1

2

Mission Statement21 Consultants is a private limited consultancy company based in the London Borough of Southwark. Our name derives from the 21 wards in the borough. We offer a wide range of strategies targeted in particular to tackle socio-urban issues in Southwark. The aim of the agency is to provide a more coherent environment suited to the needs of the people who inhabit it, and to care for their well being by helping in partnership with the council to increase the quality of life. Extensive research has been undertaken by our consultancy leading to a tailored unique vision for the future of Southwark.

Introduction

The London Borough of Southwark is located in South-East London neighbouring Lewisham and Lambeth. (Map 1) It is the 10th smallest London borough in regards to area. Southwark is an extremely diverse borough, economically, socially, residentially and culturally. More than 100 languages are spoken in Southwark’s schools and 43% of pupils speak English as an additional language. It is London’s most historic borough, participating in and witnessing an array of principal events over the centuries, which has shaped London, and even the world as it stands today. It was created in 1965 as an amalgamation of the Metropolitan Boroughs of Southwark, Bermondsey and Camberwell. Today, the borough boasts a well-maintained, well-developed and well thought-through Northern area, whereby many tertiary sector businesses have chosen to locate due to good

transport connections and a cluster of amenities. Completed in 2012, the Shard is the UK’s tallest building. The central region offers various cultural opportunities whilst the south provides a spacious, open and more up-market environment. Southwark is home to many familiar landmarks such as the Tate Modern, City Hall, London Bridge and the Globe Theatre, to name just a few. Large amounts of greenery thanks to Dulwich Park, Kennington Park, Burgess Park and Brockwell Park have also attracted visitors. Nevertheless, deprivation in Southwark continues to be a reality, as many residents are cut off from the wealthier sections.

The population is around 288,300 and rising annually. Although the population is growing, the gross annual pay is £28,000 with close to half of the borough’s households earn less than £15,000 per year (Southwark Council, 2015). Southwark has the most amount of council homes in London, approximately 36,000 households inhabit council homes. A delicate balance must be struck whereby rent is kept low, but enough income is brought in to allow council services to continue to fund projects efficiently.

Background on Southwark

Map 1

Graph 1

Table of Contents

Background on Southwark 2Introduction 2Mission Statement 2Employment and Education Analysis 4Transport Analysis 5Housing Analysis 6Infrastructure & Greenspace Analysis 7Spatial Analysis Map 8Proposal Map 8Strategies Overview 9Growth Strategy 10Non-Growth Strategy 13Conclusion 15

References 16

3

Focusing on the Community

The root of Southwark’s inevitable issues stems from many of its residents feeling cut off from their surroundings. The key to the improvement of the region would lie in the inherent underpinning of the community’s voice and feelings. Unavoidably, the local people will not take part in or embrace any new projects which make them feel uncomfortable or feel as if something has been taken away from them. Thus, a large part

of both our proposals would rely on open local forums, opinions submitted online through the council website and looking at Section 106 agreements in order to minimise negative externalities. XXI consultants will take a people-based approach focusing on communities of low socio-economic status to increase social mobility. We will identify target areas through an analysis of census data such as population, transport, housing, infrastructure and employment which will lead us to suitable, tailored solutions.

About the PopulationSouthwark has a sizeable working age population, with 74% of its inhabitants between the ages of 16 and 64, compared to 69% in London (Graph 1). The mean age is 33.7 and median age is 32. This highlights the unquestionable importance of providing job opportunities to prevent high unemployment rates and low income. This demographic lends itself well to the training and re-training of skilled and unskilled economically active young residents.

The borough has the 9th highest population density in England and Wales at 9,988 residents per km2. It is most dense around the centre (Walworth) and central north (Bermondsey) which will be looked into through different areas later on in this report (Map 2). As an area of high population density, we want to develop locally to prevent the need for residents to move much further away from home in search for oppurtunities and thus, benefits will be allocated locally.

Looking closer on a smaller scale into the immigration aspect, quite a high percentage of people are newly arriving in the UK in small clusters also around the middle belt towards the north (Map 3). Assuming they are new to the whole country, it would commonly be a difficult time for them to adjust to the local life in the area. The language, cultural and ethinical aspects of the community is difficult to cater to for different groups in all of the area, but physical basic needs can be catered to through planning measures to help new and old locals adjust to life. This is in terms basic needs like finding housing and employment and a community to belong. This leads to our vision...

