Sustainable Development in the Republic of Yemencss.escwa.org.lb/SDPD/3572/Yemen.pdf · Yemen’s...

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2015

Sustainable Development in the Republic of Yemen

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Consultant: Yahya Yahya Almutawakel

National Focal Point: Abdo Almohaya (Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation)

Technical Review and Logistics Support: Monia Braham (Economic Affairs Officer)

Rita Wehbe (Research Assistant)

(ESCWA)

Disclaimer: A draft version of this assessment was discussed at a national meeting. This version reflects

modifications resulting from the meeting. This national assessment was prepared as a background document

for the forthcoming Arab Sustainable Development Report. The views expressed are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. Document issued as received, without formal

editing.

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................6

2. Population and Humanitarian Needs ...................................................................................................................8

1.1. Poverty Reduction ...................................................................................................................................... 10

1.1.1 National Interventions .......................................................................................................................... 13

1.1.2. Implementation Constraints and Obstacles: ....................................................................................... 14

1.1.3. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 15

1.2. Promoting Employment and Limiting Unemployment .............................................................................. 15

- ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15

- ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15

1.2.1. National Interventions ......................................................................................................................... 16

1.2.2 Implementation Constraints and Difficulties........................................................................................ 17

1.2.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 17

1.3. Education .................................................................................................................................................... 18


1.3.2 Implementation Constraints and Difficulties........................................................................................ 20

1.3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 20

1.4. Health ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.4.1. National Interventions: ........................................................................................................................ 23

1.4.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties ...................................................................................... 23


2. Environment and Natural Resources ................................................................................................................. 24

2.1. Environment Preservation .......................................................................................................................... 24




2.2. Rationalization Use of Water Resources .................................................................................................... 26


2.2.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties: ..................................................................................... 28


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3. Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................................................... 29

3.1. Electricity Coverage Expansion and Efficiency Improvement .................................................................... 29


3.1.2. Implementation Constraints & Difficulties: ......................................................................................... 30


4. Institutional Performance .................................................................................................................................. 31

4.1. Good Governance & Anti-Corruption ......................................................................................................... 31


4.1.2. Implementation Constraints & Difficulties: ......................................................................................... 33


4.2. Development Partnership .......................................................................................................................... 34




Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................. 38

TEMPLATE A: Benchmarking Template for Evaluation of National Sustainable Development Strategies ....... 38

Template B: Assessment Model for National Sustainable Development Aims and Goals ................................ 45

Statistical Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 65

References ............................................................................................................................................................. 70

Arabic: ................................................................................................................................................................ 70

English:............................................................................................................................................................... 72

Endnotes ................................................................................................................................................................ 72

Figure 1 Trend of total fertility rates 1997-2013 ......................................................................................................9

Figure 2 Trend of family planning methods 1997-2013 ...........................................................................................9

Figure 3 Population and sustainable development axis ........................................................................................ 10

Figure 4 Poverty incidence in Yemen .................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 5 Lorenz curve according to HBS 1992, 1998, 2005\06.............................................................................. 11

Figure 6 Maternal health care in Yemen ............................................................................................................... 22

Figure 7 Population without safe water (%) .......................................................................................................... 27

Figure 8 Increasing water deficit and population growth 2025 ............................................................................ 28

Box 1 Supportive Projects for Job Opportunities .................................................................................................. 18

Box 2 A Successful Story of Technical Education and Vocational Training ........................................................... 21

Box 3 Foundation of Child and Adolescent Protection Initiative .......................................................................... 36

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Table 1 Standards of living 2013 ........................................................................................................................... 13

Table 2 Labor according to age & sex in 2010 ....................................................................................................... 15

Table 3 Public and private investment (%) ............................................................................................................ 16

Table 4 Education enrolment & Gender gap ........................................................................................................ 19

Table 5 Demographic indicators ............................................................................................................................ 21

Table 6 Environment indicators ............................................................................................................................ 24

Table 7 Yemen Ranking in Corruption Perception ................................................................................................ 32

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1. Introduction National Assessment of Sustainable Development in Yemen aims at highlighting the integration of the social

dimension and environmental interest in development planning, illustrating the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs) and setting the sustainable development priorities beyond 2015. In light of local and international

realities and variables, sustainable development is achieved on the basis of three fundamental pillars; namely

economic growth, social development, and rationalization use of natural resources with a view to conserving

them. This assessment will first illustrate the setting of the sustainable development priorities and, then, address

them in accordance with specific methodology, as follows:

1. Setting and analyzing sustainable development priorities.

2. National interventions (national strategy, institutional framework, policies and measures).

3. Implementation constraints and obstacles.

4. Success stories and innovative practices to overcome the constraints.

5. Recommendations for the post 2015 period, including Rio+20 resolutions and Yemen’s Strategic Vision

2015.

For the sake of setting the sustainable development priorities in Yemen, a number of studies, reports and

documents have been consulted; the most important are:

Local Documents

The National Dialogue Document (ND), in particular the final report on comprehensive, integrated and

sustainable development.

The transitional Program for Stabilization and Development 2012-2014 (TPSD), which was drafted for

the Transitional Period and presented in the Donor Conference, held in Riyadh during 27-28 of June 2012.

National Reconciliation Government Program (NRGP), formed in December 2011, after signing the GCC

initiative and resignation on Sept 21st, 2014.

Mutual Accountability Framework (MAF) between the Yemeni Government and its donor community.

The draft Fourth Five-Year Socio-Economic Development Plan for Poverty Reduction 2011-2015,

approved by the Government but was not submitted to the joint meeting of both the Parliament and

Shura Councils due to the political developments since early 2011.

The Common Social and Economic Assessment of Yemen, prepared in 2012 in cooperation with the

World Bank (WB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), European Union, and Islamic

Development Bank.

Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2015, drafted in 2001 to reflect the aspirations and hopes of the Yemeni people.

However, after more than one decade, it needs to be revised and developed in light of what has been

achieved and in accordance with recent developments.

