Challenges and Opportunities in Microbiome Studies

and the Rise of Citizen Microbiology

FOGM15

Jonathan A. Eisen @phylogenomics

University of California, Davis

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Pubmed Microbiome Hits

The Rise of the Microbiome

http://microBE.net microBEnet

microbiology of the Built Environment

Network

Aquarium Microbiome Project

Food Microbiome

DogMouth

Drosophila

Corn

Sea Grass

Rice

Human Intestinal Transplants

Helicobacter pylori microbiome

Culture Independent DNA Sequencing

DNA DNADNA

Taxa Characters B1 ACTGCACCTATCGTTCG B2 ACTCCACCTATCGTTCG E1 ACTCCAGCTATCGATCG E2 ACTCCAGGTATCGATCG A1 ACCCCAGCTCTCGCTCG A2 ACCCCAGCTCTGGCTCG New1 ACCCCAGCTCTGCCTCG New2 AGGGGAGCTCTGCCTCG

Challenge 1: ComplexityMicrobial Diversity

Intraspecific Diversity Fragmented Data

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

Host VariationHUMAN

MICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

Genetic Diversity

Challenge 1: ComplexityHUMAN

MICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

Host VariationHUMAN

MICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK:Breast milk has been fine-tuned over millions ofyears to provide:

ENVIRONMENT:For the rest of the babys life, itwill continuously encounter newmicrobes from: soil and water

people, pets, plants

new and diverse foods

nutrients, vitamins, and antibodies diverse microbes to populate the babys gut

its mothers birth canal skin of its mother and other care- givers

WHAT IS THE MICROBIOME? WAIT ... WHATS A MICROBE?The human body is home totrillions of microbes. Thecommunity of microbesliving in intimate associationwith our bodies, and the genesthey contain, make up thehuman microbiome.

A microbe is a microscopic organism - thisincludes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Not all microbes make us sick - the microbes inand on our bodies play many essential roles.

2.5lb

2.5 LBS = WEIGHTof the microbiome

3 PINTS = VOLUMEof the microbiome

Viruses outnumber bacteriaby about 5:1.

5 1:99%Microbes contribute an extra

2,000,000 genes to the 20,000 genehuman genome.

urogenitaltract

HUMANMICROBIOME

YOUR BODY: HUMAN AND MICROBES

Learn more about your microbiomeAmerican Academy of Microbiology:

http://bit.ly/HumanMicrobiome

fungal

bacterial

human

WHOS THERE?

A human body is actually onlyabout 25% human cells. Therest is many thousands ofspecies of bacteria and othermicrobes.

Cells in thehuman body:

WHERE ARE THEY? WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

Wherever the human body is exposed tothe outside world, there is a microbialcommunity.

skinGI tractlungsmouth

Our microbiome helps us extract energyand nutrients from the food we eat,

and crowds out or inhibits pathogens.

HOW DO WE GET OUR MICROBIOME?BIRTH:A newborn gets itsmicrobes from:

BREAST MILK: