TAKS Science Study Guide

7/30/2019 TAKS Science Study Guide

1/127

N [}tmdl} nlm Enicgs Ftcmd }a Dxc} Gdudg [kcdlkd

[kcdlkd


2/127

Dxc} Gdudg

[kcdlkd

N [}tmdl} nlm Enicgs Ftcmd

Karspcfh} 0226' ]dxn{ Dmtkn}cal Nfdlks, Ngg pcfh}{ pd{dpudm, Pdrpamtk}cal ae ngg ap rap}cal{ ae }hc{ vapj c{ rpahc c}dmvc}hat} dxrpd{{ vpc}}dl rdpic{{cal epai }hd ]dxn{ Dmtkn}cal Nfdlks,

[]TMS FTCMD]dxn{ N{{d{{idl} ae Jlavgdmfd nlm [jcgg{


3/127


4/127;

N Gd}}dp epai }hd Mcpdk}ap ae [}tmdl} N{{d{{idl}

Mdnp [}tmdl} nlm Rnpdl}?

]hd ]dxn{ N{{d{{idl} ae Jlavgdmfd nlm [jcgg{ (]NJ[# c{ n kairpdhdl{cud }d{}clfrpafpni eap rt`gck {khaag {}tmdl}{ cl fpnmd{ ;>>, ]NJ[ pdrgnkd{ }hd ]dxn{ N{{d{{idl}ae Nknmdick [jcgg{ (]NN[# nlm c{ md{cfldm }a idn{tpd }a vhn} dx}dl} n {}tmdl} hn{gdnpldm' tlmdp{}aam' nlm c{ n`gd }a nrrgs }hd cirap}nl} kalkdr}{ nlm {jcgg{ dxrdk}dmn} dnkh }d{}dm fpnmd gdudg, Cl nmmc}cal' }hd }d{} knl rpaucmd ungtn`gd eddm`nkj }a{}tmdl}{' rnpdl}{' nlm {khaag{ nàt} {}tmdl} rpafpd{{ epai fpnmd }a fpnmd,

[}tmdl}{ npd }d{}dm cl in}hdin}ck{ cl fpnmd{ ;>>: pdnmclf cl fpnmd{ ;3: vpc}clf clfpnmd{ = nlm 6: Dlfgc{h gnlftnfd np}{ cl fpnmd{ >2 nlm >>: {kcdlkd cl fpnmd{ 4' 8' >2'nlm >>: nlm {akcng {}tmcd{ cl fpnmd{ 8' >2' nlm >>, Dudps ]NJ[ }d{} c{ mcpdk}gs gcljdm}a }hd ]dxn{ D{{dl}cng Jlavgdmfd nlm [jcgg{ (]DJ[# ktppcktgti, ]hd ]DJ[ c{ }hd{}n}d)inlmn}dm ktppcktgti eap ]dxn{ rt`gck {khaag {}tmdl}{, D{{dl}cng jlavgdmfdnlm {jcgg{ }ntfh} n} dnkh fpnmd `tcgm tral }hd in}dpcng gdnpldm cl rpducat{ fpnmd{,@s mdudgarclf }hd nknmdick {jcgg{ {rdkcdm cl }hd ]DJ[' {}tmdl}{ knl `tcgm n {}palfeatlmn}cal eap et}tpd {tkkd{{,

]hd ]dxn{ Dmtkn}cal Nfdlks hn{ mdudgardm }hc{ {}tms ftcmd }a hdgr {}tmdl}{{}pdlf}hdl }hd ]DJ[)`n{dm {jcgg{ }hn} npd }ntfh} cl kgn{{ nlm }d{}dm al ]NJ[, ]hdftcmd c{ md{cfldm eap {}tmdl}{ }a t{d al }hdcp avl ap eap {}tmdl}{ nlm enicgcd{ }avapj }hpatfh }afd}hdp, Kalkdr}{ npd rpd{dl}dm cl n unpcd}s ae vns{ }hn} vcgg hdgr{}tmdl}{ pducdv }hd cleapin}cal nlm {jcgg{ }hds lddm }a `d {tkkd{{etg al }hd ]NJ[,Dudps ftcmd clkgtmd{ dxrgnln}cal{' rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{' md}ncgdm nl{vdp jds{' nlm{}tmdl} nk}cuc}cd{, N} }hd dlm ae }hc{ {}tms ftcmd c{ nl dungtn}cal eapi eap sat }akairgd}d nlm incg `nkj vhdl sat hnud lc{hdm }hd ftcmd, Satp kaiidl}{ vcgg hdgrt{ cirpaud et}tpd udp{cal{ ae }hc{ ftcmd,

]hdpd npd n lti`dp ae pd{atpkd{ nuncgn`gd eap {}tmdl}{ nlm enicgcd{ vha vatgm gcjdiapd cleapin}cal nàt} }hd ]NJ[ }d{}clf rpafpni, Cleapin}cal àajgd}{ npd nuncgn`gdeap dudps ]NJ[ {tòdk} nlm fpnmd, @pakhtpd{ npd ng{a nuncgn`gd }hn} dxrgncl }hd [}tmdl}[tkkd{{ Clc}cn}cud rpaia}cal pd~tcpdidl}{ nlm }hd ldv fpnmtn}cal pd~tcpdidl}{ eapdgdudl}h)fpnmd {}tmdl}{, ]a a`}ncl karcd{ ae }hd{d pd{atpkd{ ap }a gdnpl iapd nàt}}hd }d{}clf rpafpni' rgdn{d kal}nk} satp {khaag ap uc{c} }hd ]dxn{ Dmtkn}cal Nfdlksvd`{c}d n} vvv,}dn,{}n}d,}x,t{,

]dxn{ c{ rpatm ae }hd rpafpd{{ atp {}tmdl}{ hnud inmd n{ }hds {}pcud }a pdnkh }hdcpnknmdick fang{, Vd hard }hd {}tms ftcmd{ vcgg hdgr ea{}dp {}tmdl} gdnplclf' fpav}h'nlm {tkkd{{ cl ngg ae }hd ]NJ[ {tòdk} npdn{,

[clkdpdgs'

Gc{n KhnlmgdpMcpdk}ap ae [}tmdl} N{{d{{idl}]dxn{ Dmtkn}cal Nfdlks


5/127=

Cl}pamtk}cal , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4

Aòdk}cud >? ]hd Ln}tpd ae [kcdlkd

[jcgg Pducdv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >2

Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >3

Aòdk}cud 0? ]hd Apfnlczn}cal ae Gcuclf [s{}di{

[jcgg Pducdv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0;

Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ;;

Aòdk}cud ;? ]hd Cl}dpmdrdlmdlkd ae Apfnlc{i{ nlm }hd

Dlucpalidl}

[jcgg Pducdv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ;6

Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4>

Aòdk}cud =? ]hd [}ptk}tpd{ nlm Rpardp}cd{ ae In}}dp

[jcgg Pducdv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 44

Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 64

Aòdk}cud 4? Ia}cal' Eapkd{' nlm Dldpfs

[jcgg Pducdv , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 63

Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 36

[kcdlkd Kgt{}dp Rpnk}ckd ^td{}cal{

Kgt{}dp > , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >20

Kgt{}dp 0 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >2=

[kcdlkd Nk}cuc}s

Kgci`clf Iatl} Dudpd{} , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >25

[kcdlkd Nl{vdp Jds , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , >>>

[kcdlkd

Kal}dl}{


6/127


7/1275

]hd {}citgt{ c{ eaggavdm `s }va }a uditg}crgd)khackd ~td{}cal{, ]hd kgt{}dp~td{}cal{ t{tnggs }d{} {dudpng mceedpdl}{kcdlkd aòdk}cud{' `t} }hds npd ngg pdgn}dm}a }hd {}citgt{, ]a nl{vdp }hd kgt{}dp~td{}cal{' sat vcgg lddm }a t{d cleapin}calepai }hd {}citgt{' n{ vdgg n{ satp avljlavgdmfd ae {kcdlkd' {a pdnm nlm {}tms }hd{}citgt{ knpdetggs `deapd sat nl{vdp }hdkgt{}dp ~td{}cal{, ]hdl }hclj nàt} vhn}sat ngpdnms jlav epai satp {}tms ae{kcdlkd, Sat vcgg {dd dxnirgd{ ae {kcdlkdkgt{}dp{ al rnfd{ >20>24,

Hav ma C t{d nl nl{vdp fpcm1

]hd nl{vdp fpcm kal}ncl{ eatp kagtil{ aeltidpng{ eaggavdm `s n xdm mdkcing racl}nlm }hpdd nmmc}calng kagtil{ ae ltidpng{,Satp nl{vdp vcgg ngvns{ `d gcic}dm }a nlti`dp epai 2 }a 3'333,333,

]hc{ c{ }hd fpcm eatlm al }hd nk}tng }d{},

Gd}{ {ns sat npd n{jdm }a kngktgn}d }hd ravdppd~tcpdm }a gce} nl aòdk} >,4 id}dp{, Ce satpnl{vdp c{ 8;6,0 vn}}{' sat {hatgm vpc}d }hd mcfc}8 n} }hd }ar ae }hd htlmpdm{ kagtil' n ; cl }hd}dl{ kagtil' n 6 cl }hd ald{ kagtil' nlm n 0 cl}hd }dl}h{ kagtil, @d knpdetg }a pdkapm }hd mcfc}{cl }hd kagtil vc}h }hd kappdk} rgnkd ungtd vc}h

pd{rdk} }a }hd mdkcing racl},

]hdl gg cl }hd `t``gd{ }hn} kappd{ralm }a satpnl{vdp, Eclm }hd kappdk} `t``gd{ nlm mnpjdl }hdkcpkgd{, Khdkj }a injd {tpd }hn} sat `t``gdm cl}hd {nid lti`dp }hn} sat vpa}d n} }hd }ar aednkh kagtil,

Dx}pn zdpa{ `deapd ap ne}dp }hd nl{vdp vcgg la}

needk} satp {kapd,

Hav vcgg C jlav vhd}hdp C nl{vdpdm }hdrpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{ kappdk}gs1

]hd nl{vdp{ }a }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{ npd cl nlnl{vdp jds n} }hd `nkj ae }hc{ àaj (rnfd >>>#,Eap ia{} ~td{}cal{' }hd nl{vdp jds dxrgncl{vhs dnkh nl{vdp khackd c{ kappdk} ap clkappdk},Ne}dp sat nl{vdp }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{' sat knlkhdkj satp nl{vdp{ }a {dd hav sat mcm, Ce satkha{d }hd vpalf nl{vdp }a n ~td{}cal' knpdetggspdnm }hd nl{vdp dxrgnln}cal }a lm at} vhssatp nl{vdp c{ clkappdk}, ]hdl pdnm }hddxrgnln}cal eap }hd kappdk} nl{vdp,

Ce sat {}cgg ma la} tlmdp{}nlm }hd kappdk} nl{vdp'n{j n epcdlm' enicgs idi`dp' ap }dnkhdp eap hdgr,Vhdl sat khaa{d }hd kappdk} nl{vdp' c} c{ {}cgg nfaam cmdn }a pdnm }hd nl{vdp dxrgnln}cal, C} inshdgr sat `d}}dp tlmdp{}nlm vhs }hd nl{vdpc{ kappdk},

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8/1276

C{ }hdpd nls}hclf dg{d cl }hd [kcdlkd[}tms Ftcmd1

Sd{. N eapitgn khnp} c{ rpaucmdm al rnfd 8 ae}hc{ {}tms ftcmd, C} c{ cmdl}ckng }a }hd eapitgnkhnp} }hn} vcgg `d rpaucmdm }a sat vhdl sat }njd}hd dxc} gdudg {kcdlkd ]NJ[ }d{}, Sat vcgg lddm}hd eapitgn khnp} }a nl{vdp {aid ae }hd rpnk}ckd~td{}cal{, ]hd faam ldv{ c{ }hn} sat mal} hnud}a idiapczd }hd eapitgn{' kal{}nl}{' nlmkaludp{cal{, Havdudp' sat ma lddm }a jlavhav }a t{d }hdi }a {agud {kcdlkd rpa`gdi{,Pdidi`dp' jlavclf vhckh eapitgn }a t{d c{ot{} n{ cirap}nl} n{ jlavclf hav }a t{d c},Satgg gdnpl iapd nàt} eapitgn{' kal{}nl}{' nlmkaludp{cal{ cl }hd pducdv eap Aòdk}cud{ =nlm 4, ]hd eapitgn khnp} ng{a kal}ncl{ n

02)kdl}cid}dp ptgdp,N rdpcamck }n`gd ae }hd dgdidl}{ c{ rpaucmdm alrnfd 3, Sat vcgg `d rpaucmdm vc}h nl cmdl}ckngrdpcamck }n`gd vhdl sat }njd }hd dxc} gdudg{kcdlkd ]NJ[ }d{}, Sat vcgg lddm cleapin}calepai }hd rdpcamck }n`gd }a nl{vdp {aid ae }hdrpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{, Satgg gdnpl iapd nàt} }hdrdpcamck }n`gd cl }hd pducdv eap Aòdk}cud =,

Cl nmmc}cal }a }hd in}dpcng{ al rnfd{ 8 nlm 3' n}dnp)at} kars ae }hd eapitgn khnp} nlm rdpcamck}n`gd c{ rpaucmdm n} }hd `nkj ae }hc{ {}tms ftcmd,

]hdpd c{ n {kcdlkd nk}cuc}s knggdm Kgci`clfIatl} Dudpd{} }hn} `dfcl{ al rnfd >25, Satknl ma }hc{ nk}cuc}s n} haid, C} vcgg hdgr satrpnk}ckd nlm {}pdlf}hdl {aid ae }hd {kcdlkd{jcgg{ }hn} satgg pducdv cl Aòdk}cud 4 (Ia}cal'Eapkd{' nlm Dldpfs#, ]hd pducdv eap Aòdk}cud 4`dfcl{ al rnfd 63, Ne}dp sat kairgd}d }hdnk}cuc}s' sat knl kairnpd satp pd{tg}{ vc}h}hd {nirgd pd{tg}{ al rnfd{ >02>0>,

Inls ae }hd pducdv rnfd{ kal}ncl kgcrànpm{,]hd kgcrànpm{ kal}ncl }cr{' hdgretg cleapin}cal'cirap}nl} enk}{' nlm cl}dpd{}clf md}ncg{,

Pdidi`dp. kgcrànpm{ kal}ncl cleapin}cal }hn}sat hnud rpa`n`gs gdnpldm `deapd, ]hds npd

pdiclmdp{ }a hdgr pdepd{h satp idiaps,Mcm sat jlav1 kgcrànpm{ kal}ncl etl {kcdlkd enk}{}hn} npd rpa`n`gs la} enicgcnp }a sat,

Hav ma C t{d }hc{ {}tms ftcmd1

Knpdetggs pdnm }hd pducdv {dk}cal, Ce sat mala} tlmdp{}nlm {aid}hclf' n{j eap hdgr, ]hdlnl{vdp }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{, T{d }hd nl{vdpjds n} }hd `nkj ae }hc{ {}tms ftcmd }a khdkj satpnl{vdp{, C} c{ n faam cmdn }a pdnm ngg ud pducdv{

nlm nl{vdp ngg }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{ dudl ce satrn{{dm {aid ae }hd{d aòdk}cud{, [}tms n} n rnkd}hn} c{ kaieap}n`gd eap sat, ]hd [kcdlkd [}tmsFtcmd kal}ncl{ n ga} ae cleapin}cal, Ce sat rgnl}a pdnm ngg }hd pducdv{ nlm nl{vdp ngg }hdrpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{' sat ins vnl} }a nggavsatp{dge {dudpng vddj{,

Pdidi`dp. Mcm sat jlav1


9/1278

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Ravdp

$ dekcdlks >22

Jcld}ck dldpfs (in{{ udgakc}s 0#

Fpnuc}n}calng ra}dl}cng dldpfs in{{ nkkdgdpn}cal mtd }a fpnuc}s hdcfh}

Dldpfs in{{ ({rddm ae gcfh}# 0

Udgakc}s ae n vnud epd~tdlks vnudgdlf}h

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Nk}clcmd[dpcd{

Rdpcamck]n`gdae}hdDgdi

dl}{

Kd

]h

Gt}d}cti

Gnvpdlkcti

S}}dp`cti

La`dgcti

]htgcti

I

dlmdgducti

Dp`cti

Edpicti

Hagicti

Dcl{}dclcti

Ms{rpa{cti

Kngceaplcti

]dp`cti

@dpjdgcti

Fnmagclcti

Ktpcti

Dtparcti

Nidpckcti

Rpn{da

msi

cti

Rpa}nk}clcti

Ldamsicti

Tpnlcti

Rpaid}hcti

Ldr}tlcti

[ninpcti

Rgt}alcti

Kdpcti

]hapcti

6>

>2;

62

>20

53

>2>

58

>22

56

33

55

38

54

36

5=

35

5;

34

43

3>

52

30

5>

3;

50

3=

48

32

>6=

,356

(050#

>6;

,2=

(043#

>58

,3;=

(048#

>56

,05

(046#

>5=

,3;2

(040#

>50

,42

(04>#

>48

,304

(0=6#

>46

,04

(0=6#

>4>

,36

(0=;#

>=2

,328

0;>

,2;5

>==

,0=

0;8

,203

(>=4#

0;6

,2=8

>42

,;5

(0==#

>=2

,>0

0;0

,2;8

Cp

Pduc{dmAk}a`dp>4'

022>

Hdgcti

Ngticlti

[cgckal

Rha{rhapt{

[tgetp

Khgapcld

Npfal

[amcti

Infld{cti

@apal

Knpàl

Lc}pafdl

Axsfdl

Egtapcld

Ldal

Gc}hcti

@dpsggcti

Hsmpafdl

_clk

Karrdp

Lckjdg

Fnggcti

Fdpinlcti

Np{dlck

[dgdlcti

@paicld

Jpsr}al

Ra}n{{cti

Kngkcti

[knlmcti

]c}nlcti

Unlnmcti

Khpaicti

Inlfnld{d

Cpal

Ka`ng}

Knmicti

[cgudp

Rnggnmcti

Clmcti

]cl

Nl}cials

]dggtpcti

Camcld

Xdlal

Pt`cmcti

[}pal}cti

S}}pcti

_cpkalcti

Lca`cti

Iags`mdlti

]dkhld}cti

Pt}hdlcti

Phamcti

Idpktps

Fagm

Rgn}clti

]hnggcti

Gdnm

@c{it}h

Ragalcti

N{}n}cld

Pnmal

Kd{cti

@npcti

Gnl}hnlti

Hnelcti

]nl}ngti

]tlf{}dl

Phdlcti

A{icti

Cpcmcti

Epnlkcti

Pnmcti

Nk}clcti

Pt}hdpeapmcti

Mt`lcti

[dnàpfcti

@ahpcti

Hn{{cti

Idc}ldpcti

UCCC


11/127


12/127

A`odk}cud >

>>

Lav gd}{ }hclj n`at} }hd in}dpcng{ vdpd faclf }a lddm, Vdgg lddmdeedpud{kdl} nl}nkcm }n`gd}{' vn}dp' nlm n kal}ncldp, Gd}{ t{d n `dnjdpeap atp kal}ncldp {a }hn} vdgg `d n`gd }a {dd }hd pdnk}cal }njclf rgnkd,Vdgg ng{a lddm n vns }a }cid }hd pdnk}cal, N vn}kh ap {}arvn}kh }hn}idn{tpd{ }a }hd {dkalm vcgg vapj,

Vd knl khnlfd }hd }dirdpn}tpd ae }hd pdnk}cal `s khnlfclf }hd}dirdpn}tpd ae }hd vn}dp' {a vdgg lddm n vns }a kaag nlm hdn} }hdvn}dp, ]a idn{tpd }hd }dirdpn}tpd' vdgg lddm n }hdpiaid}dp,

Vd knl clkpdn{d }hd {tpenkd npdn ae }hd }n gd}{ `s kpt{hclf ald cl}a{inggdp rcdkd{, Vd knl kpt{h n }n`gd} `s t{clf n iap}np nlm rd{}gd }a }nr}hd }n`gd} nlm `pdnj c} cl}a }hpdd ap eatp rcdkd{, Nla}hdp vns }a clkpdn{d

}hd {tpenkd npdn ae }hd }n`gd}{ c{ `s t{clf n iap}np nlm rd{}gd }a fpclm n}n`gd} cl}a ld ravmdp,

A,J,' vd hnud atp in}dpcng{, Npd vd pdnms }a {}np} atp dxrdpcidl}1

La} ~tc}d sd}, Ecp{} vd lddm }a mdkcmd hav vd npd faclf }a kal}pag atpunpcn`gd{, N unpcn`gd c{ nls}hclf cl nl dxrdpcidl} }hn} vd knl khnlfd,Vd vnl} }a jddr ngg }hd unpcn`gd{ }hd {nid dxkdr} eap }hd ald{ vd npd}psclf }a }d{}, Cl atp dxrdpcidl}' }hd unpcn`gd{ }hn} vd npd }d{}clf npdvn}dp }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkd npdn ae }hd }n`gd}, Vd vnl} }a jddrdudps}hclf dg{d cl atp dxrdpcidl} }hd {nid {a }hn} vd knl `d encpgs

kdp}ncl }hn} nls mceedpdlkd{ cl }hd pn}d ae }hd pdnk}cal npd knt{dm `smceedpdlkd{ cl }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkd npdn,

]a kal}pag atp unpcn`gd{' vdpd faclf }a t{d ald }n`gd} cl dnkh ae atp}pcng{ nlm rgnkd }hd }n`gd} cl }hd {nid niatl} ae vn}dp (042 icggcgc}dp{#,Vdgg ng{a t{d }hd {nid `dnjdp dnkh }cid' `dclf knpdetg }a vn{h nlmpcl{d c} ne}dp dnkh }pcng,

Vd ng{a lddm }a mdkcmd vhn} vn}dp }dirdpn}tpd{ nlm {tpenkd npdn vdpdfaclf }a }d{},

524

>2

02

04;4;2

=2

>4=4

42

44

K

AEE HCFH

022

;22

=22

422iG

=22

;22

022

>22

Dxrdpcidl}ng [d}tr]hdpiaid}dp (K#

[}arvn}kh eapidn{tpclf }hd gdlf}h ae}hd pdnk}cal cl {dkalm{

Ald }n`gd}eap dnkh }pcng

Iap}np nlmrd{}gd eapkpt{hclf

}n`gd}{

Ckd eapkaagclfvn}dp

Ha} rgn}d eaphdn}clf vn}dp

Nl}nkcm

042 iG aevn}dp eapdnkh }pcng

>22

022

;22

=22

422

iG

Fpnmtn}dmksgclmdp

(icggcgc}dp{#

[ned}s faffgd{


13/127

Hav nàt} ha}' vnpi' nlm kagm eap }dirdpn}tpd nlm {ingg' idmcti'nlm gnpfd eap {tpenkd npdn1

Faam cmdn. @t} vd lddm }a `d n gc}}gd iapd {rdkck, Gd}{ t{d vn}dp n}80K eap ha} vn}dp (kga{d }a àcgclf#' 05K eap vnpi vn}dp (nàt}paai }dirdpn}tpd#' nlm 0K eap kagm vn}dp (kga{d }a epddzclf#,

Vdgg ng{a lddm }a mdld vhn} vd idnl `s {ingg' idmcti' nlm gnpfd{tpenkd npdn{, Eap n {ingg {tpenkd npdn' vd t{d ald vhagd }n`gd}' nlm eapn idmcti {tpenkd npdn' vd knl `pdnj n }n`gd} cl}a }hpdd rcdkd{, Eap ngnpfd {tpenkd npdn' vd knl fpclm n }n`gd} cl}a ravmdp,

Vdgg ma lcld }pcng{ cl ngg' ald eap dnkh kai`cln}cal ae }dirdpn}tpd nlm{tpenkd npdn,

Vhn} npd vd faclf }a t{d n{ n kal}pag1

N kal}pag c{ {aid}hclf }a vhckh vd knl kairnpd atp dxrdpcidl}ngpd{tg}{, Cl atp dxrdpcidl}' vdpd faclf }a khnlfd }hd }dirdpn}tpdae }hd vn}dp nlm }hd {tpenkd npdn ae }hd }n`gd}{, Vd lddm }a jlavnrrpaxcin}dgs hav en{} }hd pdnk}cal vcgg akktp tlmdp kalmc}cal{vdgg kngg laping,

Gd}{ rckj vnpi vn}dp (05K# nlm ald vhagd }n`gd} ({ingg {tpenkd npdn#n{ atp laping kalmc}cal{, ]hc{ vcgg `d atp kal}pag, @s gaajclf n} }hd}n`gd nàud' sat knl {dd }hn} atp laping kalmc}cal{ in}kh ]pcng 0' {a]pcng 0 vcgg `d atp kal}pag, Vd knl kairnpd ngg }hd a}hdp }cid{ vd fd}mtpclf }hd dxrdpcidl} }a ]pcng 0,

Nlm vhn} nàt} n hsra}hd{c{1 Mal} vd lddm ald ae }ha{d1

Sd{' vd ma. N hsra}hd{c{ c{ nl dmtkn}dm ftd{{ nàt} vhn} vd }hcljvcgg hnrrdl cl atp dxrdpcidl} `n{dm al vhn} vd ngpdnms jlav, Nhsra}hd{c{ c{ ng{a n {}n}didl} }hn} vd knl }d{}, Pdidi`dp }hd ~td{}calvdpd }psclf }a nl{vdp? Hav ma enk}ap{ {tkh n{ }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkd

npdn needk} }hd {rddm ae n khdickng khnlfd1 Gd}{ khnlfd atp ~td{}cal }an {}n}didl}' vhckh vcgg `d atp hsra}hd{c{,

Vhn} ma vd ngpdnms jlav nàt} }hd deedk}{ ae }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkdnpdn al }hd pn}d n} vhckh {tfnp mc{{agud{ cl }dn1 Vd knl t{d vhn}vd jlav nàt} }hd pn}d ae }hc{ rhs{ckng khnlfd }a kaid tr vc}h nhsra}hd{c{ nàt} }hd pn}d ae n khdickng khnlfd,

Aòdk}cud >

>0

Vn}dp ]dirdpn}tpd

Kagm (0K# Vnpi (05K# Ha} (80K#

[ingg (vhagd }n`gd}# ]pcng > ]pcng 0 ]pcng ;

Idmcti (; rcdkd{# ]pcng = ]pcng 4 ]pcng 5

Gnpfd (ravmdp# ]pcng 6 ]pcng 8 ]pcng 3[tpen

kd

Npdn

]hd iapd rcdkd{' }hd iapd{tpenkd npdn c{ cl kal}nk} vc}hvn}dp,


14/127

Kagm (0K# Vnpi (05K# Ha} (80K#

[ingg (vhagd }n`gd}# >== { 4> { (kal}pag# 06 {

Idmcti (; rcdkd{# =0 { =2 { 3 {

Gnpfd (ravmdp# 02 { >= { 8 {

Vd jlav }hn} {tfnp mc{{agud{ en{}dp cl ha} }dn }hnl cl kagm }dnnlm }hn} c} mc{{agud{ dudl en{}dp ce vd {}cp }hd }dn, Ci faclf }ahsra}hd{czd }hn} }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkd npdn vcgg hnud {cicgnpdeedk}{ al n khdickng khnlfd, Vcgg }hn} vapj eap atp hsra}hd{c{1

Sd{' }hn}{ rdpedk}. Vdgg hsra}hd{czd }hn} }hd pn}d ae khdickng khnlfd

vcgg clkpdn{d n{ }hd }dirdpn}tpd clkpdn{d{ nlm n{ }hd {tpenkd npdn ae }hdpdnk}nl} clkpdn{d{, ]hc{ c{ n {}n}didl} }hn} vd vcgg `d n`gd }a }d{} vc}hatp dxrdpcidl},

Vhn} mn}n ma vd lddm }a kaggdk}1 Nlm hav npd vd faclf }a kaggdk} c}1

Vd lddm n vns }a idn{tpd }hd pn}d ae }hd pdnk}cal `d}vddl vn}dp nlm}hd deedpud{kdl} nl}nkcm }n`gd}, Ald vns vd knl idn{tpd }hd pn}d c{ }a}cid }hd pdnk}cal epai `dfcllclf }a dlm, Pdnk}cal{ vc}h en{}dp pn}d{vcgg }njd gd{{ }cid,

Vd knl {}np} }ciclf }hd pdnk}cal eap dnkh ae atp }pcng{ n{ {aal n{ vd

mpar }hd nl}nkcm }n`gd} cl}a }hd vn}dp' nlm vdgg {}ar }ciclf vhdl }hd`t``gclf {}ar{cl a}hdp vapm{' vhdl vd knl la galfdp {dd nls uc{c`gdpdnk}cal, Vhdl }ciclf }hd pdnk}cal' }hd ia{} pdn{aln`gd tlc} }a t{dc{ {dkalm{,

]a jddr n pdkapm ae atp mn}n' vdgg injd n mn}n }n`gd, Vdgg hnud aldkagtil eap dnkh }dirdpn}tpd nlm ald pav eap dnkh {tpenkd npdn,Pdidi`dp' }hc{ c{ la} }hd algs vns }a apfnlczd atp mn}n,

C }hclj vdpd pdnms lav, Gd}{ `dfcl.

Eclnggs. Ce satgg mpar }hd nl}nkcm }n`gd} cl}a }hd vn}dp' Cgg }cid }hd

pdnk}cal, ]hdl sat knl pdkapm }hd mn}n cl atp }n`gd,La rpa`gdi. Hdpd{ atp mn}n apfnlczdm cl n mn}n }n`gd,

[a lav vd hnud ga}{ ae mn}n, Vhn} ma vd ma vc}h }hdi1

Vd vnl} }a `d n`gd }a t{d }hd mn}n cl }hd }n`gd }a mpnv n kalkgt{caln`at} vhn} hnrrdldm cl atp dxrdpcidl}, @t} c} knl {aid}cid{ `dmceecktg} }a ma }hc{ vhdl }hd mn}n npd cl n }n`gd, Gd}{ }njd atpcleapin}cal nlm fpnrh c}, N fpnrh pdnggs hdgr{ {hav }pdlm{, Vdknl t{d n fpnrh }a kairnpd }hd pdnk}cal }cid{ iapd dn{cgs,

A`odk}cud >

>;

Pdidi`dp.

Pn}d ngvns{ cluagud{ nkhnlfd audp n rdpcam ae

}cid,

Vn}dp ]dirdpn}tpd

[tpenkd

Npdn

Pdnk}cal ]cid{


15/127

A`odk}cud >

>=

]va }srd{ ae fpnrh{ }hn} npd ae}dl t{dm cl {kcdlkd npd `np fpnrh{ nlmgcld fpnrh{, @np fpnrh{ npd t{dm }a mc{rgns mn}n cl {drnpn}d kn}dfapcd{,Gcld fpnrh{ npd ae}dl t{dm }a {hav hav ald unpcn`gd cl nl dxrdpcidl}khnlfd{ audp }cid,

Eap atp dxrdpcidl}' vd katgm t{d n `np fpnrh }a {hav hav }hd

pdnk}cal }cid unpcdm vc}h {tpenkd npdn' ap vd katgm t{d n gcld fpnrh }a{hav hav }hd pdnk}cal }cid unpcdm vc}h }dirdpn}tpd, @a}h vatgm `dfaam vns{ }a {hav }hd mn}n cl atp }n`gd,

Hav ma C {d} tr n fpnrh1

]hdpd npd n edv ptgd{ n`at} vhn} fad{ vhdpd al n fpnrh, Cl fdldpng'}hd clmdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd c{ rga}}dm al }hd hapczal}ng nxc{ (x#' nlm }hdmdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd c{ rga}}dm al }hd udp}ckng nxc{ (s#, ]hd clmdrdlmdl}(ap inlcrtgn}dm# unpcn`gd c{ }hd unpcn`gd }hn} vd khnlfdm mtpclf }hddxrdpcidl}, Cl atp dxrdpcidl}' vd hnm }va clmdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd{? }hdvn}dp }dirdpn}tpd nlm }hd {tpenkd npdn, Eap atp fpnrh{ vdgg lddm }a

rckj ald clmdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd }a rga} ngalf }hd hapczal}ng nxc{,

]hd mdrdlmdl} (ap pd{ralmclf# unpcn`gd c{ }hd ald }hn} khnlfd{ n{ npd{tg} ae }hd clmdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd, ]hd mdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd c{ }hd ald}hn} sat idn{tpd ap a`{dpud mtpclf }hd dxrdpcidl}, Cl atp dxrdpcidl}}hd mdrdlmdl} unpcn`gd vn{ }hd pdnk}cal }cid,

