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Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House

Location of Sydney Opera House in NSW

General information

Status Complete

Type Arts complex

Architectural

styleExpressionist

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Location Bennelong Point,Sydney

Country Australia

Coordinates

335131.2S

1511250.5E33.858667S

151.214028ECoordinates:

335131.2S 1511250.5E33.858667S

151.214028E

Elevation 4 m (13 ft)

Current

tenants

Opera Australia

The Australian Ballet

Sydney Theatre Company

Sydney Symphony Orchestra

(+ others)

Construction

started2 March 1959

Completed 1973

Opening 20 October 1973; 38 years ago

Cost A$102 million

Height 65 m (213 ft)

Technical details

Structural

system

Concrete frame & precast concrete ribbed

roof

Other

dimensions

length 183 m (600 ft)

width 120 m (394 ft)

area 1.8 ha (4.4 acres)

Design and construction

Client NSW Government

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Owner NSW Government

Main

contractor

Civil & Civic(level 1), M.R. Hornibrook

(level 2 and 3 and interior)

Architect Jrn Utzon

Structural

engineerOve Arup & Partners

Other information

Seating

capacity

Concert Hall 2,679

Opera Theatre 1,507

Drama Theatre 544

Playhouse 398

The Studio 400

Utzon Room 210

Total 5,738

Website

www.sydneyoperahouse.com

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Type: Cultural

Criteria: I

Designated: 2007(31stsession)

Reference #: 166rev

State Party: Australia

Region: Asia-Pacific

The Sydney Opera Houseis a multi-venue performing arts centre in theAustraliancity ofSydney.It was conceived and largely built by Danish architectJrn Utzon,finally opening in1973 after a long gestation starting with his competition-winning design in 1957.

Utzon received thePritzker Prize,architecture's highest honour, in 2003.[1]The Pritzker Prizecitation stated:

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There is no doubt that the Sydney Opera House is his masterpiece. It is one of the great iconicbuildings of the 20th century, an image of great beauty that has become known throughout theworlda symbol for not only a city, but a whole country and continent.

The Sydney Opera House was made a UNESCOWorld Heritage Siteon 28 June 2007.[2]It is

one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famousperforming artscentresin the world.[citation needed]

The Sydney Opera House is situated onBennelong PointinSydney Harbour,close to theSydneyHarbour Bridge.It sits at the northeastern tip of theSydney central business district(the CBD),surrounded on three sides by the harbour (Sydney CoveandFarm Cove)and neighboured by theRoyal Botanic Gardens.

Contrary to its name, the building houses multiple performance venues. As one of the busiestperforming arts centres in the world, hosting over 1,500 performances each year attended bysome 1.2 million people, the Sydney Opera House provides a venue for many performing arts

companies including the four key resident companiesOpera Australia,The Australian Ballet,theSydney Theatre Companyand theSydney Symphony Orchestra,and presents a wide range ofproductions on its own account. It is also one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia,with more than seven million people visiting the site each year, 300,000 of whom take a guidedtour.[3]

The Sydney Opera House is administered by theSydney Opera House Trust,under the NewSouth Wales Ministry of the Arts.

The Forecourt, a flexible open-air venue with a wide range of configuration options,including the possibility of utilising the Monumental Steps as audience seating, used for arange of community events and major outdoor performances. The Forecourt will beclosed to visitors and performances 20112014 to construct a new entrance tunnel to arebuilt loading dock for the Opera Theatre.

Other areas (for example the northern and western foyers) are also used for performances on anoccasional basis. Venues at the Sydney Opera House are also used for conferences, ceremonies,and social functions.

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Interior of Concert Hall

Construction progress in 1966

Design and construction

TheFort Macquarie Tram Depot,occupying the site at the time of these plans, was demolishedin 1958 and formal construction of the Opera House began in March 1959. The project was builtin three stages. Stage I (19591963) consisted of building the upper podium. Stage II (19631967) saw the construction of the outer shells. Stage III (19671973) consisted of the interiordesign and construction.

Roof

Theshellsof the competition entry were originally of undefinedgeometry,[15]but, early in thedesign process, the "shells" were perceived as a series ofparabolassupported byprecast concreteribs. However, engineersOve Arup and Partnerswere unable to find an acceptable solution toconstructing them. Theformworkfor usingin-situconcrete would have been prohibitivelyexpensive, but, because there was no repetition in any of the roof forms, the construction ofprecast concrete for each individual section would possibly have been even more expensive.

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Construction progress in 1968

From 1957 to 1963, the design team went through at least twelve iterations of the form of theshells trying to find an economically acceptable form (including schemes with parabolas, circularribs andellipsoids)before a workable solution was completed. The design work on the shellsinvolved one of the earliest uses of computers instructural analysis,in order to understand thecomplexforcesto which the shells would be subjected.[16]In mid-1961, the design team found asolution to the problem: the shells all being created as sections from asphere.This solutionallows arches of varying length to be cast in a common mould, and a number of arch segments ofcommon length to be placed adjacent to one another, to form a spherical section. With whomexactly this solution originated has been the subject of some controversy. It was originallycredited to Utzon. Ove Arup's letter to Ashworth, a member of the Sydney Opera HouseExecutive Committee, states: "Utzon came up with an idea of making all the shells of uniformcurvature throughout in both directions."[16]Peter Jones, the author of Ove Arup's biography,states that "the architect and his supporters alike claimed to recall the preciseeurekamoment...;the engineers and some of their associates, with equal conviction, recall discussion in bothcentral London and at Ove's house."

