Synthesis Literature of City Marketing and Similar Conceptsinstrument to define themselves and...

© 2017. Ikrame Selkani. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Synthesis Literature of City Marketing and Similar Concepts By Ikrame Selkani

University of Jaén

Abstract- City marketing is a field that is practiced in all over the world; it was developed through different stages throughout the years. The purpose of this study is to review the city marketing literature and all similar disciplines, in order to understand the very beginning of the field and its development through the time.

Design/Methodology/Approach: City marketing is a field that becomes, nowadays, very important to every city and territory. A link will be shown to understand the history of the city marketing through the years and its importance now.

Keywords: city marketing, city branding, place marketing, literature, review.

GJMBR-G Classification: JEL Code: M30

SynthesisLiteratureofCityMarketingandSimilarConcepts

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

Global Journal of Management and Business Research: GInterdisciplinaryVolume 17 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research JournalPublisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853

Synthesis Literature of City Marketing and Similar Concepts

Ikrame Selkani Abstract- City marketing is a field that is practiced in all over the world; it was developed through different stages throughout the years. The purpose of this study is to review the city marketing literature and all similar disciplines, in order to understand the very beginning of the field and its development through the time.

Design/Methodology/Approach: City marketing is a field that becomes, nowadays, very important to every city and territory. A link will be shown to understand the history of the city marketing through the years and its importance now.

Finding: A very new and young history is shared on academically contribution throughout the articles

Originally/Value: Discover the history of the city marketing that has been developed through the times and the countries where it has been shown and practiced Keywords: city marketing, city branding, place marketing, literature, review.

I. Introduction

he city marketing is an area that has been practiced since the 19th century (Kavaratzis, 2004), however it’s a discipline that has a huge lack of

academic researches. Its origin stem from social and nonprofit marketing (Kotler & Levy 1969; Koter & Zaltman, 1971) and it has been practiced for many centuries for the development and promotion of places, cities, and nations (Kavaratzis & Ashwoth, 2008).

Throughout the time, the terminology has been developed, and many concepts were introduced to vary the understanding. Therefore the field progressed from the initial “place selling” approach to the use of integrated marketing and branding techniques (Ashworth & Voodg, 1990, 1994; Kotler et al. 1993, 1999; van den berg & Braun, 1999; Rainisto, 2003; Gertner, 2011).

Usually, when we talk about city marketing or any of the similar concepts, we extend our understanding to the urban areas: those maybe cities, town, regions, territories.

Along this article, we will see the literature reviews of those concepts in the aim to understand from where it comes and where are we going.

II. Literature Review of the Concept

City marketing is a field that mixes between a multiple disciplines. This interdisciplinary nature led to confusion between the academics and the practitioners.

However, the concept has developed and left some cities wondering on how cities as a brand could be designed and managed (Marrilees et al, 2012).

The aim of these concepts is to increase the investment and tourism by development the community by reinforcing local identity and activating social forces (Kavaratzis, 2007).

The interest of the field, globally, is to improve the competitive image of deprived places can help to the development of an empirical framework which can make a significant step towards theory making (Niedomysl & Jonasson, 2012).

City marketing is a complex field which gathers a multiple academic disciplines: geography, urban planning, economic development, tourism, etc (Berglund & Olsson, 2010). This mixture of all the discipline doesn’t let a clear understand of the concept (Niedomysl & Jonasson, 2012).

The same confusion is there, when we talk about specific journals for publication: place marketing can be interchangeable to “place branding”, “urban marketing”, “city marketing”, “territorial marketing” and vice versa (Skinner, 2008).

Even though, cities use branding as an instrument to define themselves and achieve attractive positions and positive perceptions of the mind of key audiences (Kavaratzis & Ashworth, 2009).

Often, city marketing is defined as a management process (Kolter et al, 1999; Rainisto, 2003) which encompasses the attempts of the place differentiation for competitive advantage over other places. City branding has been defined as the “purpose symbolic embodiment of all information connected to a city in order to create association around it” (Lucarelli & Berg, 2011).

One wide world reason is that cities in all over the planet engage themselves in marketing and branding efforts, in order to stay competitive and relevant on the global market (Hospers, 2010).

Another definition of the place marketing concept can be used, which says: “the measures taken, by actors appointed to govern a place, to improve the competitive image of that place with explicit aim of attracting capital from elsewhere” (Niedomysl & Jonasson, 2012).

The marketing of urban places are practiced since the 19th century (Kavaratzis, 2004). There is a need to identify the real history of all those concepts, in order

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Author: University of Jaén-Spain. e-mail: [email protected]


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to identify the real history of all those concepts, in order to know the chronology and the development of this field, throughout the years. The aim of the research is to lookfor all the academic of the research is to look for all the academic review (JCR). In the urban studies field and to make a table recognizing all those concepts with the revue name, the years of publication and the city that was chosen in the empirical part.

a) Meta-analisisThe real stage where the city marketing occurs

now is still in the very beginning level, due to the number of researches that were done in this area. Despite this, the reality says something else: the biggest cities in the world began to interest, and even to practice some theories about the field, such as, territorial communication, encouraging some activities to take place: (Investments, Olympic sports, cultural events…), in order to be known on a national and an international level. Hence, an increasing number of cities and regions around the world began to establish some logos and brands for their cities: ‘I Love New York’; ‘I Am Amsterdam’; ‘Be Brussels’; ‘Be Berlin’; cOPENhagen (Open for you)’; ‘Lond-On’;… however these decision have been taken from 1977, therefore, the city marketing appeared as a field and area. Although, the academic researchers are not well completed and full in this area, and even the cities find they practicing some of the key.