Hav vatgm }hd mn}n gaaj ce vd t{dm n `np fpnrh1

Hdpd c{ nl dxnirgd ae n `np fpnrh {havclf }hd mn}n epai atpdxrdpcidl}, Cl }hc{ fpnrh }hd hapczal}ng nxc{ {hav{ {tpenkd npdn, Dnkh{tpenkd npdn kn}dfaps hn{ }hpdd `np{ald eap dnkh }dirdpn}tpd, ]hd

fpnrh{ gdfdlm }dgg{ sat vhckh `np{ kappd{ralm }a vhckh }dirdpn}tpd,

Pdnk}cal

]cid

({#

[tpenkd Npdn

[ingg2

02

=2

52

82

>22

>02

>=2

>52

Idmcti Gnpfd

Deedk}{ ae ]dirdpn}tpd nlm [tpenkd Npdn

al Pdnk}cal ]cid

]dirdpn}tpd

Kagm (0K#

Vnpi (05K#

Ha} (80K#

Kal}pag


16/127

A`odk}cud >

>4

Hav vatgm }hd mn}n gaaj ce vd t{dm n gcld fpnrh1

Cl }hc{ gcld fpnrh' }hd hapczal}ng nxc{ {hav{ }dirdpn}tpd, ]hd fpnrhhn{ }hpdd gcld{ald eap dnkh {tpenkd npdn, ]hd fpnrh{ gdfdlm }dgg{ satvhckh gcld kappd{ralm{ }a vhckh {tpenkd npdn,

[a' vdud inmd fpnrh{ epai atp mn}n, Vhn} npd vd {trra{dm }a ma

vc}h }hdi1Lav }hn} }hd mn}n npd cl n eapin} }hn}{ dn{cdp }a {dd' vd knl nlngszd}hd mn}n nlm injd n kalkgt{cal, Ce sat gaaj n} }hd fpnrh{' sat {hatgm`d n`gd }a {dd {aid rn}}dpl{, Eap cl{}nlkd' vd knl {dd }hn} }hd pdnk}cal}cid mdkpdn{dm n{ }hd vn}dp }dirdpn}tpd clkpdn{dm, Vd knl kalkgtmd}hn} pnc{clf }hd }dirdpn}tpd ae }hd vn}dp inmd }hd pdnk}cal fa en{}dp,

Vd knl ng{a {dd }hn} }hd pdnk}cal }cid mdkpdn{dm n{ }hd {tpenkd npdn ae}hd }n`gd}{ clkpdn{dm' {a nla}hdp vns }a clkpdn{d }hd pdnk}cal pn}d c{ }aclkpdn{d }hd {tpenkd npdn ae }hd pdnk}nl}{,

]hn} idnl{ vd rpaudm atp hsra}hd{c{, Pcfh}1La} ldkd{{npcgs, Atp mn}n ma {trrap} atp hsra}hd{c{ }hn} }hd pn}d ae }hdkhdickng khnlfd vcgg clkpdn{d n{ }hd }dirdpn}tpd nlm {tpenkd npdn ae}hd pdnk}nl}{ clkpdn{d, Havdudp' }hn} mad{l} idnl vd hnud rpaudm atphsra}hd{c{,

Eap ald }hclf' vd rdpeapidm algs n {clfgd dxrdpcidl}' nlm vd t{dmalgs ald }pcng eap dnkh {d} ae kalmc}cal{, Ce vd pdrdn}dm atp dxrdpcidl}'vd icfh} fd} {gcfh}gs mceedpdl} pd{tg}{, Cl nmmc}cal' vd }d{}dm algsald }srd ae khdickng pdnk}cal, Ng}hatfh vd knl kalkgtmd }hn} }hdkalmc}cal{ vd dxrgapdm vcgg rpa`n`gs needk} }hd {rddm ae a}hdp khdickng

Pdnk}cal]cid

({#

]dirdpn}tpd (K#

2

02

=2

52

82

>22

>02

>=2

>52

42;2 3262>2 8252 >22=202

Deedk}{ ae ]dirdpn}tpd nlm [tpenkd Npdnal Pdnk}cal ]cid

[tpenkd Npdn

[ingg

Idmcti

Gnpfd

Kal}pag


17/127

Aòdk}cud >

>5

pdnk}cal{' vd knl} n{{tid }hc{ vcgg vapj vc}h ngg khdickng pdnk}cal{,C}{ ra{{c`gd }hn} }hd mn}n kaggdk}dm epai dxrdpcidl}{ vc}h a}hdp }srd{ae pdnk}cal{ vcgg la} {trrap} atp hsra}hd{c{, @t} }hn}{ A,J,

N hsra}hd{c{ c{ la} kal{cmdpdm pcfh} ap vpalf, N hsra}hd{c{ c{ dc}hdp{trrap}dm `s mn}n ap la} {trrap}dm `s mn}n, Dudl dxrdpcidl}{ cl

vhckh }hd pd{tg}{ mal} {trrap} n hsra}hd{c{ npd cirap}nl}, ]hd pd{tg}{ae }hd{d dxrdpcidl}{ knl hdgr t{ kaid tr vc}h n ldv nlm cirpaudmhsra}hd{c{ }hn} vd knl }d{},

C{ n hsra}hd{c{ jclm ae gcjd n }hdaps1

N }hdaps c{ n fdldpng dxrgnln}cal ae n {d} ae a`{dpun}cal{ nàt} }hdln}tpng vapgm, N }hdaps hdgr{ dxrgncl hav }hclf{ hnrrdl cl ln}tpd,Tlgcjd n hsra}hd{c{' n }hdaps c{ {trrap}dm `s ga}{ ae mn}n kaggdk}dmepai inls mceedpdl} dxrdpcidl}{ nlm a`{dpun}cal{,

]hdapcd{ knl khnlfd audp }cid n{ {kcdl}c{}{ fn}hdp iapd ducmdlkd,

Ldnpgs 0'222 sdnp{ nfa }hd {kcdl}c{} R}agdis rpara{dm n }hdaps }adxrgncl }hd ap`c}{ ae }hd rgnld}{, ]hc{ }hdaps {}n}dm }hn} Dnp}h vn{ }hdkdl}dp ae }hd tlcudp{d nlm }hn} }hd {tl' rgnld}{' nlm {}np{ pduagudmnpatlm Dnp}h, R}agdis{ }hdaps vn{ nkkdr}dm n{ }ptd tl}cg }hd icm){cx}ddl}h kdl}tps' vhdl Lckagnt{ Kardplckt{ rpara{dm }hn} Dnp}h nlm}hd a}hdp rgnld}{ cl atp {agnp {s{}di pduagud npatlm }hd {tl, N} p{}inls rdargd pdodk}dm Kardplckt{{ cmdn{' `t} cl }cid }hd }hdapsae n {tl)kdl}dpdm {agnp {s{}di vn{ rpaudm kappdk} }hpatfh knpdetga`{dpun}cal{ nlm in}hdin}ckng kngktgn}cal{,

C vnl} }a hdnp nàt} nl dxrdpcidl} }hn} vn{l} mald pcfh}' ald

vhdpd }hd {kcdl}c{} inmd ic{}njd{, Knl sat }dgg id nàt} ald1[tpd. [kcdl}c{}{ injd n{ inls ic{}njd{ n{ a}hdp rdargd ma, Gd} id }dggsat nàt} nl dxrdpcidl} }hn} C mcm, Cgg md{kpc`d c} nlm gd} sat }ps }aftpd at} vhn} vn{ vpalf vc}h c},

C vnl}dm }a {dd vhd}hdp }dirdpn}tpd needk}dm hav galf n gcfh} {}ckjvatgm fgav, C hsra}hd{czdm }hn} n{ }hd }dirdpn}tpd ae }hd gcfh} {}ckjvn{ pnc{dm' }hd pdnk}nl}{ cl{cmd }hd gcfh} {}ckj vatgm `d t{dm tr en{}dp'{a gcfh} {}ckj{ dxra{dm }a hcfh }dirdpn}tpd{ vatgm fgav eap n {hap}dp}cid }hnl gcfh} {}ckj{ dxra{dm }a gavdp }dirdpn}tpd{,

C `dl} }hpdd gcfh} {}ckj{ }a {}np} }hd khdickng pdnk}cal }hn} injd{ }hdifgav, C rt} n sdggav gcfh} {}ckj cl }hd epddzdp' n fpddl gcfh} {}ckj cl nàvg ae ha} vn}dp' nlm n rclj gcfh} {}ckj al }hd jc}khdl katl}dp,

Vhn} mcm sat ma ldx}1

Nl hatp gn}dp C khdkjdm al }hd }hpdd {}ckj{, ]hd sdggav ald cl }hdepddzdp vn{ la galfdp fgavclf' `t} }hd a}hdp }va vdpd, Vhdl C pnl{aid ha} vn}dp audp }hd kagm gcfh} {}ckj' c} {}np}dm }a fgav nfncl,]hdl C rt} c} `nkj cl }hd epddzdp,

Mcm sat jlav1

Ngkhdic{}{ cl }hd IcmmgdNfd{ }pcdm }a khnlfd gdnmnlm a}hdp id}ng{ cl}afagm, Ng}hatfh ngkhdic{}{mcml} {tkkddm' }hds mcmmc{kaudp id}ham{ eappdiauclf cirtpc}cd{ epai{t`{}nlkd{, Khdic{}{ {}cggt{d }hd{d id}ham{ }amns,


18/127

Aòdk}cud >

>6

C khdkjdm al ngg }hpdd gcfh} {}ckj{ dudps hatp eap >0 hatp{, Dnkh }cid'C }aaj }hd sdggav gcfh} {}ckj at} ae }hd epddzdp nlm pnl ha} vn}dp audpc} }a injd {tpd c} katgm {}cgg fgav,

Vhn} jclm ae pd{tg}{ mcm sat fd}1

@s }hd dcfh}h hatp' C la}ckdm }hn} }hd rclj nlm fpddl {}ckj{ vdpd la}fgavclf n{ `pcfh}gs n{ }hds hnm dnpgcdp, Nlm `s }hd }vdge}h hatp' algs}hd sdggav {}ckj vn{ {}cgg vapjclf,

C vn{ {tprpc{dm `s is pd{tg}{, C }hatfh} }hn} }hd fpddl gcfh} {}ckj cl }hd

àvg ggdm vc}h ha} vn}dp vatgm {}ar vapjclf en{}dp }hnl }hd rclj {}ckjn} paai }dirdpn}tpd, ]hn} vn{l} vhn} is dxrdpcidl} {havdm, Cl{}dnm'}hd rclj nlm fpddl {}ckj{ {}arrdm vapjclf n} nàt} }hd {nid }cid,

Knl sat ftpd at} }hd incl ic{}njd C inmd cl kalmtk}clf }hc{dxrdpcidl}1

Sd{. Sat mcml} kal}pag {aid ae satp unpcn`gd{, Sat t{dm mceedpdl}}srd{ ae gcfh} {}ckj{ cl dnkh ae satp }pcng{,

Satpd pcfh}. Dnkh gcfh} {}ckj vn{ n mceedpdl} kagap' vhckh idnl{}hn} dnkh {}ckj kal}ncldm mceedpdl} msd{, C}{ ra{{c`gd }hn} {aid

kai`cln}cal{ ae gcfh}){}ckj msd{ katgm knt{d n en{}dp pn}d ae pdnk}cal}hnl a}hdp{, [a' C hnm la vns ae jlavclf vhn} vn{ needk}clf }hdpdnk}cal pn}d}hd }dirdpn}tpd' }hd }srd{ ae khdickng{' ap à}h,

C ng{a mcml} ma n udps faam oa` ae jddrclf }hd }hpdd {}ckj{ n} n kal{}nl}}dirdpn}tpd, N{ }hd ha} vn}dp cl }hd àvg kaagdm aee' eap dxnirgd'{a mcm }hd fpddl {}ckj jdr} cl }hd vn}dp, C ng{a jdr} khnlfclf }hd}dirdpn}tpd ae }hd sdggav {}ckj cl }hd epddzdp `dknt{d C jdr} }d{}clfc} cl ha} vn}dp,

Dxrdpcidl}ng [d}tr

Rclj {}ckj?jdr} al

jc}khdl katl}dp

Fpddl {}ckj?jdr} cl àvg

ecggdm vc}hha} vn}dpSdggav {}ckj?

jdr} cl epddzdp:}d{}dm cl ha}vn}dp alkd

nl hatp


19/127

Aòdk}cud >

>8

Mad{ }hn} idnl satp dxrdpcidl} vn{ n }a}ng encgtpd1 Mcm sat gdnplnls}hclf n} ngg epai satp mn}n1

Sat knl ngvns{ gdnpl {aid}hclf epai nls dxrdpcidl}' vhd}hdp sat fd}}hd pd{tg}{ sat dxrdk} ap la}, Eap dxnirgd' C mcm gdnpl }hn} {aid}hclfknt{dm }hd sdggav gcfh} {}ckj cl }hd epddzdp }a gn{} galfdp }hnl }hd fpddl

nlm rclj {}ckj{, C ot{} knl} `d {tpd vhn} }hn} {aid}hclf c{,Ce C vnl}dm }a lm at}' C katgm pdrdn} is dxrdpcidl}' `t} }hc{ }cid Cvatgm lddm }a `d iapd knpdetg nàt} kal}paggclf unpcn`gd{, C vatgm hnud}a {}np} vc}h }hpdd gcfh} {}ckj{ ae dxnk}gs }hd {nid `pnlm' {czd' nlm kagap,C vatgm ng{a hnud }a }hclj ae n vns }a jddr }hd gcfh} {}ckj rgnkdm cl ha}vn}dp n} n kal{}nl} }dirdpn}tpd, N }hcpm }hclf C vatgm lddm }a ma c{ftpd at} hav }a khdkj vhd}hdp }hd gcfh} {}ckj cl }hd epddzdp knl {}cggfgav vc}hat} ptllclf ha} vn}dp audp c} nlm khnlfclf c}{ }dirdpn}tpd,C} vatgm ng{a `d n faam cmdn }a jddr }hd niatl} ae gcfh} dnkh {}ckj c{dxra{dm }a }hd {nid' ot{} }a injd {tpd }hn} }hd niatl} ae gcfh} epaidx}dplng {atpkd{ mad{ la} needk} hav galf }hd gcfh} {}ckj{ fgav,

Lav C jlav hav }a {d} tr nl dxrdpcidl}' nlm C jlav {kcdlkd c{cirap}nl}' `t} Ci la} n {kcdl}c{}, Vhs ma C lddm }a jlav nàt}{kcdlkd1

Sat icfh} la} dlm tr cl n knpddp vhdpd sat vdnp n vhc}d gn` kan} nlmrddp }hpatfh n ickpa{kard ngg mns, @t} la in}}dp vhn} sat ma' satpd{}cgg faclf }a lddm {kcdlkd, Sat t{d {kcdlkd ngg }hd }cid cl satp mncgsgced' `t} sat ins la} ngvns{ pdngczd c}, Eap dxnirgd' vhdl sat vapj alsatp knp' sat t{d cmdn{ nlm {jcgg{ epai rhs{ck{, Sat t{d kalkdr}{ epai`cagafs }a }njd faam knpd ae satp rd}{ nlm kalkdr}{ epai dnp}h {kcdlkd}a tlmdp{}nlm vdn}hdp pdrap}{, Dudl nl nk}cuc}s n{ apmclnps n{ kaajclf

cluagud{ cmdn{ nlm rpakd{{d{ epai khdic{}ps,

N{ sat {}tms {kcdlkd' sat gdnpl hav }a t{d nlm nlngszd }hdcleapin}cal }hn} sat npd dxra{dm }a dudps mns, Hdpd npd {aid dxnirgd{ae vhn} sat knl ma vc}h {kcdlkd jlavgdmfd nlm {kcdlkd {jcgg{? Sat knlgaaj n} }hd lt}pc}cal gn`dg{ al eaam{ nlm injd cleapidm khackd{ nàt}satp hdng}h, Sat knl tlmdp{}nlm hav nlm vhs satp {}dpda {s{}divapj{, Sat knl pdkaflczd vhckh hdng}h nlm }ld{{ rpafpni{ npd }aafaam }a `d }ptd, Sat knl {agud rpa`gdi{ cl mceedpdl} vns{ `s t{clfgafck nlm }psclf n unpcd}s ae ar}cal{,

Vc}h nl tlmdp{}nlmclf ae {kcdlkd' sat knl ng{a tlmdp{}nlm nlm injd

dmtkn}dm khackd{ al kairgdx c{{td{{tkh n{ fga`ng vnpiclf' kgalclf'nlm iamdpl idmckcld}hn} ins needk} }hd et}tpd ae }hd htinl pnkd,


20/127

A`odk}cud >

>3

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>>

^td{}cal >

]hd Dlfgc{h rhs{ckcnl Palngm Pa{{ (>846>3;0# mdmckn}dm hc{ knpddp }a }hd clud{}cfn}cal ae ingnpcn

nlm hav c} c{ {rpdnm, Pa{{ jldv }hn} n rnpn{c}d knggdmRgn{iamcti vn{ ngvns{ eatlm cl }hd `gaam ae

rdargd cledk}dm vc}h ingnpcn, Rdargd hnm galf }hatfh} }hn} ingnpcn vn{ n pd{tg} ae `pdn}hclf `nm

ncp, Pa{{' havdudp' }hatfh} }hn} ia{~tc}ad{ {rpdnm ingnpcn epai rdp{al }a rdp{al, Vhckh ae }hd{d

katgm `d{} hnud hdgrdm Pa{{ md}dpicld vhd}hdp ia{~tc}ad{ vdpd cluagudm cl }hd {rpdnm ae ingnpcn1

