Synopsis April 2001##

8/12/2019 Synopsis April 2001##

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INTRODUCTION

Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one

another is a derivative of a Latin word confligere meaning to strike together

(Quincy Wright, 1993) !t is a world of consistent conflict that we inha"it,

whether in #ri Lan$a, %ngola, &wanda, 'ashmir, orth ast !ndia, or #omalia,

hordes of humanity are struggling to cope with the conse*uences of destructive

conflicts Conflict is also defined as the pursuit of incompara"le goals "y

different groups %rmed conflicts are conflicts where parties on "oth sides

resort to the use of force +iolent conflict is similar to armed conflict "ut

includes only onesided violence such as genocides against unarmed civilians

Conflict resolution is a term implying deeprooted sources of conflict that are

addressed and resolved -his means that "ehaviour is no longer violent,

attitudes are no longer hostile, and the structure of the conflict has also

undergone changes .owever, the term refers "oth to the process (or intention)

to "ring a"out these changes, and to the completion of the process (.ugh /iall

et al, 1999) Conflict resolution is also used in two senses0 one, normative,

other descriptive !n normative sense, conflict resolution is defined as a change

in a situation which is accepta"le to the parties % peaceful resolution is the

achievement of such a resolution without violence, and a ust resolution is one

that is fair to "oth the parties 2eaceful, ust resolution is the ideal !n the

descriptive sense, conflict resolution is often used to mean the way a conflict

ends, irrespective of whether all parties find the outcome accepta"le (/iall,

199)

-here are various schools of thought a"out conflict 4ne such school defines

conflict in terms of a clash of interest "etween interdependent parties 'enneth

5oulding, a mem"er of this #chool writes0

Conflicts over interests are situations in which some change

makes at least one party better off and the other party worse off,

each in their own estimation. If the change is positive sum, it

opens the possibility, that both parties may be better off. If thechange is zero sum or negative sum, this perception is no

longer available.

-his school is mainly concerned with international conflict !ts primary aim is

the avoidance or resolution of armed conflicts "etween great powers -his type

of conflict is also $nown as #ymmetric Conflict

-he other school which is "est associated with 6ohan 7altung argues that

inustice and 8structural violence are situations of conflict even in the a"sence

of physical violence and confrontation !n 19:1, %dam Curle defines conflict as

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any situation where the potential development of one group is impeded "y

another -his school is more concerned with the domination and e;ploitation of

the poor (periphery) "y the rich (the centre), "oth within particular societies andin world society as a whole -his type of conflict is also $nown as asymmetric

conflict

%nother definition of conflict is given "y 5engt .oglund %ccording to him,

there are three elementary aspects of any society and it consist of0

(i) % set of individuals

(ii) % set of values

(i ii) % set of organi


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CONFLICT TYPES:

4n the other hand, as per the #ingers conflict typology? the following conflicts

are the maor forms0

i) !nterstate wars

i i) ;trasystemic (main ly colonial ) wars

iii) Civil conflicts

iv) !ntrastate wars

.olsti also adopted #ingers typology .e earlier categori


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.ere contradictions refer to the underlying conflict situation Which includes

the actual or perceived 8incompati"ility of goals "etween conflict parties

At ti tude includes the parties perceptions and misperceptions of each other and

themselves -his can "e positive or negative "ut in violent conflicts parties tend

to develop demeaning stereotypes of each other

ehaviourcan include cooperation or coercion, gestures signifying conciliation

or hostility

7altung argues that all three components have to "e present in a full conflict %

conflict structure without conflictual attitudes of "ehaviour is a latent (or

structural) conflict .e sees conflict as a dynamic process in which structure,

attitudes and "ehaviour are constantly changing and influencing each other

-he developing tradition of thin$ing a"out conflict and conflict resolution is

e;tremely relevant as the fi;ed structures of sovereignty and governance

"rea$s down %l l over the world, societ ies are facing st resses from popula tion

growth, structural changes in the world economy, migration into cities,

environmental degradation and rapid social change #ocieties with institutions,

rules or norms for managing conflict and well esta"lished traditions of

governance are generally "etter a"le to accommodate peacefully to change?