We have three themes that work towards our vision. The objec-tives under the themes will guide us to make sure we achieve our vision. Our interventions will include two or all of our themes which will be labelled with the respective icons.

Map 2 Population Density London Datastore 2011

Map 3 Percentage of People Arriving in UK ‘11-12

London Datastore 2012 Census

Count per ward

Map 3 Southwark Wards (Glover, 2015)

4

Employment and Education AnalysisMap 5 Economically active (Age 16-74) Map 6 Economically active and in employment

LegendCount per ward

LegendCount per ward

Map 8 Job seeking allowance claimants (%)

Map 7 Gross average annual household income

LegendPounds per household

Map 9 Highest level of qualification: Level 4 or above (University level)

Legend

Graph 2 Graph 3

· 21.8% of claimants are 18 – 24 (2,415)· 60.9% of claimants are 25 – 49 (6,755)· 17.4% of claimants are aged 50 or more (1,930)

· 50.3% of claimants have been registered > 6 month (5,580)· 23.1% of claimants have been registered 6-12 months (2,565)· 26.7% of claimants have been registered for <1 Year or more (2,955)

- Economically active population concentrates in north and east, does not fully correlate with population density- Active population is highest in Rotherithe

- Employment is concentrated in NW corner typically because London Bridge as a business hub- Low to very low employment in central even though majority of population is ecnomically active

- Income is low in most areas apart from affluent Dulwich area- London average £ 46,549, majority of central to central north are extremely below average

(London Datastore, 2011)

(London Datastore, 2011)

(London Datastore, 2011)(London Datastore, 2011)

(London Datastore, 2012) (London Datastore, 2012)

5

Transport AnalysisMap 11 Count of bike to work per ward

Map 12 Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL)LegendLegend

Count per ward

Map 13 Exisiting barclay bicycle hire stations and cycle routes Legend

Map 10 Car ownership count (Average)

LegendCount per ward

- 36 bicycle hire stations- Only located in NW corner-Exisiting cycle routes have been improved to Level 2 CSNA bikeability level- Current routes do not con-nect much of central SW with north/south, only through traf-fic- Only one cycle superhigh-way cutting through NW - One proposed superhighway route on NE side- Lack of safe routes going WE and EW

Map 14 Cycle Skills Network Audit

- 60% of public transport methods- 20% are using zero carbon methods- Only 13% are using cars, 15.6% lower than London

- Car ownership is at a trending decline - Increase, 50% residents having no vehicles- Makes the needs for more opportunities to im-prove other means of transport- Since low budget, focus on cheaper transport methods eg. cycling - Most car users are in south as poorer transport and more affluent residents

- Concentrated in the middle section- North has more train transport- South has priavate car usage- In comparison to neighbour bour-oughs it is more sustainable than Lewisham but not as well maintained as Lambeth

-Strong in the north west corner, many transport linking with rest of London- Rest of the borough has links with trans-port to outer London- Public accessibility poor in south but is sustained through private car owner-ship

LegendLevel of bikeability

Level 1: Traffic free & crossings low traffic flow eg. ParksLevel 2-2.5: Low-Medi-um traffic flow eg. small resi-dential streetsLevel 3: High traffic, only experienced cyclist eg. local roadsLevel 3.5: High traf-fic roads, unsuitable for even highly experienced cyclists eg. arterial roads

This shows Southwark’s independency on private vehicle usage and it’s already higher rates towards sustainable trans-port.

Graph 4 Graph 5

Graph 6 Graph 7

Graph 8

(National Statistics, 2011)(National Statistics, 2011)

(National Statistics, 2011) (National Statistics, 2011)

(National Statistics, 2011)

6

Housing AnalysisMap 15 Dominant Housing Tenure

LegendTypes of tenancy (some are mixed)

LegendPeriod house built

Map 16 Home built period (Median)

Map 19 Domestic land use(%) Legend (left)Percentage of domestic land

Map 20 Non-domestic land use (%)

Legend (right)Percentage of non-domestic land

Graph 11 Affordable Housing Completion ‘12-13

Graph 10 Households on LA Waiting List ‘04-’14

Map 18 Affordable Housing Targets

Graph 9

(London Datastore, 2011) (London Datastore, 2011)

(London Datastore, 2014)

(London Plan Annual Report, 2013)

(Savills, 2014)

(London Datastore, 2014)

(Savills, 2014)

(Southwark Housing Policy, 2010)

- Majority of modern development occurs in north alog Thames (business area)- Gradually southern part of the borough, built age gets 20th-pre

