Suzie Lauritzen og Malene Fisker-Power in Discourse CDA debates USA election2008.pdf

8/10/2019 Suzie Lauritzen og Malene Fisker-Power in Discourse CDA debates USA election2008.pdf

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1. INTRODUCTION............................................. ........................................................... ..................................... 4

2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM..................................................... ............................................................ ....... 7

3. METHODOLOGY............................................ ........................................................... ..................................... 8

3.1THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK....................................................... ............................................................ ....... 93.2CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION...................................................... ............................................................ ..... 103.3RELEVANCE................................................... ........................................................... ................................... 11

4. PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND.................................................... ....................................................... 12

4.1.SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM ....................................................... ............................................................ ..... 124.2.STRUCTURALISM AND POST-STRUCTURALISM ......................................................... ................................... 18

4.2.1. Ferdinand de Saussure ..................................................... ............................................................ ..... 184.2.2. Michel Foucault........................ ............................................................ ............................................. 20

5. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS....................................................................... ................................... 25

5.1.CDSOR CDA......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 255.2.THE PURPOSE OF CDA .................................................... ............................................................ ............... 265.3KEY ELEMENTS OF CDA.................................................. ............................................................ ............... 29

5.3.1 Power...................... ........................................................... ............................................................ ..... 295.3.2 Discourse ........................................................ ........................................................... ......................... 305.3.3 Interdiscursivity ....................................................... ............................................................ ............... 315.3.4 Discursive strategies.................. ............................................................ ............................................. 325.3.5 Text and talk ................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 345.3.6 Intertextuality.................................................. ........................................................... ......................... 355.3.7 Context........................................ ........................................................... ............................................. 365.3.8 Ideology .......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 385.3.9 Identity ............................................................ ........................................................... ......................... 40

5.4.THE SOCIOCOGNITIVE APPROACH ....................................................... ....................................................... 425.4.1 The Discourse-Cognition-Society Triangle ..................................................... ................................... 435.4.2 Social representation ......................................................... ............................................................ ..... 445.4.3 Mental Models ......................................................... ............................................................ ............... 445.4.4 Access ................................................... ........................................................... ................................... 45

5.5.ABRIDGMENT OF CDA ..................................................... ........................................................... ............... 47

6. RHETORIC...... ........................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 48

6.1NEW RHETORIC ....................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 496.1.1 Audience ......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 506.1.2 Values ................................................... ........................................................... ................................... 516.1.3 Presence.......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 546.1.4 Argumentation by Association ..................................................... ....................................................... 54

6.1.5 Argumentation by Dissociation ................................................... ....................................................... 576.1.6 Modes of Persuasion................................................. ........................................................... ............... 586.1.7 Manipulation ............................................................ ........................................................... ............... 59

6.2POWER OF MIND...................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 606.2.1 Framing .......................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 616.2.2 Metaphor ........................................................ ........................................................... ......................... 636.2.3. Metaphorical framing....................................................... ............................................................ ..... 71

6.3COMBININGNEW RHETORIC,FRAMING AND METAPHOR................................................... ......................... 73

7. TEMPLATE FOR ANALYSIS..... .......................................................... ....................................................... 74

7.1STRUCTURAL BASIS ......................................................... ............................................................ ............... 747.2FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE...................................................... ............................................................ ..... 76

7.2.1 Text and Context....................................................... ........................................................... ............... 76

7.2.2 Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity................................... ............................................................ ..... 777.2.3 Social Representations, Ideology and Identity............................................................................... ..... 77


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7.2.4 Mental Models ......................................................... ............................................................ ............... 787.2.5 Discourse Access Profile ................................................... ............................................................ ..... 787.2.6 Discursive Strategies ......................................................... ............................................................ ..... 797.2.7 Audience, Values and Presence ................................................... ....................................................... 797.2.8 Types of Argumentation..................................................... ............................................................ ..... 80

7.2.9 Modes of Persuasion................................................ ............................................................ ............... 807.2.10 Framing ........................................................ ........................................................... ......................... 807.2.11 Metaphor ...................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 80

8. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN AMERICA................................................. ............................................. 82