those with wea$er governance, fragile social "onds and little consensus on

values of traditions are more li$ely to "uc$le %nd strengthening the capacity

of conflict resolution within societies and political institutions, especially

preventa tive ly, is a vi ta l part of the response to the phenomenon of warlordism

and ethnonationlism

Conflict resolution is an integral part of the wor$ towards development, social

ust ice and social transformation, which aims to tac$ le the pro"le ms of which

mercenaries and child soldiers are symptoms

Conflict, is not unavoida"le "ut can indeed "e prevented .ence, necessary

efforts should "e made which is the aim of conflict resolution 2otential sources

of conflict need to "e identified and analysed with a view to their early

resolution, and concrete steps must "e ta$en to forestall armed confrontation !t

these preventive measures are superseded "y a sharpening of the conflict, then

an early warning must "e given in time for more rigorous conflict containment

to ta$e place

-here is a glo"ali


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of the norms of sovereignty and noninterference is "eginning to open spare for

international interventions

Question arises as to how we can prevent conflicts from "ecoming violent

%ctive measures to prevent conflict can "e divided into two t ypes 4ne is aimed

at preventing situations with a clear capacity for violence from degenerating

into armed conflict (Light 2revention) %im is to prevent latent or threshold

confl ic ts f rom "ecoming severe armed confl ic ts through diplomatic

interventions, long term missions and private mediation efforts -he second

mode of conflict prevention is termed as F=eep 2reventionG -his aims to

address the root causes, including underlying confl icts of interest and

relationships

!n the 199Ds success in the prevention of imminent armed conflict has "een

claimed in /acedonia (199), 7uatemala (1993), Aii (199B) and stonia (1993

9E) ven in #outh %sia armed conflicts li$e the /i


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CONFLICT RESOLUTION : THEORETICL UNDERPINNIN!S

4f the various schools of thought in conflict resolution, credit for its foundationgoes to pioneers li$e 'enneth 5oulding, 6ohan 7altung, 6ohn 5urton, the

.arvard #chool, %dam Curle and lise 5oulding

%ccording to 'enneth 5oulding, conflict resolution meant the development of

a $nowledge "ase in which Fsocial data stationsG would emerge forming a

system analogous to a networ$ of weather stations which would gather a

range of social, economic and political data to produce indicators to identify

social temperature and pressure and predict cold or warm fronts %ccording to

5oulding, war can "e prevented "y the development of a research and

information capa"ility

-he second pioneer is the #candinavian peace researcher from orway called

6ohan 7altung Aor 7altung, 7andhian ideas formed a persistent theme in his

conflict resolution theories .is was search for positive peace in the form of

human empathy, solidarity and community in resolving conflicts .is theory

was "ased on addressing Fstructural violenceG "y unveiling and transforming

structures of imperialism and oppression, and the importance of searching for

alternative values in nonwestern cosmologies such as 5uddhism

-he third Ffounder figureG in the field of conflict resolution is 6ohn 5urton .eis most famous for propounding the F.uman eeds -heoryG -he positing of a

universal drive to satisfy "asic needs such as security, identity and recognition

provided 5urton wi th the lin$ "e tween causal analysis and modes of reso lution

precisely "ecause of the di fferences "etween in terest s and needs !n tere sts,

"e ing pr imari ly a"out materi al 8goods, can "e traded, "argained and negotiated

eeds, "eing nonmate rial , cannot "e traded or sa ti sf ied "y power "argaining

With proper understanding, therefore, conflicts "ased on unsatisfied needs can

"e reso lved

%dam Curle pointed to the importance of mediation and reconciliation themesin peace research and practice in the conflict > ridden world .e identified four