20th century- New housing stock mostly built in middle to north region most needed

- Trending decrease in housing waiting times within London- Southwark had increase 2004-2013 only 2014 started decrease- Pattern generally follows the Lon-don trend but Southwark has highest amount of social housing needed, more workload than other boroughs- Interventions need to contribute to this positive downwards trend to continue

- Southwark built the most homes out of any borough- Although still cannot reach target only 70% target met- A solution is needed to help facili-tate faster development of housing to continue trend in graph 10

- Most domestric (housing) land is concentrated in mid-dle (Peckham, Camberwell, Elephant & Castle)- Non-domestic land is cen-tred around borough and bankside with tourist areas and business zones- Most of the middle area is residential land with local retail-High density (Map 2) with high domestic land use sug-gest housing type would be flats or apartment

7

LegendPercentage deficient to small local parks

Map 22 Deficiency to local parks

Map 21 Amount of Greenspace (%) LegendPercentage per ward

Infrastructure & Greenspace AnalysisMap 24 Types of community facilities available

LegendLocation of facilitiies

Map 25 Rate of need for public space

Graph 12 Median House Prices Graph 13 Households accepted as home-less on average per 1000 people

(Communities and Local Government, 2011)

(London Datastore, 2013)

(London Datastore, 2013)

Map 23 Rate of Coronary Heart Disease

(Southwark Open Space Strategy, 2013)

LegendRate of prevalence of heart disease (%)

(Dataviz, 2009)(Southwark Council, 2015)

- Largest median increase out of all bor-oughs in 2011 (20%)- Harder for residents to own land- More need to reduce the change and keep housing prices low to assure actual resident affordability

- Homelessness accepted in borough are required to be temporarily housed- Estm. 1153 households in total population - No permanent home, people in the most need of social housing and employment-Trending decrease in homeless, lower than neighbouring boroughs - Still higher than London average- Need to maintain decrease

- Large amount of greenspace in south- Lack of greenspace in the northern wards apart from Woolwich and Faraday

- Local small parks help foster identity with residents than bigger areas of greenspace- Small parks give more local context- One ward (ex. Woolwich) have large park, but only in the south of ward and may be inconvinient for residents in nothern area to walk to- Smaller parks ease of convienience, easier to develop

- These are only facilities that guide towards employment and education, not GP, Daycare, etc.- Relevant to how much care is taken into helping provide service to help adult residents become edu-cated and employed

- Very few learning centres unequal-ly distributed throughout borough-Resource centre: provide commu-nity gathering space for activities-Sparsely distributed resource centres more concentrated in NW corner of borough and along west

side- Employment centres located near bussiness area (London bridge) - Employment centres are catered to only specific employ-ment sectors, many with higher qualifications

Considerations to make this rate of need:-Population projec-tion & density-Types of housing-Realistic need of greenspace-Nearby local parks

- Places of higher population density would be in more need of public space- Public space is vital for better living quality-Indicates more parks or greenspace is needed in areas to give pockets of air

- High need in Aylesbury, Peckham and Camberwell as con-centrated population with lack of local parks- Vital to address as it affects directly well-being of residents thus the growth local areas

Greenspace has long been proven to help reduce health risks in urban areas (Better Environment, Better Health, 2013). Open areas within a built up urban context gives residents room to exercise and improves mental and physical health. Secondary effects include better quality of area and overall aesthetic appearance of an area.

- Possible to see the prevalence of heart disease using the gradation of the colour in the area and the localization of hotspots- Heart disease most prevalent in areas of less accessibility (map 12) in composite with deficieny to local parks (map 22) - Link with bad health and lack of greenspace

8

Spatial Analysis Map

Graph 14 Attraction To Town Centres

(Understanding Perception of Town Centres, 2014)

Proposal Map

Legend

LegendMap 27 Disused Space

The spatial analysis map and disused space map highlights the most central points of inter-est from each section of the analysis. Where overlapping occurs, we were able to identify the most problematic areas in the borough. It guid-ed us to make decisions in regards to locations of our interventions. However, we were careful not to simply pick the areas with the most prob-lems, as these would not be successful in real-

ity. The most successful points of location would be where existing infrastructure (for example good transport links and low density) is strong enough to support some sort of expansion.

The analysis is then translated into the proposal map which generalises the areas we will intervene in. The arrows show the connections we want to make by our intervention Purple arrows are connections of town centres, blue is Southwark and neighbouring boroughs. Green is connection of own town centre to all other centres.