Yemen’s Second MDGs report prepared in 2010 by the Ministry of Planning and International

Cooperation (MPIC) with the assistance of UNDP.

Yemen’s status in International Reports in 2014 prepared by MPIC.

International and Regional Trends

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Since the deadline of MDGs at the world level is approaching by 2015, and on the basis of the findings reported

by regional and international forums and dialogues for setting the priorities and trends of the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) beyond 2015, we highlight the following:

Trends issued by International Organizations.

Trends at the level of the Arab world, such as the proposals of the United Nations Development Group

(UNDG), regarding the development agenda beyond 2015, and studies of ESCWA, UNESCO and Arab

League, among others.

Studies and documents of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) and the

direction towards approving the policies and mechanisms that promote the green economy.

Based on the above methodology as well as the documents mentioned, the working group- in consultation with

some governmental and community agencies- has drawn the conclusion of the priorities, which will be addressed

in the study. The transition to the "Social Market Economy" shall be taken into consideration as a new economic

approach in the Republic of Yemen. It is stipulated in the National Dialogue outcomes and in the new constitution

draft, which is entirely consistent with the pillars of green economy. These priorities include the following axes:

First: Humanitarian Needs: The population issue constitutes the paramount challenge to the sustainable

development in Yemen and the framework or umbrella that gives rise to all constraints of sustainable

development, which are being dealt with in the present study, among others. This axis is based on identifying

the main determinant, namely the population, and working for the reduction of its growth rates in line with the

available resources. Then, it addresses the provision of humanitarian needs in the short and medium term, and

poverty reduction, malnutrition and unemployment, on the one hand, and the improvement of education and

health services, on the other, as foundations for securing a decent living.

Second: Environment and Natural Resources: This axis focuses on the rationalization use of water resources as

an absolute priority due to its scarcity and speedy depletion, including a set of major and acute environmental

problems; namely land degradation, desertification, decline in the biodiversity and reduction of wild vegetation

cover; in addition to marine and coastal environment degradation and air pollution. Most studies also point out

the climatic change in Yemen as a result of global warming and its resultant negative consequences and effects.

Third: Infrastructure: Despite its expansion to include many important sectors, the electricity service coverage

in Yemen constitutes the biggest problem due to its low generation and coverage level as well as the considerable

loss and vandalism. Furthermore, it plays a passive role in supporting investment and economic growth or

providing social services.

Fourth: Institutional Performance: This axis covers many negative points in the institutions and administrative

regulations as well as in legislation and cadre level. It starts with an assessment of good governance system and

anti-corruption, extending to the work mechanisms and partnership with the private sector and civil society as

well as with donors for the purpose of role identification, effort coordination, impact maximization, and

economic, social and environmental revenues for the national economy and society

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2. Population and Humanitarian Needs Population and High Growth

Human resources constitute the key issue and goal in the core process of achieving the sustainable development.

Population growth in most developing countries, in turn, is a great challenge to continue along this path.

Therefore, population issue in Yemen has received absolute attention and priority in the goals and trends of

Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2015 as well as in development plans and economic and social programs. For, it is

considered as a real development problem in light of imbalance between high population growth, on one hand,

and the modest economic growth and limited natural resources, on the other. So, it leads to a deficiency in

meeting the basic humanitarian needs of the Yemeni citizen.

Yemen’s population doubled in the last three decades; from about 6 million in 1975 to almost 19.7 million in

2004 as stated in the population census. Projections estimate that total population may have reached about 26

million in 2014 and would increase to about 34 million by 2025. This underlines the extent and the gravity of the

population issue and its reflections on sustainable development in its economic, social and environmental axes.

The age group 0 to 14 years represents 45% of population and that between 15 and 24 years represents 22% of

population. Thus, the pyramid of the two combined age groups makes up about 67% of the population in 2004

census. It is the same percentage as in 1994 census, despite the shrinking percentage of the first age group

between the two periods. Population projections estimate a continued decline in that percentage to reach about

63.3 percent, while the young age structure continues with consequential demands in the first phases and, then,

provision of employment opportunities. With regard to gender (male, female), the ratio of males to females

decreased from 52.4% in 1994 to 51.7% in 2004. It remains estimated at 51.8% as per 2014 projections.

The internal migration into main cities is one of the effects of such high population growth, i.e. the urban

population growth rate is about 7% per annum (MPIC, 2010- B: 24), causing a multiplied pressure on the

resources and basic services. Rather, squatter settlements will emerge in the outskirts of the main cities as

environments of poverty and unemployment and hotbeds of growing the criminal activities, violence, terrorism

and extremism.

On the other side, Yemen suffers from the scarcity of natural resources such as water and arable lands. This is

accompanied with the limitation of the financial resources available for investment and weak capacities of

national economy to create employment opportunities for new entrants in the labor market, whose number

increases annually. High population growth leads to inefficient consumption of natural resources and a negative

impact on environment without giving any consideration for future generations.

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SOURCE: HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY, 2013.

Successive Governments and the society sought to pursue the Population National Strategy and many related

strategies and programs, including reproductive health, children and youth; in addition to the National Strategy

for Information, Education and Population Communication, which focuses on supporting family planning

programs, expanding population education, drawing attention to the risks of early marriage, and promoting the

use of contraceptive methods. Those programs provide such methods in the maternity and child centers, all

public health centers and private health institutions. Moreover, they provide counseling and family planning

services for the youth to prevent early pregnancies. Such programs and policies have contributed to improve

many indicators, the most important of which is the decline in population growth from 3.7% in 1994 to 3% in

2004 (MPIC, 2010- C: 167). There was a remarkable reduction of the total fertility rates from 6.5 birth per female

in 1997 to 4.4 children per female in 2013, in which the same indicator has reduced more in urban areas from

3.2 birth per female compared to 5.1 birth per female in rural areas according to the Demographic Health Survey

(DHS) 2013. Undoubtedly, such enhancement is associated with an increase in the rates of using modern family

planning methods compared to traditional ones.