elements to his mediation process Airst, the mediator acts to "uild, maintain

and improve communications #econdly, to provide information to and "etween

conflict parties -hird, to 8"efriend the conflict parties and fourthly, to

encourage what he refers to as active mediation, that is to say to cultivate a

willingness to engage in cooperative negotiations

%nother remar$a"le contri"ution in the field of conflict resolution theory was

made "y lise 5oulding who introduced the idea of 8imaging the future -he

idea was a powerful way of ena"ling people to "rea$ out of the defensive

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pr ivate sheells in to which they retrea ted, to encourage them to part ic ipate in

the construction of a peaceful and tolerant glo"al culture Women, children and

many culture communities, according to lise 5oulding needed to theaccommodated for a glo"al civic culture and peaceful pro"lem solving among

nations Aor her, peacema$ing demands specific 8crafts and s$ills and all

those activities that lie at the heart of all human interaction that will determine

whether, in the end, we are peacema$ers or warma$ers

Histo#y of Conflict in Chittagong Hill T#acts and The Fla$ed Peace P#ocess

-he Chittagong .ill -racts (C.-), an area of 13,31 s*uare $ilometers, is

located in the #outh astern part of 5angladesh, "ordering %ra$an and Chin

states of /yanmar (5urma) and -ripura and /i


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!ecember "##$ in which a C.- &egional Council was formed .owever, the

government has pursued a policy of delay and most of the accord points have

not "een implemented

THE CHITT!ON! HILL TRCT CCORD

-he Chittagong .ill -racts %ccord was signed on =ecem"er 199: "y %"dul

.asnat %"dulla, Chief Whip of the 7overnment of 5angladesh (745) and the

head of the government appointed Committee on the Chittagong Hill Tracts

(C.-) and 65 Larma, the president of the 2ar"atya Chattagram 6ana #amhati

#amiti (6##) -he %ccord came after two years of negotiations "etween 745s

C.- Committee and the 6## "ringing an and to a J years old conflict -he

uni*ue feature a"out this accord was that there was no third party mediation,

unli$e in other compara"le FpeaceG process around the world, li$e in orthern

!reland and ast -imor -he C.- %ccord of 199: addresses various issues,

the most important of which are the following0

=ecommissioning and deposit of arms "y 6## fighters?

-he reha"ilitation of the e;com"atants?

-he reha"ilitation of the international refugees and internally displaced

people ?

-he dismantling of nonpermanent military camps and the return of soldiers

to their regular "arrac$s

#elfgovernment through district and regional councils and indigenous

institutions0

Land and resource rights

-he recognition of the cultural identity of the indigenous people and their

laws and customs

%mong the important provisions of the %ccord is the re affirmation of the role

of the hereditary circle chiefs and their su"ordinate headmen in the district

administration and in the indigenous udicial system

% committee was formed under the chairmanship of the Chief Whip of the

745 to oversee the implementation of the %ccord -he %ccord has "een

hailed "y many as a 8milestone in the history of 5angladesh -he government

of 5angladesh claimed that it was a reasona"le and practica"le settlement to a

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delicate and hitherto intracta"le pro"lem 4n the other hand, the %ccord has

"een severe ly cr it icised as an unfa ir and il legal agreement #ome of the

criticisms include the allegation that the %ccord is contrary to the constitutionof 5angladesh and that it compromises the territorial integrity and sovereignty

of the country %lso, there are allegations that the %ccord violates the

fundamental rights of the ethnic 5engali inha"itants of the C.-

!nspite of all the criticisms, the C.- %ccord will go down in the history of

conflicts in #outh %sia and the world as one of the finest e;amples of solved

armed conflict -he C.- %ccord of 199: was a result of protracted political

negotiations and it involved a num"er of compromises, due to political

e;pediencies, and for the sa$e of esta"lishing lasting peace in the wartorn

region of #outh %sia -he protracted conflict resolution process of C.- can"e traced ti ll 19KJ when the fi rst agreement was signed "etween the F2ri tiG

