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T2K TPC Conceptual DesignT2K TPC Conceptual Design

Dean Karlen, U. Victoria & TRIUMFDean Karlen, U. Victoria & TRIUMF(representing the T2K ND280m TPC group)(representing the T2K ND280m TPC group)

T2K collaboration meeting at KEKT2K collaboration meeting at KEKMarch 11, 2005March 11, 2005

March 11, 2005March 11, 2005 T2K TPC Conceptual DesignT2K TPC Conceptual Design 22

OverviewOverviewAt the previous T2K collaboration meeting At the previous T2K collaboration meeting (August 2004) the Time Projection Chamber (August 2004) the Time Projection Chamber concept was presented to the collaboration concept was presented to the collaboration for the first timefor the first time–– since then, much progress has been madesince then, much progress has been made

This presentation:This presentation:–– Summary of the TPC concept as it appears in the Summary of the TPC concept as it appears in the

current CDR draftcurrent CDR draftincludes updates from presentations at the March 7 includes updates from presentations at the March 7 TPC meeting from TPC meeting from FabriceFabrice RetiereRetiere, , IsseiIssei Kato, Marco Kato, Marco ZitoZito, Alain , Alain DelbarDelbar, Denis , Denis CalvetCalvet, , AnselmoAnselmo CerveraCervera, D.K. , D.K.


Introduction to the TPC systemIntroduction to the TPC systemPrimary purpose: to provide the most Primary purpose: to provide the most accurate estimate of the accurate estimate of the ννµµ spectrum by spectrum by measuring measuring µµ momentamomenta from CCQE from CCQE interactions in the other ND280m detectorsinteractions in the other ND280m detectors–– at the peak of the at the peak of the ννµµ spectrum, the energy spectrum, the energy

resolution is limited by Fermi motion to about resolution is limited by Fermi motion to about 10%10%

The TPC momentum resolution goal is The TPC momentum resolution goal is therefore: therefore: δδp/pp/p < 10% for < 10% for momentamomenta below below ~ 1 ~ 1 GeV/cGeV/c


Introduction to the TPC systemIntroduction to the TPC systemOther purposes:Other purposes:–– provide valuable information for other neutrino provide valuable information for other neutrino

interaction events in the FGD planesinteraction events in the FGD planesdetermine charges, measure determine charges, measure momentamomentadistinguish electrons / protons / distinguish electrons / protons / muons+pionsmuons+pions

–– distinguish the products of interactions within distinguish the products of interactions within the FGD the FGD fiducialfiducial volume from other particlesvolume from other particles

egeg. neutrino interactions in magnet iron or ECAL will . neutrino interactions in magnet iron or ECAL will produce many particles entering the produce many particles entering the fiducialfiducial volumevolume

–– provide samples of a few thousand neutrinoprovide samples of a few thousand neutrino--gas gas events/year that can be used to study low events/year that can be used to study low energy energy hadronhadron productionproduction


TPC geometryTPC geometryTo fit the geometry of the UA1 magnet, the To fit the geometry of the UA1 magnet, the TPC must be rectangularTPC must be rectangularTo surround the FGD planes, several TPC To surround the FGD planes, several TPC modules need to be constructedmodules need to be constructedTo achieve the momentum resolution, To achieve the momentum resolution, ~60 cm track length required~60 cm track length required

Outer dimensions of the current concept:Outer dimensions of the current concept:2.5 m 2.5 m ×× 2.5 m 2.5 m ×× 0.9 m (0.9 m (νν direction)direction)


Gas choiceGas choiceWith the relatively low magnetic field, best With the relatively low magnetic field, best momentum resolution will be achieved with momentum resolution will be achieved with a gas of intrinsically low diffusiona gas of intrinsically low diffusionSome gases under consideration:Some gases under consideration:


Gas choiceGas choiceA gas mixture with very high COA gas mixture with very high CO22concentration is disfavoured because concentration is disfavoured because it enhances the attachment of electrons it enhances the attachment of electrons by Oby O22::