City branding has been defined as the ‘purposeful symbolic embodiment of all information connected to a city in order to create associations around it’ (Lucarelli & Berg, 2011, p. 21). It can be used as a strategic tool to provide cities with a source of economic, political and cultural value (Kavaratzis,

In other words, cities use branding as an instrument to define themselves and achieve attractive positions and positive perceptions in the minds of key audiences (Kavaratzis & Ashworth, 2009).

This article then presents as originality: the history of city marketing through the JCR impact journals and try to give a summary to this area and relatively young and new field that begins to grow and the receive importance to metropolises , major cities in the country that developed countries, and to developing countries.

III. Research Methodology

The field of city marketing and similar concepts has known a very important stage of advancements and contribution from a lot of articles and researches that was done by different authors from different part of the world. Today, in this article, we are going to analyze the different articles that talk about city marketing or similar concepts, published in JCR journals of impact.1. Key Words2. Year of publication3. Journal

4. Authors5. Title of the article6. Impact indicator7. Case study place8. University9. The article objective

Exploring this research will give us some answers in order to know the history of the concept city marketing academically through the articles published in JCR journals.

Place marketing’s validity as an academic field of knowledge is under threat (Gertner, 2011).

a) Contribution to knowledgeCity marketing and similar concepts that are the

focus of this study is a new field that is under-researched topic. The aim of this study is to help to understand the history and the beginning of this concept and where we are now in front of this study.

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ar

()

2017

G

Turin

Gar

y W

arna

by

Alb

erto

Van

olo


Pla

ce

mar

ketin

g20

10Jo

urna

l of

plan

ning

lit

erat

ure

Jeam

ok

(Jan

e) K

won

; C

hris

tine

A.

Vogt

Iden

tifyi

ng th

e R

ole

of C

ogni

tive,

A

ffect

ive,

and

B

ehav

iora

l C

ompo

nent

s in

U

nder

stan

ding

R

esid

ents

’ Atti

tude

s to

war

d P

lace

Mar

ketin

g

1.84

2U

nive

rsity

, Eas

t La

nsin

gU

SA

This

stu

dy e

xam

ines

atti

tude

s an

d op

inio

ns o

f loc

al re

side

nts

rega

rdin

g pl

ace

mar

ketin

g an

d id

entif

ies

the

role

of c

ogni

tive,

af

fect

ive,

and

beh

avio

ral

com

pone

nts

in re

side

nts’

pos

itive

or

nega

tive

attit

udes

tow

ard

plac

e m

arke

ting

Pl a

ce

prom

otio

n20

10C

ities

Chi

gon

Kim

Pla

ce p

rom

otio

n an

d sy

mbo

lic

char

acte

rizat

ion

of

New

Son

gdo

City

, S

outh

Kor

ea

1.72

8N

ew S

ongd

o C

ity(S

outh

Kor

ea)

Wrig

ht S

tate

U

nive

rsity

Day

ton,

US

A

This

pap

er e

xam

ines

the

sym

bolic

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

urb

an s

pace

in

the

publ

icity

and

mar

ketin

g of

New

Son

gdo

City

–a

new

city

und

er

cons

truct

ion

in S

outh

Kor

ea.

Com

petin

g w

ith o

ther

pla

ces,

the

real

es

tate

sect

or a

nd g

over

nmen

t act

ors

cons

truct

the

sym

bolic

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

Son

gdo

usin

g va

rious

them

esan

d cu

ltura

l app

eals

. Son

gdo

has

been

pro

mot

ed a

s a

node

in th

e m

ultic

ente

red

met

ropo

litan

regi

on, a

gate

way

to N

orth

east

Asi

a an

d a

livin

g sp

ace

of U

-life

sin

ce th

e gr

ound

brea

king

cer

emon

y in

200

4.

Cul

tura

l U

rban

B

rand

ing

2010

Citi

esH

irosh

i Oka

no

, Dan

ny

Sam

son

Cul

tura

l urb

an

bran

ding

and

cr

eativ

e ci

ties:

A

theo

retic

al

fram

ewor

kfo

r pro

mot

ing

crea

tivity

in th

e pu

blic

spa

ces

1.72

8

Mun

ich

(Ger

man

y)

and

Oxf

ord

(Eng

land

) M

ontre

al (C

anad

a)an

dO

saka

(Jap

an)

Osa

ka C

ity

Uni

vers

ity –

Japa

n

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

elbo

urne

, A

ustra

lia

This

pap

er p

oint

s ou

ta

dire

ctio

n fo

r the

bui

ldin

g of

an

urba

n st

rate

gic

man

agem

ent s

yste

m

that

will

exp

and

the

city

’s

capa

bilit

ies.

For c

reat

ive

citie

s, it

is im

porta

nt to

m

otiv

ate

peop

le fo

r im

plem

entin

g cu

ltura

l urb

an b

rand

ing

byin

serti

ng b

alan

ce in

to th

e pr

oces

sof

ex

pand

ing

the

four

pub

lic s

pace

s

Pl a

ce

Mar

ketin

g20

10C

ities

Fulo

ng W

uG

ated

and

pa

ckag

ed s

ubur

bia:

P

acka

ging

and

Sha

ngha

i.B

eijin

g.(C

hina

)

Car

diff

Uni

vers

ity U

.K

Vario

us p

acka

ging

and

bra

ndin

g pr

actic

es a

re d

iscu

ssed

, inc

ludi

ng

crea

ting

mag

nific

ent

6

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

emen

t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

e XVII

Issu

e II

Ver

sion

IYe

ar

()

2017


G

1.72

8


bran

ding

Chi

nese

su

burb

anre

side

ntia

l de

velo

pmen

t

gate

s, u

sing

fore

ign

plac

e na

mes

, bo

rrow

ing

wes

tern

arc

hite

ctur

al

mot

ifs, a

nd in

vent

ing

a di

scou

rse

of c

omm

unity

.