faction of the 6## and the government of 5angladesh, represented "y the

commander of the E th !nfantry division of the 5angladesh %rmy stationed in

the C.- -he second %ccord happened in 19KK during the rshad regime

which finally paved way for the 199: %ccord

-he %ccord, according to =evashish &oy,

%&hould be looked upon as reasonable compromise for the greater interests of

peace and social 'u st ic e. It sh ould no t be looked upon as the fina l cu lminat ion

of the struggle of the downtrodden people of the C(), but as the beginning of

a new struggle, through democratic and peaceful means* a struggle for peace,

dignity, human rights, progress and amity.

ORI!IN OF THE %I&O INSUR!ENCY

!t was in the morning of Ae"ruary K, 19BB that large scale distur"ances "ro$e

out for the first time in different places of the /i


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followed "y rapid spread of education Arustration among the educated,

unemployed youth ensued as government o"s were few

%lso there was atmosphere of guerrilla training given to the villagers during

that time %nd 2a$istan too intervened .owever, the real push has given "y

the Mautam in which in the year 19BD, the /i


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#ee$ a solution to the /i


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-ry to find out whether there were mediators in the peace process

Loo$ into the involvement of other countries in the process

=elve into the role of /i


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SUR.EY OF LITERTURE:

% num"er of art icles, papers and "oo$s have "een written on Confl ict&esolution in general out there is a dearth of literature giving a comprehensive

analysis of conflicts and conflict resolution processes in #outh %sia in general

and orth ast !ndia and Chittagong .ill -racts in particular -herefore, most

of this study will "e "ased on e;tensive fieldwor$ which will "e underta$en

during the period of study

4f the maor "oo$s consulted, mention may "e made of 6ohn 5urtons "oo$s

namely Conflict+ esolution and -revention, Conflict+ (uman eeds )heory,

Conflict+ eadings in /anagement and esolution and Conflict+ -ractices in

/anagement &e tt lement and eso lu tion.

6ohn 5urton regarded as the third FfounderfigureG of the field of Conflict

&esolution stressed the need of the application of needs theory through a

Fcontrolled communication or pro"lem solving approachG to unloc$ intracta"le

conflict %ccording to 5urton, while FinterestsG "eing of material, FgoodsG can

"e traded , "argained and negotiated eeds such as identi ty, securi ty and

recognition, "eing nonmaterial cannot "e traded or satisfied "y power

"argaining With proper understanding, therefore conflicts "ased on sa ti sf ied

needs can "e resolved

.owever, the early empirical studies of war and conflict were done "y 2itirim

#oro$in (&ussian), Lewis Ary &ichardson (nglish) and Quincy Wright

(%merican) in 19JDs Quincy Wright wrote in 19J1 a paper called F-he ature

of ConflictG for the )he 0estern -olitical 1uarterly wherein he defines conflict

as the inconsistency in the motions, sentiments, purposes or claims of entities,

and sometimes to the process of resolving these inconsistencies %ccording to

him, a conflict is solved "y definitive acceptance of a decision "y all parties

and he stresses on nonviolence methods to resolve conflicts

'enneth 5oulding, who set up the 2ournal of Conf li ct eso lu tion in 19J: andthe Centre for &esearch on Conflict &esolution in 19J9s pu"lication focussed

firmly on issue of preventing war

6ohan 7altung, foundereditor of the 2ournal of -eace esearch introduced the

concept of 8Conflict -riangle .is central theme was the search for positive

peace in the form of human empathy, so lidari ty and community, the pr iori ty of

addressing 8structural violence "y unveiling and transforming structures of

imperialism and oppression and the importance of searching for alternative

values in nonwestern cosmologies such as 5uddhism

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'ries"ergs )he &ociology of &ocial Confl icts (19:3) and /itchells )he