N A`{dpuclf vcgm ia{~tc}ad{ eap {cfl{ ae ingnpcn

@ Clodk}clf ia{~tc}ad{ vc}hRgn{iamcti

K Dxniclclf vcgm ia{~tc}ad{ }a {dd vhd}hdp }hdcp }c{{td{ kal}nclRgn{iamcti

M Md}dpiclclf vhd}hdp nlcing{ {tkh n{ kav{ knppsRgn{iamcti cl }hdcp `gaam


^td{}cal 0

Nkkapmclf }a }hd fpnrh' vhn} vatgm ia{} gcjdgs

hnrrdl }a `gtdfcgg {tl{h ce }hd }dirdpn}tpd ae

}hd vn}dp cl vhckh }hds gcud vdpd }a pc{d n`aud

06K eap n rdpcam ae }va vddj{1

N ]hd pn}d ae udl}cgn}cal vatgm pdinclkal{}nl}' nlm }hd {h vatgm {teedp la cgg

deedk}{,

@ ]hd pn}d ae udl}cgn}cal vatgm {gav' nlm }hd{h vatgm mcd ae }hdping {hakj,

K ]hd pn}d ae udl}cgn}cal vatgm clkpdn{d }a

katl}dpnk} gav axsfdl gdudg{,

M ]hd pn}d ae udl}cgn}cal vatgm pdinclkal{}nl} n{ }hd {h nmnr} }a vnpidp vn}dp,U

dl

}cgn}

cal{rdp

Iclt

}d

Deedk}{ ae ]dirdpn}tpd al }hdUdl}cgn}cal Pn}d ae @gtdfcgg [tlec{h

62

52

42

=2

;2

02

>2

2 4 >2 >4 02 04 ;2 ;4

]dirdpn}tpd (K#

Mtpclf n rpakd{{ knggdm udl}cgn}cal' n {h rtir{ vn}dp audp c}{ fcgg{ `s ardlclf nlm kga{clf c}{

iat}h, Udl}cgn}cal clkpdn{d{ }hd kal}nk} `d}vddl }hd {h{ fcgg{ nlm }hd {tppatlmclf vn}dp {a }hn}

}hd {h c{ n`gd }a a`}ncl dlatfh axsfdl,

Lav C}{ Satp ]tplNe}dp sat nl{vdp }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{' sat knl khdkj satp nl{vdp{ }a {dd hav sat mcm, Ce sat kha{d }hd

vpalf nl{vdp }a n ~td{}cal' knpdetggs pdnm }hd nl{vdp dxrgnln}cal }a lm at} vhs satp nl{vdp c{ clkappdk},

]hdl pdnm }hd dxrgnln}cal eap }hd kappdk} nl{vdp,


21/127

A`odk}cud >


02

^td{}cal ;

Vhckh fpnrh cggt{}pn}d{ }hd rpafpd{{ ae n khdickng pdnk}cal cl vhckh dldpfs c{ pdgdn{dm1

Ra}dl}cngKhdickngDldpfs

]cid

Rpamtk}{

Pdnk}nl}{Ra}dl}cngKhdickngDldpfs

]cid

Rpamtk}{Pdnk}nl}{


]cid

Rpamtk}{

Pdnk}nl}{


]cid

Rpamtk}{

Pdnk}nl}{

N K

@ M


22/1270>

Aòdk}cud >

^td{}cal =

N Rgnl} > pd~tcpd{ iapd dldpfs epaipd{rcpn}cal }hnl Rgnl} 0,

@ Rgnl} > c{ `d}}dp {tc}dm }a fpavclf cln mps dlucpalidl} }hnl Rgnl} 0,

K Rgnl} 0 vcgg fpav }a in}tpc}s itkhen{}dp }hnl Rgnl} >,

M Rgnl} 0 c{ `d}}dp {tc}dm }a fpavclf cln {hnms dlucpalidl} }hnl Rgnl} >,


N pd{dnpkhdp idn{tpdm }hd ld} niatl} ae knpàl mcaxcmd }njdl cl `s }va {rdkcd{ ae rgnl}{ n} unpcat{

cl}dl{c}cd{ ae gcfh}, Nkkapmclf }a }hd fpnrh' hav c{ Rgnl} > mceedpdl} epai Rgnl} 01

Ld

}Knpàl

Mcax

cmd

]n

jdl

cl`s

Rgnl

}

Clkpdn{clf Gcfh} Cl}dl{c}s

Rgnl} >

Rgnl} 0

2

Deedk} ae Gcfh} Cl}dl{c}s al Rgnl}{ > nlm 0

^td{}cal 4

Eap n {kcdlkd rpaodk} n {}tmdl} mdkcmdm }a md}dpicld }hd rpdedppdm eaam ae `cpm{ knggdm lkhd{, Hd htlf

}va eddmdp{' ald vc}h {tlffavdp {ddm{ nlm ald vc}h icggd}' epai n }pdd n} n hdcfh} ae >0 edd}, Hd htlf

}va iapd eddmdp{' ald vc}h {tlffavdp {ddm{ nlm ald vc}h icggd}' n} n hdcfh} ae = edd} al }hd {nid }pdd,

Hd katl}dm }hd lti`dp ae lkhd{ n} dnkh eddmdp }hpdd }cid{ n mns eap ud vddj{, @n{dm al hc{

a`{dpun}cal{' }hd {}tmdl} kalkgtmdm }hn} lkhd{ rpcinps eaam {atpkd c{ {tlffavdp {ddm{, Havdudp'

hc{ {kcdlkd }dnkhdp ~td{}caldm }hd {}tmdl}{ kalkgt{cal,

]hd }dnkhdp ia{} gcjdgs ~td{}caldm }hd {}tmdl}{ kalkgt{cal `dknt{d }hd {}tmdl} mcm la}

N icx }hd }va }srd{ ae eaam }afd}hdp

@ rgnkd nls ae }hd eddmdp{ n} fpatlm gdudg

K kalmtk} hc{ dxrdpcidl} cl n gnàpn}aps {d}}clf

M a`{dpud lkhd{ eddmclf dg{dvhdpd cl }hdcp hn`c}n}

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>0


23/127

A`odk}cud >

00


^td{}cal 5

N rd} eaam kairnls kalmtk}dm nl clud{}cfn}cal t{clf n ldv }srd ae kn} eaam, Pd{dnpkhdp{ idn{tpdm

{dudpng clmckn}ap{ ae hdng}h cl eatp fpatr{ ae kn}{, Dnkh fpatr vn{ edm n mceedpdl} mcd}, Ne}dp {cx

ial}h{ }hd pd{dnpkhdp{ eatlm la mceedpdlkd cl }hd hdng}h clmckn}ap{ nialf }hd fpatr{ nlm

kalkgtmdm }hn} }hd ldv eaam hn{ la cgg deedk}{ al kn}{ hdng}h,

Hav katgm }hc{ clud{}cfn}cal hnud `ddl cirpaudm1

N Algs ald fpatr ae kn}{ {hatgm hnud `ddl t{dm,

@ Algs ald clmckn}ap ae hdng}h {hatgm hnud `ddl idn{tpdm,

K N e}h fpatr {hatgm hnud `ddl nmmdm cl vhckh }hd kn}{ vdpdedm algs @pnlm > eaam,

M Nla}hdp {d} ae fpatr{ {hatgm hnud `ddl nmmdm cl vhckh kn}{ n}d}hd ldv eaam eap algs ald ial}h,

^td{}cal 6

Ald fpni ae rpa}dcl hn{ nl dldpfs ungtd ae n`at} eatp Kngapcd{, Nl n}hgd}d vnl}{ }a clkpdn{d }hd

rdpkdl}nfd ae Kngapcd{ epai rpa}dcl cl hc{ mcd}, Vhckh ae }hd{d vatgm hnud }hd fpdn}d{} rdpkdl}nfd

ae Kngapcd{ epai rpa}dcl1

N Nl dldpfs `np vc}h >3 fpni{ ae rpa}dcl nlm 0>2 Kngapcd{ }a}ng

@ Nl dldpfs `np vc}h >= fpni{ ae rpa}dcl nlm 022 Kngapcd{ }a}ng

K Nl dldpfs `np vc}h >5 fpni{ ae rpa}dcl nlm 0;2 Kngapcd{ }a}ng

M Nl dldpfs `np vc}h 02 fpni{ ae rpa}dcl nlm 082 Kngapcd{ }a}ng


Kn} Eaam Clud{}cfn}cal

Fpatr

>

0

;

=

Knl{ ae Eaam Jlavl La} }aKnt{d Hdng}h Rpa`gdi{

(@pnlm 0#

0,2

>,4

>,2

2,4

Knl{ ae Ldv Eaam(@pnlm >#

2,2

2,4

>,2

>,4

Mncgs Mcd}


24/1270;

]hd {}tmdl} vcgg mdial{}pn}d nl tlmdp{}nlmclf ae }hd apfnlczn}cal ae gcuclf {s{}di{,

Aòdk}cud 0

Katgm sat pdrdn} }hn}1 Vhn} ni C {trra{dm }a tlmdp{}nlm1

@cagafs c{ ngg nàt} gced nlm apfnlczn}cal, Gcuclf }hclf{ npd inmd tr aekdgg{' vhckh npd inmd tr aeiagdktgd{' {tkh n{ MLN, Cl inls apfnlc{i{'kdgg{ npd apfnlczdm cl}a }c{{td{, ]c{{td{ npd apfnlczdm cl}a apfnl{' nlmapfnl{ npd apfnlczdm cl}a apfnl {s{}di{, Dudl }hd apfnlc{i{ }hdi{dgud{npd apfnlczdm cl}a gnpfdp fpatr{ knggdmrartgn}cal{ nlm kaiitlc}cd{,

A,J,' gd}{ {}np} n} }hd `dfcllclf, Vhn}{ MLN1

MLN' vhckh {}nlm{ eap mdaxspcàltkgdck nkcm' c{ n iagdktgd eatlm cl}hd kdgg{ ae ngg apfnlc{i{, MLN kal}ncl{ }hd fdld}ck cleapin}cal }hn}kal}pag{ vhn} n kdgg knl ma nlm vhn} }srd{ ae iagdktgd{ c} knl injd,

Vhn} c{ MLN inmd ae' nlm vhn} mad{ c} gaaj gcjd1

MLN c{ n udps apfnlczdm iagdktgd, C}{ inmd tr ae }hat{nlm{ (ae}dlicggcal{# ae tlc}{ knggdm ltkgda}cmd{, Dnkh ltkgda}cmd hn{ }hpdd rnp}{? n{tfnp knggdm mdaxspcà{d' n rha{rhn}d fpatr' nlm n lc}pafdl `n{d, ]hdltkgda}cmd{ npd nppnlfdm cl }va {}pnlm{' jclm ae gcjd n gnmmdp vc}h }hdlc}pafdl `n{d{ injclf tr }hd ptlf{, ]hd{d {}pnlm{ }vc{} npatlm dnkha}hdp cl n {hnrd knggdm n mat`gd hdgcx,

Rha{rhn}dfpatr

Lc}pafdl`n{d

[tfnp(mdaxspcà{d#

Ltkgda}cmd [}ptk}tpd

Epai satp {}tmcd{ cl cagafs' sat {hatgm `d

n gd }a mdial{}pn}d nl tlmdp{}nlmclf ae}hd apfnlczn}cal ae gcuclf {s{}di{,N}ai{

Iagdktgd{

Kdgg{

]c{{td{

Apfnl{

Apfnl{s{}di{

Apfnlc{i{

Rartgn}cal{

Kaiitlc}cd{

Mcm sat jlav1

Hdgcx c{ ot{} n enlks

vapm eap kacg, N mat`gdhdgcx c{ }va kacgdm{}pnlm{ }vc{}dm npatlmdnkh a}hdp,


25/127

A`odk}cud 0

0=

[a hav mad{ MLN knpps fdld}ck cleapin}cal1]hd cleapin}cal }hn} satpd pdnmclf pcfh} lav c{ inmd tr ae n{d~tdlkd ae gd}}dp{, ]hd idnlclf ae }hd {d~tdlkd mdrdlm{ al c}{ apmdp,Eap dxnirgd' }hd vapm{ nl} nlm }nl kal}ncl }hd {nid gd}}dp{' `t} }hdshnud mceedpdl} idnlclf{ `dknt{d }hd gd}}dp{ npd apmdpdm mceedpdl}gs,

MLN iagdktgd{ knl ng{a `d }hatfh} ae n{ {d~tdlkd{ ae gd}}dp{, ClMLN' havdudp' }hd gd}}dp{ npd mceedpdl} }srd{ ae lc}pafdl `n{d{, ]hdpdnpd eatp mceedpdl} lc}pafdl `n{d{ cl MLN? ftnlcld (F#' ks}a{cld (K#'nmdlcld (N#' nlm }hsicld (]#, ]hd fdld}ck cleapin}cal ae MLN c{kal}ncldm cl }hd apmdp ae }hd{d `n{d{,

Vhn} hnrrdl{ }a MLN vhdl n kdgg mcucmd{1

Dnkh }cid n kdgg mcucmd{' c} lddm{ }a kars c}{ MLN, ]hn} vns dnkh ldvkdgg vcgg hnud n kairgd}d {d} ae }hd apfnlc{i{ fdld}ck cleapin}cal, Nkdgg knl injd n kars ae c}{ MLN `dknt{d MLN iagdktgd{ hnud }va{}pnlm{, Dnkh {}pnlm kal}ncl{ ngg }hd cleapin}cal lddmdm }a injd }hda}hdp {}pnlm,

]hd lc}pafdl `n{d{ cl MLN kaid cl rncp{' ald al dnkh {}pnlm, Vhdldudp}hdpd{ n ftnlcld al ald {}pnlm' }hdpd{ n ks}a{cld arra{c}d c} al }hda}hdp {}pnlm, Vhdldudp }hdpd{ nl nmdlcld al ald {}pnlm' }hdpd{ n}hsicld al }hd arra{c}d {}pnlm, ]hd lc}pafdl)`n{d {d~tdlkd ae n {ingg

{dk}cal ae MLN c{ {havl `dgav, La}ckd hav }hd `n{d{ al }hd }va{}pnlm{ rncp tr? F vc}h K nlm N vc}h ], ]hd{d npd knggdm kairgdidl}nps`n{d{,

[}pnlm >? ] N K ] ] ] N F ] N N K

[}pnlm 0? N ] F N N N ] K N ] ] F

@deapd n kdgg mcucmd{' }hd {}pnlm{ ae c}{ MLN {drnpn}d, Dnkh {}pnlm nk}{n{ n }dirgn}d' ap rn}}dpl' eap n ldv MLN iagdktgd, ]hc{ rpakd{{ c{knggdm pdrgckn}cal' nlm c} pd{tg}{ cl }va cmdl}ckng karcd{ ae n MLNiagdktgd,

MLN [}ptk}tpd

Lc}pafdl`n{drncp

Khncl{ ae{tfnp nlmrha{rhn}d


26/127

Aòdk}cud 0

04

Mtpclf pdrgckn}cal' dlzsid{ tlvclm }hd }va {}pnlm{ ae MLN, Rncpclf`d}vddl kairgdidl}nps lc}pafdl `n{d{ eapi{ ldv {}pnlm{,

Hav mad{ n kdgg t{d }hd cleapin}cal cl }hd fdld}ck kamd1

N kdgg injd{ n kars ae }hd rnp} ae c}{ MLN }hn} }dgg{ c} hav }a injd n{rdkck rpa}dcl, ]hc{ kars c{ knggdm id{{dlfdp PLN (ap iPLN# `dknt{dc}{ t{dm }a knpps n id{{nfd epai }hd MLN }a }hd pd{} ae }hd kdgg, PLN{}nlm{ eap pcàltkgdck nkcm, C}{ {}ptk}tpd c{ {cicgnp }a MLN' dxkdr} c} hn{ nmceedpdl} {tfnp (pcà{d cl{}dnm ae mdaxspcà{d#, Cl nmmc}cal' PLN dxc{}{

n{ n {clfgd {}pnlm cl{}dnm ae n mat`gd hdgcx,Injclf nl iPLN iagdktgd c{ n ga} gcjd injclf n ldv MLN iagdktgd,N {dk}cal ae }hd MLN iagdktgd tlvclm{' nlm kairgdidl}nps PLNltkgda}cmd{ rncp tr vc}h }hd MLN ltkgda}cmd{, Gcjd MLN' PLN hn{ }hdlc}pafdl `n{d{ ftnlcld' ks}a{cld' nlm nmdlcld' `t} cl{}dnm ae }hsicld'c} hn{ tpnkcg (T#, ]hd rpakd{{ ae karsclf }hd fdld}ck cleapin}cal clMLN cl}a iPLN c{ knggdm }pnl{kpcr}cal,

]pnl{kpcr}cal ae n MLN [}pnlm

MLN {}pnlm? ] N K ] ] ] N F ] N N K

iPLN? N T F N N N T K N T T F

A,J,' vdud fald epai MLN }a iPLN, Vhn} hnrrdl{ ldx}1

N iagdktgd ae iPLN kal}ncl{ cleapin}cal al hav }a `tcgm n {rdkckrpa}dcl, Rpa}dcl{ knl `d }hatfh} ae n{ }hd inkhcld{ ae }hd kdgg, Dnkhrpa}dcl rdpeapi{ {aid {rdkck }n{j, Eap dxnirgd' hdiafga`cl c{ nrpa}dcl cl pdm `gaam kdgg{ }hn} hdgr{ knpps axsfdl epai }hd gtlf{ }aàms }c{{td{,

]hd cleapin}cal cl iPLN c{ apfnlczdm cl}a }hpdd)gd}}dp `gakj{ knggdmkamal{, Kamal{ npd gcjd }hd vapm{ ae }hd PLN id{{nfd, Dnkh kamal

Agm MLN

Ldv MLNLdv MLN

Agm MLN

MLN Pdrgckn}cal

Pdidi`dp.