LegendMap 26 Map 28

9

Strategies Overview

GROWTH Spatial Map

NON-GROWTH Spatial Map

Map 29 Map 30

Growth Legend

Non-Growth Legend

10

Growth Strategy1. Residential-led Mixed Use Development

Our mixed-use residential-led development was chosen primarily through a convergence of accessibility (Map 12), income (Map 7), employment (Map 6) and green space deficiency (Map 22) analyses locations. They are depicted in blue in the map above. The pink dot portrayed shows our initial chosen location. This area is the least accessible, has the highest amount of JSA claimants (Map 8) and lacks public amenities the most. Although converging analyses would point to the need for development here, in reality this is not practical. Development in itself may in fact shut out deprived local people, or simply not be successful due to a lack of transport connections and community enthusiasm. Therefore, upon re-evaluation, two new smaller locations were chosen (blue dots). These locations do not reflect precise locations of development, but rather a general core area and the pictures reflect some potential large sites we can refurbish into housing. These dwellings are not all in the same cluster but spread-out through around the core area.

The first can be found in Peckham, where transport is decent, and there is a high demand for housing but not in the council already target area. The second location is found within Aylesbury whereby services are deficient and through S106 agreements. The Peckham Site will be home to 800-900 new units, with between 45-50% affordable housing and 45-50% intermediate housing. These housing would most likely to be mid-rise apartment flats or refurbished terrace housing. This is to save space and save money on building completely new buildings. This way if households that in the future that eventually do not need social housing can rent in the same area and even have the potential to buy the property. There is less demand for public space in this area therefore larger cluster of dwellings (100-200) can be made.

Furthermore, the ground floor will host an array of facilities be it clinics, cafés or shops. There would be a set of 60% people must be employed locally and resides in Southwark. Green space is also an integrated necessity with around 15% of the area of the sites devoted to open public spaces for gathering proving for a pleasing, reassuring environment.

In a similar fashion, the slightly smaller Aylesbury site will house 400-600 new units with the same amount of affordable housing. The public space need (Map 25) is more vital in this area therefore 20% of area should be devoted to public open space.

2. Extension of Cycle Hire Station and Bike Lockers

The extensions of bicycle hire locations are needed to spread convenience of transport that already exists in inner London. They are recog-nisable and popular, and residents would be able to get quicker from one place to another without a car. The bike to work scheme (Map 11) that is gaining popularity can also be promoted through these cycle hire that would allow people to not always carry a bike if their office does not have a bike rack. These will be concentrated again around Aylesbury, Camberwell and northern Peckham areas as cycle hire locations cannot be more than 500m apart from each other (TFL, 2015). Each station would have around 20 bike dockings with 15 bikes each.

The extension of bike lockers can be located throughout the borough because it is not restricted by distance. Bike theft in London is prevalent and discourages residents from owning bicycles and so by introducing bike lockers, people can have a safe place to store their own bikes. These will be set in residential areas and it can encourage people to buy or use their bikes to their full potential. There would be around 20 lockers in each area chosen.

(Amazon, 2015)

(Geograph, 2012)

(EU, 2011)

11

3. Increase Employment Facilities

Lack of facilities for adults (Map 24) and advice centres meant that locals in that area are less motivated and have fewer opportunities to improve themselves and find employ-ment. As residents mostly roam around their town centres or near their residential area, facilities need to be put within 30min walking distance from everywhere in Southwark. The proposed two adult learning centres and one advice centre will help balance out the distribution of facilities. These centres would provide courses that help residents get into the two most dominant sectors of employment (Graph 2). These have been implemented to provide the local people, with statistically low levels of qualifications (Map 9), a greater chance of adding to their qualifications. It additionally could be offer academic courses or more creative pathways, which according to recent reports have been chronically under-provided in current state schools (BBC, 2015). Residents that did not complete lower qualifications can have a second chance here, or just people who want re-training or training in other sectors. Many immigrants who are not native English speakers can get training and even level 3 qualifications to set themselves on the right track towards em-ployment. In this way, employment opportunities will become within the reach of a larger percentage of the inhabitants of Southwark, creating a positive sequence of events.

12

Funding and Future Funding

Employment Facilities – Growth and Innova-tion Fund (GIF) supports employer-led projects to raise skills in their sector and increase growth in our economy. Raised upwards of £84 million. This combined with possible Private investment com-ing from Private Housing Developers. The mainte-nance cost will be provided by the businesses own-ers as well as government schemes that support local businesses.

