#!! (-$$#nt ,-t-$# #7 #(t%t &n &, (-!t&/#$!.
It n"-(#! /%$ #t $#!#%$(h * ! t n1 (-!t&/#$ $#/ !#! %tt#n" n1 t& (-!t&/#$
(&/ )% nt!.
CMO h%! M%$ #t M%n%1#/#nt G$&- +h#$# ! #( %) !t! /&n t&$ (h%n1 n1
"#/%n" %tt#$n %n" "#*#)& /#nt n #%(h M%$ #t !#1/#nt ! (%$$ #" &n.
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It h%! &!t#" /%$ #t "#*#)& /#nt &,, (#$! %t *%$ &-! )&(%t &n! th%t %$# t! #y#! %n"
#%$! ,&$ /&n t&$ n1 (-$$#nt %n" ,-t-$# #7 #(t%t &n &, t! (-!t&/#$.
Th# B-! n#!! )%nn n1 "# %$t/#nt ! #7()-! *#)y /#%nt t& !t-"y (-!t&/#$ !
(h%n1 n1 "#/%n" !(#n%$ & %n" %!!#!! (-$$#nt %n" ,-t-$# #7 #(t%t &n.
T& -n"#$!t%n" (-!t&/#$ n##"! SAIL %)!& &$1%n #! +&$ !h& ! %n" !#/ n%$!.
B- )" n1 C-!t&/#$ R#)%t &n!h SAIL h%! %"& t#" th# h )&!& hy &, $#(&1n n1
!#1/#nt &, th# /%$ #t %n" "#nt ,y n1 #y (-!t&/#$ n !#1/#nt %n" 1 * n1 th#/
$#,#$#nt %) t$#%t/#nt. CMO !%)#! #7#(-t *#! h%*# b##n t$% n#" t& -!# " $#(t !#)) n1 %!
t&&) ,&$ b- )" n1 )&n1 )%!t n1 $#)%t &n!h + th th# (-!t&/#$!. E%!y %((#!! t& (-!t&/#$! t&
!## %!! !t%n(# /% #! $& &!%)! !#n" (&//#nt! %n" (&/ ) /#nt!. 4S nh%' 200>5
2.
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O t / n1 th# $&"-(t / 7 by $& #$ -t ) %t &n &, %*% )%b)# !t&( !.
R#(# * n1 En6- $ #! %n" (&/ )% nt!' (%n(#))%t &n &, &$"#$! #t(.
C&&$" n%t n1 th# +&$ ! &, / ))! %n" t$%,, ( "# %$t/#nt !& %! t& /%7 / # " ! %t(h#!.
C& &$" n%t &n! + th CMO ,$&/ !t%1#! &, #n6- $y' ,&$ #7 &$t!' "#*#)& /#nt &, n#+
P$&, )#!' !#(t &n!' /&" , (%t &n &, $&"-(t !(h#"-) n1 t )) th# &$"#$! %$# (&/ )#t#".
D#*#)& /#nt &, n#+ 6-%) t #! &, !t##).
P#$ &" (%) /%$ #t !-$*#y! &, $&"-(t! t& %n%)y # th# /%$ #t &! t &n.
I/ )#/#nt%t &n &, !-11#!t &n! $#(# *#" ,$&/ th# (-!t&/#$! ,##" b&( .
En!-$# (-!t&/#$ !%t !,%(t &n by /##t n1 (-!t&/#$! $#1-)%$)y $&* "# $#"$#!!%) t&
th# $ $&b)#/! %n" ,-), ))/#nt &, "#/%n". 4D#!&- %' 200>5
2.? ANA L YS I S OF S TEEL A CRO SS THE GLO B E
Th# "#() n n1 $ (# t$#n" %,t#$ %n -n $#(#"#nt#" $ !# n &, 200> h%! t% #n !h##n &,,
th# 1)&b%) !t##) /%$ #t. H&+#*#$' th#$# ! % + "#! $#%" #$(# t &n th%t n th# &!t 2 &,
th# (-$$#nt y#%$ th# 1)&b%) $ (# %$# b&-n" t& 1& - . On)y th ! t /# th# $ !# +&-)" b#
,)%tt#n#" %n" n&t %bn&$/%). Th# "&/#!t ( "#/%n" n E-$& # ! !t##) )&+ + th n"-!t$ #!
