Sz Density

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    Acta M athem atica .4cademiae Scientiarum HungaricaeTomus 20 1-- 2) , 1969), pp. 89--104.O N S E T S O F I N T E G E R S C O N T A I N I N G N O F O U R

    E L E M E N T S I N A R I T H M E T I C P R O G R E S S I O NB y

    E. SZEMERI~DI (Budapest)

    I n w h a t f o l l o w s w e u s e c a p i t a l l e t te r s t o d e n o t e s e q u e n c e s o f in t e g e rs , A + Bt o d e n o t e t h e s u m o f t w o s e ts o f i n t e g e rs f o r m e d e l e m e n t w i s e , a n d A - q B t o d e n o t et h e c o m p l e m e n t o f t h e s e t B w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e s e t A .L e t u s f o r c o n v e n i e n c e c a l l a n a r i t h m e t i c p r o g r e s s i o n o f k ( d is t in c t ) t e r m sa k -p ro g re s s io n .I f a s e t A c o n t a i n s n o k - p r o g r e s s i o n w e s a y t h a t A i s k - f re e .T h e m a x i m a l n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t s a k - f r e e s e t A ~ [0 , n ) c a n h a v e i s d e n o t e db y Z k n ) . F u r t h e r m o r e w e s e t

    ~k = i ~ ~ n )n ~ e o n

    A c t u a l l y w e c a n r e p l a c e l i m o n t h e r i g h t h a n d s id e b y li m . F o r , g i v e n e > 0a n d n , w e c a n f i n d a r b i t r a r i l y l a r g e m s o t h a t Z k m ) > = T k - -* ) m ; i n p a r t i c u l a r w em a y a s s u m e t h a t q n < m < = q + 1 ) n h o l d s f o r a p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r q . I n o t h e r w o r d st h e r e i s a k - f r e e s e t A c= [ 0, m ) w i t h c a r d i n a l i t y IAI--> ~k-~)m. N ow [0, m) c a n b es p l it in t o ( q + 1 ) s u b i n t e r v a l s o f le n g t h a t m o s t n . O n e o f th e s e m u s t c o n t a i n a t l e a s t{ q ~ ) [A l e l e m e n t s o f A w h i c h c l e a r l y f o r m a k - f re e s et .

    H e n c e~ [ ~ - + 1 } q +lm qk n) = far--> ~k-~) -> ~ - ~ ) - ~ - i - n .

    S i n c e e c a n b e t a k e n a r b i t r a r i l y s m a l l a n d q a r b i t r a r i l y l a r g e , w e h a v e

    w h e n c e

    < 1C l e a rl y 7k = 1 - - ~ - , a n d

    *k n) > ~ k n ,7k = l im zk n):n

    7 a< _-T a< _ . . . . I t h a s b e en p ro v e d b y F . B E H RE N D *t h a t e i t h e r a l l 7 k a r e z e ro , o r 7 k ~ 1 a s k -~ ~o.

    * On sequences o f integers containing no ari thmetic progression, ~asopis Mat. Fis . Praha, 67(1938), pp. 235--239.

    Aeta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungarlcae 20 z969

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    90 E. SZEMER~DII n 19 53 R OT H* p r o v e d t h a t 73 = 0 . I n f a c t h e p r o v e d m o r e t h a n t h a t , n a m e l y

    n

    z a (n)

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    ON SETS OF INTEGERS 91

    a n d s uc h t h a t i f f o r s o m e K OG ~ H K ,

    then]G[ => 21--~ IHK ],

    The o the r ma in l emma i sl lO l ~ I ~ 7 I H ; I .

    LEMMA B C D E . L et e 1E(0, 7) u and qo b e given. Then there i s a q>=qo and thereare se t s Bo, Co , 31 . . . . . Du , E1 . . . . . E u~ [0 , q ) ,all 4- free, al l wi th at least ( 7 - el)q elements, such that Q(b, c , d, e) wi th b E Bo ,cE C o, dE D i , eE Ei i s in so lvab le f or a l l i = 1 , . . ., u , an d such t ha t f o r each x E [ 0 , q )the se t o f a l l i ' s fo r which x E Ei holds i s 4- free .