Field cage and gas containmentField cage and gas containmentDesign goals:Design goals:–– Drift field: 100 V/cm Drift field: 100 V/cm –– 400 V/cm400 V/cm

uniform at level of 10uniform at level of 10--44

all surface fields < 20 kV/cmall surface fields < 20 kV/cm

–– Central cathode at 10 Central cathode at 10 –– 40 kV, outer surface at 40 kV, outer surface at groundground

strong, reliable electrical isolationstrong, reliable electrical isolation

–– Good gas sealGood gas seallimit Olimit O22 contamination to < 10 contamination to < 10 ppmppm

–– Simple, repeatable construction methodsSimple, repeatable construction methodsseveral modules (plus spare) neededseveral modules (plus spare) needed


Field cage conceptField cage conceptDouble wall design Double wall design –– a box within a boxa box within a box

gas envelope: helps gas purity, field uniformity, thermal gas envelope: helps gas purity, field uniformity, thermal insulation, allows relatively simple wall construction method, insulation, allows relatively simple wall construction method, avoids the risk of HV breakdown of a solid insulatoravoids the risk of HV breakdown of a solid insulator

March 11, 2005 T2K TPC Conceptual Design10

Very good field uniformity399.98 < |Ex| (V/cm) < 400.02

E field calculations by Juergen Wendland using FEMLAB

From presentation by

Fabrice Retiere, TRIUMF


Wall properties

One wall for gas containmentOne wall carrying field defining stripsMaterial: rohacell with copper clad G10 skins

0.26kg0.04%75 mmFlash gap

15.66 kg2.84%~ 10 cmTotal

1.9 kg0.3%2 cm2 Rohacellsheets

1.3 kg0.5%80 µm4 Cu planes or strips

12.2 kg2%4 mm4 G10 sheets

WeightRad lengthwidth

Not to scale

Roh

acel

l

Roh

acel

l

G10Cu


Draw copper strip pattern with a router.

Drill groove through the copper/G10Precision ~50 microns

To be tested for reproducibility

Router will be purchased by TRIUMF


Field at the corners. Zoom

Best compromise4-6 cm radius

2 cm radius 4 cm radius

6 cm radius


STARFlashing the central cathode

Prossimple

ConsFull drift length: integrate all distortions


Prototyping this concept


Field cage material cost estimate

51.3 kC$Total

1.5 kC$3?500 C$/galGlue

7.8 kC$61300 C$Aluminum lids

18 kC$60 (51)300 C$4x8ft Rohacell51IG

24 kC$120 (102)200 C$4x8ft Copper clad G10

Total for 3 TPCs

Number for 3 TPCs

Unit cost


Gas system conceptGas system conceptGas envelope: flushed with COGas envelope: flushed with CO22

Drift volume: A Drift volume: A recirculatingrecirculating system with system with filters to maintain low Ofilters to maintain low O22 levelslevelsDesigned to follow atmospheric pressureDesigned to follow atmospheric pressure–– to avoid distortion of field cage structuresto avoid distortion of field cage structures

I. Kato: T2K TPC Conceptual Design on March 11, 2005 18

• Ar/CO2 gas mixture is assumed.• This is described on CDR.

– Ar/CO2 tanks– Buffer tank– Purifiers/Filters– Mass flow meters/controllers– Exhaust manifolds– Differential pressure control– Gas recycling

By R. Openshaw(TRIUMF)

Preliminary Drawing of Gas Handling SystemPreliminary Drawing of Gas Handling System


Issei Kato, TRIUMF


Preliminary Design of Gas System (simplified)Preliminary Design of Gas System (simplified)

Flush Gap Exhaust Manifold

in liquid

BufferTank

Purifiers/ Filters

Exhaust

Ar

CO2

30 litter/min

60 litter/min

O2 monitor

Chamber Exhaust Manifold

1bar

Drift volume gasFlush gap gas

0.4–0.7bar

0.4–0.7bar


Rough Cost EstimationsRough Cost Estimations

*1 : Depends dramatically on purity requirement*2 : assume medium accuracy*3 : tubing, manifolds, buffer tanks, power supplies, fittings, hardware, racks, valves, slow control readout,

pressure relief bubblers, etc., are not included. The cost of the purifier/filter unit(s) is at this point uncertain.