&tructure of International Conflict 3"#4"5 helped understand the concept of

peace "e tter 5y the 19KDs the study of negotiat ion in internat ional confli ct hadalso ta$en on the winwin, pro"lemsolving and mutual gain voca"ulary of

conflict resolution, through the wor$ of &oger Aisher and William ry at

.arvard niversity

Adam Curle introduced the theory and practice of mediation .is "oo$ /aking

-eace 3"#$"5 defines peace and conflict as a set of peaceful and unpeaceful

relationships, so that 8the process of peacema$ing consists in ma$ing changes to

relationships so that they may "e "rought to a point where development can

occur

Curles other "oo$ entitled In the /iddle 3"#465 points to the importance of

mediation and reconciliation themes in peace research and practice in the

conflictridden world of the late twentieth century .e identified E elements to

his mediation process0

i) /ediator acts to "uild , maintain and improve communications

i i) -o provide information to and "etween the confl ict part ies

i ii ) -o 8"efr iend the conf lict part ies

iv) -o cultivate a willingness to engage in cooperation negotiation

.is is an approach to -rac$ !! or citi


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)he !agger rigade (19KD), C7 +erghese and &L-han


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.ill -racts !t also includes an article on the solution of the pro"lem -he "oo$

ends with #aleem #amads article entitled 8-he ncertain Course of 2eace in

the Chittagong .ill -racts -he post>%ccord of =ecem"er 199: peace"uilding

efforts is what is lac$ing in this otherwise fine volume -he %udit &eport

pu"l ished "y the #outh %s ia Aorum for .uman &ights en ti tled F2eace 2rocess in

agaland and Chit tagong .i ll -ractsG -he "oo$ though a sl ender co llection on

the origin of the aga and Cha$ma pro"lems contains many factual errors -he

other important "oo$ is "y the %msterdam "ased 4rganiurs (1991) -his "oo$ is a good

collection on the political and legal history of the C.-, how the lands were

dispossessed forcefully -he "oo$ also throws a lot of light into the culture and

religion in the C.- and ends with recommendations as to what should "e done

4ther rare "oo$s consulted are &.# .utchinsons, An account of Chit tagong

(i ll )racts (19DB), -. Lewis, )he (ill )racts of Chittagong and the !wellers)herein (1KB9), Aather & W -ims, )he Adivasis o f angladesh (=ate

n$nown), #2 -alu$dars, )he Chakmas + 7ife and &truggle (19KK), /i


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started when the groups started using arms to further their cause leading to

many a violent deaths

-he regions under study ie orth ast !ndia and Chittagong .ill -racts have

"een facing confli cts which traces thei r orig in in the co lonial past policies

!n this region where over JDD million people are in a"solute poverty, where the

condition of women is in deplora"le state and where social and economic

ine*ualities are e;treme, the prevalence of deadly protracted conflicts have

caused, and will continue to cause, tremendous agony and underdevelopment

.ence, there is a need to evolve ways to resolve conflicts in this region /y

study, thus, will attempt to detect the roots, genesis and dynamics of two of

#outh %sias conflicts /i


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1 2rovide a "lue print for conflict revolution for other trou"led regions of

!ndia and #outh %sia

/any of the orth ast !ndian #tates have "een e;periencing insurgent wars forthe last five decades %round thirty one armed insurgent groups operate in this

region demanding secession, autonomy etc -he /i


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RESERCH %ETHODOLO!Y :

.istorical %nalysis with a #u" %ltern perspective

TENTTI.E CHPTERI&TION :

CHPTER "

Int#od5ction


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SELECT 0I0LIO!RPHY

P#i9a#y So5#ces

%n %ppeal of the 6umma &efugees to the !nternational Community on the Latest

#ituation of the C.-, 19, Ae"ruary 1993

%ppeal,/assacre by &ecurity 8orces in 7ogang @illage, C(),1K %pril 199, =ha$a

Carnegie Commission on 2reventing =eadly Conflict, -reventing !eadly Conflict

(ew Hor$0 Carnegie Corporation of ew Hor$, 199:)