    W e n o w p r o v e t h e t h e o r e m u s i n g t h e s e t w o l e m m a s .L e t C o, 7 a n d k o h a v e t h e m e a n i n g o f le m m a ( H o . . . . . Hk). Pu te ~ = r a i n e o , 2 0 '

    a n d t - -n4 (e l ) .V a n d e r W a e r d e n s T h e o r e m * g iv e s a n u m b e r

    u = N ( k o , t )such tha t in any pa r t i t ion o f [0 , u ) in to a t m os t ko c lasses there i s a t leas t one c lasswhich conta ins a t -progresss ion .W e a p p l y l e m m a B C D E wi th th i s e l , and u , and wi thqo = 3n ~(el)-

    1F r o m [ Dd --->(7-~l)q, ~ - q-->n4(~l) w e see th at

    D ~ ( ~ [ 3 q , 2 q I = ]D ~[- D ~ O [ O , I } -- D ~ A [ 2 q , q ] >=1 q ~ ( 7 - - 5 ~ 0 1 q .=> ( y - - e l ) q - - 2 ( 7 + e , )

    W e n ow de f ine the s e ts HK by l emm a (Ho . . . . . Hk), u s ing Bo , Co fo r B , Crespectively.F o r each i E (0 , u] there i s a j = j ( i ) E (0 , k] such tha t1]D, A nj[ ~ ~ 7 ]Hjl .

    * Beweis einer Baudetschen Vermutung, N i e n n . A r c h . W i s k u n d e 15 1927), pp. 212--21 6.Acta Matbem at l ca Academ lae Sc len t iar um Hungar icae 20 i969

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    92 E SZEMEREDIF o r o t h e r w i s e w e s h o u l d g e t t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n

    1( ? - 5 ~ 1 ) T q < - q q = ~ I D i G H s l - - y + _ _ _ _ >[M I q - IH*o] - 1 - c~ 1 - c,

    ] , ] ,

    Acta Ma tbema t i ca Academ iae Sc len t iar ltm Hungarica~ z b ~96~

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    ON SETS OF INTEGERS 93

    f o r i = i I . . . . . i . S u m m i n g o v e r t h e se i s w e s e e t h a tt

    [E~ (~ M [ >= ( 7 + 2 8 1 ) t i M 1.C=IW e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e r e i s a t l e a s t o n e x C M w h i c h o c c u r s i n n o t l e ss t h a n( 7 + 2 5 1 ) t o f t h e s e ts E i . B y l em m a B C D E t h o s e i ~ s f o r w h i c h x C E ~ f o r m a 4 - fr e es e t. T h e y a r e c o n t a i n e d 5 n a n a r i t h m e t i c p r o g r e s s i o n o f t t e r m s a n d b y t h e c h o i c eo f t = n ~ ( e l ) , t h e r e c a n n o t b e m o r e t h a n (7 + e l ) t n u m b e r s i~ f o r w h i c h x C E ~ . T h u sw e h a v e r e a c h e d a c o n t r a d i c t io n a n d t h e t h e o r e m is p r o v e d .I n t h i s s e c t i o n w e s h a l l p r o v e l e m m a ( H o . . . . ; H ~ ) . F o r t h i s w e n e e d t h r e eo t h e r l e m m a s . T h e f ir s t i s a l m o s t o b v i o u s . W e c a l l it th e r e f o r eTHE SIMPLE LEMMA. L e t A~=[0, n) be 4- fi 'ee and IAI > - (7 -5 )n . L e t MC=[0, n)have a com plem ent that i s the union o f d i s jo in t ar i thm et ic progress ions Po, ~ = 1 . . . . reach of length ]P~[>-n4(5 ) . Then we have

    [A N M [ ~ 7 ] M I - ( e + 5 ) n .PROOF. E ac h A 0 Pe a s a 4 - f r ee subse t o f a p rog re s s ion fu l fi ls

    tIA n~~ = 7 +5 ) le~I.H e n c e w e h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n e q u a l i t i e s :

    [ A N M [ = I A I - Z I A N P e l --> ( 7 - e ) n - ( v + 5 ) Z l P ~ [ =Q 0

    - - ( 7 - 5 ) n - ( 7 5 ' ) ( n - I M 1 ) - - ( 7 + 5 9 M ] - ( 5 + 5 ' ) n - > 7 ] M I - ( 5 + e ' ) n .LEMMA p(6 , l ) . For any real 6 E (0 , 1) and any na t ura l num ber l t he re ex i s t sa nu mbe r p(6 , l ) wi th the fo l low ing property. I f

    u>= p 6 ,1 ) , a ~ [ O , u ) , Ial>=6u,, then G conta ins a se t S t o f the fo rm

    s t = { y } + { 0 , x ~ } + . . . + { 0 , x ~ }w i t h n a t ur a l nu m b e r s x l . . . . . x t .