$&"-(t &n !h&+ n1 % "&+n+%$" t$#n" ,&$( n1 th# /%3&$ !t##) $&"-(#$ t& (%)) b%( th#
$ (# h # %nn&-n(#" #%$) #$. Th# &!t &n#/#nt &, -$(h%!# by th# b-y#$! ! ) #)y t&
$#!-)t n $-nn n1 "&+n th# (-$$#nt n*#nt&$ #!. D%t% $#)#%!#" $#(#nt)y n" (%t# th%t EU
h%! / &$t#" % t&t%) &, 22.8 / )) &n t&n#! n()-" n1 !#/ ! +h (h h%*# 1&n# - by 8
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#$(#nt n 200=.Th# / &$t &, CR (& ) %n" (&%t#" (& )! +#$# %)!& h 1h#$ th%n )%!t y#%$
EU #7 &$t! t&t%)#" 2
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250
200
150
100
50
T AB LE 2.2
P$ & "- ( t & n O , S t##) n 200? %n" 200< 4 %n 9 M%$ ( h 5 % ( $ &!! th# G )& b #
300
EU 2?&th#$#-$& # ( !n&$th%/#$ (% !&-th%/#$ (% %,$ (% / "")# #%!t %! % &(#%n %
0 $&"-(t &n n 3%n
/%$(h
$&"-(t &n n 3%n/%$(h
[B-! n#!! T&"%y' 200>' 0@ S# t#/b#$ !!-#' 2@\
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T AB LE 2.;
G$ &+ th # $ (# nt%1# &, S t##) % ( $ &!! th # G )&b #
% growthEU 25 -0.3other europe -1.cis -0.2north a!erica 0.3south a!erica 0.3a"rica 10.# !iddle east $.%
30EU 25
asia&oceania 1.' 23.# other europechina 23.# 25 cisworld .5 20 north a!eric
15
10.# $.105
0.3 0.30
1.'
.5
south a!eric
a"rica
!iddle east asia&oceania
-5 -0.3 -1.
-0.2 % growth china
world
4B-! n#!! T&"%y' 200>' 0@ S# t#/b#$ !!-#' 2@5
F)%t $ (# h%*# ,%))#n n N&$th A/#$ (%n /%$ #t by >0 80 #$ t&n n th# )%!t t+& /&nth.
Th# (-$$#nt HR (& ) $ (# by US / ))! ! #11#" %t = ? ,&b t + th CR $ (# %t =@? #$
t&n. C&/ %$#" t& ,)%t $&"-(#$ th# )&n1 $&"-(t /%$ #t ! $#)%t *#)y !t%b)# %n" th#$# ! n&
"#() n# n th# $ (# &, !t$-(t-$%) /&$# "-# t& ,%)) n / &$t *&)-/#!. Ch n% h%! %)!&
$#/&*# % ; #$(#nt $#b%t# &n !t##) b ))#t %n" !)%b #7 &$t#$ + th #,,#(t ,$&/ !t A $ )
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200? t& #nh%n(# "&/#!t ( %*% )%b ) ty th ! h%! )#" t& $ (# ,%)) n A $ ). Th# #7 &$t $#b%t#
&n b%$! %n" $&"! h%! b##n $#"-(#" ,$&/ ; t& 0 #$(#nt ,$&/ !t M%y. In" %n )&n1
$&"-(t /%$ #t ! )%$1#)y n,)-#n(#" by 1)&b%) $ (# &, !#/ !. Th# CIS $ (# &, b ))#t! !
(-$$#nt)y $-nn n1 %t ;>01&b t +h (h ! n#%$)y %t th# !%/# )#*#) %! n M%$(h. Th#$# %$#
$# &$t! th%t R-!! %n !t##) $&"-(#$ %$# #7 #n" n1 % /%3&$ (h-n &, th# #6- ty
%$t ( %t &n n / ))! n &th#$ (&-nt$ #! %! % )&n1 t#$/ t$%" n1 *#nt-$#!. C$-"# !t##)
$&"-(t &n , 1-$# ,&$ 2008 $#)#%!#" by HIS #7h b t! % 1$&+th &, =.? #$(#nt n th# , $!t
th$## /&nth &*#$ th# (&$$#! &n" n1 #$ &" n $#* &-! y#%$. Ch n% $#/% n! th# )#%" n1
!t##) $&"-(#$ + th 1$&+th t&-(h n1 2< #$(#nt. 4B-! n#!! T&"%y' 200>5
2.?. D# /%n" ,&$ S t##)
R%/%!+%/y 4200=5 +$ t#! n h ! b&& &n G)&b%) E(&n&/y th%t' St##) B# n1 * t%) ,&$
n"-!t$ %) "#*#)& /#nt "#*#)& n1 (&-nt$ #! h%*# 1$#%t "#/%n" ,&$ !t##). h#$#%!
"#*#)& n1 (&-nt$ #! h%*# >0 #$(#nt &, +&$)" ! & -)%t &n' ;0 #$(#nt &, +&$)" ! $&n
&$# "# &! t!' th#y $&"-(# &n)y > #$(#nt &, +&$)" ! !t##). In th# (%!# &, In" % +h#$#%!
!h# h%! ? #$(#nt &, +&$)" ! & -)%t &n' !h# $&"-(#! &n)y .? t& 2 #$(#nt &, +&$)" !
!t##) #*#n %,t#$ !#tt n1 - ,&-$ n#+ !t##) )%nt! 4th# , ,th )%nt' th%t !' V %1 St##) )%nt
! y#t t& 1& nt& $&"-(t &n5. In" % ! &! t &n $#1%$" n1 ,&$# 1n "# #n"#n(# ,&$ t!
n"-!t$ %) 1$&+th b#,&$# th# #!t%b) !h/#nt ,&$ t! !t##) )%nt!' th#$#,&$#' (%n b# +#))
* !-%) #". Th#$# +%! % ! -$t n th# (&n!-/ t &n &, !t##) "-$ n1 th# , $!t F *# y#%$ P)%n.