Extension of bike hire locations and lockers- Majority of funding coming from private compa-nies such as Barclays sponsorship but it will end in 2016. Then it is up to TFL to find a sponsorship. Public investment coming from various cycling organisations as well as support from the Mayor of London. The maintenance cost covered by the revenue that is generated by the bikes as well as funding provided for maintenance by the sponsors.

Residential led mixed used development- Ma-jority of investment coming from private investment funds. The initial investment coming from building society investment funds as well as Banks willing to back the project. The maintenance cost will come largely from the residents as well as local authority that is responsible for the area.

This is something that would be achieved through our interventions within the target zones of Camberwell, Peckham and Aylesbury. The size of the multiplier effect will be depend on our investment as well as the involvement of community in terms of purchasing goods from the local businesses that will be housed within our projects.

The multiplier effect will occur once the initial injection into the local economy has happened. Injections can include:• Investment • Government Spending

(Yes Economics, 2011)

Growth Phasing

The Multiplier Effect

13

Non-Growth Strategy1. Refurbishment of brownfield sitesIn a period of economic stagnation or decline, several interventions will be introduced. These interventions will be small-scaled and local and will not involve building new areas of development but rather im-proving on existing landscape and community. Looking at house built period, there is a focus on areas with older houses that are more likely to be derelict (Map 16). Brownfield sites or derelict, unused buildings have been identified in our target areas. These sites would be devel-oped either as low-cost office space in order to support and promote small-size businesses and start-ups, or as green space to augment health and quality of life.

Derelict buildings will be our targets for refurbishment into office space. There would be short-term low cost office rent that can be af-fordable for start-ups. If a business does not do well, there is less loss of profit for them as rent is shorter. These safer schemes can attract more business to the area.

Brownfield sites will be our targets for refurbishment into green space. These sites would be flat and unoccupied lands that are uninviting and unattractive. It will be turned into pockets of green space by over-laying the site with grass and introducing flora and fauna found in parks to make the place livelier.

2. Cycling promotion and car sharing schemesThe promotion of safer cycle routes will occur on the lanes shown in purple. These routes are chosen to be promoted to find faster and safer routes connecting to town centres and eventually to outside of Southwark. They are in accordance with CSNA map (Map 14) level 2 to 2.5 through smaller neighbourhoods and not main roads. These low level routes means that more novice cyclists can also enjoy riding their bikes, and the routes are safer than busier car roads. Although these roads are through neighbourhoods, they do not have a separate cycle lane.

The promotion will take the shape of advertising the cycle scheme, ensuring cycle paths are well-maintained and sign-posted, as well as raising awareness of which paths are the most low-risk on council website and on popular cycle websites such as Southwark Cyclists and London Cycling Campaign. Training can also be offered at the existing adult training centres for people who want to learn how to ride bikes at level 2.5 and upwards level (although not necessary).

The car-sharing scheme will be put into place in the south of the bor-ough, centring mainly in the Dulwich. As it is a high car ownership and car dependant area (Map 10), car-pooling can at least mitigate the amount of cars on the road. Minimising the number of cars on the road will also have a beneficial influence on minimising congestion alongside CO2 levels. Eventually car-pooling schemes can motivate people to use more public forms of transport such as bus services that are similar.

Map 30 New bike routes (purple) with exisiting bike routes (green)

3. Providing technical skills to unskilled but economically active residentsThis invention will be the introduction of newer programs into existing learning facilities. Instead of building new facilities it will focus on improving and adding more programs into any syllabus taught in the centres. Higher qualified teachers will be employed into these centres for a better quality learning experience. As the economically active range is young and most people seeking jobs are from 18-40, these people are very suitable to learn new skills.

The courses would be focused more on how to get people more qualified to be more suitable towards employment. Therefore the courses could be in subjects such as finance, retail, construction or management. They would not earn university level qualifications but get certificates that can be used towards earning a higher degree or starting level sector jobs.

For those who are on social benefits, 30% of the funding is allocated in helping to subsidise these programs to make education affordable for all. As a result, employment opportunities will open up to a larger portion of the community.

4. Increase community involve in community projects

Lastly, the red dots will deliver pockets of community engagement and involvement through the introduction of activities or betterment of existing ones. Existing activities will be promotes through flyers and on council and social media websites. Some existing community activity for example, East Street Market will be subsidised. There would be lower rent per stall and similar to the short rent scheme, making it accessible for more businesses that are into cheap retail to have a stake in the market.