City

m

arke

ting

2010

Urb

an

geog

raph

yG

ert-J

an

Hos

pers

Lync

h's

The

Imag

e of

the

City

afte

r 50

Year

s: C

ityM

arke

ting

Less

ons

from

an

Urb

an

Pla

nnin

g C

lass

ic

1.35

5Ly

nch

Net

herla

nds

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tw

ent

Rad

boud

U

nive

rsity

Net

herla

nds

The

Imag

e of

the

City

has

bec

ome

a cl

assi

cam

ong

urba

n pl

anne

rs. F

ifty

year

s af

ter i

ts p

ublic

atio

n th

e st

udy

is s

till

high

ly to

pica

l and

rele

vant

. In

this

con

tribu

tion,

we

argu

e th

at n

ot o

nly

urba

n pl

anne

rs,

but a

lso

city

mar

kete

rs c

anle

arn

from

Lyn

ch’s

mos

t cite

d bo

ok.

City

br

andi

ng20

11Jo

urna

l of

plan

ning

lit

erat

ure

Ram

Her

stei

n

Thin

line

bet

wee

n co

untry

,ci

ty, a

nd re

gion

br

andi

ng

1.84

2

The

Land

er

Inst

itute

–Je

rusa

lem

A

cade

mic

C

ente

r, Is

rael

The

purp

ose

of th

is c

once

ptua

l pa

per i

s to

desc

ribe

a ne

w a

ppro

ach

of re

-br

andi

ng c

ount

ries

stra

tegy

in

acco

rdan

ce to

two

dim

ensi

ons:

the

geo-

grap

hy o

f the

cou

ntry

vs.

the

rang

e of

et

hnic

gro

ups

in th

e co

untry

Cit y

m

arke

ting

2011

Urb

an

Geo

grap

hy

Juan

Gab

riel

Ceg

arra

N

avar

ro

and

Aur

ora

Mar

tinez

-M

artin

ez

Impr

ovin

g co

mpe

titiv

enes

s th

roug

h ci

ty

mar

ketin

g in

S

pani

sh h

otel

s

1.35

5

Uni

vers

idad

P

olite

cnic

a de

C

arta

gena

,C

arta

gena

, S

pain

This

stu

dyis

to a

naly

se a

nd p

rese

nt h

ow a

city

m

arke

ting

proc

edur

e co

uld

beco

me

an e

ffect

ive

tool

for k

now

ledg

e de

velo

pmen

t and

th

e co

mpe

titiv

enes

s of

Spa

nish

ho

spita

lity

hote

ls

City

m

ark e

ti ng

2011

J ou r

nal o

f h o

u sin

g a n

d

t he

b uil t

envi

ronm

ent

Jia-

peng

D

ong

and

Yun-

long

Din

g

Stu

dy o

n th

e M

echa

nism

of V

alue

Incr

emen

t Dur

ing

City

Mar

ketin

g0.

657

Uni

vers

ity,

Dal

ian

Liao

ning

Chi

na

This

rese

arch

defin

es a

nd c

lass

ifies

the

conc

ept o

f ci

ty v

alue

from

the

view

poin

t of

subj

ect

utili

ty, i

nvol

ving

thre

e hi

gh

hom

ogen

eity

fact

ors

and

six

low

ho

mog

enei

ty fa

ctor

s.In

idea

l con

ditio

ns, c

ity v

alue

in

crem

ent i

s sp

onta

neou

s.


7

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

emen

t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

e XVII

Issu

e II

Ver

sion

IYe

ar

()

2017

G


Cit y

br

andi

ng20

11

Jour

nal o

f ho

usin

g th

e bu

ilt

envi

rnom

ent

She

ng Y

e

and

Xi L

i

A P

ract

ical

A

ppro

ach

of H

ier

arch

y P

roce

ss

Ana

lysi

s in

M

odel

ing

MIC

E C

ity

Br

and

Attr

ibut

es

Sys

tem

0.65

7M

ice

Chi

na

Uni

vers

ity o

f S

cien

ce a

nd

Tec

hnol

ogy,

Tai

pa,

M acao

Chi

na

In th

is re

sear

ch, a

sys

tem

mod

el is

pr

opos

ed to

ass

ist t

he fo

rmat

ion

of

MIC

E c

ity b

rand

fro

m a

ll-ar

ound

sus

tain

ed a

ttrib

utes

, an

d th

is c

an b

e a

cruc

ial c

ontri

butio

n to

futu

re

rela

ted

stud

ies

Cit y

M

arke

ting

2012

Jour

nal o

f U

rban

Affa

irsC

laire

Col

omb

Pus

hing

the

urba

n fro

ntie

r : te

mpo

rary

us

es o

f spa

ce, c

ity

mar

ketin

g an

d th

e cr

eativ

e ci

ty

disc

ours

e in

200

0s

Ber

lin

0.90

9B

erlin

(Ger

man

y)

Uni

vers

ity

Col

lege

Lo

ndon

UK

This

pap

er a

naly

zes

how

, and

why

, su

ch te

mpo

rary

use

sof

spa

ce h

ave

been

har

ness

ed in

re

cent

eco

nom

ic a

nd u

rban

de

velo

pmen

t pol

icie

s an

d in

the

offic

ial

city

mar

ketin

g di

scou

rse

in B

erlin

po

st-2

000,

in th

e co

ntex

t of t

he

disc

ursi

ve a

nd p

olic

y sh

ift to

war

dth

e pr

omot

ion

of B

erlin

as

a “c

reat

ive

city

.