A,t#$ % ,%)) "-$ n1 th# n#7t th$## y#%$!' th# (&n!-/ t &n $&!# %1% n b-t by *%$y n1
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&+#$ " !t$ b-t &n n#t+&$ !. F&$1 n1! %n" (%!t n1! %$# $#6- $#" ,&$ %1$ (-)t-$#
/ )#/#nt!' /%(h n# t&&)!' n"-!t$ %) /%(h n#$y %n" "#,#n!#. V%$ &-! ty #! &, !h##t! %$#
$#6- $#" by %-t&/&b )#!' !h b- )" n1' (y()#' ,-$n t-$# %n" %( %1 n1 n"-!t$ #!.
T AB LE 2..>
8. P$&(#!! n1 L&!! 0.?
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FIG U RE 2.
S#( t&$ + !# C&n ! -/ t &n &, S t##) n In" %
(&n!-/ t &n &, !t##)
(&n!t$-(t &n !#(t&$
t$%n! &$t
>.>0 0.?0
>.?0
-
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St##) + )) (&nt n-# t& h%*# % !t$&n1h&)" n t$%" t &n%) !#(t&$! !-(h %! (&n!t$-(t &n'
h&-! n1' 1$&-n" t$%n! &$t%t &n ! #( %) !t##)! + )) b# n($#%! n1)y -!#" n h t#(h
#n1 n##$ n1 n"-!t$ #! !-(h %! &+#$ 1#n#$%t &n' #t$&(h#/ (%)!' ,#$t ) #$! #t(. A! th#
#y %tt$ b-t#! " !(-!!#" %b&*# %$# *#$y /-(h n ,%*&$ &, !t##) n"-!t$y. M%$ #t n1 ! &n#
&, th# /&!t "yn%/ ( , #)"! n %ny b-! n#!! %)&n1 + th , n%n(#' $&"-(t &n %n" & #$%t &n!'
H-/%n $#!&-$(# /%n%1#/#nt %n" !y!t#/!. It! &$ #nt%t &n n##"! t& b# h%n")#" (%$#,-))y
%! t ! &n)y th$&-1h nt#1$%t &n &, /%$ #t n1 + th &th#$ , #)"! th%t /% #! %n &$1%n %t &n
!-((#!!,-) &$ ,%(# th# &""!. In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y ! %)!& (&n(#nt$%t n1 &n t! /%$ #t n1
%(t * t #!.
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CH A PTER ; RE S E A RCH METHODOLOGY
;. I N TRO DU CTIO N
Th# $#!#nt (h% t#$ "#!($ b#! th# $#!#%$(h /#th&"&)&1y' +h (h +%! % ) #" ,&$
(&n"-(t n1 th ! $#!#%$(h. Th# *%$ &-! %! #(t! &, th# $#!#%$(h /#th&"&)&1y +#$#
"#!($ b#" nt& th# *%$ &-! ! #( , #" !#(t &n! +h (h %$# "#! 1n &, th# $#!#%$(h' "%t%
(&))#(t &n %n" "%t% %n%)y! !.
R#!#%$(h /#th&"&)&1y ! % +%y t& !y!t#/%t (%))y !&)*# th# $#!#%$(h $&b)#/!. It /%y b#
-n"#$!t&&" %! % !( #n(# &, !t-"y n1 h&+ $#!#%$(h ! "&n# !( #nt , (%))y. In t +# !t-"y th#
*%$ &-! !t# ! th%t %$#% 1#n#$%))y %"& t#" by % $#!#%$(h#$ n !t-"y n1 h ! $#!#%$(h $&b)#/
%)&n1 + th th# )&1 ( b#h n" th#/. It ! n#(#!!%$y ,&$ th# $#!#%$(h#$ t& n&+ n&t &n)y th#
$#!#%$(h /#th&"! t#(hn 6-#! b-t %)!& th# /#th&"&)&1y. R#!#%$(h#$! n&t &n)y n##" t&
n&+ h&+ t& "#*#)& (#$t% n n" (#! %n" t#!t!' h&+ t& (%)(-)%t# th# /#%n' th# /&"#' th#
/#" %n &$ th# !t%n"%$" "#* %t &n &$ th# (h !6-%$#' h&+ t& % )y %$t (-)%$ $#!#%$(h
t#(hn 6-#!' b-t th#y %)!& n##" t& n&+' +h (h &, th#!# /#th&"! &$ t#(hn 6-#!' %$#
$#)#*%nt %n" +h (h %$# n&t' %n" +h%t +&-)" th#y /#%n %n" n" (%t# %n" +hy.
A $#!#%$(h h%! b##n (%$$ #" &-t +h (h ! b&th 6-%) t%t *# %n" 6-%nt t%t *# n t! !- &$t.
Th# 6-%) t%t *# % $&%(h % ) #! t& b&th' "#!($ t *# %n" n"-(t *# ,&$/! &, $#!#%$(h.
h )# %! n (%!# &, 6-%nt t%t *# % $&%(h' %n #7t#n! *# -!# h%! b##n /%"# &, th#
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) t#$%t-$# %*% )%b)# t& (%$$y &-t % "#t% ) $#!#%$(h &n th# n%t-$# &, th# $&b)#/. SAIL
TATA St##) h%*# b##n (h&!#n %! th# t%$1#t (&/ %n #! n %$t (-)%$.