$107k ±20k

$10,000

$10,000

$10,000

$10,000

$3,000

$4,000

$15,000

$45,000

total costs note#unitsunit price

Subtotal*3

1$10,000H2O Analyzer

1$10,000O2 Analyzer

$10,000Misc.

2$5,000Pump

for pump and other line pressure6$500Pressure Xducer (cheap)

for exhaust manifold pressure2$2,000*2Pressure Xducer

1$15,000*1Purifier/Filter

15$3,000Mass Flow Controller/Meter

March 11, 2005T2K Coll. MeetingMarch 8 2004

T2K TPC Conceptual DesignMarco Zito

21

Gas amplificationGEM

OR

MICROMEGAS

Both concepts have been built and proven to work (COMPASS) Minor advantages/drawbacks each : Both need to tackle the large surface, multidetectors problem (dead zones, mechanics, etc) !Decision to be taken at the end of 2005 (performance, cost, robustness, flexibility, …)

From presentation byMarco Zito, Saclay

March 11, 2005T2K Coll. MeetingMarch 8 2004

T2K TPC Conceptual DesignMarco Zito

22

Common micropattern issue

• For the two techniques, large scale active area has to be proven :

• - segmentation and dead zones • - dead zones impact on Electric field uniformity on edges• - gain uniformity on large surfaces• - gain cross calibration (gain cross-calibration between

different detectors)

Saclay / Readout plane design T2K-280 m/TPC KEK meeting, 07/03/2005 A. Delbart 23/25

DAPNIA

Saclay

A possible TPC readout plane

X/X0 radiation length estimation and minimization in progress

MechanicalDead zones

14 modules

Support withfixing

& gas tightness

Dimensions in mm

From

pre

sent

ation

by

Alain

Delb

art,

Sacla

y


DAPNIA

Saclay

Mechanical dead zones

Fixing holesHorizontal Deadzones

Vertical Dead zonesHorizontal

misalignment to prevent high energy

tracks from being lost

MM

EG

AS

1M

ME

GA

S2

2

Total dead zone=

Mechanics + vacrel frame (10 mm)+ local E distorsions

10Dimensions in mm

Saclay

Micromesh


DAPNIA

Saclay

Micromegas « Bulk » at SACLAYVacrel laminator

Vacrel Insulator

1

2

Vacrel development

Vacrel heating

3

4


DAPNIA

Saclay

Exploded view of a 27x26 cm2 Micromegas module (1)

Ref : J-Ph Mols

vacrel

vacrel

Woven mesh

Pads PCB

FR4

seal

support

FEC

« bulk » Micromegas


DAPNIA

Saclay

4 Micromegas modules prototype

Cover with drift electrodeFor dust protectionAnd gain calibration

Saclay


DAPNIA

Saclay

6 readout planes funding estimate

Estimated Unit cost Qty Total CostMechanical support plane (+1 spare)

Matter (aluminum) (7x200 kg) 0,01 k€ 1400 14,0 k€ Manufacturing (20h/plane) 0,05 k€ 140 7,0 k€

without seals, screws . . . For mounting

Readout plane support SUBTOTAL 21,0 k€ (10%) 3,0 k€ / planeMechanical support (+16 spares) 57,0 k€

Matter (aluminum) (100x7 kg) 0,01 k€ 700 7,0 k€ Manufacturing (20h/module) 0,05 k€ 1000 50,0 k€

Seals 0,03 k€ 100 3,0 k€ Cover (with drift electrodes) 0,10 k€ 100 10,0 k€ Screws, gas connectors . . . 3,0 k€

Micromegas support modules SUBTOTAL 130,0 k€ (61%) 1,3 k€ / moduleAnode PCBs (+16 spares) 0,50 k€ 100 50,0 k€ Woven meshes (2x0,5 m2/4 modules) 0,27 k€ 25 6,7 k€ HV connectors, photoresist, . . . 5,0 k€

Micromegas structure SUBTOTAL 61,7 k€ (29%) 0,6 k€ / module

Micromegas readout plane TOTAL cost 213 k€

With 20% safety margin 255 k€

Investment cost estimate for 6 readout planes of 2x7 Micromegas modules

And HV power supply to estimate . . .

