TAKS OBJECTIVE 2TAKS OBJECTIVE 2

Levels of organization:Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells

Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Populations Communities Biosphere

There are Eight Categories: • Domain• Kingdom• Phylum • Class• Order• Family • Genus• species

You probably learned it as: “Did King Popeye come over for green spinach?”

Two Major Types of Cells

A prokaryotic cell

A eukaryotic cell

Have a nucleus?

PRO – NO!

EUKS have – NUKES

Cell energy:Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water+ Energy)

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG from sun C6H12O6 + 6O2

( Carbon dioxide + Water + NRG Glucose + Oxygen )

Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG

• Occurs in mitochondria of almost all living things

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide plus Water produces Glucose and Oxygen

Animal and Plant Cells Have More Similarities Than Differences

Nucleus

Nuclear Membrane

ER

Ribosomes

The LysosomeDigests food or cellular invaders

Recycles cell components

Cellular suicide

Mitochondria

Animal vs. Plant Cells – Chloroplasts Are a Big Part of the Difference

Chloroplasts – the solar panel of the plant cell

Two other unique features of plant cells

Transport of Nutrients Across the Cell membrane

• Cell membranes are selectively permeable – they allow only certain things to pass through them

• Homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment amid changes outside

• Passive Transport – requires no energy.

– Diffusion - particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low

concentration.

– Osmosis – diffusion of water.

Passive Transport – no energy needed

Hypertonic – cell gets skinny. Higher concentration of solute outside the cell so water moves out.

Hypotonic – cell gets larger. Higher concentration of solute inside the cell so water moves in

Isotonic – water continually moves in and out, no overall change. The concentration of solute is the same inside and outside of the cell.

Active Transport – energy needed

Active Transport – energy needed

Phagocytosis –food

Pinocytosis-liquid

• DNA:• Made of nucleotides:

– Sugar (deoxyribose)– Phosphate– Base

• 4 different bases:– Guanine– Cytosine– Adenine – Thymine

• Guanine always pairs with Cytosine Adenine always pairs with Thymine

• GoCAT – G-C and A-T

• Genetic Information:DNA• Strand 1: TACTTTAGTAAC• Strand 2: ATGAAATCATTG

DNA Copied – REPLICATION

• RNA:• Made of nucleotides

(Sugar, phosphate, base)

• Sugar is Ribose• Bases: Guanine,

Cytosine, Adenine and Uracil (not thymine)

• G-C-A-U• Single Stranded

Protein Synthesis(Making Proteins): TRANSCRIPTION

• Code is recopied (DNA RNA)• DNA strand: TACTTTAGTAAC mRNA strand: AUGAAAUCAUUG• So the message can leave the nucleus and

go to the ribosome

Protein Synthesis: TRANSLATION

• mRNA message (codon) is read by the ribosome

• tRNA with anticodon brings in amino acid• Amino acid is removed to add to the protein

and the ribosome moves to the next codon

Protein Synthesis

UU

GGAACC

AACCUU GGAACCUU

GG

AACC

UU

GG

AACCUU

GG UUGGAA CC UU

GG AACCUU

GGAA

CC

UU

GGAACC

AACCUU

GG

AACC

UU

GG

AA CC UUGG

AA CC UUGG AA CC UUGGAACCUU

GG

AACCUU

GG

AACC

UU

GG

AACC

UU

GG

AACCUU

GG

AACCUU

GG

AACCUU GG

TyptophanTyptophan

ProlineProline

StopStopTyrosin

e

Tyrosin

eSerinSerin

ee

Leuc

iLe

uci

nenePhen

ylPh

enyl

al-

al-

anin

ean

ineGlycine

Glycine

Glutamic

Glutamic

AcidAcid

Aspartic

Aspartic

AcidAcid

AlanineAlanine

ValineValine

LeucineLeucine

Thre

onin

e

Thre

onin

e

Aspara

gine

Aspara

gine

ArginineArginine

Histdine

Histdine

Isol

euci

neIs

oleu

cine

Glutamine

Glutamine

SerineSerine

LysineLysine

Met

hion

ine

Met

hion

ine Arginine

Arginine

mRNA CodonmRNA Codon

mRNA CodonmRNA Codon mRNA CodonmRNA Codon

mRNA CodonmRNA Codon

anticodonanticodon

tRNA

tRNA

VAL

anticodonanticodon

tRNA

tRNA

SER

anticodonanticodon

tRNA

tRNA

PRO

anticodonanticodon

tRNA

tRNA

MET

This Is the “start” codon and begins the amino

acid chain.