;.2 RE S E A RCH S O U RCE S
A (&/b n%t &n &, b&th $ /%$y %n" !#(&n"%$y $#!&-$(#! h%*# b##n -!#" t& %(h #*# th#
% /! %n" &b3#(t *#! &, th ! $# &$t
;.2. P$ / %$ y R #!# %$ ( h
Th# nt#$n%) ,-n(t &n n1 &, th# &$1%n %t &n' t! (-)t-$%) %! #(t!' t! /%n%1#/#nt
!ty)# %n" )#%"#$!h !y!t#/! +#$# "#t#$/ n#" th$&-1h !-$*#y! + th th# $#!#nt %n" #7
#/ )&y##! &, th# &$1%n %t &n' #7t#n! *# -!# &, 6-#!t &nn% $#! +#$# /%"# ,&$ th !
-$ &!#. -#!t &nn% $#! +#$# !#nt &-t by t+& b%! ( +%y!' , $!t th# 6-#!t &nn% $#! +#$#
!#nt th$&-1h #)#(t$&n ( /% ) %n" !#(&n" th# 6-#!t &nn% $#! +#$# !#nt &-t th$&-1h th#
t$%" t &n%) /% ) n1 /#th&" .#. by &!t. A "$%,t 6-#!t &nn% $# ! %tt%(h#" %t th# #n".
Int#$* #+! +#$# %)!& (%$$ #" &-t + th th# &,, ( %)! &, SAIL TATA St##) n*&)*#"
n th# ,-n(t &n n1 &, th# (&/ %ny %n" &th#$ #& )# ,$&/ th# n"-!t$y t& "#t#$/ n# th#
/%$ #t n1 %! #(t! &, th# &$1%n %t &n %n" th# n"-!t$y' th ! % /#" t& , n" &-t th#
$#%!&n! ,&$ th# %tt% n/#nt &, (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# th$&-1h #/ )&y n1 #,,#(t *#
/%$ #t n1 !t$%t#1 #! by th# (&/ %ny.
Th# "%t% (&))#(t#" +%! %n%)y #" t& "#t#$/ n# th# &! t *# %! +#)) %! th# n#1%t *# %! #(t!
&, th# &$1%n %t &n n $#)%t &n t& th# n"-!t$y' t& b#tt#$ -n"#$!t%n" th# ,%(t&$! +h (h h%*#
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(&nt$ b-t#" t& t! (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# %n" t& /%$ &-t th# ,%(t&$! +h (h %$# h n"#$ n1
t! 1$&+th %n" (%n %,,#(t th# !-!t% n%b ) ty &, th# (&/ #t t *# %"*%nt%1# n th# ,-t-$#.
P$ /%$y "%t% (&))#(t &n /#th&"!
S%/ )# ! # 00
S%/ )# %$#% NCR D#)h
S%/ )# -n t &,, ( %)! %n" #/ )&y##! &, SAIL T%t% !t##)
M#th&" &, (&))#(t &n &, "%t%
-#!t &nn% $# /#th&" %! +#)) %! nt#$* #+ /#th&" +%! #/ )&y#" t& #7t$%(t b#!t $#!-)t!
,$&/ th# t%$1#t $#! &n"#nt!
;.2.2 S#( &n"%$ y R #!# %$ ( h
Th# !#(&n"%$y !&-$(#! &, "%t% (&n! !t! &, b&& ! ,&$ %n %(%"#/ ( #$! #(t *#'
n"-!t$y 3&-$n%)!' /%1% n#! ,&$ (&/ #t t *# !t$%t#1y' %nn-%) $# &$t!' 1&*#$n/#nt
-b) (%t &n! %n" * #+! &, &th#$ %-th&$!.
S&/# &, th# !#(&n"%$y !&-$(#! &, n,&$/%t &n n()-"#
B&& !
F n%n( %) %((&-nt n1 % /%n%1#$ %) #$! #(t *#X N%$%y%n% S+%/y 2 n" #" t &n
Eth (! n -b) ( /%n%1#/#nt F$#"$ ( !&n %n" Gh#$#
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&hn!&n G' S(h&)#! K' h tt n1t&n R. 4200?5. E7 )&$ n1 C&$ &$%t# St$%t#1y T#7t
%n" C%!#!. >Th E" t &n' H%$)&+ En1)%n". FT P$#nt (# H%)).
P&$t#$' E M' 4 @8?5 C&/ #t t *# A"*%nt%1#' C$#%t n1 %n" S-!t% n n1 S- #$ &$P#$,&$/%n(#. USA' th# F$## P$#!!.
C&/ #t t *# St$%t#1y T#(hn 6-#! ,&$ An%)y n1 In"-!t$ #! %n" C&/ #t t&$!
by M (h%#) E. P&$t#$
Int # $n # t ) n !
+++.!% ).(&. n
+++.t%t%!t##).(&/
+++. n" %n/#t%)!.(&/
Oth # $ S&- $ (#! n () -" n 1 3&- $n%) !