Rpa}dcl{ npd inmd tr aeiagdktgd{ knggdm niclankcm{,


27/127

Aòdk}cud 0

05

kamd{ eap n {rdkck nicla nkcm cl }hd rpa}dcl khncl, Eap dxnirgd' }hdkamal NFT kamd{ eap }hd nicla nkcm {dpcld,

]hd rpakd{{ cl vhckh n rpa}dcl c{ rpamtkdm epai iPLN c{ knggdm}pnl{gn}cal, Cl apmdp eap }pnl{gn}cal }a `dfcl' iPLN it{} p{} n}}nkh }an kdgg {}ptk}tpd knggdm n pcà{aid, Ce rpa}dcl{ npd gcjd }hd inkhcld{ ae }hdkdgg' }hdl pcà{aid{ npd gcjd }hd enk}apcd{ vhdpd }hd inkhcld{ npd inmd,

Hav ma }hd nicla nkcm{ in}kh tr vc}h }hd iPLN kamal{1

]hn}{ }hd oa` ae nla}hdp }srd ae PLN knggdm }pnl{edp PLN (}PLN#,Dnkh }srd ae }PLN in}khd{ n rnp}cktgnp kamal }a n rnp}cktgnp niclankcm, N{ }hd iPLN iaud{ }hpatfh }hd pcà{aid' nicla nkcm{ npdoacldm }afd}hdp cl }hd kappdk} {d~tdlkd }a eapi n rpa}dcl khncl,

Vhn} hnrrdl{ ce }hdpd{ n ic{}njd cl }hd MLN1

N ic{}njd ap khnlfd cl }hd MLN {d~tdlkd c{ knggdm n it}n}cal, N{ satknl rpa`n`gs ftd{{' n khnlfd cl MLN knl gdnm }a n khnlfd cl iPLN'vhckh knl gdnm }a n khnlfd cl n rpa}dcl,

It}n}cal{ hnrrdl ngg }hd }cid' `t} }hds t{tnggs mal} hnud nls deedk}al nl apfnlc{i, Gd} id dxrgncl vhs }hn} c{, ]hdpd npd iapd iPLNkamal{ }hnl }hdpd npd nicla nkcm{' {a iapd }hnl ald kamal ins kamdeap }hd {nid nicla nkcm,

]hcpm

@n{dE

cp{

}@n{d

[dkalm @n{d

iPLN Kamal{ nlm Nicla Nkcm{

TTT

TTK

TTN

TTF

T

TKNF

TKNF

T

Rhdlsgngnlcld

K

Gdtkcld

TKT

TKK

TKN

TKF

TNT

TNK

TNN

TNF

]spa{cld

[}ar

TFT

TFK

TFN

TFF

Ks{}dcld

]psr}arhnl

[}ar[dpcld

N

NNT

NNK

NNN

NNF

N{rnpnfcld

Gs{cld

NFT

NFK

NFN

NFF

[dpcld

NpfclcldId}hcalcld

NTT

NTK

NTN

NTF

C{agdtkcld

NKT

NKK

NKN

NKF

]hpdalcld

N F

TKNF

TKNF

K

KNT

KNK

KNN

KNF

Hc{}cmcld

Fgt}nicld

KFT

KFK

KFN

KFF

Npfclcld

KTT

KTK

KTN

KTF

Gdtkcld

KKT

KKK

KKN

KKF

Rpagcld

F

FNT

FNK

FNN

FNF

N{rnp}ckNkcm

FFT

FFK

FFN

FFF

FTT

FTK

FTN

FTF

Ungcld

FKT

FKK

FKN

FKF

NgnlcldFgt}nick

Nkcm

Fgskcld

Kamal Nicla Nkcm

]hc{ khnp} {hav{ }hd nicla nkcm{ kamdm eap `s dnkh ae }hd 5= ra{{c`gdiPLN kamal{, ]a lm vhckh nicla nkcm }hd kamal KNN kamd{ eap' eaggav}hd{d {}dr{, (># Gaaj al }hd gde} {cmd ae }hd khnp} }a lm }hd gnpfd pav aekamal{ }hn} `dfcl vc}h K, (0# Iaud nkpa{{ }hc{ pav tl}cg sat fd} }a }hdkagtil ae kamal{ vha{d {dkalm `n{d c{ N, (;# Iaud mavl }hc{ kagtiltl}cg sat fd} }a }hd pav ae kamal{ vha{d }hcpm `n{d c{ N, ]hd kamal KNNkamd{ eap }hd nicla nkcm fgt}nicld,


28/127

A`odk}cud 0

06

[trra{d n MLN it}n}cal gdm }a n khnlfd cl n {clfgd iPLN kamalepai }hd kamal NFN }a }hd kamal NFF, @s gaajclf n} }hd khnp} alrnfd 05' sat knl {dd }hn} `a}h ae }hd{d kamal{ kamd eap }hd nicla nkcmnpfclcld, Dudl }hatfh }hd MLN nlm iPLN hnud khnlfdm' }hdpd c{ lakhnlfd cl }hd rpa}dcl, Havdudp' c}{ ng{a ra{{c`gd eap n it}n}cal }a khnlfdn kamal {a }hn} c} mad{ kamd eap n mceedpdl} nicla nkcm, Vhdl }hc{

hnrrdl{' }hd rpa}dcl icfh} la} vapj n{ vdgg' ap c} icfh} la} vapj n} ngg,Eap dxnirgd' {ckjgd)kdgg nldicn c{ knt{dm `s n it}n}cal }a n {clfgd `n{drncp cl }hd MLN }hn} kamd{ eap hdiafga`cl, (Pdidi`dp }hn}hdiafga`cl c{ n rpa}dcl }hn} knppcd{ axsfdl cl pdm `gaam kdgg{,# ]hc{it}n}cal knt{d{ }hd iPLN }a khnlfd epai FNN }a FTN, ]hd niclankcm ungcld vatgm `d nmmdm }a }hd rpa}dcl cl{}dnm ae fgt}nick nkcm, ]hc{khnlfd pd{tg}{ cl nl n`laping eapi ae hdiafga`cl }hn} knt{d{ pdm`gaam kdgg{ }a hnud n {ckjgd' ap kpd{kdl}' {hnrd, ]hd {ckjgd){hnrdm kdgg{knlla} ffav vdgg }hpatfh lnppav `gaam ud{{dg{' pd{tg}clf cl n unpcd}s aehdng}h rpa`gdi{,

A}hdp }srd{ ae it}n}cal{ needk} iapd }hnl ald kamal, Eap cl{}nlkd' n

it}n}cal knl knt{d ald ap iapd ltkgda}cmd{ }a `d nmmdm }a ap mdgd}dmepai MLN, ]hc{ }srd ae it}n}cal knl gdnm }a }hd rpamtk}cal ae nkairgd}dgs mceedpdl} rpa}dcl, N{ n pd{tg}' }hd it}n}cal katgm `dhnpietg' ap dudl en}ng' }a }hd apfnlc{i,

]hd nmmc}cal ae n ltkgda}cmd knl needk} }hd rpamtk}cal ae nl dl}cpd rpa}dcl,Cl }hc{ kn{d' n it}n}cal hn{ knt{dm nl dx}pn K }a `d nmmdm ne}dp }hd p{}iPLN kamal,

Npdl} }hdpd nls faam it}n}cal{1Sd{' }hdpd npd. Al pnpd akkn{cal{' n it}n}cal knl injd nl apfnlc{iiapd gcjdgs }a {tpucud nlm pdrpamtkd, Eap dxnirgd' n {rdkcd{ ae rgnl}icfh} rpamtkd n khdickng vc}h n {kdl} }hn} n}}pnk}{ raggcln}clf ffcd{, Nit}n}cal cl ald ae }hd rgnl}{ katgm injd c} rpamtkd n {gcfh}gs mceedpdl}{kdl}ald }hn} c{ dudl iapd n}}pnk}cud }a raggcln}ap{, ]hc{ }srd aeit}n}cal vatgm `d `dldkcng }a }hd rgnl},

Havdudp' dudl ce n it}n}cal `dld}{ nl apfnlc{i' c} ins la} `d rn{{dmal }a }hd apfnlc{i{ aee{rpclf, Eap apfnlc{i{ }hn} pdrpamtkd {dxtnggs'it}n}cal{ knl `d rn{{dm }a }hd ldx} fdldpn}cal algs ce }hds akktp cl}hd apfnlc{i{ {dx kdgg{ (dff{ ap {rdpi#,

Id}hcalcld Gs{cld

@deapd It}n}cal

N T F N N N T K N T T F

[dpcld Gdtkcld

iPLN?

Nicla nkcm{d~tdlkd?

Id}hcalcld Fgt}nicld

Ne}dp It}n}cal

N T F K N N N T K N T T F

C{agdtkcld C{agdtkcld

iPLN?

Nicla nkcm{d~tdlkd?

It}n}cal

Pdidi`dp.

Apfnlc{i{ vc}h }pnc}{}hn} npd enuapn`gd cl nrnp}cktgnp dlucpalidl}npd iapd gcjdgs }a {tpucudnlm rn{{ al }hdcp fdld{

}a }hd ldx} fdldpn}cal,]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ knggdmln}tpng {dgdk}cal,


29/127

Aòdk}cud 0

08

@t} vhn} hnrrdl{ ce n `dldkcng it}n}cal c{ rn{{dm al }a}hd aee{rpclf1

Ce }hd it}n}cal injd{ }hd aee{rpclf iapd gcjdgs }a {tpucud nlmpdrpamtkd' }hds vcgg `d iapd gcjdgs }a rn{{ }hd it}n}cal al }a}hdcp avl aee{rpclf, N{ }hd it}n}cal c{ rn{{dm epai fdldpn}cal }a

fdldpn}cal' gnpfdp nlm gnpfdp lti`dp{ ae apfnlc{i{ vcgg knpps c},Dudl}tnggs' }hd it}n}cal katgm {rpdnm }hpatfhat} n rartgn}cal ap{rdkcd{, ]hd duagt}cal ae n {rdkcd{ pdedp{ }a khnlfd{ cl c}{ fdld}ckinjdtr audp }cid, N{ it}n}cal{ nkktitgn}d vc}hcl n {rdkcd{' }hd{rdkcd{ duagud{, Vdgg }ngj iapd nàt} {rdkcd{ nlm rartgn}cal{ vhdlvd mc{kt{{ Aòdk}cud ;,

Ald dxnirgd ae duagt}cal cluagud{ Nt{}pngcnl pn``c}{, Pn``c}{ npd la}ln}cud }a Nt{}pngcn `t} vdpd cl}pamtkdm }hdpd cl }hd icm)>822{, ]hdpn``c} rartgn}cal fpdv pnrcmgs' nlm }hds {aal `dknid {dpcat{ rd{}{, Cl>342 {kcdl}c{}{ cl}pamtkdm }hd isxain ucpt{ }a Nt{}pngcn cl nl deeap} }akal}pag }hd pn``c} rartgn}cal, (]hd isxain ucpt{ c{ n ln}tpng rnpn{c}d

ae [at}h Nidpcknl pn``c}{,# N} p{} }hd ucpt{ vn{ udps deedk}cud, Cl{aid rgnkd{ }hd pn``c} rartgn}cal mdkpdn{dm `s nàt} 33$,

C} vn{l} galf' havdudp' `deapd iapd pn``c}{ `dfnl }a {tpucud cledk}cal`s }hd ucpt{' nlm }hd pn``c} rartgn}cal `dfnl }a clkpdn{d alkd iapd,Ald pdn{al eap }hc{ vn{ }hn} pd{c{}nlkd }a }hd ucpt{ vn{ clkpdn{clf,Kdp}ncl pn``c}{ hnm it}n}cal{ }hn} inmd }hdi iapd gcjdgs }a {tpucud}hd isxain ucpt{, N{ n pd{tg}' }hds vdpd iapd gcjdgs }a rn{{ al }hdcpfdld{ }a aee{rpclf, Cl }hd {nid vns' }hdcp aee{rpclf vdpd ng{a iapdgcjdgs }a {tpucud nlm pdrpamtkd, Vc}h dnkh fdldpn}cal iapd nlm iapdpn``c}{ vdpd àpl vc}h fdld{ }hn} inmd }hdi pd{c{}nl} }a }hd isxainucpt{, Cl a}hdp vapm{' }hd pn``c} rartgn}cal vn{ duaguclf,

]hd fpnrh nrrpaxcin}d{ }hd deedk}{ ae }hd isxain ucpt{ al }hd Nt{}pngcnlpn``c} rartgn}cal audp }cid, N} p{} }hd ucpt{ vn{ hcfhgs en}ng }a }hd pn``c}{'`t} audp {dudpng fdldpn}cal{ pd{c{}nlkd }a }hd ucpt{ `dfnl }a clkpdn{d,

Nt{}pngcnl Pn``c} Rartgn}cal

]cid

Lti`dpae

Pn``c}{

Cl}pamtk}cal ae

isxain ucpt{

Mcm sat jlav1

@dknt{d `nk}dpcn npd{clfgd kdggdm' nls

it}n}cal knl `d rn{{dmal }a }hd ldx} fdldpn}cal,Eap }hc{ pdn{al' n{ vdggn{ `dknt{d ae }hdcpdx}pdidgs en{}pdrpamtk}cud pn}d'`nk}dpcn ae}dlnkktitgn}d it}n}cal{nlm nmnr} }a ldv gcuclfkalmc}cal{ en{}dp }hnla}hdp apfnlc{i{,


30/127

A`odk}cud 0

03

Vn{ }hc{ nl dxnirgd ae fdld}ck dlfclddpclf1

La} pdnggs, Fdld}ck dlfclddpclf clkgtmd{ nls id}ham }hn} rdargd t{d }akhnlfd nl apfnlc{i{ fdld{, Fdld}ck dlfclddpclf icfh} {ddi ldv' `t}pdnggs vdud `ddl dlfclddpclf rgnl}{ nlm nlcing{ eap }hat{nlm{ ae sdnp{,Eap dxnirgd' htinl{ hnud rpamtkdm htlmpdm{ ae ldv }srd{ ae rgnl}{ nlm

nlcing{ `s t{clf {dgdk}cud `pddmclf, ]hd p{} {}dr ae {dgdk}cud `pddmclfc{ }a cmdl}ces }pnc}{ }hn} npd md{cpn`gd, ]hdl algs }ha{d apfnlc{i{ hnuclf}hd{d }pnc}{ npd nggavdm }a `pddm, N{ n pd{tg}' }hd fdld{ eap }hd md{cpn`gd}pnc}{ npd rn{{dm al }a }hd ldx} fdldpn}cal, ]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ pdrdn}dm tl}cgnl dl}cpd rartgn}cal c{ rpamtkdm }hn} ra{{d{{d{ }hd md{cpn`gd }pnc}{,

Iamdpl fdld}ck dlfclddpclf ng{a cluagud{ {dgdk}clf md{cpn`gd }pnc}{' `t}lav {kcdl}c{}{ npd nk}tnggs n`gd }a iaud }hd fdld{ }hn} kamd eap }hd{d}pnc}{ epai ald apfnlc{i }a nla}hdp, [kcdl}c{}{ npd dudl n`gd }a iaudfdld{ epai ald {rdkcd{ }a nla}hdp,

Htinl{ `pdm ngg }hd{d }srd{ ae maf{ epai vagud{, Dnkh }srd vn{ `pdm eapmceedpdl} rtpra{d{,

Vhs vatgm {kcdl}c{}{ vnl} }a iaud fdld{ npatlm gcjd }hn}1

Gd} id fcud sat nl dxnirgd, [kcdl}c{}{ knl }njd n htinl fdld nlmcl{dp} c} cl}a }hd MLN ae n `nk}dpcti, @dknt{d }hd `nk}dpcti hn{ n

KAP@C[

@a{}al ]dppcdp Khchtnhtn

Vage

Fpdn} Mnld

Pdidi`dp.