Pla

ce

mar

ketin

g20

13Jo

urna

l of

plnn

ing

liter

atur

e

Gar

y W

arna

by;

Dom

inic

M

edw

ay

Wha

t abo

ut th

e ‘p

lace

’in

pla

ce m

arke

ting?

1.84

2

‘I lo

ve M

CR

’ «

I lov

e M

anch

este

r»

case

. U

K

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

anch

este

r, U

K

The

artic

le c

oncl

udes

by

argu

ing

that

th

e pl

ace

prod

uct s

houl

d be

re

gard

ed a

s a

dyna

mic

con

cept

, com

pose

d as

m

uch

from

cha

ngin

g an

d co

mpe

ting

narr

ativ

es in

and

ove

r tim

e, a

sit

is fr

om it

s ta

ngib

le a

nd m

ater

ial

elem

ents

.

Pl a

ce

mar

ketin

g20

13C

ities

Seb

astia

n Ze

nker

, Fel

ix

Egg

ers,

Mar

io

Fars

ky

Put

ting

a pr

ice

tag

on c

ities

: Ins

ight

s in

to th

eco

mpe

titiv

e en

viro

nmen

t of

plac

es

1.72

8

Ber

lin a

nd

Ham

burg

(Ger

man

y)

Era

smus

U

nive

rsity

R

otte

rdam

, The

N

ethe

rland

s

Zepp

elin

U

nive

rsity

, Fr

iedr

ichs

hafe

n, G

erm

any

Inst

itute

of

Mar

ketin

g an

d M

edia

this

arti

cle

repo

rtsa

larg

e-sc

ale

empi

rical

stu

dy w

ith

Ger

man

tale

nts

for t

he c

ompe

titiv

e en

viro

nmen

t of t

he 1

5la

rges

t Ger

man

citi

es a

nd e

xplo

res

for t

he fi

rst t

ime

the

use

of c

ity im

age

dim

ensi

ons

in m

onet

ary

term

s.

8

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

emen

t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

e XVII

Issu

e II

Ver

sion

IYe

ar

()

2017


G


Ham

burg

,G

erm

any

Pla

ce

Mar

k eti n

gC

ity

Com

mun

it yJa

s pe r

Esh

uis

Eri k

Bra

unE

rik-H

ans

Klij

n

Pla

ce M

arke

ting

as

Gov

erna

nce

Stra

tegy

: An

Ass

essm

ent

of O

bsta

cles

in

Pla

ce M

arke

ting

and

Th e

ir E

ff ec

tson

Attr

actin

g Ta

rget

G

roup

s

1.00

Era

smus

U

nive

rsity

R

otte

rdam

, The

N

ethe

rland

s

this

arti

cle

anal

yzes

the

mai

n ob

stac

les

aspe

rcei

ved

by p

ublic

man

ager

s. It

al

so a

naly

zes

the

eff e

cts

ofob

stac

les

on p

erce

ived

resu

lts o

f pl

ace

mar

ketin

g in

term

sof

attr

actin

g ta

rget

gro

ups

Cit y

B

rand

ing

2013

Citi

esG

ill L

awso

n

A rh

etor

ical

stu

dy o

f in

-flig

ht re

al e

stat

e ad

verti

sem

ents

as

a po

tent

ial s

iteof

eth

ical

tra

nsfo

rmat

ion

in

Chi

nese

citi

es

Sha

ngha

iB

eijin

gH

ong

Kon

g… (C

hina

)

Que

ensl

and

Uni

vers

ity o

f Te

chno

logy

B

risba

ne,

Aus

tralia

This

pap

er in

vest

igat

es re

al e

stat

e m

arke

ting

as a

site

of p

oten

tial

ethi

cal t

rans

form

atio

n of

val

ues

rela

ted

to n

ew u

rban

dev

elop

men

t

City

m

arke

ting

2013

Jour

nal o

f pl

anni

ng

liter

atur

e

Urb

an s

calin

g-up

an

d en

doge

nous

de

velo

pmen

t pr

omot

ed b

y co

ntin

uous

city

m

arke

ting:

A c

ase

stud

y of

Xu

yi C

ount

y, C

hina

1.84

2Xu

yi C

ount

yC

hina

Nan

jing

Uni

vers

ity,

Chi

na;

She

nzhe

n U

rban

Pla

nnin

g an

d La

nd

Dev

elop

men

t R

esea

rch

Cen

ter,

Chi

na

This

arti

cle

exam

ines

the

mec

hani

sm o

f city

mar

ketin

g an

d ur

ban

scal

ing-

up in

Xuy

i Cou

nty,

w

hich

is m

arke

ted

as “

Lobs

ter

Cap

ital”

for i

ts lo

bste

r pro

duct

ion

and

fest

ival

, fro

m u

rban

aw

aren

ess,

ec

onom

y, a

nd g

over

nanc

e.