    P R O O F . T h e p r o o f g o e s b y c o m p l e t e i n d u c t i o n a n d u s e s t h e b o x p r i n c i p l e .T h e c a s e l = 1 i s t r iv i a l , s i n ce i t s ta t e s o n l y t h a t t h e r e i s a p a i r o f e l e m e n t s o f G .[ ]A s u i t a b le c h o i c e o f p ( 6 , 1 ) i s 1 + ~ - s i n c e t h i s ex c e e d s ~ - s o t h a t t h e h y p o t h e s i sc o n c e r n i n g G s h o w s t h a t

    I ~1 = > 6 u > 1 .Now ake l_->2 a n d a s s u m e t h e c a s e l - 1 h a s b e e n a l r e a d y p r o v e d . W e s e tq = p ,

    A n y n u m b e r u c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d a su = k q + r ,

    l-- 11 .

    0

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    94 ~. SZEMERt~DIW e c h o o s e p(6, l ) s o t ha t u_~p( 6 , l ) i m p l i e s t ha t

    4 5 1 t _ ,k > 5 -~ , ~ k > ( q - .A pos s i b l e cho i ce i s , f o r exam pl e

    p ( 6 , 1 ) = m a x [ [ l + ~ - - ~ - ] q , [1 + 2 ] q ~ ) .L e t R b e t h e n u m b e r o f th o s e s e ts

    G K = G O [ ( K - - 1 ) q , K q ] , K = I . . . . . kf o r w h i c h lU l l ~ - q . T h e n R _> k , o t he r wi s e

    k6kq = ~ k > ( q - t h e r e a r e

    t w o s e ts G K c o n t a i n i n g S t_ 1 a n d S j _ 1 f o r m e d w i t h th e s a m e n u m b e r s xa, . . . , x t b u td i f f e r en t y , y ' , s a y w i t h y ' > y . T h e n w i t h x t = y - y w e h a v eG ~ S t - 1 U S t_ 1 = S t - 1 U ( S t _ I + xt ) = S t.

    LEMMA ]G*[ , There are absolute constants C o > 0 a n d 7 ' > 0 a n d a f u n c t i o ngo(h) for 0 < 3 < 1 wi th the fo l lowing prope r ty :I f q>=qo(6) , 81q, B, C ~ [ 0 q are both 4-free,IB 1 --> ( V - s o ) q , I C l - > ( ? - s o ) q , G ~ q , ~ q IG I _-> , 9

    then ]G*[ >=v q.R EM A RK . A n a n a l o g o u s l e m m a c a n b e s i m i la r l y p r o v e d w i t h ~ = 7 3 ( i n s te a d o f? = 7 4 ) o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t 73 > 0 . W e t h e n e a si ly a rr iv e a t a c o n t r a d i c ti o n ,w h i c h p r o v e s R o t h ' s t h e o r e m 73 = 0 . F o r t h is p u r p o s e c h o o s e a q ~ 3 n z ( e ) . N e x tcho os e a 3 - f r ee s e t A ~ [0 , 3q ) wi t h IAI = > 37q and r ep r e s en t i t a s

    A = B U ( C + q ) U ( D + 2 q )A c l a M a l h e m a l i c a A c a d e m l a e S ci e a ti ar um H u n g a r i c ~ e z o , i 9 69

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    ON SETS OF INTEGERS 95

    w i t h B , C , D ~ [0, q) ; an d f ina l ly se tG = D f q ~ - q , ~ -q .

    O ne ea s i l y ob t a i n s t he i nequa l i t ie s ]B I = > ( 7 - - 2e )g , IC] = > ( 7 - 2~) q , ]GI = > ( 7 - 8s ) qI f w e t a k e e ~ ~ - e o , e < =-j~ 7 a n d q l a r g e e n o u g h , w e c a n a p p l y t h e l e m m a w i t h 6 = 1 ?a n d g e t ] G * I - > 7 ' q > 0w h i c h m e a n s t h a t t h e r e i s a t r ip l e t ( b, c, d ) w i t h

    b - 2 c + d = O.B u t b , c + q , d + 2q) i s t hen a 3 - p r og r e s s i on i n A , a s e t t h a t w a s s u p p o s e d t o b e3-free.