N{ vc}h nls {kcdl}ceckdlmdnuap' {tkh n{

fdld}ck dlfclddpclf'{kcdl}c{}{ hnud inlstlnl{vdpdm ~td{}cal{'nlm {aid deedk}{ ae`cadlfclddpclf hnud sd}

}a `d {}tmcdm,

MalIn{al!KAP@C[

KAP@C[

OahlKalpnm!KAP@C[


31/127

htinl fdld' c} vcgg rpamtkd n htinl rpa}dcl, Vhdl }hd `nk}dpctipdrpamtkd{' c}{ aee{rpclf vcgg ng{a `d n`gd }a rpamtkd }hd htinl rpa}dcl,@dknt{d `nk}dpcn pdrpamtkd {a ~tckjgs' n gnpfd niatl} ae }hd htinlrpa}dcl knl `d rpamtkdm nlm kaggdk}dm cl n {hap} niatl} ae }cid,

Ald htinl fdld }hn} {kcdl}c{}{ hnud cl{dp}dm cl}a `nk}dpcn c{ }hd fdld

}hn} kamd{ eap }hd rpa}dcl cl{tgcl, Cl{tgcl c{ n hapiald (ap khdickngid{{dlfdp# }hn} hdgr{ }hd àms pdftgn}d }hd gdudg ae fgtka{d cl }hd `gaam,]srd > mcn`d}d{ c{ n mc{dn{d cl vhckh }hd àms mad{ la} rpamtkd dlatfhcl{tgcl, C} c{ d{}cin}dm }hn} }hdpd npd `d}vddl 842'222 nlm >'622'222rdargd vc}h }srd > mcn`d}d{ cl }hd Tlc}dm [}n}d{ ngald, [kcdl}c{}{ hnud`ddl n`gd }a t{d fdld}cknggs dlfclddpdm `nk}dpcn }a rpaucmd itkh ae }hdcl{tgcl }hn} }srd > mcn`d}ck{ lddm cl apmdp }a {tpucud,

@deapd htinl cl{tgcl katgm `d rpamtkdm epai fdld}cknggs dlfclddpdm`nk}dpcn' rdargd vc}h }srd > mcn`d}d{ hnm }a pdgs al cl{tgcl a`}ncldmepai rcf{ ap a}hdp nlcing{, Ald nmunl}nfd ae fdld}cknggs dlfclddpdmcl{tgcl c{ }hn}' tlgcjd rcf cl{tgcl' c} c{ cmdl}ckng }a htinl cl{tgcl' nlm

n{ n pd{tg} rn}cdl}{ npd gd{{ gcjdgs }a mdudgar hdng}h rpa`gdi{ epai c},Cl nmmc}cal' cl{tgcl a`}ncldm }hpatfh fdld}ck dlfclddpclf c{ ae}dl gd{{dxrdl{cud' nlm {hap}nfd{ npd gd{{ kaiial,

Hav npd `nk}dpcng kdgg{ mceedpdl} epai htinl kdgg{1

Ald ae }hd incl mceedpdlkd{ c{ }hn} htinl kdgg{ hnud n ltkgdt{ `t}`nk}dpcng kdgg{ ma la}, Apfnlc{i{ vha{d kdgg{ gnkj ltkgdc npd knggdm

rpajnpsa}d{, Rpajnpsa}d{ clkgtmd dt`nk}dpcn nlm npkhnd`nk}dpcn,Apfnlc{i{ vha{d kdgg{ hnud ltkgdc npd knggdm dtjnpsa}d{, Dtjnpsa}d{clkgtmd rpa}c{}{' etlfc' rgnl}{' nlm nlcing{,

]hd ltkgdt{ cl n dtjnpsa}ck kdgg nk}{ n{ }hd kaiinlm kdl}dp ae }hd kdggnlm kal}pag{ c}{ nk}cuc}cd{, ]hd kdgg{ MLN c{ gakn}dm cl }hd ltkgdt{'ngalf vc}h rpa}dcl{ eap pdrgckn}cal ap }pnl{kpcr}cal,

N ltkgdt{ c{ n }srd ae apfnldggd, Nl apfnldggd c{ n {}ptk}tpd vc}hcl nkdgg }hn} rdpeapi{ n {rdkck etlk}cal, Dtjnpsa}ck kdgg{ hnud n unpcd}sae apfnldggd{' `t} ia{} ae }hd{d npd n`{dl} cl rpajnpsa}ck kdgg{,

Vhn} npd {aid ae }hd a}hdp apfnldggd{ cl dtjnpsa}ck kdgg{1

]hd kdgg{ ae rgnl}{ nlm {aid rpa}c{}{ hnud apfnldggd{ knggdm khgapargn{}{,Khgapargn{}{ t{d }hd dldpfs cl {tlgcfh} }a injd n {tfnp knggdm fgtka{d,]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ knggdmrha}a{sl}hd{c{ nlm knl `d {tiidm tr vc}h }hdeaggavclf khdickng pdnk}cal,

Gcfh} dldpfs5KA0 5H0A K5H>0A5 5A0Knpàl mcaxcmd Vn}dp Fgtka{d Axsfdl

Rgnl}{ t{d }hd fgtka{d }hds rpamtkd epai rha}a{sl}hd{c{ n{ nl dldpfs{atpkd, Nlcing{ ng{a t{d fgtka{d n{ nl dldpfs {atpkd, Havdudp' nlcingkdgg{ knl} injd fgtka{d, [a vhdpd ma nlcing{ fd} fgtka{d1 ]hds fd} c}epai dn}clf rgnl}{ ap epai dn}clf nlcing{ }hn} dn} rgnl}{,

Aòdk}cud 0

;2


32/127

Aòdk}cud 0

;>

Nla}hdp }srd ae apfnldggdald eatlm cl ngg dtjnpsa}d{c{ic}akhalmpcn, Ic}akhalmpcn `pdnj mavl eaam iagdktgd{ {tkh n{fgtka{d }a pdgdn{d dldpfs' vhckh knl }hdl `d t{dm eap fpav}h' hdng}hincl}dlnlkd' nlm pdrpamtk}cal, ]hd rpakd{{ `s vhckh kdgg{ `pdnjmavl fgtka{d }a rpamtkd dldpfs c{ knggdm kdggtgnp pd{rcpn}cal, C} knl `d{tiinpczdm `s }hd eaggavclf pdnk}cal,

K5H>0A5 5A0 5KA0 5H0A N]RFgtka{d Axsfdl Knpàl mcaxcmd Vn}dp Dldpfs

Pcà{aid{ npd apfnldggd{ vhdpd rpa}dcl{ npd inmd, (Vd }ngjdm nàt}}hdi dnpgcdp' pdidi`dp1# Pcà{aid{ npd rpd{dl} cl rpajnpsa}d{ n{ vdggn{ dtjnpsa}d{,

Hav knl C }dgg mceedpdl} }srd{ ae kdgg{ nrnp}1

Ce sat tlmdp{}nlm }hd {}ptk}tpd ae n kdgg' sat knl tlmdp{}nlm c}{etlk}cal, Jlavclf }hd }srd{ nlm lti`dp ae apfnldggd{ cl n kdgg knl

{aid}cid{ fcud sat n faam cmdn ae vhn} }hd kdgg mad{, Eap dxnirgd'gdne kdgg{ kal}ncl n gnpfd lti`dp ae khgapargn{}{ `dknt{d }hd incletlk}cal ae gdnud{ c{ rha}a{sl}hd{c{,

Nla}hdp dxnirgd knl `d {ddl cl it{kgd kdgg{' vhckh hnud n gnpfdlti`dp ae ic}akhalmpcn, @dknt{d it{kgd{ npd cluagudm cl nl nlcing{iaudidl}' it{kgd kdgg{ lddm }a `d n`gd }a rpamtkd n gnpfd niatl} aedldpfs, ]hc{ dldpfs c{ inmd nuncgn`gd `s }hd kdgg{ ic}akhalmpcn,

Hav ma kdgg{ jddr }hdi{dgud{ ngcud1

]hd kalmc}cal{ cl{cmd n kdgg hnud }a `d ot{} pcfh}' ap }hd kdgg vcgg mcd,]hd{d kalmc}cal{ clkgtmd inls mceedpdl} enk}ap{' {tkh n{ }dirdpn}tpd'rH' nlm cal kalkdl}pn}cal{, Kdgg{ jddr }hdi{dgud{ ngcud `s incl}nclclfn {}n`gd cl}dplng {}n}d, ]hc{ {}n}d c{ knggdm haida{}n{c{,

Kdgg{ hnud inls vns{ ae incl}nclclf haida{}n{c{, Ald id}hamcluagud{ }pnl{rap} rpa}dcl{ cl }hd kdgg idi`pnld, ]pnl{rap} rpa}dcl{ nk}gcjd ftnpm{ }hn} gd} algs kdp}ncl in}dpcng{ cl ap at}, Eap dxnirgd' cal{npd la} n`gd }a kpa{{ }hd kdgg idi`pnld al }hdcp avl, ]hds knl kpa{{algs `s idnl{ ae n }pnl{rap} rpa}dcl, N{ n pd{tg}' }hd kdgg knl kal}pag}hd kalkdl}pn}cal ae cal{ cl c}{ ks}argn{i, Cl nlcing kdgg{' }pnl{rap}rpa}dcl{ incl}ncl n hcfh kalkdl}pn}cal ae ra}n{{cti cal{ cl }hd

Nlcing Kdgg

Kdgg idi`pnldIc}akhalmpcal

Ltkgdt{

Pcà{aid

Ic}akhalmpcal

Kdgg vngg

Khgapargn{}

Rgnl} Kdgg

Ltkgdt{

Pcà{aid{

Mcm sat jlav1Htinl kdgg{ etlk}cal`d{} n} nàt} ;6 K,

]hn}{ vhs n edudp c{ n{cfl }hn} {aid}hclf c{vpalf}hd àms {}ar{incl}nclclf haida{}n{c{cl nl deeap} }a ecfh} aeemc{dn{d,


33/127

Aòdk}cud 0

;0

ks}argn{i nlm n gav kalkdl}pn}cal ae {amcti cal{, Incl}nclclf }hdkalkdl}pn}cal{ ae }hd{d cal{ c{ cirap}nl} }a }hd rpardp etlk}calclf aeit{kgd nlm ldpud kdgg{,

Vhn} ce }hd npdn npatlm n kdgg mad{l} hnud }hd in}dpcng{ }hd kdgg

lddm{ }a incl}ncl haida{}n{c{1Cl }hn} kn{d' }hd kdgg katgm mcd, Cl itg}ckdggtgnp apfnlc{i{' havdudp' kdgg{vapj }afd}hdp cl apfnl{ nlm apfnl {s{}di{ }a hdgr ald nla}hdp incl}nclhaida{}n{c{, Eap dxnirgd' atp kcpktgn}aps {s{}di }pnl{rap}{ axsfdl'lt}pcdl}{' nlm a}hdp ldkd{{nps in}dpcng{ }a ngg }hd kdgg{ ae }hd àms,

Knl sat fcud id {aid dxnirgd{ ae hav }hd apfnl {s{}di{ vapj}afd}hdp1

Ae katp{d. Gd}{ eakt{ al }hd kcpktgn}aps' pd{rcpn}aps' nlm it{ktgnp{s{}di{ cl htinl{ nlm {dd hav }hdspd pdgn}dm }a {aid ae }hd a}hdp

{s{}di{,

Kcpktgn}aps Pd{rcpn}aps It{ktgnp

Axsfdl iaud{ epai }hdgtlf{ }a }hd `gaam' nlmknpàl mcaxcmd iaud{ epai}hd `gaam }a }hd gtlf{,

@pdn}hclf pn}d clkpdn{d{mtpclf dxdpkc{d }a hdgr idd}}hd clkpdn{dm axsfdlmdinlm `s {jdgd}ng it{kgd{,

Pd{rcpn}aps

]hd hdnp} c{ gnpfdgskaira{dm ae it{kgd }c{{td,

Kal}pnk}cal ae }hd mcnrhpnfihdgr{ iaud ncp cl}a }hd gtlf{,

It{ktgnp

Vn{}d rpamtk}{ npd g}dpdmepai }hd `gaam cl }hdjcmlds{,

]hd pd{rcpn}aps {s{}dipdiaud{ }hd vn{}d fn{knpàl mcaxcmd epai }hd àms,

It{kgd kal}pnk}cal{ npdcluagudm cl dir}sclf }hdtpclnps `gnmmdp,

Dxkpd}aps

Vhc}d `gaam kdgg{ n}}nkjrn}hafdl{ {tkh n{ `nk}dpcn

nlm ucpt{d{,

Itkt{ gclclf }hd pd{rcpn}apsrn{{nfd{ hdgr{ }pnr

rn}hafdl{,

[lddzclf cluagud{ cluagtl}npsit{kgd kal}pnk}cal{,

Ciitld

Rgn}dgd}{ cl }hd `gaam hdgrkga{d {ingg kt}{ cl }hd {jcl,

Kdgg{ gclclf }hd la{}pcg{rpamtkd itkt{ }hn} jddr{}hd ldnp`s }c{{td epaimpsclf at},

It{kgd{ pnc{d }hd hncp al }hdnpi{ nlm gdf{ }a hdgrpd}ncl hdn},

Cl}dftidl}nps

Lt}pcdl}{ mceet{d }hpatfh }hdrgnkdl}n nlm npd knppcdm }a}hd di`psa }hpatfh `gaamud{{dg{ cl }hd ti`cgckng kapm,

@pdn}hclf pn}d clkpdn{d{ }arpaucmd }hd dx}pn axsfdllddmdm mtpclf gnàp,

It{kgd kal}pnk}cal{ cl }hdt}dpt{ rt{h }hd ed}t{ at}mtpclf gnàp,

Pdrpamtk}cud

@gaam knppcd{ hapiald{

}hpatfhat} }hd ams,

Hapiald{ knl kal}pc`t}d }a

n{}hin n}}nkj{,

Hapiald{ knt{d ingd{ }a

rt} al iapd it{kgd in{{mtpclf rt`dp}s,

Dlmakpcld

@ald inppav rpamtkd{`gaam kdgg{,

]hd pc` knfd dxrnlm{ }a hdgriaud ncp cl}a }hd gtlf{,

]hd kal}pnk}cal nlmpdgnxn}cal ae {jdgd}ngit{kgd{ iaud{ àld{,

[jdgd}ng

]hd `pncl {}di kal}pag{hdnp} pn}d,

]hd `pncl {}dipdftgn}d{ `pdn}hclf,

[cflng{ }pnudg mavl }hd{rclng kapm }a }hd it{kgd{,

Ldpuat{

@gaam knppcd{ mcfd{}dmlt}pcdl}{ }a àms kdgg{,

]hd rhnpslx {dpud{ n{ nrn{{nfdvns eap à}h ncp nlmeaam,

It{kgd{ khtpl }hd {}ainkh}a ncm cl mcfd{}cal,

Mcfd{}cud


34/127

Aòdk}cud 0

;;

^td{}cal 8

]hd dlmargn{ick pd}cktgti c{ nl apfnldggd eatlm cl nlcing kdgg{, Ald ae }hd incl etlk}cal{ ae }hd

dlmargn{ick pd}cktgti c{ }a knpps in}dpcng{ epai ald rnp} ae n kdgg }a nla}hdp, Ald vns }hn} }hd

dlmargn{ick pd}cktgti hdgr{ incl}ncl }hd àms{ haida{}n{c{ c{ `s

N }pnl{edppclf dldpfs epai knpàhsmpn}d{ }a N]R

@ t{clf fdld}ck cleapin}cal }a inltenk}tpd it{kgd rpa}dcl{

K }pnl{rap}clf axsfdl epai }hd gtlf{ }a ngg rnp}{ ae }hd àms

M mdgcudpclf hapiald{ }a }hd kdgg idi`pnld' vhdpd }hds knl `d {dkpd}dm

^td{}cal 3

Vhckh {}n}didl} `d{} md{kpc`d{ }hd rpakd{{ n} [}dr 0 cl }hd mcnfpni1

N Nl iPLN iagdktgd {cflng{ vhckh ltkgda}cmd{ {hatgm `d oacldm }a eapi n ltkgdck nkcm,