Despite integrating population policies and programs into the State’s development plans and adopting policies

for the sake of ensuring the population balance with resources in the long run, many deficiencies are particularly

notable in implementing several policies and weakness of programs in comparison to the current challenge level

in this area. Yet, some attribute the improvement of population indicators to other factors; the most important

is the economic factor, resulted in delaying marriages from the age of 22.8 years to 23.8 years in the censuses of

1994 and 2004.

1011

21

13

10

23

19

8

2729

4

34

Modern Traditional Total

1997 2003 2006 20136.56.2

5.2

4.4

1997 1998 1999 2000

FIGURE 1 TREND OF TOTAL FERTILITY RATES 1997-2013 FIGURE 2 TREND OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS 1997-2013

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FIGURE 3 POPULATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AXIS

The implementation of population policies shall be conducted under the observation of the institutional

framework, including the National Population Council with the help of 17 governmental and non-governmental

bodies, and the Population Sector at MoPHP. However, such policies are still ineffective in facing this serious

challenge and in contributing to the achievement of the economic, social and environmental priorities on the

sustainable development hierarchy.

1.1. Poverty Reduction During the two recent decades until 2010, the Yemeni economy showed new growth rates with an average

growth of 4.7% in the real gross domestic product (GDP).i The average growth reached about 5% during 1992-

2001 and slightly declined to 4.5% during 2002-2010. GDP per capita reached a double average of $1,310 in 2010

compared to $657 in 1992.ii Nevertheless, this economic growth did not either create work opportunities or

generally reduce poverty, especially in the last decade, when unemployment rate increased to 17.8% in 2010

(Child Labor Survey, 2010) and poverty reached to unprecedented levels.iii

Population & its high growth

Humanitarian needs

Natural resources

Poverty

Infrastructure

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FIGURE 4 POVERTY INCIDENCE IN YEMEN

SOURCE: SECOND YEMENI MDG REPORT, 2010; COMMON SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT, 2012

This is mainly because Yemen has a rentier economy, depending almost entirely on producing and exporting oil

and natural gas, in which oil alone represents nearly 31% of GDP. The contribution of other productive sectors

declined to build up GDP. Agriculture, which employs more than 50% of labor, contributed with an average of

10% and industry contributed with less than 7% in the recent two decades. Therefore, the economic growth in

Yemen was deceptive since it was not accompanied by creating employment opportunities. Rather, most of its

fruits mainly benefited the rich (Human Dimension and Economic Growth, 2001: 35)

SOURCE: CSO, HBS 1992, 1998, 2005\06.

46.6% 54.5%

47%

23.3%

1998 2005 2012 2015

التقييم TargetedActualالمستهدف

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

(%)

of

inco

me

(%) of Household

1992مسح 1998مسح 2005/2006مسح 1992خط العدالة الكامل 1998 2005\2006 Total equality

FIGURE 5 LORENZ CURVE ACCORDING TO HBS 1992, 1998, 2005\06

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Yemen remains to have the highest poverty rates in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2014, Yemen also ranks

low on the Human Development Index at 154 of 187 States as stated in the international reports, issued by UNDP.

Poverty phenomenon has exacerbated and its rates have increased in the recent years. In addition, the State has

been experiencing the impacts and negative consequences of the developments since 2011. Thus, the first target

of MDGs reversed to meet the reduction of extreme poverty and hunger. In accordance with Household Budget

Survey (HBS) 2005-2006, poverty phenomenon widened from 46.6% to 54.5% in 2012,iv in comparison to the

government’s target of 23.3% by 2015. At the same time, based on HBS 1992 and 1998 and compared to HBS

2005-2006, the income disparity was wide, in which the first and second twenties (20% of population) with the

lowest incomes receive 6% of per capita income, compared to 49% goes to the top twenty with the highest

incomes. As illustrated in figure (5), Lorenz curve has gone far away from the line of perfect and optimal equality

in the distribution of income in 2006 compared to 1992. Here, the income shares of the population segments

show significant inequalities, which led to an increase in the proportion of people who are vulnerable to access

the resources, which ensure the provision for their basic needs of goods and services. In parallel, Gini coefficient

of income distribution increased from 0.39 in 1992 to 0.42 in 1998 and to 0.53 in 2006. This indicates a decline

in the equitable distribution of income and the economic growth was not pro-poor. The impact of this disparity

does not only affect food expenditures but also it extends to school enrollment and access to health services,

among others, i.e. the content of economic and social exclusion. The structure and quality of the economic

growth sets poverty and employment into the priorities of humanitarian needs in order to achieve sustainable

development.

A prospective study of poverty conditions up to 2025 considers a poverty scenario at 33.6%, at best, and 59.6%,

at worst, if decisive and continuing actions are not taken. The study estimates the investment spending, which

accelerates growth, reduces poverty and achieves food security, at about 12.3-17.6 billion dollars over the years

2012-2020 (International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012: 15).

Many economic, human and natural factors, individually or collectively, account for poverty in Yemen. Per capita

income drops as a consequence of the nature and pattern of economic growth, caused by the limited domestic

and foreign investments, ongoing decline in oil production, continuing high population growth (3%), economic

dependency rate resulting from the young age population structure, and low women's participation in the labor

market. Higher illiteracy rates (40.7%), modest qualification and training levels, expansion of unregulated

employment level, and social vulnerability, among others, are factors that need to be overcome in order for

enabling the State to combat poverty and mitigate its impacts.

In spite of the fact that poverty has multiple patterns and causes, we can highlight the economic and social

exclusion, which prevents access to the assets (land and money), and, thus, inaccessible to the basic social and

humanitarian needs. While basic humanitarian needs ensure a permanent source of livelihood and to enjoy

proper health care and adequate housing, social needs focus on illiteracy eradication, and access to basic services

and communication networks, which is lacking for about half of Yemen’s population, particularly in rural areas

where three fourths of the population reside, 83% of them are poor giving poverty a rural feature. Therefore,

any measure would be taken to reduce poverty must focus on such services to meet the poor’s needs.