    PROOF OF LEMMA IG*X.S e t2eo = 1 0 0 7 , m = n , ( e o ) ,

    ma n d f ix a n l s u ch th a t l ~ 2 4 - - , s a y?

    W e s h al l p r o v e th e l e m m a w i t h~ 2

    qo 6 ) = 3p 6 , l ) + 3m, 7 = 5 0 . 2 tW i t h t h e s e c h o i c e s w e h a v e q >=p 6, l) a n d c a n t h e r e f o r e fi n d a s e t o f t y p e

    S t i n G . W e c o n s i d e rs = { y } { o , x l } . .. { o , x , }

    f o r a l l i = 0 , 1, . . . , l ; w h e r e w e t a k e S o = { y } . F o r e a c h i w e d e f in eL i = 2 c - s ; c C C O ~ q , ~ - q , s C S i .

    Since S i ~ ~ q , ~- q on e has L ~ [0, q) .W i t h [C 1 _ - >( 7 -% ) q a n d ~ q > m = n ~ ( eo ) w e o b t a i n

    [L o/ C ~ - q , q => ( ? - 5 e o ) ~ = ~ v q , *s ince 5e o< ~- 7-

    The derivation of this inequality is the only extent to which we use the hypothesis that C is4-free.

    Acta 3/lathematlca Academ lae Scientiarum Hu ngaricae 2o, 9 69

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    E . S Z E M E R E D I

    From the fact that ILt[ t q ~ - 8 ~ qsince by our choice of l we have l ~ 24m.7Now let us drop m elements from each end of each of the progressions (mod x~composing E, and denote the remaining set by M. Since every progression in Lhas a length of at least 3rn we have

    [MI => ~-ILl > ~ q.By construction [0, q ) - M can be represented as the union of disjoint pro-gressions (rood x~) each of length at least m. Thus we can apply the Simple Lemmawith e = d = eo and obtain 72 y21 L ~ n B l ~ I ~ n B I ~ I M n B I ~ ~ [ M [ - -2 e o q ~ ~ q - - 2 8 o q ~ ~ q ,

    since eo has been chosen suitably.By definition, L~ A B is the set of those b in B which have a representation

    In S~ there are at most 2~ elements. Therefore at least one y contained in S~has the property that the equationb - 2 c y = 02has at least ~ solutions (b, r In another notation this means tha t

    I{Y}*t->~ q,Acre Matbematica Academlae cientlarum Hungarlcae zo, z969

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    O N S E T S O F I N T E G E R S 9

    w h e r e w e h a v e p u t] j

    5 0 . 2 ZT h e s t a t e m e n t o f l e m m a [ G * [ i s n o w i m m e d i a t e . F r o m y E S t ~ G w e s ee t h a t

    I a * l - > I { Y } * [ = > ~ q .PROOF OF LEMMA (H0 . . . . . Hk). W e f ir s t f ix s o m e n u m b e r h s u c h t h a t 1 - < ? ,

    f o r e x a m p l e l o g 7

    1 2 ) 1W e n o w s t a r t f r o m s o m e G 0 ~ ~ - q , ~ - q w i t h [ G o [- -> ] ~ 7q a n d p u t g o = [G *[.N e x t w e d e f i n e b y r e c u r s i o n f o r i = 1 , . . ., h{~ , } =m,nO*~ = , G c G ~ - I , I G I --> ~ - [ a ~ - i , g ~-~- G6rla n d f ix e o n e G i i n F i f o r w h i c h IG * [ g ~ .F r o m G~ E F ~ w e s e e t h a t

    I G I > ~ I a I > > >= ~ - i -1 . . . . . o = [ 2 ) 1 21 ~ h + l[G~I ~ [ ~ J q,

    T h u s , i f w e t a k e 6 = ~ - a n d q o = qo(6) w e c a n a p p l y l e m m a [ G I f o r a l l q -> qoa n d o b t a i n

    gi=IG*l >--? q, f o r i = 1 , 2 . . . . . h .S ince c l ea r l y go ~ - q t he r e i s a j

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    98 E SZEMERI~DI

    Se t wi t h t h i s j H = G _ ~ . F r o m t h e m e a n i n g o f g s a n d g s - ~ i t f o l l o w s t h a t i fG ~ H , a n d IGI~ 2 ]HI , t h e n G C F j a n d t h e r e f o r e

    = gJ -- gJ-M o r e o v e r w e h a v e

    [ HI = ] Gs - I [ => ~ - [ ~ J q .