Chittagong .ill -racts Campaign and !nformation etwor$, &top the ?enocide of the

2umma -eople

Chittagong .ill -racts Commission (etherlands) 8act &heet on the egotiationetween the ?overnment of angladesh and the 2&&, 6une 1993

Chittagong .ill -racts Commission, Comments in elation to the angladesh >ne

/an Commission eport on the 7ogang /assacre in the C(), 199

Chittagong .ill -racts Commission, 8act &heet on egotiations etween the

angladesh ?overnment and the 2&& and the -erspective for a -olitical &olution to

the C() conflict in the near future, %pril 1993

Chittagong .ill -racts Commission, >pen 7etter to -rime /inister egum Bhaleda

ia, 6an :, 1993

=elhi Cha$ma #tudents nion 2u"lication, Chittagong (ill )ribes 7overnment of !ndia &eport,-ro;y 0ar, 199K

7overnment of !ndia,(ome /inistry eports (19939E, 199J9B, 199:9K)

7overnment of /anipur, /emorandum on 7aw and >rder su"mitted to #hri !'

7ural, Aormer 2rime /inister of !ndia, nd/ay, 199:

!ntervention =ocument of the !nternational Wor$ 7roup for !ndigenous %ffairs and

%nti#lavery !nternational on the &ituation in the Chittagong (ill )racts of

angladesh

6oint %ppeal made "y LA, LA%, 2&2%', '+, #C, -2=A, 0hy oycott

Indias Independence !ay CelebrationsD6uly E, 199:

6umma 2eoples etwor$ (2aris),8oreign Aid 8unds ?enocide in C(), 199

6umma &efugee Welfare, &tatement egarding epatriation, 6uly 199

Barioea @illage !eclaration, &io de 6aneiro, 199

&eport on7ogang !isturbances of Bhagrachari (ill !istrict, 199

#%%&C document on Convention on )errorism

#eminar papers on 84pen =ialogue on the C.-0 2eace, =emocracy and #elf

=etermination, #ept BK, 199B, =ha$a

D


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#urvival for -ri"al 2eoples (London), &ubmission to the "##E &ession of the


22/27

1J) Cranna, /ichael (ed), )he )rue Cost of Conflict (London0 arthscan 2u"lication,

199E)

1B) =avies, %W, ?azetters of the orth 7ushai (ills (#hillong, 1K9E)1:) =ewan, %ditya ', Class and :thnicity in (ills of angladesh (npu"lished 2h=

dissertation /c7ill niversity, 199D)

1K) =har, 2annalal, :thnic


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3K) /iall, .ugh et al, Contemporary Conflict esolution+ )he -revention, /anagement

and )ranformation of !eadly Conflicts (Cam"ridge0 2olity 2ress, 1999)

39) /iall, .ugh, )he -eacemakers+ -eaceful &ettlement of !isputes since "#H9 (London0/ac/illan, 199)

ED) /itra, #u"rata ' and Lewis, & %lison (ed) &ubnational /ovements in &outh Asia

(Colorado0 Westview 2ress, 199B)

E1) /ohsin, %mena, )he -olitics of ationalism+ the C(), angladesh (npu"lished

2h= -hesis, 199J)

E) 4gley, &oderic$ C, Conflict


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J9) +ayrynen, &aimo, ew !irections in Conflict )heory+ Conflict esolution and

Conflict )ransformation (London0 #age 2u"lication, 1991)

BD) +erghese, 57 Indias orth :ast esurgent (=elhi0 'onar$ 2u"lishers 2vt Ltd,199:)

B1) Wasle$ar, #undeep,A (andbook for Conflict esolution in &outh Asia(=elhi0 'onar$