It ar

gues

that

the

effe

ctiv

e co

mbi

natio

n of

city

mar

ketin

g an

d lo

cal r

esou

rce

endo

wm

ent i

s a

very

impo

rtant

tact

ic fo

r the

de

velo

pmen

t of s

mal

l-an

d m

ediu

m-

size

d ci

ties

City

br

andi

ng20

13Jo

urna

l of

plan

ning

lit

erat

ure

Mih

alis

K

avar

atzi

s

Mar

y Jo

Hat

ch

The

dyna

mic

s of

pl

ace

bran

ds: A

n id

entit

y-ba

sed

appr

oach

to p

lace

bran

ding

theo

ry

1.84

2

Uni

vers

ity o

f Le

ices

ter,

UK

Uni

vers

ity o

f Vi

rgin

ia, U

SA

This

arti

cle

intro

duce

s a

nove

l ap

proa

ch to

war

ds p

lace

bra

ndin

g th

eory

, ado

ptin

g a

view

bas

ed o

nth

e re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n th

e pl

ace

bran

d an

d pl

ace

iden

tity.

Pl a

ce

mar

ketin

g20

13E

urop

ean

urba

n an

d M

arco

E

imer

man

nP

rom

otin

g S

wed

ish

coun

trysi

de

1.67

3S

wed

ish

coun

trysi

de

Öre

bro

Uni

vers

ity,

this

arti

cle

expl

ores

inte

rnat

iona

l rur

al

plac

e-m

arke

ting

effo

rts b

y S

wed

ish


9

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

emen

t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

e XVII

Issu

e II

Ver

sion

IYe

ar

()

2017

G

1.72

8

2013


regi

onal

st

udie

s

in th

e N

ethe

rland

s:

Inte

rnat

iona

l ru

ral p

lace

m

arke

ting

to a

ttrac

t ne

w re

side

nts

in th

e N

ethe

rland

sS

wed

en

mun

icip

aliti

es to

war

ds a

fflue

nt

wes

tern

Eur

opea

n m

igra

nts,

ex

empl

ified

by

cam

paig

ns in

the

Net

herla

nds

Pla

ce

mar

ketin

g20

14Jo

urna

l of

plan

ning

lit

erat

ure

Pla

ce m

arke

ting

and

citiz

enpa

rtici

patio

n:

bran

ding

as

stra

tegy

to a

ddre

ss th

e em

otio

nal

dim

ensi

on o

f pol

icy

mak

ing?

1.84

2U

nive

rsity

R

otte

rdam

, The

N

ethe

rland

s

The

artic

le s

how

s w

ith a

case

stu

dy th

at c

itize

n in

volv

emen

t in

plac

e br

andi

ng c

an b

e us

ed to

en

hanc

e th

e qu

ality

of th

e br

and

and

incl

ude

citiz

ens’

em

otio

ns in

gov

erna

nce

proc

esse

s

City

br

andi

ng20

14C

ities

Efe

Sev

in

Und

erst

andi

ng c

ities

th

roug

h ci

ty b

rand

s:

City

bra

ndin

g as

a

soci

alan

d se

man

tic

netw

ork

1.72

8

Am

eric

an

Uni

vers

ity,

Sch

ool o

f In

tern

atio

nal

Ser

vice

Was

hing

ton

US

A

This

rese

arch

aim

s to

pre

sent

a

plac

e br

andi

ng m

easu

rem

ent

mod

el th

at is

cap

able

of c

aptu

ring

the

com

plex

ity o

f citi

es, r

egio

ns,

and

natio

ns,1

and

of t

heir

bran

ds,

with

the

ultim

ate

obje

ctiv

e of

abe

tter u

nder

stan

ding

of h

ow p

lace

s ar

e pe

rcei

ved

by d

iffer

ent a

udie

nces

Pl a

ce

Bra

ndin

g20

14C

ities

Erik

Bra

un,

Jasp

er E

shui

s,

Erik

-Han

s K

lijn

The

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

pl

ace

bran

d co

mm

unic

atio

n

Era

smus

U

nive

rsity

R

otte

rdam

Rot

terd

am,

The

Net

herla

nds

The

stud

y pr

esen

ted

in th

is p

aper

is

one

of th

e fir

st q

uant

itativ

e, e

mpi

rical

st

udie

s ad

dres

sing

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

pla

ce b

rand

ing.

Thi

s pa

per a

sses

ses

whe

ther

thre

e di

ffere

nt s

trate

gies

for p

lace

bra

ndco

mm

unic

atio

n ha

ve a

pos

itive

effe

ct

on a

ttrac

ting

resi

dent

s an

d vi

sito

rs.

Pla

ce

mar

k eti n

g20

14J o

u rna

l of

p lan

ning

l it

erat

ure

St e

phen

B

row

nan

d A

dria

na

Cam

pelo

Do

Citi

es H

ave

Bro

ad S

houl

ders

?D

oes

Mot

own

Nee

d a

Hai

rcut

? O

n U

rban

Bra

ndin

g an

d th

e P

erso

nific

atio

n of

P

lace

1.84

2

Uni

vers

ity o

f U

lste

r, N

orth

ern

Irela

nd, U

K

Car

diff

Uni

vers

ity,

Wal

es, U

K

This

ess

ay re

flect

s on

the

prol

ifera

-tio

n of

pla

ce m

arke

ting

publ

icat

ions

an

d dr

aws

mac

rom

arke

ters

’ atte

ntio

n to

a hi

ther

to o

verlo

oked

asp

ect o

f the

lit

erat

ure.