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Sydney Opera House shell ribs

He goes on to claim that "the existing evidence shows that Arup's canvassed several possibilitiesfor the geometry of the shells, from parabolas to ellipsoids and spheres."[16]Yuzo Mikami, amember of the design team, presents an opposite view in his book on the project, Utzon's

Sphere.

[17][18]

It is unlikely that the truth will ever be categorically known, but there is a clearconsensus that the design team worked very well indeed for the first part of the project and thatUtzon, Arup, and Ronald Jenkins (partner of Ove Arup and Partners responsible for the OperaHouse project) all played a very significant part in the design development .[19]

AsPeter Murraystates in The Saga of the Sydney Opera House:[14]

...the two menand their teamsenjoyed a collaboration that was remarkable in its fruitfulnessand, despite many traumas, was seen by most of those involved in the project as a high point ofarchitect/engineer collaboration.

The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House

The shells were constructed byHornibrook Group Pty Ltd,[20]who were also responsible forconstruction in Stage III. Hornibrook manufactured the 2400 precast ribs and 4000 roof panels inan on-site factory and also developed the construction processes.[14]The achievement of thissolution avoided the need for expensive formwork construction by allowing the use of precastunits (it also allowed the roof tiles to be prefabricated in sheets on the ground, instead of beingstuck on individually at height). Ove Arup and Partners' site engineer supervised the constructionof the shells, which used an innovative adjustable steel-trussed "erection arch" to support the

different roofs before completion. On 6 April 1962, it was estimated that the Opera House wouldbe completed between August 1964 and March 1965.

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The Concert Hall andGrand Organ

Stage III, the interiors, started with Utzon moving his entire office to Sydney in February 1963.However, there was a change of government in 1965, and the newRobert Askingovernmentdeclared the project under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works. This ultimately led toUtzon's resignation in 1966 (see below).

The cost of the project so far, even in October 1966, was still only $22.9 million,[21]less than aquarter of the final $102 million cost. However, the projected costs for the design were at thisstage much more significant.

The second stage of construction was progressing toward completion when Utzon resigned. His

position was principally taken over by Peter Hall, who became largely responsible for theinterior design. Other persons appointed that same year to replace Utzon were E. H. Farmer asgovernment architect, D. S. Littlemore and Lionel Todd.

Following Utzon's resignation, the acoustic advisor, Lothar Cremer, confirmed to the SydneyOpera House Executive Committee (SOHEC) that Utzon's original acoustic design only allowedfor 2000 seats in the main hall and further stated that increasing the number of seats to 3000 asspecified in thebriefwould be disastrous for the acoustics. According to Peter Jones, the stagedesigner, Martin Carr, criticised the "shape, height and width of the stage, the physical facilitiesfor artists, the location of the dressing rooms, the widths of doors and lifts, and the location oflighting switchboards."

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The foyer of the Opera Theatre, showing the internal structure and steel framing of the glasscurtain walls; the final constructions were modified from Utzon's original designs

The Opera House seen from the north

The Opera House, backed by theSydney Harbour Bridge,from the easternBotanic Gardensapproach

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Jrn Oberg Utzon,(Danish pronunciation:[j n]),AC(9 April 191829 November2008)

[1]was aDanisharchitect,most notable for designing theSydney Opera Housein Australia. When it

was declared aWorld Heritage Siteon 28 June 2007, Utzon became only the second person to have

received such recognition for one of his works during his lifetime.[2]

Other outstanding works include

Bagsvrd Churchnear Copenhagen and theNational Assembly BuildinginKuwait.He also made

important contributions to housing design, especially with hisKingo HousesnearHelsingr.

Early life and career

Utzon was born inCopenhagen,the son of a naval engineer, and grew up inAalborg,Denmark,where he became interested in ships and a possible naval career. As a result of his family'sinterest in art, from 1937 he attended theRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Artswhere he studiedunderKay FiskerandSteen Eiler Rasmussen.Following his graduation in 1942, he joinedGunnar AsplundinStockholmwhere he worked together withArne JacobsenandPoulHenningsen.[3]He took a particular interest in the works of American architectFrank Lloyd

Wright.[4]

After the end ofWorld War IIand theGerman Occupation of Denmark,he returned toCopenhagen.

In 1946 he visitedAlvar AaltoinHelsinki.In 194748 he travelled inEurope,in 1948 he went toMoroccowhere he was taken by the tall clay buildings. In 1949, he travelled to theUnited StatesandMexicowhere the pyramids provided further inspiration. Fascinated by the way the Mayansbuilt towards the sky to get closer to God, he commented that his time in Mexico was "One ofthe greatest architectural experiences in my life."[5]

In America, he visited Lloyd Wright's home,Taliesin West,in theArizonadesert[6]and metCharles and Ray Eames.[5]In 1950 he established his own studio in Copenhagen[7]and, in 1952,

built an open-planhouse for himself,the first of its kind in Denmark. In 1957, he travelled firstto China (where he was particularly interested in the Chinese desire for harmony), Japan (wherehe learnt much about the interaction between interiors and exteriors) and India before arriving inAustralia in 1957 where he stayed until 1966.[4]All this contributed to Utzon's understanding offactors which contribute to successful architectural design.[8]

Major built projects

Water tower in Svaneke,Bornholm, Denmark, 194951 Architect's own house,Hellebk,Denmark, 195052 Middelboe house,Holte,Denmark, 195355 Kingo Houses,Helsingr,Denmark 195660 Elineberg Housing,Helsingborg,Sweden, 195466. (Built by Swedish partners Erik and Henry

Andersson.)

Planetstaden housing project inLund,Sweden, 195658. (Built by Swedish partners Erik andHenry Andersson.)

Sydney Opera House,Sydney, Australia, 195673

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JORN UTZON