Th# In" %n St##) In"-!t$y &-$n%) 4St##) &$)"5
R#!&-$(# ,&$ B-! n#!! T#(hn&)&1y M%n%1#/#nt %n" Kn&+)#"1# M%n%1#/#nt
4+++.b$ nt.(&/ 5
M n !t$y &, St##) 4In" %5 9 R# &$t!' , 1-$#!' %n%)y! !' $#!#%$(h
Ann-%) R# &$t!
CRISIL 9 4In" %n R%t n1!' F n%n( %) N#+!' R ! ' %n" &) (y %"* !&$y (&/ %ny5
Th# In" %n !t##) %)) %n(#
http://www.sail.co.in/http://www.tatasteel.com/http://www.indianmetals.com/http://www.tatasteel.com/http://www.indianmetals.com/http://www.sail.co.in/ -
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;.; PROPO S E D ANA L YS I S
Th# $#!-)t! &, th# 6-#!t &nn% $# +#$# %n%)y #" -! n1 1$% h! %n" (h%$t! %n" % t$#n" &n th#
nt#$n%) +&$ n1 &, th# &$1%n %t &n +#$# /%$ #" &-t. Th ! %))&+#" $#%(h n1 (&n()-! &n!
&n th# !!-# %! t& +h#th#$ th# nt#$n%) & #$%t &n! &, th# &$1%n %t &n %$# (&n"-( *# ,&
1$&+th &$ n&t.
Th# $#!-)t! &, th# nt#$* #+! +&-)" %))&+ -! t& 1& n "# th nt& th# /%$ #t n1 &) ( #! &,
th# &$1%n %t &n %n" +&-)" %))&+ -! t& ) n t t& th# ,-t-$# (&/ #t t *# &! t &n.
B&th 6-%nt t%t *# %n" 6-%) t%t *# "%t% %n%)y! ! !h%)) b# "&n# by -! n1 % $& $ %t# /#%
+h (h (&/ ) #! + th b&th %(%"#/ ( %n" $&,#!! &n%) !t%n"%$"!.
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;.< S TEEL I NDUS TR Y TRE NDS
T AB LE ;.
GLO BA L S TEEL PRO DU CTIO N AND CO NSU MPTIO N
Y#%$ P$&"-(t &n
4M )) &n t&nn#!5
C&n!-/ t &n
4M )) &n t&nn#!5
2002 ? ;.? ?
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()illion tonnes*+roduction()illion tonnes*,onsu!ption
T AB LE ;.2
G lob a l S tee l - r a ns a ctions
550
5 0
530
520
510
500
$02002 2003 200 2005 200 200'
(E*
.ears
4B-! n#!! &$)"' 200=' *&)-/#
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()illion tonnes* +roduction
()illion tonnes* /pp.,onsu!ption
2002 2'>@? 2';00
200; ;'2@0 2'8?;
200= ;' 8 ;'028
200> 4E5 ;' 00 2'@?0
4E5 E!t /%t#" ' b%!#" &n DCIS , 1-$#! - t& F#b.'200
Th# $&"-(t &n %n" (&n!-/ t &n &, 1 $&n n In" % b#t+##n 2002 %n" 200> 4#!t /%t#"5
%$# ,-$n !h#" n T%b)# ;.;
T AB LE ;.0
T%t% St##)
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I! %t In"-!t$ #! 22?
ISCO
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CH A PTER < EMPIRIC A L FI ND I N G S
5
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TATA STEEL
INDALSTEEL ESSARSTEEL
. h (h (&/ %ny "& y&- th n ! th# /% n (&/ #t t&$ &, y&-$ (&/ %nyW
4 ,&$ *#$y &&$' ? ,&$ *#$y !t$&n15
A5TATA St##) B5 n"%) St##) C5E!!%$ St##)
T AB LE
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2. H&+ +&-)" y&- $%t# y&-$ (&/ %n #! (&/ #t t *#n#!! n $#)%t &n t& th# n"-!t$yW
A5L#!! C&/ #t t *# B5M&"#$%t#)y C&/ #t t *# C5V#$y C&/ #t t *#
T AB LE
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y#!n&
;. D& y&- th n b# n1 % -b) ( !#(t&$ (&/ %ny ! % h-$")# ,&$ th# 1$&+th &, th#
(&/ %nyW
A5Y#! B5N&
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
0
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y#!n&
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&! t *#n#1%t *#
?. h%t %,,#(t "& th# 1&*#$n/#nt &) ( #! h%*# &n th# (&/ %nyW
A5P&! t *# B5N#1%t *#
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
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&! t *#n#1%t *#
=. h%t %,,#(t + )) th# & #n n1 - &, th# In" %n !t##) !#(t&$ + )) h%*# &n th# ,-t-$# &,
y&-$ (&/ %nyW
A5P&! t *# B5N#1%t *#
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
0 >?
n#1%t *# ;0 2?