Nam

ely,

our

pro

pens

ity to

per

soni

fy

plac

es, t

o tre

at th

em a

s liv

ing

thin

gs,

as o

rgan

ic e

ntiti

es –

as p

eopl

e, in

ef

fect

–th

at g

row

,flo

uris

h an

d fin

ally

pas

s aw

ay

10

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

emen

t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

e XVII

Issu

e II

Ver

sion

IYe

ar

()

2017


G


Pla

ce

b ra n

ding

2014

Ur b

an

stud

ies

Joa q

uim

Ri u

s U

llde m

o lin

s

Cul

tur e

and

a u

t he n

ticity

in u

rban

rege

nera

tion

proc

esse

s: P

lace

bran

ding

in c

entra

l B

arce

lona

1.59

2B

arce

lona

Spa

inU

nive

rsita

t de

Bar

celo

na,

Spa

in

ace

and

crea

te a

uthe

ntic

ity, w

hich

ar

e ne

cess

ary

elem

ents

if a

city

is to

be

glob

ally

co

mpe

titiv

e. T

he c

ase

of c

entra

l B

arce

lona

and

, spe

cific

ally

, the

Rav

al d

istri

ct is

exe

mpl

ary

and

sing

ular

: the

join

t act

ion

of th

e cu

ltura

l ins

titut

ions

and

repr

esen

ta-

tives

of t

he c

ultu

ral s

ecto

r bas

ed in

th

e ne

ighb

ourh

ood

have

turn

ed th

e R

aval

into

an

bran

d sp

ace

of ‘a

uthe

ntic

Bar

celo

na’ t

hat m

akes

th

e of

ficia

l, to

uris

t-fre

quen

ted

Bar

celo

na m

ore

rich

and

com

plex

.

Cit y

br

and i

ng20

14

Jour

nal o

f ho

usin

g t h

e b u

ilt

env i

rno m

e nt

Rob

erto

G

r and

i

and

Fede

rico

Ner

i

Sen

timen

t Ana

lysi

s an

d C

ity B

rand

ing

0.65

7B

olog

na C

ityIta

ly

Uni

vers

ità d

i B

olog

na,

Bol

ogna

, Ita

ly

Sem

antic

In

telli

genc

e,

Pis

a, It

aly

This

stu

dy p

artia

lly c

onfir

ms

and

parti

ally

reje

cts

wha

t man

y se

ctor

s of

th

e ci

ty w

ould

hav

e ex

pect

ed fr

om th

e pe

rcep

tion

of B

olog

na o

n th

e W

eb

Cit y

m

aket

ing

2015

Urb

an

fore

sty

&

urba

n gr

eeni

ng

Chu

ng-S

hing

C

han;

Mik

e P

eter

s; L

awal

M

. Mar

afa

Pub

lic p

arks

in c

ity

bran

ding

: P

erce

ptio

ns o

f vi

sito

rsvi

s-`a

-vis

resi

dent

s in

Hon

g K

ong

2.10

9H

ong

Kon

g(C

hina

)

Uni

vers

ity o

f H

ong

Kon

g-(C

hina

);

Uni

vers

ity o

f In

nsbr

uck-

(Aus

tria)

;

This

pap

er re

veal

s th

ew

eak

fam

iliar

ity a

nd fa

vour

abili

ty o

f th

e ci

ty b

rand

esp

ecia

lly e

xpre

ssed

by

loca

ls a

ndpo

tent

ial v

isito

rs. I

n H

ong

Kon

g,

Mar

ine

Par

ks a

nd th

e G

eo-P

ark

have

a

stro

ng le

vel o

fun

ique

ness

, whi

ch in

dica

tes

thei

r po

tent

ial t

o be

dis

tinct

ive

attra

ctio

ns

for g

reen

bra

ndin

gth

ough

per

cept

ual d

iver

genc

e ca

uses

obs

tacl

es in

real

izin

g th

at

pote

ntia

l.

Ur b

an

Bra

ndin

g20

15C

it ies

Ch i

ara

Ra b

b ios

i

Ren

e win

g a

h ist

oric

a l le

gacy

: To

u ris

m, l

eisu

re

shop

ping

and

1.72

8P

aris

(Fra

nce)

Uni

vers

ity o

f B

olog

naC

ente

r for

A

dvan

ced

This

arti

cle

disc

usse

s a

form

of u

rban

to

uris

m b

rand

ing

base

d on

the

arch

etyp

ical

form

of c

onsu

mer

ism

:le

isur

e sh

oppi

ng. C

omm

odity


11

Globa

l Jo

urna

l of M

anag

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t an

d Bu

siness Resea

rch

Volum

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e II

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()

2017

G


urba

n br

andi

ng in

P

aris

Stu

dies

in

Tour

ism

, Ita

ly

fetis

hism

is in

stru

men

tal n

ot o

nly

to

incr

easi

ng m

ains

tream

fash

ion

sale

sbu

t als

o to

reju

vena

ting

and

mul

tiply

ing

city

imag

es o

n th

e gl

obal

co

mpe

titiv

e m

arke

t

Cit y

B

rand

ing

2015

Citi

esYa

wei

Zha

o

Chi

na’s

lead

ing

hist

oric

al a

nd

cultu

ral c

ity’:

Bra

ndin

g D

ali C

ity

thro

ugh

publ

ic–p

rivat

e pa

rtner

ship

s in

Bai

ar

chite

ctur

e re

vita

lizat

ion

1.72

8D

ali

(Chi

na)