    A t f i r s t we ap p l y t h i s p r oces s t o G o = ~ - q , ~ q an d ca l l t he s e t H o b t a i n ed H 1T h e n w e t a k e G o = ~ - q , ~ - q 7 H , a n d i f t h i s s e t c o n t a i n s a t l e a st 7 q e l e m e n t sw e o b t a i n a s e t / / 2 f r o m i t . N e x t w e t a k e G o = 3 q 3 - q q (H ~ UHz) to ge t a se tH s , a n d s o o n . A s s o o n a s w e a r e le f t w i t h

    [ l q , 2 q } - I H 1 U H 2 3 . . .O H k ) < ~ 2 qw e s t o p t h e p r o c e d u r e a n d c a l l t h i s r e m a i n i n g s e t H o .S i n c e t h e s e t s H K a r e o b v i o u s l y d i s j o i n t a n d

    I H K I _ > [ j q fo r K = l , 2 , . . . , kt h i s o c c u r s c e r t a i n l y a f t e r a f i n it e n u m b e r o f s te p s . T o b e p r e c i se , w e s ee t h a tk=6n4 3}

    and l e t A be a 4 - f r ee s e t con t a i ned i n [ 0 , 4nq) which sa t i s f i esIA I -->74nq.T h e n w e c a n d e c o m p o s e A i n t o

    A = B J C + n q ) U D + 2 n q ) (5 ( E + 3nq)w i t h B , C , D , E ~ [0 , nq) a n d ( i n a n o b v i o u s n o t a t i o n )

    B = U B + x q ) w i t h B ~ = C [ 0 ,q) ,x < n

    Acta Mathematica Acaderaiae Scientiarum Hungaricete 20 1969

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    O N S E T S O F I N T E G E R S

    s i m i l a r l y f o r C , D, E . F o r t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c a r d i n a l i t i e s w e g e t e a s i l y t h e e s t i m a t e s1 B I , I C I , I o l ,

    T h a t A i s 4 - f r e e i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e f a c t t h a t Q(b, c, d, e) h a s n o s o l u t i o n s w i t hb E B , c E C , d ~ D , e E E . M o r e p r e c i s e l y : I f Q ( x , y , z , w ) h o l d s , t h e n Q ( b, c , d , e )i s i n s o l v a b l e w i t h b CB~, c E Cy, d ~ D~, e CEw. M o r e o v e r a l l o f t h e s e ts B ~ , C r , D , , E ware 4 - f r ee .L e t us c a l l a se t B e tc . c= [0 , q) fu l l i f ] B [ _-> ~ - / 3 1 ) q , a n d p o o r o t h e r w i s e .C l e a r ly l e m m a B C D E w i ll b e p r o v e d i f w e c a n s h o w t h a t t h e r e a r e u q u a d r u p l e s(b, c, d, e) such t h a t a l l Bb S a r e equa l , a l l Cc s a r e equa l , a l l Bb s Co s , Dd S, Ee sa r e f u l l , a n d t h e e s f o r m a n a r i t h m e t i c p r o g r e s s i o n .W e s h a ll u s e al l t h e i d ea s f r o m t h e p r o o f o f l e m m a [G * [ b u t n o t o n l y th e s e;m o r e o v e r t h e t e c h n i q u e w i l l b e m o r e i n v o l v e d .W e c a n e a s i l y p r o v i d e a s e t ~3 w i t h p o s i t i v e d e n s i t y ( a b o u t 2 - q ) s u c h t h a t a l lBb fo r b ~ ~3 a r e equ a l a nd fu l l. S imi l a r l y we f i nd a dense s e t E w i th a l l Ce f o r c Ee q u a l a n d f u ll . W e h a v e th e n a s e t o f t y p e Se i n ~ t h r o u g h w h i c h w e p r o j e c t ~3 o n t ot h e l e v el s o f D a n d E . T h e p o i n t s e d e f i n e d b y Q(b , s , ~ , e ) a r e p l e n t i f u l a n d a r ea r r a n g e d i n t o l o n g p r o g r e s s i o n s . H e n c e i t c a n b e s h o w n t h a t a l m o s t a l l E ~ w i t h t h e s ee s a r e f u ll . T h e s a m e c o u l d b e d o n e f o r t h e s e ts D e w i t h d f r o m Q(b, s , d , ~) b u tu n f o r t u n a t e l y n o t i n t h e n e c e s s a r y s i m u l t a n e o u s w a y , s i n c e t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e nt h e e s a n d t h e d s i s n o t u n i q u e a n d t h is r e l a t i o n s h i p w e a k e n s t h e l a r g e r I i s t a k e n .T h e i d e a w h i c h o v e r c o m e s t h i s d i ff i c u lt y i s t o u s e n o t o n l y o n e s e t ~ , b u t al a rg e n u m b e r o f th e m , g o , g i . . . . . ~ r - ~ g e n e r a te d f r o m o n e o f t h e m b y s h i ft in ggo = go + ~ , s uch t ha t C~ = C~,, i f c a n d c b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e s e t E Q. T h i s a g a i ni n t r o d u c e s l o n g p r o g r e s s i o n s o n t h e l e v el s o f D a n d E , w h i c h c a n b e e x p l o i t e di n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e f o r m e r o n e s . A s a r e s u lt w e g e t u q u a d r u p l e s o f th e r e q u i r e dty pe fo r a t l e a s t on e ~ w i th b E ~3 an d a l l C E go , a nd so a l l B b a s w e l l a s C~ co inc ide .W e s h a ll u s e th e f o l l o w i n g si m p l e c o u n t i n g a r g u m e n t a c o u p l e o f ti m e s : I f