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A-t&($%t ( M&"#$%t#
D#/&($%t (
>. In y&-$ & n &n' +h (h !ty)# &, )#%"#$!h "! y&-$ (&/ %ny h%*#W
A5A-t&($%t ( B5M&"#$%t# C5D#/&($%t (
T AB LE
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8. H&+ %$# th# %t/&! h#$# %n" th# #n* $&n/#nt %t +&$ W
A5V#$y T#n!#" B5T#n!#" C5M&"#$%t# D5R#)%7#" E5V#$y R#)%7#"
T AB LE
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@. H&+ +&-)" y&- $%t# th# t-$n&*#$ $%t# n y&-$ &$1%n %t &nW
A5V#$y H 1h B5H 1h C5M#" -/ D5L&+ E5V#$y L&+
T AB LE
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y#!n&
0. D! th# (&/ %ny &,,#$ y&- & &$t-n t #! ,&$ 1$&+th %n" %"*%n(#/#nt &, y&-$
(%$##$W
A5Y#! B5N&
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
? >0
n& 2? ;0
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(&n"-( *# ,&$ 1$&+thh n"#$! 1$&+th
. A((&$" n1 t& y&- h&+ ! th# (-)t-$# &, th# &$1%n %t &nW
A5C&n"-( *# ,&$ 1$&+th B5H n"#$! G$&+th
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
-
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(&n!-/#$ ! n1
(&n!-/#$ ! / &$t%nt
(&n!-/#$!%$# 3-!t
2. h%t "! y&-$ (&/ %ny th n %b&-t t! (-!t&/#$!W
A5C-!t&/#$ ! n1 B5C-!t&/#$ ! I/ &$t%nt
C5C-!t&/#$! %$# 3-!t C-!t&/#$!
T AB LE 0
=0
?00
(&n!-/#$ !/ &$t%nt
(&n!-/#$! %$# 3-!t/ &$t%nt
;? 28
? 2
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y#!n&
;. D! y&-$ (&/ %ny $#+%$" y&- ,&$ y&-$ #$,&$/%n(#W
A5Y#! B5N&
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
? >0
n& 2? ;0
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y#!n&
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*#$y ()#%$ *#$y-n()#%$
?. H&+ ()#%$ %$# %-th&$ ty %n" $#! &n! b ) ty $#)%t &n!h ! "#, n#" n y&-$ &$1%n %t &
A5 V#$y ()#%$ B5 V#$y -n()#%$ C5 C%n t !%y
T AB LE
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y#!n&
=. D& y&- &+n th# !h%$#! &, y&-$ (&/ %nyW
A5Y#! B5N&
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
? >0
n& 2? ;0
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y#!n&
>. I, y#!' th#n %$# y&- h% y + th th# " * "#n" %y&-t!W
A5 Y#! B5 N&
T AB LE
@0
80
>0
=0
?0
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1&&"
*#$y1&&"!%t !,%(t&$y
8. In y&-$ & n &n h&+ h%! b##n th# #$,&$/%n(# &, y&-$ (&/ %n #! !t&( n th# $#(#nt
%!tW
A5 G&&" B5V#$y 1&&" C5S%t !,%(t&$y D5O-t!t%n" n1
T AB LE
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y#!n&
@. &-)" y&- n*#!t /&n#y n y&-$ &+n (&/ %n #! !t&( W
A5Y#! B5N&
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
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y#!n&
20. Th# ,-t-$# ! *#$y (&/ #t t *# "& y&- th n y&-$ &$1%n %t &n ! $#%"y t& ,%(# th#
(&/ #t t &nW
A5 YES B5NO
T AB LE 0
=0
?0
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] In($#%!#" -!%1# n B$ "1#!' C$%!h B%$$ #$!' F)y&*#$! %n" B- )" n1 C&n!t$-(t &n!
] C)&!#$ nt#$%(t &n b#t+##n INSDAG L%$1# P$&"-(#$! %n" A$(h t#(t! En1 n##$!
St-"#nt!
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In (%!# &, ,)%t $&"-(t!' SAIL $#/% n! % /%3&$ !- ) #$ &, HR C& )! t& th# t-b# /% n1
!#(t&$ +h )# n($#%! n1 t! $#!#n(# n th# (&)" $&)) n1 !#1/#nt. F-$th#$' th# 1$&+ n1
"#/%n" ,$&/ th# +h t# 1&&"! %n" %-t&/&b )# !#1/#nt! $&* "# 1&&" & &$t-n ty ,&$
#nh%n(#" !%)#! &, CR C& )! %n" Sh##t!.
Th# +%t#$ !- )y' & ) 1%! !#(t&$! %$# &th#$ !#1/#nt! +h#$# th#$# ! )%$1# 1$&+th
&t#nt %) %! % n-/b#$ &, /%3&$ #) n# $&3#(t! %$# &n th# %n* ). Th# E)#(t$ ( R#! !t%n(#
#)"#" P # P)%nt 4ER PP5 %t R&-$ #)% +h (h ! b# n1 /&"#$n #" + )) b# %b)# t& (%t#$
t& th# $#6- $#/#nt! &, th# & ) %n" 1%! !#(t&$ th$&-1h !- )y &, h 1h#$ 1$%"#! &, API P #!
- t& API >0 n +%)) th ( n#!! &, ;.2 9 2.> //. B#! "#!' SAIL +&-)" (&nt n-# t&
!- )y HR C& )! %n" P)%t#! t& /##t th# $#6- $#/#nt &, th#!# !#(t&$!.