McG

ill

Uni

vers

ityM

ontre

alC

anad

a

This

pap

er a

ims

to re

veal

how

pa

rtner

ship

s be

twee

n th

e pu

blic

and

pr

ivat

e se

ctor

s in

her

itage

m

anag

emen

tha

ve fu

nctio

ned

as a

n ap

proa

ch to

ci

ty b

rand

ing,

and

how

loca

l peo

ple

perc

eive

and

are

influ

ence

dby

thes

e pa

rtner

ship

s

Urb

a n

bran

ding

2015

Citi

es

The

imag

e of

the

crea

tive

city

, eig

ht

year

s la

ter:

Turin

, ur

ban

bran

ding

and

the

econ

omic

cr

isis

tabo

o

Turin

(Ital

y)U

nive

rsita

` di

To

rino-

Italy

This

arti

cle

look

s at

the

sam

e ci

ty

eigh

t yea

rs la

ter:

both

Tur

in a

ndth

e ge

nera

l soc

io-e

cono

mic

situ

atio

n ha

ve c

hang

ed, p

rimar

ily b

ecau

se o

f th

e on

goin

g ec

onom

ic c

risis

.

City

B

rand

ing

Ant

onel

la

Mai

ello

, C

ecili

a P

asqu

inel

li

Des

truct

ion

or

cons

truct

ion?

A

(cou

nter

) bra

ndin

g an

alys

is o

f spo

rtm

ega-

even

ts in

Rio

de

Jan

eiro

1.72

8R

io d

e Ja

neiro

(Bra

zil)

Uni

vers

itária

, R

io d

e Ja

neiro

, B

razi

l

Gra

n S

asso

S

cien

ce

Inst

itute

, L’

Aqu

ila, I

taly

This

pap

er p

rese

nts

an a

naly

sis

of

the

dial

ectic

con

stru

ctio

n of

city

re

pres

enta

tion

in R

io d

e Ja

neiro

du

ring

the

phas

e of

pre

parin

g fo

r glo

bal

spor

t meg

a-ev

ents

, suc

h as

the

2014

FI

FA W

orld

Cup

and

the

2016

Oly

mpi

cs

Cit y

br

andi

ng20

15U

rban

st

udie

s

Citi

es fo

r sal

e:

Con

test

ing

city

bran

ding

and

cu

ltura

l pol

icie

s in

Bue

nos

Aire

s

1.59

2B

ueno

s A

ires

Arg

entin

aC

ity U

nive

rsity

Lo

ndon

, UK

This

pap

er e

xam

ines

the

role

of

cultu

re in

sha

ping

and

con

test

ing

city

br

andi

ng s

trate

gies

The

pape

r con

clud

es b

y sh

owin

g ho

w a

par

ticul

ar e

ntan

glem

ent

betw

een

polit

ics,

bus

ines

ses

and

urba

n m

arke

ting

in th

e La

tin A

mer

ican

city

gi

ves

way

to o

ngoi

ng c

onte

stat

ions

over

the

city

bra

nd a

nd c

onfig

ures

th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s an

d di

strib

utio

n of

po

tent

ial b

enef

its

12

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l Jo

urna

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1.72

8

Cec

ilia

Din

ard

Alb

erto

Van

olo

2015

Citi

es


Pl a

ce

bra n

ding

2015

Ur b

an

stud

ies

St a

ci M

Za

v att a

ro

F ran

k G

A

dam

s

Br id

ging

t he

gap :

An

expl

orat

ion

ofho

w D

MO

man

ager

s us

e ed

ucat

ion

to o

verc

ome

chal

leng

es

1.59

2M

issi

ssip

pi

Sta

te

Uni

vers

ity, U

SA

this

stu

dy c

ontri

bute

sto

the

liter

atur

e by

repo

rting

resu

lts o

f in

terv

iew

s w

ith D

MO

man

ager

s th

roug

hout

aS

outh

ern

stat

e, a

nd fi

nds

that

m

anag

ers

face

four

maj

or

chal

leng

es: p

erso

nnel

, tec

hnol

ogic

al,

polit

ical

, and

edu

catio

nal.

Pl a

ce

mar

ketin

g20

15

Jour

nal o

f pl

anni

ng

educ

atio

n an

d re

sear

ch

Nar

a Iw

ata

&

Vice

nte

del

Rio

The

Imag

e of

the

Wat

erfro

nt in

Rio

de

Jane

iroU

rban

ism

and

Soc

ial

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

of

Rea

lity

1.19

6R

io d

e Ja

neiro

Bra

zil

Uni

vers

idad

eFe

dera

l do

Rio

de

Jan

eiro

Bra

zil

This

arti

cle

disc

usse

s ho

w th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e ci

ty’s

imag

e ha

s ha

d a

stro

ng re

latio

nshi

p w

ith th

e be

ache

s an

d th

e na

tura

l lan

dsca

pe

and

how

, by

cont

inuo

usly

per

ceiv

ing

them

as

a na

tura

l ass

et, t

he c

ity

man

ager

s ha

ve fa

iled

to u

nder

stan

d th

eir r

ole

in th

eco

nstru

ctio

n of

the

beac

hfro

nt a

s a

soci

al re

ality


13

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l Jo

urna

l of M

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d Bu

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IV. Results

Y 19932%

Y 19995%

Y 20022%

Y 20032%

Y 20052%

Y 20077% Y 2008

4%Y 2009

7%

Y 201011%

Y 20119%

Y 20122%

Y 201316%

Y 201413%

Y 201518%

Year of publication

According to the statistics that we have realized, we notice that the beginning of the research of place marketing and similar concepts began in 1993, under the Journal Citations Reports in social sciences of 2015. The first journals published some articles and papers about city marketing with 2%, this proportion was growing up till reaching 18% in 2015.