+ Manpower (Eng.year)

5x3x150k€ = 2.25 M€

March 11, 2005

29HARP Field cageHARP Field cageStesalit cylinder of 80/82 cm inner/outer diameter and 201 cm length Maximum drift length 154 cmField shaping integrated on gas envelope: a structure of electrodes, each kept at a precise degrading potential


Anselmo Cervera, Geneva

March 11, 2005

30Prototype layoutPrototype layout

We have to attack the problem of mounting two modules side-by-sideReduce the dead space to <1 cm (~0.6 cm, Saclay)Study how to bring services inside

26cm

Ø=80cm

8x8 mmpads

6x10 mmpads

53cm

32cm

39cm


Electronics and data acquisitionElectronics and data acquisitionFront end ASIC design underway at Front end ASIC design underway at SaclaySaclayFeatures of system:Features of system:–– selectable preselectable pre--amp gainamp gain–– selectable shaping time and sampling frequencyselectable shaping time and sampling frequency

accommodates many gas optionsaccommodates many gas options

–– analog buffer (SCA)analog buffer (SCA)–– 10 bit digitization10 bit digitization–– digital bufferdigital buffer–– communication through optical linkscommunication through optical links–– low noiselow noise–– low power consumptionlow power consumption

32The electronic front end for the T2K experiment

ARCHITECTURE OF THE ASIC

512 cells

SCAFILTER

200ns<tpeak<4us

CSA

2 or 4 Cf1 channel

x64

64 to 1 BUFFER

SLOW CONTROLTEST SCA MANAGER

Start or Stop CK

Write: 1 to 50 MHzRead: 25 MHzSerial Interface Trigger CK

ADC

In Test

From presentation byDenis Calvet, Saclay

33The electronic front end for the T2K experiment

Estimated dimension = 60mm²Expected rms noise level < ~ ENC = 200 e- +10 e-/pF (ts=1µs)Expected Power = 3 mW / Channel (3.3V)

ASIC SPECIFICATION

Planning:Conceptual design of the Front end: Schematic & layout in the end of 2005 (9 months)

Reception ASIC : April or June 2006 (duration of process: 3 months)

Test of the ASIC: 2 or 3 months (in laboratory; with detector ???)

1. If o.k: Production in beginning of 20072. If redesign : 2 months & reception in beginning of 2007

Test of the production: 3 months ???

[email protected] 34 KEK, 7-10 March 2005

Logical Read-Out Flow

Architecture principles• Front-end ASIC with analog memory (Switch Capacitor Array)• ADC + digital buffer stage on-detector • Multiple optical fibers send data to off-detector concentrators• Interface to common DAQ via standard network

Pre-amp and shapersSamplers and analog memory buffers

Analog to digital conversion

Digital buffer

Data concentration

Detector Pads

Front-endASICs

On-detectorelectronics

Optical fibers

1-4 Tbaud*/s peak*1 baud = 10 bit

~2 ms retention max.

20 Gbaud/s peak

200 Gbit/s peak

~1 Gbit/s averaged

Shared DAQ system0.1-1 Gbit/sStandard LAN

connection(s)

[email protected] 35 KEK, 7-10 March 2005

Resources and Manpower

3002 x 1-Integration

27 FTE

-

2 x 3

2 x 3

2 x 3

2 x 3+1 (testbench)

Laboratory Manpower

(FTE x year)

Total Cost(1 FTE= 150 k€)

Components & Manufacturing Cost

(k€)

Electronics for TPCs

1100130Analog Front-End Cards(370 cards)

98515Off-detector Concentrator Cards(10 cards)

99020Digital Front-End Cards(100 cards)

~4.7 M€~6.5 oku-yen

375 k€Total

4040Crates, Low voltage power supplies, Cables, etc

1220170ASIC design, test and production(3 runs; 2000 chips)

• Estimate for 86,000 channels • Not included: detectors and mechanics, HV power supplies, travel

expenses, etc.