D-$ n1 )%!t ,#+ y#%$!' th# C&/ %ny h%! t% #n !#*#$%) /#%!-$#! t& $#"-(# (&!t! n %$#%!
!-(h %! & #$%t &n!' -$(h%!#! #t(.' +h (h h%! h#) #" n (&nt% n n1 SAIL ! (&!t &,
$&"-(t &n by n#-t$%) n1 th# / %(t &, n -t (&!t #!(%)%t &n!. C&!t $#"-(t &n +&-)"
(&nt n-# t& $#/% n % th$-!t %$#% ,&$ SAIL %! th# (&/ %ny !t$ *#! t& ,-$th#$ / $&*# t!
(&!t (&/ #t t *#n#!!.
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nt#$n%t &n%) $ (#! 1& "&+n th#$# (&-)" b# %n n($#%!# n / &$t!. F-$th#$/&$#' %ny
"&+n+%$" t$#n" n nt#$n%t &n%) /%$ #t $ (#! /%y $#!-)t n (&n!#6-#nt %) $#"-(t &n n
$#%) %t &n n "&/#!t ( /%$ #t.
Ant "-/ n1 /#%!-$#! (&nt n-# t& b# h#)" n )%(# &, USA %n" th# E-$& #%n Un &n %n"
#7 #$t! t& th#!# (&-nt$ #! !t )) $#/% n )%$1#)y %,,#(t#". F-$th#$' th# 1$&+th n 1)&b%) !t##)
"#/%n"' +h (h h%! b##n &+#$#" by th# h 1h "#/%n" ,$&/ Ch n%' /%y n&t b#
/% nt% n#" %t th# $#!#nt )#*#) %n"' n "-# (&%$!#' (&-)" 1#t $#*#$!#" +h#n Ch n#!#
"#/%n" (&/#! "&+n &, $&"-(t &n (% %( ty &, Ch n% n($#%!#!. In $#! #(t &, HR C& )!'
th#$# ! !t )) %n #!t /%t#" !-$ )-! (% %( ty %b&-t ; / )) &n t&nn#! n th# (&-nt$y %n"
#7 &$t! (&-)" n##" t& b# /% nt% n#" !& )&n1 %! "&/#!t ( "#/%n" ,%))! !h&$t &,
%*% )%b ) ty. h )# SAIL h%! - 1$%"#" %n" /&"#$n #" th# R% ) M )) %t Bh )% St##) P)%nt'
#nt$y &, n#+ $&"-(#$! &, $% )! n th# (&-nt$y ! % &t#nt %) !&-$(# &, (&/ #t t &n.
H&+#*#$' SAIL h%! ! 1n#" %n MOU + th th# R% )+%y! +h& %$# !&-$( n1 %)/&!t th# $
$#6- $#/#nt &, $% )! ,$&/ SAIL. A)!&' n#+ (% %( t #! %$# b# n1 !#t - n th# (&-nt$y'
+h (h &n (&// !! &n n1' +&-)" ,-$th#$ nt#n! ,y th# $#!#nt )#*#) &, (&/ #t t &n.
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#t(. In th# $#6- $#" 6-%) ty (&- )#" + th n,$%!t$-(t-$%) (&n!t$% nt!' ) # +%1&n
%*% )%b ) ty' &$t (&n1#!t &n #t(. &-)" 1$#%t)y / %(t & #$%t &n! %t SAIL P)%nt! %! +#))
%! th# $ & #$%t n1 /%$1 n!
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CH A PTER ? CO N CL US IO N
It +%! % $ * )#1# ,&$ /# t& t% # th ! & &$t-n ty t& (h&&!# SAIL TATA St##) %! th#
t%$1#t &$1%n %t &n! ,&$ /y $#!#%$(h !t-"y. A! % $#!-)t &, /y $#!#%$(h +&$ %n" %n%)y! !
,-$th#$' I $#%(h#" th# ,&))&+ n1 (&n()-! &n
SAIL $#(&1n #! th%t )#%"#$!h ! #!!#nt %) ,&$ !-$* *%) n (&/ #t t &n #n* $&n/#nt.
C-!t&/#$ ! !%t !,%(t &n ) # 6-%) ty ! % 3&-$n#y %n" n&t % "#!t n%t &n. It ! #!!#nt %) th%
#*#$y&n# n th# (&/ %ny h%*# % ()#%$ -n"#$!t%n" n1 &, +h%t (-!t&/#$ !%t !,%(t &n /#%n!
, th# )%nt % / t& %(h #*# )#%"#$!h n (-!t&/#$ !%t !,%(t &n. h )# / $&*#" (-!t&/#$
!%t !,%(t &n ! n#(#!!%$y ,&$ #n!-$ n1 $&! #$ ty &, th# (&/ %ny /-!t %)!& b# $#(&1n #"
th%t %b ) ty &, th# (&/ %ny t& !%t !,y t! (-!t&/#$! +&-)" "# #n" &n t! %b ) ty t&
(&nt n-&-!)y / $&*# t! $&, t %n" 1$&+th.