@ ]hd kamal{ ae nl iPLN iagdktgd {cflng rpa}dcl{ }a kpdn}d n knpàhsmpn}d khncl,

K ]hd fdld}ck cleapin}cal kamdm cl nl iPLN iagdktgd c{ }pnl{gn}dm cl}a nl nicla nkcm khncl,M N rpa}dcl khncl nk}{ n{ n rn}}dpl eap kpdn}clf nl iPLN iagdktgd vc}h }hd rpardp {d~tdlkd,



MLN ]NKNNNKFNKKF]]K , , ,

N]F]]]FK]FFKNNF , , ,

(># MLN {dpud{ n{ n }dirgn}d epai vhckh iPLN(id{{dlfdp PLN# c{ inmd,

iPLN NTFTTTFKTFFKNNF , , ,

(0#

id}hcalcld * rhdlsgngnlcld * ngnlcld * fgskcld * gs{cld , , ,

Lav C}{ Satp ]tplNe}dp sat nl{vdp }hd rpnk}ckd ~td{}cal{' sat knl khdkj satp nl{vdp{ }a {dd hav sat mcm, Ce sat kha{d }hd

vpalf nl{vdp }a n ~td{}cal' knpdetggs pdnm }hd nl{vdp dxrgnln}cal }a lm at} vhs satp nl{vdp c{ clkappdk},

]hdl pdnm }hd dxrgnln}cal eap }hd kappdk} nl{vdp,


35/127

A`odk}cud 0

;=

^td{}cal >2

Vhckh kdggtgnp rpakd{{ c{ iamdgdm cl }hc{

mcnfpni1

N Pdrgckn}cal' cl vhckh MLN c{ karcdm `deapdic}a{c{ akktp{

@ Mdgd}cal' cl vhckh n khpaia{aid `pdnj{nlm n rcdkd ae MLN c{ ga{}

K ]pnl{kpcr}cal' cl vhckh }hd cleapin}cal{}apdm cl MLN c{ karcdm }a iPLN

M ]pnl{gn}cal' cl vhckh }hd cleapin}cal {}apdmcl iPLN c{ t{dm }a {sl}hd{czd n rpa}dcl

^td{}cal >>

N fpatr ae {kcdl}c{}{ mc{kaudp n ldv {rdkcd{ cl

n pncl eapd{}, ]hds }njd n }c{{td {nirgd epai

ald ae }hd apfnlc{i{ nlm gaaj n} c} tlmdp nickpa{kard, ]hd kdgg{ injclf tr }hd }c{{td hnud

ltkgdc nlm kdgg vngg{, Ldx} }hd {kcdl}c{}{ }njd

{dudpng ae }hd apfnlc{i{ nlm rgnkd }hdi cl mnir

{acg }hn} c{ pckh cl apfnlck in}dpcng, Hnge ae }hd

apfnlc{i{ npd dxra{dm }a etgg {tlgcfh}' nlm hnge

npd jdr} cl kal{}nl} mnpjld{{, ]hd fpatr }hn}

pdkdcud{ {tlgcfh} fpav{ nlm }hpcud{' `t} }hd

fpatr }hn} c{ jdr} cl mnpjld{{ fpnmtnggs mcd{,

Cl vhckh jclfmai {hatgm }hd ldv {rdkcd{

`d kgn{{cdm1

N Dt`nk}dpcn

@ Etlfc

K Rgnl}nd

M Nlcingcn

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>; Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>;


36/127;4

^td{}cal >0

N rdp{al mpcud{ n knp tr }a n pncgpanm kpa{{clf nlm {}ar{, ]hd mpcudp c{ {}np}gdm `s }hd {atlm ae n }pncl

`gavclf c}{ vhc{}gd, ]hd mpcudp{ hdnp} pn}d ciidmcn}dgs clkpdn{d{' nlm }hd mpcudp c{ iapd ngdp}, Vhckh

àms {s{}di{ npd ia{} cluagudm cl knt{clf }hd mpcudp{ hdnp} pn}d nlm ngdp}ld{{ }a clkpdn{d n{ n pd{tg}ae {tmmdl epcfh}1

N [jdgd}ng nlm it{ktgnp

@ Ldpuat{ nlm dlmakpcld

K Kcpktgn}aps nlm dxkpd}aps

M Pd{rcpn}aps nlm cl}dftidl}nps

^td{}cal >;

Nl clkpdn{d cl }hd niatl} ae knpàl mcaxcmd cl }hd `gaam {}citgn}d{ }hd pd{rcpn}aps kdl}dp cl }hd

`pncl, N{ n pd{tg}' n id{{nfd c{ {dl} epai }hd `pncl }a }hd

N `palkhc' knt{clf }hdi }a lnppav cl mcnid}dp

@ mcnrhpnfi' knt{clf nl clkpdn{d cl }hd `pdn}hclf pn}d

K ngudagc' knt{clf }hdi }a nk}cudgs }pnl{rap} axsfdl

M gtlf{' knt{clf n mdkpdn{d cl }hd `pdn}hclf pn}d

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>;

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>;

Ln{ng rn{{nfd

Kdpd`pti

Kdpd`dggti

@pncl {}diRhnpslx

]pnkhdn

@palkhc

Gtlf

Hdnp}

Mcnrhpnfi

Ngudagc

Aòdk}cud 0


37/127

Aòdk}cud 0

;5

^td{}cal >=

@gaam }srd c{ md}dpicldm `s inpjdp iagdktgd{ al }hd {tpenkd ae pdm `gaam kdgg{, N rdp{al{ `gaam

rgn{in ins kal}ncl nl}càmcd{ eap nls inpjdp iagdktgd{ }hn} hc{ ap hdp `gaam kdgg{ gnkj, ]hd{d

nl}càmcd{ pdkaflczd `gaam kdgg{ vc}h eapdcfl inpjdp iagdktgd{ nlm knt{d }hdi }a kgtir }afd}hdp,[tkh kgtirclf knl pd{tg} cl {dpcat{ idmckng rpa`gdi{, Eap }hc{ pdn{al' nkktpn}d `gaam }srclf c{

udps cirap}nl} `deapd n rn}cdl} pdkdcud{ n `gaam }pnl{et{cal,

Vhckh `gaam }srd{ katgm `d {nedgs maln}dm }a n rdp{al vha hn{ n `gaam }srd ae @1

N @ ap A

@ @ ap N@*

K @' @*' ap A

M @' @*' N@' ap N@*

Nl{vdp Jds? rnfd >>=

@gaam ]srd{' Inpjdp Iagdktgd{' nlm Nl}càmcd{

@gaamInpjdp al Ra}dl}cng

]srdPdm @gaam Nl}càmcd{ cl

Kdgg{ Rgn{in

ALald Nl}c)N' Nl}c)@'

Nl}c)Ph

A* Ph Nl}c)N' Nl}c)@

N N Nl}c)@' Nl}c)PhN* N' Ph Nl}c)@

@ @ Nl}c)N' Nl}c)Ph

@* @' Ph Nl}c)N

N@ N' @ Nl}c)Ph

N@* N' @' Ph Lald


38/127;6

Vnc} n iclt}d. Vhn} ni C {trra{dm }a mdial{}pn}d1

Apfnlc{i{ mal} gcud cl c{agn}cal, Ngg gcuclf }hclf{ mdrdlm al }hdcpdlucpalidl} nlm a}hdp apfnlc{i{ eap {tpucung, ]hd dlucpalidl} hn{nl deedk} al clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{ nlm al rartgn}cal{ ae apfnlc{i{,Sat lddm }a `d n`gd }a {hav }hn} sat jlav }hc{ pdgn}cal{hcr,

N rartgn}cal ae apfnlc{i{vhn}{ }hn}1

Nrartgn}cal c{ n fpatr ae apfnlc{i{ }hn} `dgalf }a }hd {nid {rdkcd{'gcud cl }hd {nid npdn' nlm `pddm vc}h a}hdp clmcucmtng{ cl }hd fpatr,Eap dxnirgd' }hdpd npd rartgn}cal{ ae htinl{' rartgn}cal{ ae {hnpj{'rartgn}cal{ ae anj }pdd{' nlm rartgn}cal{ ae ia{~tc}ad{,

C tlmdp{}nlm hav }hd dlucpalidl} needk}{ clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{'`t} hav mad{ }hd dlucpalidl} needk} dl}cpd rartgn}cal{1

Faam ~td{}cal. Clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{ hnud mceedpdlkd{' ap unpcn}cal{,

Enk}ap{ cl }hd dlucpalidl} {tkh n{ }hd niatl} ae eaam ap {rnkdknl injd ald unpcn}cal iapd enuapn`gd }hnl nla}hdp, Audp }cid }hdrartgn}cal vcgg hnud iapd clmcucmtng{ vc}h }hd enuapn`gd unpcn}cal,]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ knggdm ln}tpng {dgdk}cal,

]hd{d `dnp{ `dgalf }a }hd {nid {rdkcd{' `t} }hds hnud mceedpdl} etp kagap{`dknt{d ae fdld}ck unpcn}cal{, ]hd mnpjdp etp kagap ins `d iapd enuapn`gdcl kdp}ncl dlucpalidl}{' nlm }hd gcfh}dp etp kagap ins `d iapd enuapn`gd cla}hdp{,

]hd {}tmdl} vcgg mdial{}pn}d nl tlmdp{}nlmclf ae }hd cl}dpmdrdlmdlkd

ae apfnlc{i{ nlm }hd dlucpalidl},

A`odk}cud ;

Epai satp {}tmcd{ cl cagafs' sat {hatgm `dn gd }a mdial{}pn}d }hd cl}dpmdrdlmdlkdae apfnlc{i{ nlm }hd dlucpalidl},

Mcm sat jlav1

N {clfgd {vnpi ae PakjsIatl}ncl gakt{}{ vn{d{}cin}dm }a kal}ncl >0,4

}pcggcal cl{dk}{, ]hn}{ ngnpfd rartgn}cal.

Pdidi`dp.

N {rdkcd{ c{ n fpatr aeapfnlc{i{ }hn} npdknrn`gd ae cl}dp`pddmclfnlm rpamtkclf edp}cgdaee{rpclf,

Rha}aMc{k Rntg N, [atmdp{!KAP@C[


39/127

Aòdk}cud ;

;8

Duagt}cal nlm ln}tpng {dgdk}cal npd jclm ae }hd {nid }hclf' pcfh}1

La} dxnk}gs, Inls {}tmdl}{ npd kalet{dm nàt} }hd mceedpdlkd `d}vddlduagt}cal nlm ln}tpng {dgdk}cal, ]a duagud idnl{ }a khnlfd audp }cid,[}np{ duagud' gnlftnfd{ duagud' nlm cl `cagafs' gcuclf }hclf{ duagud,Khnlfd cl }hd fdld}ck injdtr ae rartgn}cal{ nlm {rdkcd{ audp inls

fdldpn}cal{ pd{tg}{ cl duagt}cal, Ln}tpng {dgdk}cal c{ }hd rpakd{{ }hn}knt{d{ }hd{d khnlfd{,

Knl clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{ duagud1

La' }hds knl}, ]hd fdld}ck injdtr ae nl apfnlc{i mad{l} khnlfdmtpclf c}{ gced}cid' nlm clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{ mal} mdudgar rhs{ckngnmnr}n}cal{ }a }hdcp dlucpalidl}, ]hc{ idnl{ }hn} clmcucmtng apfnlc{i{knl} duagud, Havdudp' }hd fdld}ck injdtr ae n rartgn}cal mad{ khnlfdvc}h dnkh ldv fdldpn}cal' {a rartgn}cal{ knl duagud,

Knl sat }dgg id iapd nàt} }hd rpakd{{ ae ln}tpng {dgdk}cal1A,J,' apfnlc{i{ hnud mceedpdlkd{ cl clhdpc}dm khnpnk}dpc{}ck{' ap }pnc}{,Clmcucmtng{ vc}h rhs{ckng nlm `dhnucapng }pnc}{ }hn} npd `d}}dp {tc}dm }a}hd dlucpalidl} npd iapd gcjdgs }a {tpucud' pdrpamtkd' nlm rn{{ }ha{d}pnc}{ al }a }hdcp aee{rpclf, ]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ {aid}cid{ knggdm {tpucung ae}hd }}d{},

N{ }ha{d clmcucmtng{ vc}h enuapn`gd }pnc}{ rpamtkd iapd aee{rpclf' }hdenuapn`gd }pnc}{ `dkaid iapd kaiial cl }hd rartgn}cal, Audp inlsfdldpn}cal{' }hd fdld}ck injdtr ae n rartgn}cal knl khnlfd' ap duagud,]hd kalmc}cal{ cl }hd dlucpalidl} enuap }ha{d apfnlc{i{ }hn} npd `d{}{tc}dm }a {tpucud nlm pdrpamtkd, Audp }cid }hd rpakd{{ ae ln}tpng

{dgdk}cal knl gdnm }a khnlfd{ cl n {rdkcd{ ap }a }hd duagt}cal ae n ldv{rdkcd{,

N ldv {rdkcd{1 Hav knl }hn} hnrrdl1

Pdidi`dp }hn} n {rdkcd{ c{ n fpatr ae apfnlc{i{ }hn} npd knrn`gdae cl}dp`pddmclf nlm rpamtkclf edp}cgd aee{rpclf, Hdpd{ ald vns nldv {rdkcd{ knl eapi? }va rartgn}cal{ ae }hd {nid {rdkcd{ `dkaid{drnpn}dmrdphnr{ `s n iatl}ncl pnlfd' n pcudp' ap nl akdnl, ]hd{d{drnpn}d rartgn}cal{ npd dnkh nk}dm tral `s ln}tpng {dgdk}cal cl }hdcpavl dlucpalidl}, Ce }hd }va dlucpalidl}{ npd mceedpdl}' mceedpdl} }pnc}{vcgg dudl}tnggs `d rpd{dl} cl dnkh rartgn}cal, Ce }hd mceedpdlkd{ npd

fpdn} dlatfh }a rpdudl} cl}dp`pddmclf }hn} rpamtkd{ edp}cgd aee{rpclf'n ldv {rdkcd{ vcgg duagud, ]hc{ rpakd{{ c{ knggdm {rdkcn}cal,


40/127

[rdkcn}cal akktppdm vhdl }va rartgn}cal{ ae {~tcppdg{ `dknid {drnpn}dm `s}hd Fpnlm Knlsal, @dknt{d }hd {~tcppdg{ katgm la} kpa{{ }hd knlsal }acl}dp`pddm' }hd }va rartgn}cal{ duagudm mceedpdl}gs' dudl}tnggs eapiclf }vamceedpdl} {rdkcd{, ]hd Hnppc{{ nl}dgard {~tcppdg gcud{ al }hd {at}h {cmd ae }hd

Fpnlm Knlsal' nlm }hd vhc}d)}ncgdm nl}dgard {~tcppdg' vhckh c{ {inggdp nlmhn{ n {hap}dp }ncg' gcud{ al }hd lap}h {cmd, Tlgcjd }hn} ae }hd vhc}d)}ncgdmnl}dgard {~tcppdg' }hd tlmdp{cmd ae }hd Hnppc{{ nl}dgard {~tcppdg{ }ncg c{ mnpj,

Knl sat fcud id nl dxnirgd ae {aid ae }hd{d }pnc}{ sat jddr}ngjclf n`at}1

[tpd. N }pnc} c{ n rhs{ckng khnpnk}dpc{}ck ae nl apfnlc{i }hn} unpcd{ epaiald clmcucmtng }a nla}hdp, Nl clhdpc}dm }pnc} c{ ald }hn} c{ rn{{dm }a}hd ldx} fdldpn}cal cl fdld{, Dxnirgd{ ae clhdpc}dm }pnc}{ clkgtmd }hdkagap ae nl nlcing{ etp nlm }hd {hnrd ae n rgnl}{ gdnud{, Ngg apfnlc{i{'vhd}hdp }hds npd htinl{' rgnl}{' ap `nk}dpcn' hnud clhdpc}dm }pnc}{,

[aid ae satp{ npd }hd kagap ae satp hncp' }hd {hnrd ae satp dnp{' nlmsatp hdcfh}, Ng}hatfh {aid clhdpc}dm }pnc}{ npd kal}paggdm `s n {clfgdfdld' }hd clhdpc}nlkd ae a}hdp }pnc}{ knl `d udps kairgdx, ]hd{d }pnc}{npd ae}dl kal}paggdm `s inls mceedpdl} fdld{,

Cl n fcudl {d} ae dlucpalidl}ng kalmc}cal{' {aid clhdpc}dm }pnc}{ vcgg`d iapd enuapn`gd }hnl a}hdp{, Eap dxnirgd' cinfcld n rartgn}cal aepn``c}{' {aid ae vhckh hnud `pavl etp nlm {aid ae vhckh hnud vhc}detp, ]hd }pnc} ae vhc}d etp katgm `d nmunl}nfdat{ eap hcmclf epairpdmn}ap{ cl n {lavs dlucpalidl}' `t} cl nla}hdp dlucpalidl} c}katgm `d md}pcidl}ng,

KAP@C[ Khnpgd{ A}}!Rha}a Pd{dnpkhdp{' Clk,

Hnppc{{ Nl}dgard [~tcppdg Vhc}d)]ncgdm Nl}dgard [~tcppdg

A`odk}cud ;

;3


41/127

Aòdk}cud ;

=2

Vhn} nàt} rgnl}{1 Ma }hds hnud }pnc}{1 Ma }hds tlmdpfaln}tpng {dgdk}cal1

Sd{' rgnl}{ ng{a hnud }pnc}{ }hn} unps nialf clmcucmtng{, Eap }hc{ pdn{al'rgnl}{ tlmdpfa ln}tpng {dgdk}cal, Rgnl}{ vc}h enuapn`gd }pnc}{ npd iapdgcjdgs }a {tpucud nlm rpamtkd iapd aee{rpclf, ]hc{ dl{tpd{ }hn} }ha{d

}pnc}{ `dkaid iapd kaiial cl }hd rartgn}cal, Rgnl}{ hnud duagudmnmnr}n}cal{ }hn} nggav }hdi }a }hpcud cl ngia{} dudps dlucpalidl}epai md{dp}{ }a pncl eapd{}{,

Knl sat dxrgncl hav rgnl} {rdkcd{ hnud nmnr}dm }a }hdcp dlucpalidl}1

[tpd. Rgnl}{ vdpd apcfclnggs n~tn}ck, ]hds pdgcdm al nl n~tn}ckdlucpalidl} eap pdrpamtk}cal nlm a}hdp gced etlk}cal{, N{ rgnl}{ nmnr}dm}a mps gnlm' }hpdd apfnl {s{}di{ mdudgardm? paa}{' {}di{' nlm gdnud{,

Paa}{ hnud }va rpcinps etlk}cal{?