8.1GENDER......................................................... ........................................................... ................................... 838.1.1 Gender or Sex .......................................................... ............................................................ ............... 838.1.2 Women in America.......................................... ........................................................... ......................... 848.1.3 Women in the Top .................................................... ............................................................ ............... 858.1.4 Running for President as a Woman ....................................................... ............................................. 87

8.2RACE ................................................... ........................................................... ............................................. 888.2.2 Civil Rights ..................................................... ........................................................... ......................... 888.2.3 Poverty among African Americans ........................................................ ............................................. 89

8.2.4 The Racial Divide .................................................... ............................................................ ............... 918.2.5 African-Americans in Politics......................... ........................................................... ......................... 92

8.3SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS APPLYING TO GENDER AND RACE........................................................ ............... 94

9. CONTEXTUAL DATA ....................................................... ............................................................ ............... 96

9.1PRIMARY ELECTORAL SYSTEM................................................... ............................................................ ..... 969.2HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON ...................................................... ............................................................ ..... 98

9.2.1 Education................ ........................................................... ............................................................ ..... 999.2.2 Political Career ........................................................ ........................................................... ............. 100

9.3BARACK HUSSEIN OBAMA ......................................................... ............................................................ ... 1029.3.1 Education................ ........................................................... ............................................................ ... 1049.3.2 Political career ........................................................ ............................................................ ............. 105

10. ANALYSIS.................................................................................... ............................................................ ... 10710.1CONTEXT..................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 10710.2INTERTEXTUALITY AND INTERDISCURSIVITY ......................................................... ................................. 113

10.2.1 Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity Used by Clinton and Obama ................................................. 11310.2.2 Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity Used by Moderators........................................................... ... 116

10.3SOCIAL REPRESENTATION,IDEOLOGY AND IDENTITY ...................................................... ....................... 11910.3.1 Social Representation, Ideology and Identity of Hillary Clinton.................. .................................. 11910.3.2 Social Representation, Ideology and Identity of Barack Obama.................................................... 132

10.4MENTAL MODELS............................................................ ........................................................... ............. 14410.4.1 Mental Models of Hillary Clinton................. ........................................................... ....................... 14410.4.2. Mental Models of Barack Obama....................................................... ........................................... 145

10.5DISCOURSE ACCESS PROFILES.................................................. ............................................................ ... 14810.5.1 Access Profiles of Clinton and Obama .......................................................... ................................. 148

10.6DISCURSIVE STRATEGIES......................................................... ............................................................ ... 14910.6.1 Discursive strategies of Hillary Clinton ........................................................ ................................. 15110.6.2 Discursive strategies of Barack Obama ......................................................................................... 152

10.7AUDIENCE AND VALUES........................................................... ............................................................ ... 15510.7.1 Audience ....................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 15510.7.2 Values ........................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 157

10.8TYPES OF ARGUMENTATION..................................................... ............................................................ ... 16010.8.1 The Subject of Universal Health Care ........................................................... ................................. 16110.8.2 Obamas Health Care Plan ....................................................... ..................................................... 16110.8.3 Clintons Health Care Plan ....................................................... ..................................................... 16310.8.4 Points of disagreement .................................................... ............................................................ ... 16310.8.5 Establishing presence ...................................................... ............................................................ ... 165

10.9MODES OF PERSUASION.................................................. ............................................................ ............. 16610.10FRAMING ................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 167


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10.10.1 Moderators Use of Framing................................................... ..................................................... 16810.10.2 Hillary Clintons Use of Framing................................................................ ................................. 16910.10.3 Barack Obamas Use of Framing ...................................................... ........................................... 170

10.11METAPHORS ........................................................ ........................................................... ....................... 17110.11.1 Characteristics of the Orientational Metaphors.................................................... ....................... 172

10.11.2 Clintons Use of Metaphorical Framing.................................................................................... ... 17710.11.3 Obamas Use of Metaphorical Framing............................................ ........................................... 17810.11.4 Moderators Use of Metaphorical Framing .......................................................... ....................... 179

11.CONCLUSION........................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 181

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 186

DANSK RESUM....................................... ........................................................... ........................................... 192


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Suzie Lauritzen og Malene Fisker-Power in Discourse CDA debates USA election2008.pdf

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