Updated Food Security Monitoring Survey 2013, conducted by the World Food Program (WFP), states that 44.5%

of population is suffering from food insecurity and 22.3% are severely food insecure people, compared to 22.2%

of moderately food insecure people. Food insecurity emerges as a consequence of heavy dependency on food

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imports, world food high prices, local conflicts, insecurity and political instability, extreme poverty and high levels

of unemployment. While about 80% of households are high indebted because of their food consumption

requirements, about 60% of households resort to using other strategies to meet their needs such as consuming

less nutritious food or limiting the number and size of meals (UNDP, 2013: 25).

TABLE 1 STANDARDS OF LIVING 2013

SOURCE: YEMENI PARLIAMENT, GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE REPORT 25\6\2012; MPIC YEMEN’S FRIENDS GROUP MEETING, LONDON 29

APRIL 2014.

These indicators are a matter of grave concern to the State, especially with highly rising deprivation of about 12

million citizens who cannot afford their basic needs, i.e. food, clothing, housing, health, education and transport.

In addition to this increasing number and poverty rate, there is a considerable number of people living close to

the poverty line and are concerned about sliding into poverty as a result of security instability or due to natural

factors such as drought.

1.1.1 National Interventions

During many decades and via the support of international approaches, consecutive Yemeni governments

adopted a number of initiatives and put efforts into mitigating poverty in developing and the least developed

countries. Such initiatives and, above all, MDGs focused on eradicating hunger, achieving food security,

improving nutrition, ensuring proper healthy life, and promoting sustainable agriculture.v Those governments’

efforts are apparently clear in the strategies and plans they have prepared during that time. The following are

most important ones:

1. Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005 is the cornerstone of clear and specific interventions to combat

poverty. It consists of five axes; starting with achieving economic growth, increasing employment

opportunities, developing infrastructure, providing a better level of basic social services, establishing an

effective social safety net for the poor and, finally, drafting a mechanism for encouraging participation

and cooperation. This strategy achieved positive outcomes, in which poverty rate decreased from 40.1%

as indicated in HBS 1998 to 34.8 as in HBS 2005/2006.

2. Other National Strategies Focus on Combating Poverty include Food Security 2010, Agricultural Sector

2012, Fishery Sector 2012, Water 2013, and Environmental Sustainability 2007. Yemeni Governments

gave its commitment to make endeavors and cooperate with the donors towards realizing MDGS by

2015. Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025 is aimed at “placing Yemen by 2025, among the countries of

inclusion moderate human development with economic diversification and social, scientific, cultural and

political development”.

Indicator Total

People suffering acute food insecurity (mn) 10.5

People receiving no health services (mn)

6.4

Population in critical water situation (mn)

7.1

Displaced population 319,499

Refugees 282,480

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3. Economic and Social Development Plans for Poverty Reduction started with the third plan (2006-2010)

to link development plans to poverty reduction strategies. Overall, they aimed at achieving development

and reducing poverty. The fifth-year plans adopted a set of policies and programs to achieve the

following:

a. Expanding the social safety net and developing its targeting mechanisms.

b. Empowering economically the poor by promoting small projects and micro finance programs.

c. Giving priorities to labor-intensive investments in all sectors, particularly agriculture with a focus

on rural areas.

4. Successive Governments Programs won a parliamentary confidence vote thereof, and they made a

commitment to combat poverty. National Reconciliation Government stressed in September 2011 the

continuity of implementing the poverty reduction policies, expanding the social safety net, increasing

employment opportunities for the youth, executing the National Food Security Strategy … etc. This

Government could not achieve any of its goals because it found itself in an exceptional condition and

was unable to meet its commitments until it resigned in September 2014.

5. TPSD (2012-2014), by the light of exceptional conditions and via donors’ support, aimed to continue the

exerted efforts at combating poverty, particularly in rural areas, expanding the social protection

umbrella for the sake of alleviating the adverse impacts of the deteriorating economic conditions, and

promoting food security on the basis of local agricultural productivity. The urgent humanitarian needs

have been estimated at $2,136 million, including aid to the displaced.

6. CNDD, specifically the axis of Sustainable Development, which contained 12 special resolutions,

concerning food security, social protection and malnutrition combat. This concern emerged in the light

of adopting a system of “Free Social Economy” or Social Market Economy in order to ensure the balance

between market economy and social equality within economic relations, develop productivity, realize

social integration, equalize opportunities, and upgrade the living standards of the people (Republic of

Yemen, 2014: 227-8).

1.1.2. Implementation Constraints and Obstacles: The State and consecutive governments had theoretically laid down the foundations of sustainable development.

However, the majority of mechanisms and programs of development, poverty and unemployment reductions

are still lagging behind due to a number of constraints, the most notable are:

a. Limited financial resources and dependency on volatile oil revenues, with a decline in oil production,

would prevent an indispensable expansion of the social security net. Lack of government’s effective role

in funding key projects in the various sectors including agriculture, is reflected in the continuous low

living standards of large segments of the population.

b. Corruption Proliferation and deficiencies of the State’s role in distributing the income and wealth for

the benefit of the poor or in creating employment opportunities. Rather, the State’s role is confined to

partial and temporal interventions away from addressing the root causes.

c. Lower coverage of basic services, water and electricity in particular, cause a negative reflection on

production and employment, in addition to limited safe drinking water and sanitation systems in urban

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areas. The lack of such systems in rural areas leads to the spread of diseases and epidemics, which are

considered as poverty natural consequences.

d. Climate Change leads particularly to the lack of rainfall and drought. Rainfall in Yemen is

expected to decrease by approximately 45% from the current levels, causing negative impacts on

agriculture and water (WB, 2009).

e. Weakness of the poor and unemployed affects the political and social arena. Private associations and

other bodies, concerned with the poor, play a limited role due to administrative and legal constraints.