Paa}{ n`{ap` vn}dp nlm icldpng{, Paa}{ nlkhap n rgnl} pigs cl }hd fpatlm nlm rpaucmd {trrap},

]hd {}di hn{ }va rpcinps etlk}cal{?

]hd {}di rpaucmd{ n {trrap}clf epnidvapj eap gdnud{ nlm`pnlkhd{,

Xsgdi nlm rhgadi ptl }hpatfh }hd {}di gcjd n rgti`clf {s{}dinlm kalldk} }hd paa}{ }a }hd gdnud{,

]hd gdnud{ npd }hd incl apfnl{ ae rha}a{sl}hd{c{' vhckh idnl{ }hds?

cl}dpkdr} {tlgcfh} knr}tpd knpàl mcaxcmd

inltenk}tpd eaam eap }hd rgnl} cl }hd eapi ae fgtka{d

pdgdn{d vn}dp unrap }hpatfh }pnl{rcpn}cal

Inls rgnl} {rdkcd{ hnud duagudm {rdkcngczdm paa}{' {}di{' nlm gdnud{}hn} hdgr }hd rgnl} nmnr} }a c}{ dlucpalidl}, ]hd{d clkgtmd nmnr}n}cal{eap rpa}dk}cal nlm mdedl{d' vn}dp nlm lt}pcdl} {}apnfd' }pnrrclf nlmmcfd{}clf cl{dk}{' nlm udfd}n}cud (n{dxtng# pdrpamtk}cal,

Mcm sat jlav1

Un{ktgnp rgnl}{' vhckh

npd nmnr}dm }a gced algnlm' npd }hd maiclnl}fpatr ae rgnl}{ }amns,Iapd }hnl ;22'222{rdkcd{ hnud `ddlcmdl}cecdm,

Pdidi`dp.

Xsgdi nlm rhgadi npd n{dpcd{ ae }cls rcrd{ }hn}knpps in}dpcng{

}hpatfhat} }hd rgnl},Rhgadi }pnl{rap}{ eaam'

nlm xsgdi }pnl{rap}{vn}dp,


42/127

A`odk}cud ;

=>

]hd gdnud{ ae n Udlt{{)ffs}pnr npd nmnr}dmeap }pnrrclf nlm mcfd{}clf cl{dk}{,

Mnucm Nt`pds!KAP@C[

Lcngg @dlucd!KAP@C[

]hd {rcjs gdnud{ ae n }hc{}gd rgnl} hdgr

rpa}dk} c} epai hdp`cuapd{,

]hd gcfh}vdcfh} {ddm{ ae n mnlmdgcal npd

nmnr}dm eap mc{rdp{ng `s }hd vclm,

Onrnkj Kairnls!KAP@C[

]hd galf {}di{ ae n vn}dp gcgs kalldk} c}{ ffan}clfgdnud{ }a c}{ paa}{ n} }hd `a}}ai ae n gnjd ap ralm,

KAP@C[

Rgnl} Nmnr}n}cal{


43/127

A`odk}cud ;

=0

[aid md{dp} rgnl}{' eap dxnirgd' hnud paa}{ }hn} fpav mddr cl}a }hddnp}h }a pdnkh tlmdpfpatlm vn}dp {trrgcd{, A}hdp md{dp} rgnl}{ hnudpaa}{ }hn} dx}dlm eap galf mc{}nlkd{ ot{} `dgav }hd {tpenkd, ]hd{d rgnl}{knl ~tckjgs knr}tpd akkn{calng pnclengg, @a}h ae }hd{d nmnr}n}cal{ nggavmd{dp} rgnl}{ }a dxc{} cl n mps kgcin}d,

]srckng Paa} [}ptk}tpd{ ae Md{dp} Rgnl}{

Mcm sat jlav1

]hd paa}{ ae n vcgm ecf}pdd fpavclf cl [at}h

Nepckn fpdv }a nld{}cin}dm mdr}h ae>00 id}dp{n mc{}nlkdgalfdp }hnl n eaa}`ngg

ecdgm,


44/127

Pdidi`dp.

N`ca}ck idnl{ lalgcuclf,@ca}ck idnl{ gcuclf,

Aòdk}cud ;

=;

Vhs ma C lddm }a jlav nàt} rgnl}{1 Rgnl}{ mal} dudl iaud.

Knl sat cinfcld n vapgm vc}hat} rgnl}{1 C knl}. ]hclj nàt} }hdetlk}cal ae rgnl}{ cl }hd dlucpalidl}, Kal{cmdp }hd inls t{d{ae rgnl}{,

Rgnl}{ khnlfd }hd {tl{ dldpfs cl}a n eapi }hn} nlcing{ knl t{d'

{tkh n{ fgtka{d,

Rgnl}{ npd n {atpkd ae dldpfs nlm etdg' {tkh n{ vaam nlm kang,

Inls eaam{' {tkh n{ rarkapl' `pdnm' nlm icgj' npd inmdepai rgnl}{ ap epai nlcing{ }hn} dn} rgnl}{,

Rgnl}{ rpaucmd t{detg rpamtk}{' {tkh n{ vaam' rnrdp' kga}hclf'nlm idmckcld{,

Rgnl}{ knl needk} kgcin}d nlm rgns n pagd cl }hd vn}dp kskgd,

Rgnl}{ rgns nl cirap}nl} pagd cl }hd knpàl kskgd `s rpamtkclfaxsfdl, (Vdgg }ngj nàt} }hc{ gn}dp,#

Knl rgnl}{ nlm nlcing{ {tpucud al }hdcp avl1

Ngg gcuclf }hclf{clkgtmclf rgnl}{ nlm nlcing{mdrdlm al }hdcpdlucpalidl} nlm al a}hdp gcuclf }hclf{ eap {tpucung, Ngg }hd kairaldl}{ae nl dka{s{}di npd kalldk}dm,

Nl dka{s{}di1 Vhn}{ }hn}1

Nl dka{s{}di c{ nl cl}dpnk}cud {s{}di }hn} clkgtmd{ ngg rnp}{ ae }hdrhs{ckng dlucpalidl} (n`ca}ck enk}ap{' {tkh n{ }dirdpn}tpd' {acg' nlmvdn}hdp#, Nl dka{s{}di ng{a clkgtmd{ }hd dl}cpd kaiitlc}s ae

apfnlc{i{ }hn} gcud }hdpd (`ca}ck enk}ap{' {tkh n{ rgnl}{' nlcing{' etlfc'nlm `nk}dpcn#,

Ng}hatfh c}{ dn{s }a }hclj ae atp{dgud{ n{ `dclf {drnpn}d epai }hddlucpalidl}' vd npd nk}tnggs rnp} ae nl dka{s{}di, Htinl{ ae}dl {dd}hdi{dgud{ n{ clmdrdlmdl} ae ln}tpd' `t} la}hclf katgm `d etp}hdp epai}hd }pt}h, Vd mdrdlm al ln}tpd eap `n{ck pd{atpkd{ {tkh n{ eaam nlm{hdg}dp' kgdnl ncp' nlm kgdnl vn}dp, Gced knl dxc{} algs vc}hcl nldka{s{}di,

Vhn} fad{ al cl nl dka{s{}di1

Dldpfs ffav{ }hpatfh nl dka{s{}di' nlm in}}dp kskgd{ `d}vddl gcuclfnlm lalgcuclf }hclf{, Vc}hat} }hd{d }va rpakd{{d{ la gced vatgm `dra{{c`gd,


45/127

Aòdk}cud ;

==

Vhn} hnrrdl{ }a }hd dldpfs cl nl dka{s{}di1

Dldpfs ffav{ cl ald mcpdk}cal }hpatfh nl dka{s{}di, Fpddl rgnl}{kaludp} }hd {tl{ dldpfs }a eaam dldpfs (ra}dl}cng khdickng dldpfs#,Nlcing{ }hn} dn} }hd rgnl}{ npd }hd ldx} {}dr, ]hd{d nlcing{ npd dn}dl`s a}hdp nlcing{, N} dnkh gdudg cl n eaam khncl' kal{tidp{ kaludp}

{aid eaam dldpfs }a idkhnlckng dldpfs' vhckh c{ t{dm eap nk}cuc}cd{{tkh n{ ptllclf nlm `pdn}hclf, Havdudp' itkh ae }hd dldpfs {}apdm cleaam c{ t{dm eap id}nàgck rpakd{{d{' {tkh n{ incl}nclclf n kal{}nl}àms }dirdpn}tpd,

Cl enk}' algs nàt} >2 rdpkdl} ae }hd dldpfs n} nls gdudg cl n eaam khnclc{ }pnl{edppdm }a }hd ldx} gdudg, Cl iniing{' eap cl{}nlkd' ldnpgs hnge ae}hd dldpfs a`}ncldm epai eaam c{ ga{} }a }hd dlucpalidl} n{ hdn}, ]hc{c{ vhs }hdpd npd t{tnggs algs eatp gdudg{ cl n eaam khncl, Algs pnpdgsc{ }hdpd dlatfh dldpfs nuncgn`gd }a {trrap} n e}h gdudg, Nl dldpfsrspnicm {hav{ }hd pdgn}cud niatl} ae dldpfs nuncgn`gd n} dnkh gdudg,

Knplcuapd{ }hn} dn} knplcuapd{

Knplcuapd{ }hn} dn} hdp`cuapd{

Hdp`cuapd{

Rpamtkdp{

Dldpfs Rspnicm

Pdidi`dp.

Id}nàgc{i pdedp{ }a ngg}hd khdickng pdnk}cal{}hn} }njd rgnkd cl nlapfnlc{i,

Nl dldpfs rspnicm {hav{ }hd dldpfs {}apdm n} dnkh }parhck (eddmclf# gdudg cl nl dka{s{}di,


46/127

Aòdk}cud ;

=4

[rdkck dka{s{}di{ knl `d {}tmcdm `s gaajclf n} hav dldpfs ffav{}hpatfh mceedpdl} eddmclf gdudg{' {tkh n{rpamtkdp{' kal{tidp{' nlmmdkaira{dp{, ]hd{d eddmclf gdudg{ npd ng{a knggdm }parhck gdudg{, Gc{}dm`dgav npd {aid jds kalkdr}{ nàt} }hd ffav ae dldpfs cl nl dka{s{}di?

Apfnlc{i{ kal}ncl ra}dl}cng khdickng dldpfs {}apdm cl apfnlck

iagdktgd{ {tkh n{ {tfnp{' {}npkhd{' en}{' nlm rpa}dcl{, ]hd eddmclf pdgn}cal{hcr{ cl nl dka{s{}di knl `d {havl cl n

eaam vd`' vhckh kal{c{}{ ae inls cl}dpkalldk}dm eaam khncl{,

Ngg eaam khncl{ nlm eaam vd`{ `dfcl vc}h rpamtkdp{,

Dldpfs iaud{ }hpatfh dka{s{}di{ cl eaam khncl{ nlm eaam vd`{dudps }cid nl apfnlc{i dn}{ nla}hdp apfnlc{i,

Dldpfs knlla} `d pdkskgdm,

]hc{ fpn{{gnlm eaam vd` c{ inmd tr ae rpamtkdp{' kal{tidp{ (hdp`cuapd{'knplcuapd{' nlm {knudlfdp{#' nlm mdkaira{dp{, [knudlfdp{ {tkh n{utg}tpd{ eddm al }hd pdincl{ ae mdnm nlcing{, Mdkaira{dp{ {tkh n{`nk}dpcn nlm etlfc mdkaira{d mdnm apfnlc{i{ nlm }hdcp vn{}d{,

[knudlfdp{

Knplcuapd{

Hdp`cuapd{

Rpamtkdp{

Mdkaira{dp{

Utg}tpd{

Gcal{ Khdd}nh{

_d`pn{ @nàal{

Fpn{{d{ Nknkcn }pdd{

Etlfc @nk}dpcn

Cirngn{ Fcpneed{

Rnp}cng Nepcknl Fpn{{gnlm Eaam Vd`

Pdidi`dp.

Cl e

a

a

m

k

h

n

c

l

{

nlm e

a

a

mv

d

`

{

' nppav{ ngvns{racl} epai }hd apfnlc{i

}hn} c{ kal{tidm }a }hdkal{tidp, Nppav{ {hav

}hd egav ae in}}dp nlmdldpfs,


47/127

Aòdk}cud ;

=5

A,J,' lav }dgg id hav in}}dp iaud{ }hpatfh nl dka{s{}di,

Cl nl dka{s{}di' in}}dp kskgd{ }hpatfh à}h n`ca}ck kairaldl}{' {tkhn{ vn}dp nlm ncp' nlm `ca}ck kairaldl}{' {tkh n{ rgnl}{ nlm nlcing{,N{ in}}dp c{ kskgdm }hpatfh nl dka{s{}di' c} ae}dl khnlfd{ khdicknggs,Knpàl kairatlm{ npd n faam dxnirgd,

Hav mad{ knpàl fd} pdkskgdm cl nl dka{s{}di1

Knpàl kairatlm{ npd eatlm cl }hd kdgg{ ae ngg gcuclf }hclf{, Rpamtkdp{t{d knpàl mcaxcmd epai }hd n}ia{rhdpd }a injd {tfnp{ nlm {}npkhd{'vhckh npd knpàl)kal}nclclf iagdktgd{, Rpamtkdp{ ng{a injd rpa}dcl{nlm gcrcm{nfncl' kairatlm{ }hn} kal}ncl knpàl, Kal{tidp{ }hn} dn}rgnl}{ ap a}hdp apfnlc{i{ t{d }hd{d knpàl kairatlm{ eap ldv fpav}hnlm eap kdggtgnp pd{rcpn}cal, Knpàl mcaxcmd c{ pdgdn{dm `nkj }a }hdn}ia{rhdpd n{ n vn{}d rpamtk} ae kdggtgnp pd{rcpn}cal,

Mcm sat jlav1

Iapd }hnl 32 rdpkdl}ae ngg jlavl khdickngkairatlm{ kal}nclknpàl, Nàt} >8rdpkdl} ae satp àmsin{{ c{ kaira{dm ae

}hd dgdidl} knpàl,]hd Knpàl McaxcmdAxsfdl Kskgd

Rgnl}{ pdgdn{d axsfdlmtpclf rha}a{sl}hd{c{,

Rgnl}{ }njd clknpàl mcaxcmd

mtpclfrha}a{sl}hd{c{,

Nlcing{`pdn}hd claxsfdl,

Nlcing{

`pdn}hd at}knpàl mcaxcmd,


48/127

A`odk}cud ;

=6

Vhdl nl apfnlc{i mcd{' mdkaira{dp{ }njd audp, Mdkaira{dp{ {tkh n{etlfc nlm kdp}ncl `nk}dpcn t{d }hd knp`al kairatlm{ cl

TAKS Science Study Guide

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