CysteinCystein

eeStopStop

• Mutation – a change in a DNA sequence, which can lead to a change in RNA, which can lead to a change in an amino acid which can lead to a change in a protein.

– Point Mutation - is a mutation in a single base pair. Ex: Sickle-cell anemia

– Deletion – affects more than one base, and changes the whole code.

– Insertion – also affects more than one base, changes the whole code.

• These can be harmful, even fatal• Sometimes the mutation can be helpful and help the

offspring survive better in their environment

GENETICS: For each of your traits you get one allele

from your mother, and another allele from your father. You have 2 copies of most genes

• Genotype – tells you which alleles an organism has (the letters like “g”)

• Phenotype – tells you what the organism looks like

Different Genotypes Can Produce the Same Phenotype

Dominant – trait that usually shows up – For example, the trait shown by “P” would be seen whether the alleles were “PP” (homozygous) or “Pp (heterozygous) - purpleRecessive – trait that is only seen if both recessive alleles (pp) are present - white

• Digestive - Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

• Nervous - Detects changes outside and inside your body and controls the way you respond to these changes

• Skeletal - Helps us move, protects internal organs, gives your body shape and support. It also stores minerals and produces red blood cells

• Endocrine - Produces chemical messengers called hormones. Some hormones help control homeostasis, others control growth and development

• Reproductive - In males sperm are produced, in females eggs are produced

• Integumentary (Skin) - Forms a protective barrier, prevents water loss, controls body temperature, and gathers information about surroundings

• Immune - Protects the body from infection

• Circulatory - Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste from cells.

• Respiratory - Moves oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.

• Muscular - Responsible for voluntary movements (jumping) and involuntary movements (breathing)

• Excretory - Removes waste from body and maintains homeostasis

• Lymphatic - Returns leaked fluid to the circulatory system. It also filters bacteria and other microorganisms from this fluid

Homeostasis • This is the maintenance of the normal

operating conditions of an organism. • Control of body temperature, pulse rate,

blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output, digestive absorption, metabolism rate, growth rate and hormone levels all need to be maintained.

Structural System - 1• Bones are to

– Support & structure – Make blood cells – Allow movement – Muscle attachments– Ligaments hold joints

together

Structural System – 2• 3 types of muscles – Smooth, involuntary – Striated, voluntary – Cardiac, heart muscle

somewhat like both above

• Allow for movement • Attached by tendons

above and below joints

Nervous System - 1Consists of brain and

spinal chord Voluntary, you control

and choose Involuntary, allows parts

to keep functioning without you knowing

Nerve cells send and receive information . .

Nervous System - 2• Involuntary is controlled

by the medulla oblongata of the brain.

• This is how you keep breathing while sleeping and digest food without thinking about it.

Circulatory System - 1

This system helps to connect many other systems as it provides the transport of substances from one organ to another. Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in what it needs and get rid of waste. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry it back to the heart. The heart pumps the blood

Circulatory System - 2

• The top parts of the heart receive blood – Atrium

• The bottom two are very muscular and pump the blood – Ventricles

• Two contractions, right ventricle pumps to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps to the body and brain.

Immune System - 1• Your immune system protects you from

infections and illness • 1st Order Non-specific includes skin,

mucous membranes, cilia of trachea and bronchi, stomach acid, tears

• 2nd Order includes the inflammatory response (swelling, redness due to histamine release), fever, white blood cells such as phagocytes and macrophages destroying the pathogens and infected tissue cells.

Immune System - 2• Two main types of

immunity • ACTIVE – body makes its

own antibodies after being sick - permanent OR a vaccination to help your body make antibodies

• PASSIVE – injection with antibodies, or transferred from mother to unborn baby