Their role is only confined to running some projects and providing services.

1.1.3. Recommendations Adopting policies and programs, which achieve economic growth, increase employment opportunities,

provide a better level of basic services, and ensure an effective social security net for the poor under an

administration that is featured by fairness, accountability and integrity.

Working hard with the civil society and private sector in cooperation with the international community

which is committed to support the world countries to reduce poverty through clear and specific

mechanisms.

Coordinating the poverty reduction strategy and local development policies with partnership programs

and governmental and nongovernmental external supports.

Increasing the investment spending on developing the infrastructure in order to promote economic

growth, achieve economic and social sustainable development, and improve the quality of life in rural

areas.

Stepping up the ceiling of micro finance projects and widening the poor’s beneficiary base.

Strengthening the poor’s capacities and increasing their assets and revenues thereof through improving

the social and productive conditions of the poor and those close to the poverty line.

1.2. Promoting Employment and Limiting Unemployment TABLE 2 LABOR ACCORDING TO AGE & SEX IN 2010

SOURCE: CSO, CHILD LABOR SURVEY 2010.

The population of both urban and rural areas is facing the same living challenges and high rates of unemployment

accompanied by difficult access to food and basic services. The capacity of the Government to provide basic

Youth 15-24 Population in work age

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Population in work age (000) 2509 2340 4849 6473 6370 12843

Work force ('000) 1233 234 1467 4430 642 5072

Work force (%) 49.1 10.0 30.3 68.4 10.1 39.5

Employed ('000) 912 61 973 3880 291 4171

Unemployed ('000) 320 174 494 550 351 901

Labor/Population )%( 36.4 2.6 20.1 59.9 4.6 32.5

Unemployment (%) 26.0 74.0 33.7 12.4 54.6 17.8

Fragile labor/Total labor (%) - - 25.9 29.4 40.5 30.2

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social services, especially in areas of highly aggravating needs, remains limited. Unemployment, which is the

most important of those challenges, faces the development process and contributes to undermining the political

and security stability in Yemen due to the fact that unemployment is concentrated among young people,

including the educated ones. The decline of new employment in the governmental sector and public sector

institutions and the limited employment in private sectors caused a large-scale increase in unemployment from

16.2% in 2004 to 17.8 in 2010. The large-scale unemployment rate among females mounted to 54.6% and among

the youth to 52.9%, while underemployment or partial employment was many times higher than that. Some

estimations point out that about one million people lad lost their jobs because of the recent developments and

events in Yemen since 2011, which may raise the estimations of unemployment rate to about 40%. The

Government's Final Financial Report of 2010 indicates a decrease in open unemployment to about 30% but it

forecasted that open unemployment would fall to 34% (Parliament 2012: 10).

TABLE 3 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT (%)

SOURCE: CSO, STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2013; MOF, FINANCIAL STATISTICS BULLETIN 2013.

Unemployment in Yemeni economy is of structural nature, i.e. it mainly arises out of the weak capacity of the

national economy to create sufficient employment opportunities for the new entrants to the labor market, on

the one hand, and a mismatch between jobseekers’ skills availability and skills required at the labor market, on

the other. The relative importance of private sector employees fell into a decline, compared to public sectors.

The employment rate of private sector reduced from 76.3% in 1999 to 74% in 2004. The problem was further

exacerbated by the suspension of most investment projects and many economic activities still lagging behind

due to the ongoing events and repercussions since 2011, causing layoffs, leaves without pay or reduction in

working hours. Data by Ministry of Civil Service and Insurance illustrates the continuous applications for public

employment, in which the cumulative total number of the registered applicants was nearly 235 thousand in 2012

with an increase of 138 thousand when compared to 2012 and an increase of 142.5. Therefore, the

unemployment rate becomes unacceptable and it remains a threat to social stability. It grows in complexity due

to the weak economic capacity to create new employment opportunities.

1.2.1. National Interventions More than others, the Government acknowledges that employment is a thorny and long-term problem due to

its correlation with the overall and sectoral policies. There have been many national interventions to confront

unemployment either before or after 2011. They may be summed up as follows:

% of total investments % of GDP

Public Private Public Private

2000 32.7 67.3 6.64 13.66

2004 38.1 61.9 9.12 14.81

2005 36.0 64.0 9.63 17.10

2006 29.6 70.4 7.39 17.55

2007 30.2 69.8 8.15 18.88

2008 28.8 71.2 7.28 17.98

2009 30.9 69.1 6.68 14.92

2010 25.9 74.1 5.50 15.71

2011 17.0 83.0 3.31 16.17

2012 18.5 81.5 4.47 19.63

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1. Expansion in labor-intensive programs, specifically via three main actors, co-funded by the donors:

Social Development Fund, Public Works Project and Social Welfare Fund. The Government offers public

works, social initiatives and cash subsidies.

2. Development of Micro finance Institutions. The Act No. 15 of the year 2015, concerning micro

finance banks, was intended to provide funding, necessary facilities for small projects and activities in

order to reduce unemployment.

3. Preparation of the National Plan on Youth Employment (2014-2015), which was endorsed by the

Cabinet in September 2013; formation of a technical team to develop a matrix for the priority programs

and projects, funded from donors’ pledges; and development of operational services through improving

the information environment, on the one hand, and the operational office infrastructure, on the other

(MPIC & UNDP 2013).

4. Employing more than 70 thousand people in various governmental bodies in 2011 as a reflection of a

political maneuvering, resulted in placing consequent financial burdens, highly debilitating the State’s

administration, and worsening the corruption (MPIC, 2014-A).

5. TPSD (2012-2014) deals with many axes to address the unemployment problem, including the

revitalization of economic growth, paying particular attention to women labor force participation,

improving the operational office performance, establishing the National Operating Authority, developing

a labor market database and, finally, expanding labor-intensive projects and replacing expatriate workers

with Yemeni workforce.