Expected performanceExpected performanceStudy of Study of muonmuon momentum resolution has momentum resolution has been performed using full simulation and been performed using full simulation and reconstruction programs:reconstruction programs:–– adapted from Linear Collider TPC R&D project adapted from Linear Collider TPC R&D project --

reproduces results from prototype GEMreproduces results from prototype GEM--TPCsTPCs–– NEUT events used as input, GEANT3 propagates NEUT events used as input, GEANT3 propagates

particles across gas in uniform magnetic field, particles across gas in uniform magnetic field, energy loss converted to electrons, transport to energy loss converted to electrons, transport to endplate, generates digitized signalsendplate, generates digitized signals

–– reconstruction program: track fitter using reconstruction program: track fitter using digitized signals on pads digitized signals on pads


Simulation geometrySimulation geometry

60 cm

120 cm60 cm

ν

E, B

interactions occurat edge of TPC

δ rays included:

Example events:

track fitshown


MuonMuon samplesampleonly forward only forward muonsmuons consideredconsideredforward peak forward peak –– high pt high pt muonsmuons


Resolution: 8 mm Resolution: 8 mm ×× 8 mm pads8 mm pads

–– shown below for 4 ranges of ptshown below for 4 ranges of pt–– Tails are predominantly due to large Tails are predominantly due to large tan(lambdatan(lambda))

truetruefit /)( ttt ppp −

0 – 0.2 GeV/c 0.4 – 0.6 GeV/c

0.2 – 0.4 GeV/c 0.6 – 0.8 GeV/c


Comparison of pad geometriesComparison of pad geometries

(a) 6 mm (a) 6 mm ×× 6 mm6 mm(b) 8 mm (b) 8 mm ×× 8 mm8 mm(c) 10 mm (c) 10 mm ×× 10 mm10 mm

(d) 12 mm (d) 12 mm ×× 12 mm12 mm(e) 6 mm (e) 6 mm ×× 10 mm10 mm(f) 4 mm (f) 4 mm ×× 15 mm15 mm


Square pad resolutionSquare pad resolutionbetter for smaller padsbetter for smaller pads

[ ] (GeV/c) vs./)( truetruetruefittttt pppp −σ

6 mm

8 mm

10 mm12 mm


Square pad resolutionSquare pad resolutionazimuthalazimuthal dependence: track lengthdependence: track length

ν

E, B

φ

[ ] (degrees) vs./)( truetruefit φσ ttt ppp −

pt < 0.8 GeV → pt and φ independent

6 mm

8 mm

10 mm

12 mm


Performance summaryPerformance summaryDesign goal resolution achieved at B = 0.2 T Design goal resolution achieved at B = 0.2 T with relatively large pads (8 mm with relatively large pads (8 mm ×× 8 mm)8 mm)–– resolution improves with smaller padsresolution improves with smaller pads

resolution is achieved for:resolution is achieved for:–– a wide range of diffusion valuesa wide range of diffusion values–– different neutrino interaction pointsdifferent neutrino interaction points–– a wide range of prea wide range of pre--amp gain levelsamp gain levels–– large channel to channel gain differenceslarge channel to channel gain differences–– large electronics noiselarge electronics noise


Construction plans:Construction plans:Now:Now:–– complete designs of prototypes, begin complete designs of prototypes, begin

constructionconstruction–– begin ASIC designbegin ASIC design

Fall 2005:Fall 2005:–– complete prototype construction, begin testscomplete prototype construction, begin tests

Spring 2006:Spring 2006:–– design reviewdesign review–– begin production of full scale modulesbegin production of full scale modules

Fall 2008:Fall 2008:–– complete constructioncomplete construction


SummarySummaryTPC project is progressing wellTPC project is progressing wellSeveral prototype efforts are planned to test Several prototype efforts are planned to test all componentsall componentsDesign of the DAQ system (incl. ASIC) is Design of the DAQ system (incl. ASIC) is underwayunderwayFull simulation & reconstruction indicates Full simulation & reconstruction indicates that the design concept can achieve the that the design concept can achieve the performance goalsperformance goals

Need to keep the momentum!Need to keep the momentum!

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