Sustainable Resource Management - bioeconomy.lodzkie.pl fileReductive Pentose Phosphate cycle RPP...
Transcript of Sustainable Resource Management - bioeconomy.lodzkie.pl fileReductive Pentose Phosphate cycle RPP...
Sustainable Resource Management
Prof. of PIMOT Krzysztof BIERNAT Ph.D.(Mech.Eng.)
Process of photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O → {CH2O} + O2; ΔGº=477kJ
Empirical formula of biomass:
C1H1,45O0,7
Necessary components:
water + soil (nutrients)
During the growth phase, possible assimilation of almost
the same amount of carbon dioxide as its release during
combustion:
{CH2O} + O2 → CO2 + H2O; ΔH=-440kJ
1 Mg of dry feedstock → 1,5·10¹º J energy
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Estimated biomass consumption
❑ Poor countries, about 40% of energy comes
from biomass;
❑ Rich countries, about 1% of energy comes
from biomass;
❑ The global average is about 14%, which
roughly amounts to 50 EJ per year.
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Analysis of sources
❑ 46% of solar energy can be absorbed by the
Earth's surface;
❑ 43% of this value available for use in the
process of photosynthesis in the spectral (400
... 700) nm, „photosynthetically active
radiation” PAR in the photosynthesis.
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Transformation processes (1)
❑ Reductive Pentose Phosphate cycle RPP gives
the key product for obtaining carboxylic acids
- acid three carbon atoms, plants C3.
❑ Plants C4, together with the RPP cycle,
incorporates a molecule of carbon dioxide in
the acid molecule with four carbon atoms.
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Transformation processes (2)
C3 plants (temperate climate):
wheat, rice, soybeans, tomatoes, potatoes and
sugar beet.
C4 plants (tropical areas):
sorghum, maize, sugar cane, desert grass.
C4 – transpiration 500 moles of water for each
mole of the built CO2
C3 – 1000 and more moles of water lost per mole
of related molecules CO2
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Transformation processes (3)
Smaller rate of net photosynthesis in C3 plants in bright sunlight → synthesised material is lost
by re-oxidation to CO2.
This process does not occur in C4 plants (more efficient process).
At 2 times the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere for C3 plants obtained biomass
increased by (20 ... 40)%.
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Maximum capacity of the photosynthesis
process (1)
To bind 1 molecule of CO2 need 8 quanta PAR, hence the energy:
E=nNhc/λ = 1660 kJ/mol, at λ=575 nm;
Since the value of the standard free enthalpy = 477 kJ, the efficiency of
photosynthesis is: 477/1660·100% = 29 %;
Having only a portion of radiation absorbed by the Earth (43%), the efficiency
of photosynthesis will be: 0.43 · 29% = 12%;
This represents a theoretical yield, because plant respiration as a reaction to
the reverse process of photosynthesis decreases biomass productivity by
(20 ... 80)%, without taking into account microbial degradation as a further
source of loss, hence the seasonal maximum growth rate:
for C4- 22 g/m²·d, which is equivalent to 3,8 GJ/ha·d;
for C3- 13 g/m²·d, which is equivalent to 2,2 GJ/ha·d;
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Maximum capacity of the photosynthesis
process (2)Since the average total amount of energy absorbed by the Earth
is 16 GJ/ha·d, so the actual maximum output transformation is:
▪ for C3 – 1,4 %
▪ for C4 – 2,4 %
Even taking into account good agricultural practice, the actual
efficiency of the production of maize grain with the stem is
0.6% and for wheat grain with straw - 0.3%.
Hence, the actual global average – about 0.25%
Attempts of sunless biomass synthesis ("Solazyme" USA) - Biofuel production
technology, through sunless breeding of algae from agricultural sludge, grasses
and waste substances.
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Definitions (for reminder)
Standard free enthalpy (Gibbs function, thermodynamic potential, chemical potential) -free enthalpy related to the standard conditions
(p,T);
Gibbs free-enthalpy (from "entalpsis" which means "the heat" - this part of the energy, the
way heat (enthalpy), which can be used, because:
ΔH= ΔG + TΔS;
TΔS – entropy factor, lossy - energy irreversibly dissipated.
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Releases of carbon dioxide
❑ Combustion of coal - 112 kg CO2 per GJ of
energy produced;
❑ This value is equivalent to burning 100 kg of
biomass;
❑ Emission cost-effectiveness of lignocellulosic
biomass (wood), the growth period not
longer than 10 years - the maximum
accumulation of carbon
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Biomass transport directions
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Products from biomass processing
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•Thank you for your
attention.
Perspective solutions
1. Biomass gasification and further processing
of synthesis gas to obtain value-added
products (biochemicals, bio-plastics, food,
feed, energy carriers, including fuels)
2. Technologies of separating value-added
products, gasification (liquefaction) of
residues. Further processing as above.
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Synthesis gas as a raw material
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Synthesis gas
CO2 + H2GasificationBiomass
Compression
Raw
material for
industrial
aplication
ElectricityAlcoholic fermentation
Salvage
Bioethanol
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons C2-C5
DME
synthesisDME
Methanol
synhesisMethanol
F-T (GtL)
synthesis
Motor
gasoline
Diesel oils
C2: ethanol, ethanoic (acetic) acid
C3: isopropanol, dimethyl ketone (acetone)
C4: 2,3-butanediol, butane, isobutane, 1,4-butanedioic (succinic) acid
C5: isoprene
Synthesis gas as a
universal energy carrier
Furfural route
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Synthesis gas production (CalTech)
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Thank you for your attention.
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