The homelessness prevention projects will get renewed continual support as Southwark experiences a poverty rate higher than London’s average (Graph 13).

Urban farming projects have been met with some enthusiasm and we will underpin this scheme to create enhanced community spirit and further, provide locals with locally sourced fresh food.

(Your Singapore, 2015)

(Amazon, 2015)

(Frontline Construction, 2015)

14

(Green Fudge, 2015)

15

Funding and Future Funding

Provide Technical Skill training- Majority of investment coming from Government projects that back skilled labour in fields including construction for example. The skill training centres will be housed within buildings that are currently unused. The private investment will come from employers within Southwark that are willing to take on locals and train them within the field their business lies in. The maintenance cost for this project will come from the government and would allow the skill training centres to remain open long term.

Refurbishment of brownfield sites into green space or housing- The investment will be largely split between private and public. The investment would allow for derelict sites to become modern and provide a place that can house mixed used projects. The maintenance cost will come through the residents as well as the local authorities responsible for the area.

Promotion of safer cycle routes and car sharing schemes- The funding for the building of this as well as the maintenance cost to maintain it will be largely public. The schemes are more community involved rather than money so the initial funding can go a long way and acts more to guild the intervention in the right direction.

Community Projects- The funding will largely be public, through schemes that encourage community interaction and participation especially when it comes helping the area in terms of a internal economic in which locals support local businesses. The maintenance costs will be both private and public with businesses taking the initiative to meet locals and discuss ideas for future projects with them.

(Riley, 2010)

The accelerator theory proposes that when companies choose to increase investment in an area other investors soon follow if the original investment has worked, due to the area becoming more attractive. Ultimately this results in an accelerating economic growth.

Following our initial investment within the transport, employment and housing sectors and their predicted success, the target areas are likely to receive further investment by companies aiming to grow within an area of London that has a low entry cost in comparison to other areas on the north side of the river.

The Accelerator ProcessNon-Growth Phasing

Conclusion

The comparative table above shows how the two strategies address an array of issues with both strategies addressing social deprivation and increasing social mobility overall. However, each strategy has its own set of strengths and weaknesses. The strategy for growth is concentrated around the provision of adequate housing and meeting the needs of the market thus there is a strong local multiplier effect. From this boom, positive externalities will include the community will indulging in a sense of economic security and ease of access to services and amenities. This strategy creates employment on a large scale. The strategy for non-growth centres on smaller-scale interventions designed for communities to reap the continued benefits in the long run. This strategy creates employment on a local scale, however it could be argued that this fosters competitiveness and entrepreneurship, with an extremely beneficial knock on effect.

LegendHow well strategies address objectives and issues

16

Better Environment, Better Health (2013), 1st edition [ebook] London: Greater London Authority, pp.5-7. Available at: http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Better%20Environment,%20Better%20Health%20(Hackney,%20311013).docx081113.docxAF.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015].

Boxpark (2009), Boxpark Shoreditch Is a Pop-Up Mall Based In The Heart Of East London, Available: http://www.boxpark.co.uk/about/. Last accessed 9th Feb 2015.

Carnegie Mellon University (2015), Food and Beyond. Available: http://www.cmu.edu/dining/sustain/. Last accessed: 13th Feb, 2013.

Community Action Southwark (2011), Demographic Data For Southwark, Available: http://casouthwark.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/South-wark%20demography%20from%202011%20Census.pdf. Last accessed 4th Feb 2015.

Construction Skills Certification Scheme. (2013), Health, Safety & Environment Test, Available: http://www.cscs.uk.com/applying-for-cards/health-and-safety-test/. Last accessed: 1st Feb, 2015.

Department for Communities and Local Government (2011) Households Accepted as Homeless by Borough, Available: http://www.london-spovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/housing-and-homelessness/new-homeless-households-by-borough/, Last Accessed: 18th Feb, 2015

Department for Communities and Local Government (2012), Providing Housing Support for Older and Vulnerable People, Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/providing-housing-support-for-older-and-vulnerable-people/supporting-pages/dealing-with-homelessness, Last Accessed: 2nd Feb, 2015.

Department for Communities and Local Government (2014), New Support To Give Homeless People ‘Basic Building Blocks’ For Work, Avail-able: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-support-to-give-homeless-basic-building-blocks-for-work, Accessed: 6th Feb, 2015.

Department for Transport (2013) Transport Statistics Great Britain 2013, Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/264679/tsgb-2013.pdf, Accessed: 19th Feb, 2015.