    n~ a ~ > = ( ~ - e a ) n a n d a ~ ( 7 + / 3 2 ) f o r al l x , t h e n th e n u m b e r R o f t e rm s a ~ w h i c ha ~ = lsa t i s fy a ~ < = ( y - e O isR < = /32 q e3

    /31PROOF.( 7 - - e 3 ) n < = ( 7 - e ~ ) R + ( 7 + ~ 2 ) ( n - - R ) , ( e l + e 2 ) R < = ( e 2 + e 3 ) n .

    W e l i st n o w t h e p a r a m e t e r s u s e d i n th e p r o o f , in t h e o r d e r o f th e i r d e p e n d e n c e .T h e r e a d e r m a y c h e c k t h e m a s th e y o c c u r.e , u a n d q o a r e s u p p o s e d t o b e g i v e n ,

    e 1/ 3 2 - 1 6 U

    q = m ax (qo , n4(e2) ) ,/32/33 - 1 5 0 .2 q

    m = m a x 2 u , n 4 e 3 ) ) ,

    l = 75 m - 2 q ,e 4 - 6 0 0 . 2 q + 2 z,

    r = rt4(e4) ,/3 = suf f ic ie n t ly sm al ln = su f f i c i en t l y l a rge , 6r]n.

    7 * Act a Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae zo z969

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    100 B. SZEMERI~DIW e c a n s a f e ly d is p e n s e w i t h s p e c i f y i n g e a n d n s i n ce t h e r e i s n o f e e d b a c k t ot h e o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s . A s m a l l ~ o n l y d e m a n d s a l a rg e n .B y a n a l r e a d y r e p e a t e d ly u s e d a r g u m e n t w e g e t

    ~ ' l B x ] = B A [ O , n q I > ( V - e ) ~X ( V - e ) nq6n 11~-~y = n~ ~ z ),o t h a tr o v i d e d o n l y t h a t n i s l a rg e e n o u g h . W e s et e z = ~ , qwe t he n hav e f o r a l l x , y , z , w ,

    [ B I , I t , I , ID A , I E [ 1 2 r . 2 ~rB y l e m m a p ( 3 , / ) w e s e e t h a t E c o n t a i n s a s u b s e t o f t y p e

    S, = {y} + {0 , x i } + . . . + {0 , x ,} .W i t h t h e s e ts s , = ( y } + ( o , x l } + . . . + { 0 , x 3w e f o r mL ~ = { 3 5 - 2 b ; s E S i, b E ~ } .