6. CNDD: containing 6 resolutions to solve the unemployment problem.

1.2.2 Implementation Constraints and Difficulties Some constraints and difficulties, which faced the intervention implementation before and after 2011, are

different. However, such difference is noticed in their extent and severity rather than in their substance and

nature. The most important points are:

a. Weak security and political stability; suspended implementation of many economic projects in all

sectors; and foreign aid, which provides funding for governmental projects.

b. High employment rates among the youth lead them towards extremism and sabotage and

terrorist activities.

c. A continual mismatch between skills required at labor market and educational outcomes.

d. Poor project management as in the Economic Opportunities Fund, established under Republican Decree

No. (183) of 2010 as one of the partnership-based development projects between public and private

sectors to increase the financial assets held by households and create employment opportunities in rural

areas. Although more than four years passed after the inauguration of the project funded fully by donors,

the successive administrations are, slacking up to date, lurching and considering it as a pilot program.

e. A lack of strategic vision for dealing with the big disparity between economic development and high

applications for employment, on the one side, and the capacity to create jobs, on the other.

f. Weak labor market information system despite the projects and budgets spent on it for about two

decades.

1.2.3 Recommendations Achieving security and political stability, which is considered the stimulant environment pillar for

investment.

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Implementing the National Plan on Youth Employment and providing the necessary finds.

Developing the labor market information system, related research and unregulated sector, and

promoting the quality of indicators and statistical data as well as their comparability over time.

Correlating the educational outcomes with labor market requirements.

Mobilizing the necessary funding required for labor-intensive activities with a focus on the underline

poverty areas.

Expanding small and micro finance and promoting mobile finance approach to rural areas.

BOX 1 SUPPORTIVE PROJECTS FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES

1) Social Development Fund (SDF) executes four projects, concentrating on double-targeted economic and social fields and providing job opportunities; namely Cash-for-Work Program, Rain-Fed Agriculture Program, Rural University Graduate Training Program, and 3X6 Program that aims at self-operation enhancement. SDF receives support from more than 16 donors. Since its inception till 2013, SDF expanded its programs to reach 14,042 projects at an estimated cost of 2 billion dollars. It has generated temporary job opportunities, which exceeded 66 million work/individual days with an achievement average of 98% (SDF, Fourth Phase Plan, 2011-2015).

2) Yemen Education For Employment Foundation (YEFE) was established in 2008 as an autonomous local foundation and as an integral part of the international Education For Employment network, which operates in many countries in the Arab world, USA and Europe. YEFE provides the unemployed youth with required training to have access to job opportunities. It serves as a bridge for communication between academic institutes and private sector to equip students with scientific skills necessary to keep pace with the employers’ needs and requirements. Furthermore, it performs its role through the funding provided by the private local sector and international financers and it works under the supervision of the business elite. YEFE’s headquarters was established in Sana’a and it opened its second branch in Taiz in 2009 and third branch in Aden in 2012. It has trained more than 3,480 trainees and employed more than 956 graduates in permanent jobs and more than 1,003 graduates in private jobs. YEFE works along with a number of organizations such as Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Foundation For the Future (FFF), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the German Agency for International Development (GTZ), UNDP, and up to 150 local civil society organizations. In addition, YEFE has established a club for graduates to ensure the continuity of career development, supervision, direction and networking opportunities; obtain e-learning programs; and assess the short and long term program impact.

3) Micro Finance. The number of active clients in small and micro finance banks and institutions exceeded 99 thousand clients and 253 thousand saved deposits in 2002. The loan portfolio was about 10 billion YR, compared to 122 million YR in 2002. The cumulatively distributed loans were 624 thousand of 45 billion YR; 67% were for females (SDF, Quarterly Magazine, No. 64, Oct.-Dec. 2013: p 13).

1.3. Education The constitution clearly states that education is a guaranteed right to all. The State has focused a great deal of

attention on the goal of realizing primary education for all, which was included within its development trends.

The net basic education enrolment rates increased to 81.8 in 2012, reducing the gender gap to 75.8%, which

reflects a rising social awareness of the importance of girls’ education. This advancement would make Yemen

closer to the

goal of attaining primary education for all and promoting gender equality of this type of education by 2015. Of

course, the pursuit of such a goal still requires facing the reasons that limit children's access to primary education

in rural areas; particularly, children working for their families, lack of sufficient number of male and female

teachers, and the necessity of addressing illiteracy as a tremendous challenge, which has negative impacts on

human capacity development and the social movement towards development. Illiteracy is still prevalent among

40.7% people: 21.3% men and 60% women (HBS 2005-2006). Yemen’s Strategic Vision aims at reducing illiteracy

to less than 10% by 2025.

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TABLE 4 EDUCATION ENROLMENT & GENDER GAP

SOURCE: POPULATION CENSUS 2014; STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2013; EDUCATION STATISTICS 2011\12.

*TARGET.

Generally speaking, general education in Yemen is affected by low enrolment rates when going up the education

hierarchy. The net secondary education enrolment rates were lower than 27% in 2012, though it increased from

19.8% in 2005 (Supreme Council for Education Planning, 2011-2012: 14). These numbers indicate a weakness in

the education system and its inability to keep students until the end of the general education levels. However,

indicators showed improvement in the gender gap reaching to 63.1% in 2012.

In the field of technical education and vocational training, the Government has realized that this type of

education is the main axis of development, recognized as an increasing impact on operation, income and poverty

condition. The male and female students of this sector increased from 6,563 in 2000 to 31,941 in 2012 due to an

increase in educational institutions to 140, including 90 public ones. The National Strategy for Technical

Education and Vocational Training 2005-2012 aimed at raising the percentage of enrolled students in technical

education and vocational training to 15% of the total primary and secondary education students. However, it

does not currently exceed 3.5%. University education, in spite of quantitative expansion during the recent years,

could pose many questions regarding the extent to which it would reach with modest inputs and poor qualitative

development. They result in inefficient outputs towards sustainable development.