Enterprise (2012), Enterprise Car Share. Available: http://www.enterprisecarshare.com/, Last accessed 8th Feb 2015.

European Union (2011), Barcelona – Linking Territorial Cohesion, Sustainable Urban Transportation and the Fight Against Spatial Segrega-tion in Cities of tomorrow: Challenges, Visions, Ways Forward, Available: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/citiesoftomorrow/citiesoftomorrow_final.pdf, Accessed: 13th Feb, 2015.

Fulton, M. (2014), Downtown Brooklyn, Available: http://s3.amazonaws.com/downtownbrooklyn/pages/images/000/000/015/large/fulton_mall.jpg?1374243687, Accessed: 5th Feb, 2015.

Future of London (2013) Communities in Transition, Shoreditch, Available: http://www.futureoflondon.org.uk/2013/11/04/communities-in-tran-sition-shoreditch/, Accessed: 18th Feb, 2015

Glover, G. (2015) Southwark Ward Background and Names, Available: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/simonhughes/pages/124/at-tachments/original/1386972288/Southwark-Map_Cut_Small.gif?1386972288, Accessed: 2nd Feb, 2015

Green Environment (2012), Urban Agriculture London, Available: http://www.greenfudge.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/urban-agriculture-london.jpg, Last accessed: 7th Feb, 2014.

Grow Up Urban Farms (2015), Our Story, Available: http://growup.org.uk/our-story/, Accessed: 19th Feb, 2015.

Gunther, S. (2013). Daimler Launches All-Electric Car2Go Carshare Service, Available: http://media.mnn.com/sites/default/files/user-59/car2go%20charger.jpg. Last accessed 10th Feb 2015.

Housing Policy (2010),1st edition [Ebook] London, Available at: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2620/main_report, [Ac-cessed 18 Feb. 2015].

Jones, P. (2013), Cycle Demand Study, 1st edition [Ebook] London, Available at: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/9946/figure_19, [Accessed 18 Feb. 2015].

Kennedy, R. (2013), ‘Buy Local’ Gets Creative, Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/arts/design/buy-local-gets-creative.html?pagewanted=all, Last accessed: 4th Feb, 2015.

London Annual Monitoring Report (2012), London’s Poverty Profile, Available: http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/afford-able%20housing%20graph.png, Last Accessed: 6th Feb, 2015.

London Data Store (2011) Travel to work by bicycle, National Census, (Online), Available from: http://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/instant-atlas/ward-atlas-html/atlas.html, Accessed: 9 Feb, 2015.

London Data Store (2013), Ward Profiles and Atlas, Available: http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/ward-profiles-and-atlas, Last accessed: 2nd Feb, 2015.

London Data Store (2014) Households on Local Authority Waiting List, Available: http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/households-local-authori-ty-waiting-list-borough, Accessed: 17th Feb, 2015

London Datastore (2014) Property Build Period, Available: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/londondatastore-upload/period-property-built-MSOA.png, Accessed: 17th Feb, 2015

London’s Poverty Profile (2011), Affordable Housing Completions, Available: http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/hous-ing-and-homelessness/affordable-housing-completions/, Last accessed: 4th Feb, 2015.

Lundgren, K. (2012), London Mayor Looks to Amsterdam With Plan for 15-Mile Bike Route, Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/arti-cles/2013-03-07/london-mayor-looks-to-amsterdam-with-plan-for-15-mile-bike-route. Last accessed 19th Feb 2015.

Mayor Of London (2010), Bermondsey, Available: http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/02/96/35/2963522_7071206f.jpg, Last accessed: 3rd Feb, 2015.

Morgan Stanley (2015) Grant Guidlines, Available: http://www.morganstanley.com/about-us-ir/giving-back/msif_guidelines.html, Accessible: 18th Feb, 2015.

Office for National Statistics (2014) Census and Car Ownership Data, Available: http://planningonline.southwark.gov.uk/DocsOnline/Docu-ments/368563_1.pdf, Accessed: 15th Feb, 2015

Pharoah, R. (2013). Families and Hardship, Southwark Council, Vol.1 (1), p.15-20.

Pharoah, R., Hale, T. and Lee, N. (2013), Uncovering Community: Chinese and Latin Americans in Southwark, Vol.1(1), p.22-30.

Raghuvanshi, G. (2012), Food Fridays: Singapore’s Oldest Hawker Center is Back in Action, Available: http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2014/07/04/food-fridays-singapores-oldest-hawker-center-is-back-in-action/, Last accessed: 17th Feb, 2015.