    Acta Matbematica Academ~ae Sdentlamra Hungar~cae zoi z9 9

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    ON SETS OF INTEGERS 1 1

    T h e n w e h a v et i r l = >

    = , , o = 12 .2q 'L i = L i - 1 U ( L i - 1 + 3x i) "F o r a s u i t a b l e i < = l w e h a v e

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    1 0 2 E. SZEMEP,~DIM o r e g e n e r a ll y , f o r e a c h O = 0 . . . . . r - 1 t h e r e a r e a t m o s t 8uu 18[ p o o r s e ts

    Ee+ 30, e EE a c h e E g b y c o n s t r u c t i o n o c c u r s i n a t l e a s t o n e q u a d r u p l e ( b , s , d , e ) w i t hb E ~3 a n d s E S l . T o e a c h e E 8 w e a t t a c h o n e s u c h q u a d r u p l e m a k i n g t h e d , a s w e l la s t h e b a n d t h e s, a f u n c t i o n o f e , d = q ~ (e ). L e t

    N = {~o(e); e E g } .S i n c e S 1 h a s a t m o s t 21 e l e m e n t s a n y p a r t i c u l a r d i n D c a n a r i se a s a v a l u e q o (e ) a tm o s t 2 ~ t i m e s .W e c o n s i d e r t h e q u a d r u p l e s

    ( b, s + O , ~ o ( e) + 2 0 , e + 3 0 ) , e E S , o E [ O , r ) .W e w a n t n o w t o s h o w t h a t f o r a t le a st o n e 0

    C s + 0 i s fu l l ( i n d e p e n d e n t o f e s i n c e C s + o = C (~ )),a n d a l m o s t a l l Do(e + 2 0 a r e f u l l ( c o u n t e d w i t h m u l t i p li c i t y ).W e d o t h i s b y c o n s i d e r i n g a l l t h e O t o g e t h e r . T h e b a s ic t o o l i s a g a i n t h e S i m p l eL e m m a . B e f o r e a p p l y i n g it , h o w e v e r , w e h a v e t o r e m o v e t h e m u l t ip l ic i ti e s w i t hw h i c h t h e Cg(e)+ 0 o c c u r . T h e r e a r e t w o s o u r c e s o f m u l t i p li c it y : t h e m ~ p p i n g~ o(e) = d , a n d t h e f o r m i n g o f t h e s u m d + ~ . W e d e a l f ir s t w i t h t h e c a s e w h e n ~o i so n e t o o n e , w h e r e o n l y o n e o f t h e s e s o u r c e s i s p r e s e n t .S e t

    / }-- d;dE~, Z [Da 2.ol ~ 19 I.F o r t h is p u r p o s e w e m a y g o f r o m l e ft t o r ig h t r e ta i n i n g f o r o u r s e t ~ t h e f ir s te l e m e n t n o t r u l e d o u t b y t h e r e s t r i c t i o n u p o n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s . S i n c e w e e x c l u d ea t m o s t 4 r - 1 e l e m e n t s f o r e a c h o n e w h i c h w e k e e p w e o b t a i n t h e s t a te d i n e q u a l i t y .N o w , e a c h e l e m e n t i n

    ~ = ~ + {0 , 2 , 4 . . . . . 2 ( r - 1 )}i s u n i q u e l y r e p r e s e n t e d . T h e r e f o r e w e h a v e

    r - J -I U Dxl = Z Z IDa+2 el

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    ON SETS OF INTEGERS 1 3

    W e t a k eM = U [ x q , ( x + l ) q ) ~ r = n 4 ( 5 4 ) , e 4 < - ~2z

    ~~ 6 0 0 . 2 ~a n d o b t a i nI Y D x] = I D A M I >= y q l ~ l - - ( ~ + ~ 4 ) q n =xE ~

    -~ rqr 1@ 1 - (~ + 54)qn = yqr ]~ 1 - z54qn.P u t t i n g t h e s e e s t i m a t e s t o g e t h e r g i v e s

    r e r l Y l (: -~2)[~ l -8 5 4 n l r q e 2

    nI n th e p r e s e n t s p e ci al c a se w e h a v e [ ~ ] = 1 8 ] - > 7 5 . 2 ~ W e th e r e f o r e ge t t h ef u r t h e r i n e q u a l i t y [Z [Dd+20] ~ 7 - - 8 2 ) 1-8 75 2q r q l ~ [ > =a ~ e = o e 2 )

    -~ (y - 5 2 ) ( 1 - ez) rq [@1 >- (~ - 2e2 )rq 1@[.B y t h e ' c o u n t i n g a r g u m e n t ' w e i n fe r t h a t n o t m o r e t h a n 3 e 2 r l D ] = . 3 r [8[

    5 1 I O Use t s Da+2o t a k e n w i t h t h e i r m u l t i p li c i ty , a r e p o o r . F o r a t m o s t o n e h a l f o f th e O 's3 [ E [ p o o r s e t s Dd 2o.a n w e h a v e m o r e t h a nI f w e d r o p t h e s e n u m b e r s 0 , o f w h i c h t h e r e a t m o s t ~ r , a n d a l s o t h o s e 0 f o r