1.3.1. National Interventions Consecutive governments have made efforts to develop education due to its role in promoting equality and

shrinking social, economic and political disparities among people. National interventions can be summed up in

the following points:vi

1. Expanding educational services and primary education access for all to raise primary education rate to

95% by 2025. This requires establishing 21,600 schools, ensuring student chair availability for 7.2 million,

and provision of 206 thousand teachers by 2025; in addition to promoting the private sector investments

in the area of education and giving attention to girl’s education.

2. NRGP referred to support literacy and adult education programs through expanding and developing

literacy programs, and basic training and women's centers. NRGP concentrated on expanding primary

and secondary education to raise the enrolment rates in the two stages, paying special attention to girl’s

education and reducing the gap between rural and urban areas. It stressed on improving the quality of

education through teachers’ performances, school administrations, school health services,

Indicator 1990 2004 2010 2012 2015*

Net enrolment in basic education )%( 52.7 62.5 76.2 81.8 100

Female to male Basic education )%( 44.6 70.6 74.5 75.8 100

Female to male secondary education (%)

13.7 44.8 58.2 63.1 100

Female to male university )%( 20.5 35.3 44.7 47.8 100

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curriculum evaluation and development, and recovery of school activities. With regard to technical

education and vocational training, the program increased its capacity by establishing new institutions

and rehabilitating the existed ones, updating its curricula and programs, introducing new fields of

specialization, and encouraging girls to enroll in the appropriate specializations. Finally, NRGP dealt with

the expansion of higher education in the governorates; curriculum development; introducing the

concept of quality assurance to meet the sustainable development needs, local and international labor

market requirements; and drawing attention to scientific research.

3. TPSD (2012-2014) tackled the increase in net enrolment rates in all educational levels, improvement of

the services quality, and reduction of gender gap in rural and urban areas. TPSD’s cost was estimated at

about 730.4 million dollars for general education, 439 million dollars for technical education and

vocational training, and 252.9 million dollars for higher education.

4. CNDD in the axis of Sustainable Development issued 35 resolutions with regard to learning and human

development, including the legislation of enforcing compulsory basic education. This gives a greater

opportunity to achieve the principle of education for all.

5. Comprehensive vision and future directions to integrate and reform (general, higher, technical and

vocational) education inputs, which is currently being prepared by the Government in cooperation with

the World Bank. The vision is aimed at meeting the development requirements and local and

international labor market needs, taking advantage of international experiments to review the current

education strategies and integrate them all for the sake of optimizing and developing the educational

process quality.

1.3.2 Implementation Constraints and Difficulties a. Lack of a general and integrated policy framework, which directs the development activities and

evaluates its outputs and outcomes.

b. The provision of full schools for all communities, especially in rural areas, is hampered by population

dispersion with a continuing high population growth that maintains a high level of demand for

educational services, exceeding the present capacity.

c. The disparities between the labor market requirements and educational outcomes, which basically rely

on the demand volume and mainly humanities specializations. A comprehensive vision for education and

continuous training is not available.

d. Limited capacity of technical and vocational institutes and community colleges, inadequate

rehabilitation of training institutions, underdeveloped educational infrastructures, inability to keep pace

with modern scientific developments as well as the limitation of planning, follow-up and evaluation.

e. High rates of poverty and unemployment contribute to dropouts and a complete lack of schooling.

1.3.3 Recommendations Expediting the achievement of the comprehensive vision for education and completing the coverage of

educational services for the disadvantaged regions.

Correlating the educational outcomes with local and regional labor market requirements.

Expanding the family incentive and cash-assistance programs, which are necessary for poor families’

children and orphans to access schools.

Increasing the Government’s spending on higher education and scientific research.

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Encouraging the conduct of scientific research; activating research institutions and linking it to

development issues and society concerns; and building up effective partnerships between universities,

research centers and private sector institutions with regard to providing funding for scientific research.

BOX 2 A SUCCESSFUL STORY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

The technical education and vocational training project in central and branches of rehabilitation prisons aims to economically empower male and female inmates by training them in handicrafts and professions, which facilitate their reintegration into society after serving their sentences. This project covers rehabilitation prisons in nine governorates and it is being implemented by the Ministry of Technical Education and Vocational Training through the establishment of 3 vocational training institutes in Greater Municipality, Hodeidah and Ibb with the provision of training coordinators. It is also involved in equipping 9 rehabilitation prisons in Sana’a, Ibb, Aden, Hodeidah, Hadhramout Coast, Al-Dhalei, Amran, Dhamar and Lahj. It aims at training 360 male and female inmates in fields of administrative science, libraries, carpentry, dressmaking, tailoring, hand-knitting (maawez: a straight-cut cloth hangs down from a man’s waist) and handicrafts.

1.4. Health Health sector is one of the sustainable development pillars as it contributes to enhancing the quality of life

through providing integrated healthcare services, reflecting a positive impact on productive capacities and

enjoying high profits, efforts and capabilities. Although the Government has exerted efforts to develop this sector

and promote the service level and the presence of tangible improvements in some health indicators, Yemen still

significantly suffers from health problems and diseases. Health services cover 64% of population concentrated

in cities while rural areas remain more disadvantaged (MoPHP, 2013: 17). In spite of its importance, the sector’s

share of public spending during 2009-2012 did not exceed 4.2%, which was less than 1.4% of GDP. High

population growth and wide dispersion of population led to exerting pressure upon the sector’s financial,

technical and human resources, which are basically limited. Consequently, they result in declining health

services continuously. The preventive and therapeutic services network suffers both quantitatively and

qualitatively.

Poor medical condition in Yemen can be deduced from the spread of diseases and epidemics. The numbers of

hepatitis cases notified annually are about 6 to 7 thousand and the same number is for schistosomiasis cases.

Malaria cases were estimated at 150 thousand in 2013, equivalent to 42% of notified disease cases, compared

to 37.2% in 2008. New TB cases increased from 8 to 10 thousand cases during the same period.vii In contrast, the

number of physicians amounted to no more than 6,700 physicians together with 670 dentists. Therefore, health

system had one doctor per 13 thousand inhabitants and one health facility per 10,000 inhabitants together with

low equipment (Central Statistical Organization, 2013).