2u"lications, 199B)

B) Wi"erg, .a$an and #cherrer, Christian 2, :thnicity and Intra&tate Conflict

(%ldershot0 %shgate, 1999)

B3) Woodthorpe, &7 )he 7ushai :;pedition ( London? .urst and 5lac$ett,1K:3)

#ticles

1) 5rown, =avid, FWhy is the ation#tate so +ulnera"le to thnic ationalismG,

ations and ationalism, +ol E part 1, 6anuary 199K, pp 11J

) Carment, =avid and 6ames, 2atric$, F;plaining -hird2arty !ntervention in thnic

Conflict0 -heory and videnceG, ations and ationalism +ol B, no , DDD, pp

1:3D

3) Cochrane, Aeargal, F5eyond the 2olitical lites0 % Comparative %nalysis of the &oles

and !mpacts of Community 5ased 74s in Conflict &esolution %ctivityG, Civil

0ars,#ummer DDD, +ol 3, no , pp 1

E) Cowell =avid and Cowell, 'im"erly, F.uman &ights as Conflict /anagement0 -he

nionist se of .uman &ights Language in orthern !relandG, ationalism and

:thnic -olitics(London) +ol J, no 1, #pring 1999, pp 1K

J) =uyvesleyn, !sa"elle, FContemporary War0 thnic Conflicts, &esource Conflict or#omething lseG, Civil 0ars(London), +ol 3 no 1, #pring DDD, pp 911B

B) llingsen, -ana, FColourful Community or thnic Witches 5rew /ultiethnicity and

=omestic Conflict =uring and %fter the Cold WarG, 2ournal of Conflict esolution,

+ol EE, no , %pril DDD, pp KE9

:) 7riffiths, .ugh, F% 2olitical conomy of thnic Conflict, thnoationalism and

4rgani


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1E) 2rins, 7wyns, FCivil and ncivil WarG, Civil 0ars +ol , no 1, #pring 1999, pp

11:19

1J) Wimmer, %ndreas, FWho 4wns the #tate nderstanding thnic, Conflict in 2ostColonial #ocietiesG,ations and ationalism+ol 3, no E, 199:, pp B31BBJ

Encyclo1edias

1) :ncyclopedia of Conflict esolution (4;ford0 %5CCL!4, 199:)

) :ncyclopedia of /odern &eparatist /ovements (California0 %5CCL!4, DDD)

3) :ncyclopedia of -olitical Anarchy (4;ford0 %5CCL!4, 1999)

E) :ncyclopedia of @iolence, -eace, Conflict +ols !, !!, !!! (Alorida0 %cademic 2ress,

1999)

J) :ncyclopedia of 0arrior -eoples and 8ighting ?roups (4;ford0 %5CCL!4, 199K)

B) )he :ncyclopedia of -olitical evolutions (Chicago0 Aitgray =ear"orn 2u"lishers,

199K)

F#o9 Inte#net

1) http0@wwwunogch@unidir

) http0@wwwsiprise@

3) www"asicintorg

E) wwwanapcas@sworld

J) wwwno"elnose

B) wwwpriono

:) wwwnortheastvigilcom

K) wwwo;famorgu$

9) wwwepaocom

Othe# So5#ces

#!2&! Hear 5oo$s (#toc$holm)

2u"lic 4pinion and -rends %nalysis (=elhi)

6aneMs =efence 6ournal and other 2u"lications (London)

o"el 2eace 2ri


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PRIL "6' 6**"

PhD; SYNOPSIS

Resol5tion of P#ot#acted #9ed Conflicts in

So5th sia: Co91a#ati4e St5dy of the %iEST PCIFIC STUDIES

SCHOOL OF INTERNTIONL STUDIES

(>HRLL NEHRU UNI.ERSITY

NE> DELHI ? ""**-@;

B


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Synopsis April 2001##

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Transcript of Synopsis April 2001##