Through the years, we have seen that the peaks of the publications in the Journal Citation Reports are: 1999 with 5%, 2007 with 7%, 2010, has been increasing till 11%, and 16% in 2013, and then stagnated in 18% in 2015.

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Urban Studies13%

Urban geography7%Journal of

urban affairs

5%

Journal of housing and the

built environment

9%City

Community5%

Cities33%

Urban policy and research

4%

Journal of planning literature

18%

European urban and regional

studies2%

Urban foresty & urban greening

2% Journal of planning education and

research2%

Journal of publication

From 1993 till 2015, there was several and various publications that was done in many journals, and the most common in publications of the papers according to place marketing and city branding field, we can say that the “Urban Studies” with 13%, then“Journal of Planning Literature” with 18%, and finally 33% with the journal: “Cities”.

This means that impact factor of the journals of publication has a great and a very important role at the acceptance of the papers of quality.


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According to the research that we’ve done, we can forward that the case study that was chosen in the majority of the papers was Beijing with 8%.

In second place, there were many cities that were chosen in the empiric part of the articles such as: Hong Kong, Turin, Shanghai, Berlin, and Rio de Janeiro.

This means that the majority of the papers choose the city of Beijing, its role in the world, as a strong city that found the right way to make it know with City marketing and similar concepts in order to be good economically and touristically.

Hong Kong5%

Amsterdam3%

Turin5%

Benjing8%

Texas3% Songdo

3%

Manchester3%

Munich3%

Monreal3%

Oxford3%Osaka

3%

Shangai5%Berlin

5%

Hamburg3%

Stillbay 3%

Paris3%

Dali3%

Xuyi Country3%

Rio de Janeiro5%

Gloscow3%

Buenos Aires3%

Barcelona3%

Sydney3%

Busan City3%

Bologna3%

Swedish Countryside

3%

Mice3%

Melbourne3%

Adelaide3%

Lynch 3%

Case study by cities

China20%

Holland3%

Italy7%

USA3%

UK7%

South Korea7%Germany

10%

Canada3%

Japan3%

South Africa3%

France3%

Brazil3%

Scotland3%

Argentina3%

Australia10%

Netherlands7%

Spain3%

Case study by Countries

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GSynthesis Literature of City Marketing and Similar Concepts

Concerning the countries of the case study of the articles that we’ve studied, we can say that the majority of the articles were talking about different cities in the same country which concludes that, China is on the top of the list with 20% then Germany and Australia with 10%, and then Italy, UK and South Korea with 7%.

As we have seen, China is one of the most important countries found at the empiric part of the papers that we have studied, in the second place we find Germany, as a strong country in different areas and especially.

Place marketing36%

City marketing20%

City branding24%

Marketing places

2%

Place promotion2%

Cultural urban

branding2%

Urban branding

5%

Place branding

9%

Keywords

From all the research that was done from 1993 till 2015, the keyword very used is “Place marketing” with 36%, then we find City branding with 24%, and then 20% dedicated to “City marketing”.

The main useful keyword is Place marketing referring to the place that has know a strategy of

marketing in order to have a better future, than the city branding, referring to the importance of the brand in a city or a territory that makes it easier for the tourists and visitors to remember it, and the city marketing, that is referring to the marketing used to the cities.

China, 5

Australia, 5

USA, 6

Netherlands, 3

Italy, 4Israel, 2

UK, 9Japan, 1

Germany, 3

South Africa, 1

Canada, 1

Brazil, 2 Scotland, 1Spain, 2

Singapore, 1 South Korea, 1

Sweden, 1

Author Universities Per Countries


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The authors that wrote the articles from 1993 till 2015 about city marketing and similar concepts are from: UK with 9%, then USA with 6%, 5% is common between China and Australia,, then we find Italy with 4%, and finally, Germany and Netherlands with 3%.

V. Conclusion

This study has explored the articles that were published in JCR journals and revues. In this sense, the articles published between 1996 ans 2015 were analyzed, even tough, the study is not definitive. It only helps to summarize and interpret, analyzing the item that was choosen in this work.

The main result that we have noticed is that, the cities that are discussed at the study empirical part has to do with two continents: in one hand, Asia, in order words China because most of the articles talk about Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, China’s cities. In other hand, the articles talk about a very strong country in Europe which is Germany: Berlin, Munich, Hamburg. The city branding is definied as a demand oriented approach. (Oguztimur, Akturan, 2015).

The city marketing, literature is under construction and development. Most of the studies are derived from marketing and management (Kavaratzis, 2004, 2007) and brand management (Kavaratzis & Ashworth, 2009).

Therefore, excluded the articles that were published elsewhere, and the books that are talking about the same fields, conferences proceeding, articles that are not available electronically.

The city marketing field and its similar concepts needs a considerable research contributed b practionners. Through the entire article, the study has explored different articles mostly in English that was published in many revues of impact: “JCR” that talked

This study has some limitations. The main limitation of this article is that, the study explored the literature just from JCR journals from Urban Studies Area and the research was done with these keywords: Place Marketing, City Marketing, City Branding, Place Branding, Branding cities, Marketing places, Place promotion, Urban branding.

about city marketing, city branding, place marketing, territorial marketing.

This study leads to analyze and interpret all the results that were shown in order to summarize the real history of this field that was shown and published academically.

The study has shown that, the earliest article about these keywords was academically published in 1996.

The study analyzes the articles per years, revues, the university and the case study “place”.

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Synthesis Literature of City Marketing and Similar Conceptsinstrument to define themselves and...

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