Th# /%n%1#/#nt %t TATA St##) b#) #*#! th%t C-!t&/#$ ! !%t !,%(t &n +&-)" h% #n
+h#n th# /%n%1#/#nt ,-), ))! th# ,&))&+ n1 " /#n! &n!.
. D#) *#$y n t /#.
2. P$&"-(t / 7 %((&$" n1 t& (-!t&/#$ $#6- $#/#nt
;. F)#7 b)# $ ( n1 &) ( #!
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I h%*# &b!#$*#" (#$t% n $&b)#/! n th# /%$ #t n1 "# %$t/#nt &, SAIL +h (h h%! !(& #
&, / $&*#/#nt!
. P&) ( #! %n" !t$%t#1 #! t& ($#%t# %+%$#n#!! %/&n1 th# (-!t&/#$! %b&-t th# $&"-(t %$#
n&t #,,#(t *#.
2. A)) /%$ #t n1 $&(#"-$# &, $ /# $&"-(t! %$# "#( "#" by SAIL %n" (%$$ #" &-t by th#
C#nt$%) M%$ #t n1 O$1%n %t &n 4CMO5.
;. A! th# &$1%n %t &n ! (&n(#$n#" + th % )%$1# n-/b#$ &, $&"-(t &n! %(t * t #! %n" th#
"# %$t/#nt%) +&$ %$# "&n# /&!t)y /%n-%))y ,$&/ )%(#/#nt &, &$"#$! t& "&(-/#nt%t &n'
+h (h -)t /%t#)y ,$-!t$%t#! th# #/ )&y##!.
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8. E7 &$t (&n! "#$#" S#(&n"%$y t& "&/#!t ( !#)) n1 %! SAIL ! % 1&*#$n/#nt -n"#$t% n1
%n" t! F $!t $ &$ ty ! 1 *#n t& "&/#!t ( /%$ #t n1.
Th# (-$$#nt -!%1# &, !t##) n (&n!t$-(t &n n &-$ (&-nt$y ! $#%!&n%b)y )&+. It /%y b#
n&t#" th%t th# $#!#nt #$ (% t% (&n!-/ t &n n th# (&-nt$y ! b%$#)y 2@ 1!' %! %1% n!t
th# +&$)" "#/%n" &,
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, !(%) &) (y' th# 1&*#$n/#nt h%! $&* "#" *%$ &-! n(#nt *#! ,&$ (&n!t$-(t &n &, n#+
"+#)) n1 -n t!. Th# nt#$#!t $%t#! &n h&-! n1 )&%n! h%*# b##n (-t t& %)/&!t h%), &, +h%t
th#y +#$# ? y#%$! b%( . S / )%$)y' #$!&n%) t%7 $#) #,! h%*# b##n $&* "#" ,&$
(&nt$ b-t &n t&+%$"! th# $ n( %) %/&-nt +h#$# )&%n ,%( ) t #! h%*# b##n %*% )#" ,&$
h&-!# (&n!t$-(t &n.
R&%" b- )" n1 ! %n&th#$ / &$t%nt %$#% n th# (&n!t$-(t &n !#(t&$' +h (h ! %)) !#t t&
#7 #$ #n(# //#n!# 1$&+th. Un"#$ th# N%t &n%) H 1h+%y D#*#)& /#nt P$&1$%//#'
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?. . G &*# $n /# nt P$ &t#( t &n ,& $ In" %n S t##) In"- ! t$ y
St##) n"-!t$y "! n&t #n3&y %ny -n$#%!&n%b)# $&t#(t &n ,$&/ th# G&*#$n/#nt.
I/ &$t "-ty &n !t##) +%! $#"-(#" ,$&/ 2? t& 20 %n" h%! b##n )&+#$#" ,-$th#$ t& ? .
HR St##) / &$t! h%*# b#(&/# (h#% #$ by %)/&!t R! =000 t& R! 8000. Th# G&*#$n/#nt
h%! %)!& !-! #n"#" DEPB b#n#, t! &n #7 &$t &, HR St##). Th# (&/b n#" #,,#(t &, th ! h%!
$%(t (%))y %b&) !h#" %ny /#%n n1,-) $&t#(t &n. An % $#( %t n1 R- ## h%! /%"#
#7 &$t! #*#n )#!! * %b)# ,&$ th# n"-!t$y %n" / &$t! (&nt n-# b#(&/ n1 (h#% #$.
N-/#$&-! n&n t%$ ,, b%$$ #$! &n !t##) #7 &$t! h%*# b##n -t n )%(# by &th#$
(&-nt$ #!. D#*#)& #" (&-nt$ #! ) # US h%*# / &!#" h 1h %nt "-/ n1 "-ty %! h 1h %!
=0 &n (#$t% n *%$ #t #! &, !t##)
h )# th ! ! th# (%!# + th In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y' -!#$ 1$&- ! !-(h th# In" %n
%-t&/&b )# n"-!t$y #n3&y! % h 1h $&t#(t &n + th 00 / &$t "-ty &n , n !h#"
$&"-(t!.
D#! t# th#!# " ,, (-)t #! th# In" %n !t##) n"-!t$y h%! /%n%1#" t&