Salman, S. (2011), Southwark’s Housing Commission to Propose 30-year Strategy for Borough. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/housing-net-work/2012/mar/09/southwark-housing-commission-strategy, Last accessed: 9th Feb, 2015.

Salman, S. (2012), http://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2012/mar/09/southwark-housing-commission-strategy, [Online] p.43, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2012/mar/09/southwark-housing-commission-strategy, [Accessed 16 Feb. 2015].

Savills (2012), London Map, Available: http://research.euro.savills.co.uk/_images/london-tenure(2).png, Last accessed: 6th Feb, 2015.

SERCO (2001), Serco’s Partnership for the Barclays Cycle Hire Scheme Expanded (Online), Available from: http://www.serco.com/media/pressreleas-es/2011/cyclehireexpanded.asp, Accessed: 9 Feb, 2015.

SIdhu, R. (2013), Boxpark, Shoreditch, Available: http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/hypebeast-wordpress/image/2011/12/boxpark-shoreditch-0.jpg. Last accessed 12th Feb 2015.

Singapore Travel (2010), Hawker Centers, Available: http://www.yoursingapore.com/content/traveller/en/browse/dining/restaurants/maxwell-road-hawk-er-centre/_jcr_content/html/image.img.png, Last Accessed: 9th Feb, 2015.

Smith, J. (2013), Fairmount Park Bikes, Available: http://www.uwishunu.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/FairmountParkBikes-JasonSmith-6907-680uw.jpg, Last Accessed: 16th Feb: 2015.

Southwark Atlas of Health (2009), Heart Disease Prevalent, Available: http://www.improving-visualisation.org/img_uploads/2009-10-27_Tue/2009102784153.jpg, Last Accessed: 3rd Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council () Bermondsey Spa, Available: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200180/bermondsey_spa, Last Accessed: 6th Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2010), Adult Learning, Available: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/100009/leisure_and_culture/1001/adult_learning, Last Accessed: 2nd Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2012), Southwark Council: Keeping Social Rent Affordable for Londoners. Available: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/news/arti-cle/1738/southwark_council_keeping_social_rent_affordable_for_londoners, Last Accessed: 7th Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2013). London’s Poverty Profile: Southwark, Available: http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/boroughs/southwark/, Last Accessed: 16th Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2015) Core strategy background papers, (Online), Available: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/downloads/download/1968/core_strat-egy_background_papers, Accessed: 9 Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2015) Cycle Routes, (Online), Available at: https://www.southwark.gov.uk/downloads/download/181/cycle_routes, Accessed: 3rd Feb, 2015.

Southwark Council (2015) Cycling Strategy (Online), Available from: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200123/cycling, Accessed: 8 Feb, 2015

Southwark Council, (2015), Community Facilities, [Online], Available at: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/100009/leisure_and_culture/1001/adult_learn-ing, [Accessed 4 Feb. 2015].

Southwark Cyclist (2013), Making the Case for Better Cycle Parking, (Online), Available from: http://southwarkcyclists.org.uk/making-case-cycle-park-ing/, Assessed: 12 Feb, 2015.

Southwark Open Space Strategy (2013), 1st edition, [Ebook], London, p.43, Available: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/downloads/download/2948/open_space_strategy_2012, [Accessed 14 Feb. 2015].

Transport For London (2011) Barclays Cycle SuperHighways (Online), Available: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/cycling/routes-and-maps/barclays-cycle-superhighways, Assessed: 12 Feb, 2015

Transport For London (2015), Find a Docking Station, [Online] Available at: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/cycling/barclays-cycle-hire/find-a-docking-station, [Accessed 14 Feb. 2015].

UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (2015) Bike Share Map, London, (Online), Available from: http://bikes.oobrien.com/london/#zoom=13&lon=-0.1296&lat=51.5075, Accessed: 8 Feb, 2015.

UK Data Explorer (2011), Census 2011: Wards in London, (Online), Available from: http://ukdataexplorer.com/census/london/, Assessed: 8 Feb, 2015

Understanding Perceptions of Southwark Town Centres. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] London: Southwark Council. Available at: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/10771/town_centre_surveys_and_interviews_2014 [Accessed 8 Feb. 2015].

Vinnitskaya, I. (2011), Bloomberg Announces Plan For Downtown Brooklyn, Available: http://www.archdaily.com/304459/bloomberg-announces-plan-for-downtown-brooklyn/. Last accessed 2nd Feb 2015.

Total Word Count: 2,894

References