    C(.o) is p o o r , t h e r e b e i n g n o m o r e t h a n 1 r o f th e m , s o m e o f t h e n u m b e r s eh i c hr e m a i n . S o f a r w e h a v e p r o v e d :

    3T h e r e i s a n u m b e r o E [ 0 , r ) s u c h t h a t C s + o = C ( o ) i s f u ll , a t m o s t ~ u 18] o f1t h e s e ts D ~ ( o + 2o , e E 8 a r e p o o r , a n d a t m o s t 8uu l l o f t h e s e t s E~+ 3o a r e p o o r .

    1H e n c e f o r a t m o s t 2 u-u ]81 e l e m e n t s e E C w e h a v e e i t h e r E~+so o r D~(~)+: o p o o r .1W e c a l l t h e s e e E 8 ' b a d ' . T h e d e n s i ty o f t h e b a d e l e m e n t s i n g i s a t m o s t

    N o w r e c a ll t h a t ~ i s c o m p o s e d o f d is j o i n t a r i t h m e t i c p r o g r e s s i o n s o f l e n g t h a t l e a s t m .Ac ta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20, ~969

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    1 4 E. SZEMEREDI: ON SETS OF INTEGERS

    W e c a n t a k e m = >2 u. I f o n e o f e v e r y u c o n s e c u t iv e e l em e n t s o f s u c h a p r o g r e s s i o nw e r e a b a d o n e , t h e d e n s i t y o f b a d e l e m e n t s i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r p r o g r e s s i o n i n gw o u l d b e a t l e a s t2 2

    3u - 1 3ua n d s o t h e re f o r e w o u l d b e t h e d e n s i t y o f b a d e le m e n t s i n t h e w h o l e o f g . S i n c e w eh a v e d i s p r o v e d t h i s th e r e e x i s ts a n a r i t h m e t i c p r o g r e s s io n o f a t l e a s t u g o o d e l e m e n t si n g , q . e . d .R a t h e r l i t t l e h a s t o b e c h a n g e d i n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e w h e n t h e e l e m e n t s d E ~a r e t a k e n w i t h t h e m u l t i p li c it ie s o f d = c p(e ) n o t n e c e s s a r il y a ll e q u a l t o o n e .S e t @i = { d ; d = cp (e ) f o r exac t l y i e l em en t s e E g } ,E a c h N ~ c a n b e t r e a te d i n e x a c t ly th e s a m e w a y t h a t N w a s u n t i l w e r e a c h t h e f o r m u l a( ~ ) . H o w e v e r , i n o r d e r t o m a k e t h e f o r m u l a u s e fu l t h is ti m e w e m u s t t a k e a s m a l le re4 ( and t he r e f o r e a l a r ge r r ) :

    ~ 2/3' -- 6 0 0 .2 q+2t ' r = n4(e4).

    W e h a v e th e n ._ 1 [ I. ~ ' ~ ' ]D d+ 2~ l => ( 7 - e 2 ) [ N il - S e 4 n r qd E ~ i o = O ~ 2 JM u l t ip l y i n g b y i a n d s u m m i n g g i ve s

    ~ ' I D ~ ( e ) + 2 e l=> ( 7 - e z ) Ig [ = 8 / 3 4 n i rq ee E g 0 = 0 / 3 2

    T h e c o u n t i n g a r g u m e n t a g a i n s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s a n o E [0 , r ) s u c h t h a t f o r a t m o s t38 u g [ e l em en t s e E g t he s e ts Do( e) +2 o a r e f u l l, an d t he p r oo f i s f i n i she d a s above .W e h a v e n o w c o m p l e te d th e p r o o f o f l e m m a B C D E a n d w i t h i t t h e p r o o f o ft h e t h e o r e m .T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s t h a n k s t o E . W IR S IN G a n d P . D . T . A . E U ~ O T%w h o h e l p e d c o n s i d e r a b l y in t h e f in a l f o r m u l a t i o n o f th e p r o o f .

    R e c e i v e d 2 0 O c t o b e r 1 9 6 7 )MTA MATEM ATIKAI KUTATO INTI~ZETEB U D A P E S T V . R E /~ L T A N O D A U . 1 3 - 1 5

    Acta Mathematica Academ lae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20, i969