TABLE 5 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Indicator 1990 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015

Under 5 child mortality 122 105 102 78.2 53 40.6

Infant mortality 83 75 75 69 43 27.2

Maternal mortality - 351 365 ... 148 87.8

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SOURCE: DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY 1992, 1997; FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY 2003; MULTI-CLUSTER SURVEY 2006; HBS 2005\06; HEALTH AND

DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY 2013, 2014.

With regard to the fourth MDG, DHS 2013 indicates a tangible improvement in health indicators, i.e. the infant

mortality rate had fallen to around 43 per 1,000 live births compared to 83 in 1990. However, it is still below the

goal of 27 per 1000 live births by 2015 and above the average of Arab region (40 per 1000 live births). Moreover,

the mortality rate among children under the age of 5 declined from 102 deaths per 1,000 to 53 deaths during

(2003-2013) with an average of 60%. The fourth MDG on maternal mortality shows that the indicator improved

significantly from 365 deaths per 100,000 live births to 148 deaths during the same period, which remains very

high in comparison with about 80, 70 and 60 deaths in Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon, respectively. Whereas

Figure 5 illustrates a steady improvement in health care issues during pregnancy and childbirth, many factors still

contribute to the persistently high rate of maternal mortality at birth. Such factors include traditional childbirth,

early marriage, birth-to-next pregnancy intervals, and insufficient prenatal health care services.

FIGURE 6 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE IN YEMEN

SOURCE: HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY, 2013

Despite this improvement, food reality in Yemen clearly reflects a critical imbalance in the Yemeni individual and

family nutrition. Malnutrition had impacted maternal health, especially pregnant women and deprived about

21% child from breastfeeding due to insufficient breast milk. Infectious diseases, poor environmental health and

water supplies contributed to high malnutrition rates as well as poverty and QAT chewing, which consumes a

significant proportion of their total income. The problems relating to malnutrition are poor health and disease

resistance and increased cases of stunting and wasting, which amounted to 37.6% and 44.7% respectively. This

is a real threat to future generations’ work and productive capacity.

Finally, regarding disabilities, DHS 2013 shows that 3% of population suffered from disabilities without any

difference between urban and rural areas. Men are considered more vulnerable to disabilities than women,

approximately 4% to 3%. The disability rate becomes high with increasing age to a maximum range of 20% for

34

22

16

41

29

20

43

36

24

60

45

30

Recieved care during pregnancy Delivered by a mid wife Delivered at a health center

1997 2003 2006 2013

23 | P a g e

people who are aged 70 years and older. Mobility impairment, which is most common at all ages (38%), as well

as visual impairment affect two thirds of the handicapped.

1.4.1. National Interventions: The governmental efforts have focused on improving the health sector performance and expanding the

preventive and therapeutic services to be accessible all over the country, especially in rural areas. The main

interventions are:

1. Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2015 aimed at raising the coverage to 80%, reducing the infant mortality rate

to 35%, and having Yemen declared free from epidemics and communicable and endemic diseases such

as malaria, schistosomiasis, and intestinal parasites through doubling the number of families, particularly

in rural areas; increasing the health units and centers from 2.5 thousand to 25 thousand as well as

physicians and nurses from 7 thousand to 14 thousand; and developing the existing educational and

training systems (MoPHP, 2009).

2. Improvement of basic services and delivery activities commencing with immunization services, in which

the integrated health care services for children covered about 79.3% districts in 2012; in addition to

promoting reproductive health services, expanding accessibility by increasing the availability of

emergency obstetric centers, declaring free health-care for birth deliveries in public health facilities, and

distributing free family-planning methods.

3. TPSD (2012-2014), having an estimated cost of 1,357 million dollars, concentrated on reforming the

health care system with a high quality at the central and local level in order to attain effective, top-quality

and financially-sound health services. It also aimed at improving the emergency services, specifically in

the hospitals, and continuing to strengthen the capacities and building the health sector institutions.

4. CNDD includes 14 resolutions concerning health development in the axis of sustainable development.

1.4.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties a. The population dispersion, especially in highlands, limited infrastructure and a decline in financial

resources to meet the needs prevent a large segment of population from accessing the health services,

particularly in rural areas. There is a big disparity, in which the lowest income groups receive 14.7% of

the spending compared to the higher income groups with 24.7%.

b. A lack of specialized medical staff and adequate medical equipment.

c. Higher illiteracy rates among population, especially among women, lead to low awareness of the

importance of vaccination, breastfeeding, risks of early pregnancy, and reproductive health as well as

continual deliveries attended by traditional birth attendants.

d. Low per capita income; consumption expenditure, particularly on food; poor distribution of food aid,

not to the targeted groups; and bad eating habits accompanied by a lack of adequate food and necessary

components such as iodine and vitamin A.

e. QAT consumes more than 20% of food expenditure causing a subsequent spread of malnutrition.

1.4.3. Recommendations Increasing the health sector's share of public spending and raising the efficiency of spending.

Expanding the coverage of health services, especially in remote areas.

Completing the legislative and legal structure for the implementation of health insurance.

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Raising awareness of priority health, social and population issues through mass media and raising

nutrition awareness among all members of the society, including pregnant women.

Promoting the services and activities of the current health programs; specifically covering the programs

of vaccination, integrated care of sick children, delivery services, health and population education and

media, and reproductive health.

Supporting the control programs of epidemics (malaria, TB and AIDS) for the sake of expanding the

services, providing therapeutic and diagnostic drugs, distributing preventive devices, and promoting

predictable and early epidemic detection capabilities.

Reestablishing the school nutrition system; enhancing the food aid programs, especially in rural areas;

providing children and mothers with dietary supplements during pregnancy; and monitoring the

children’s growth.

Establishing a national institution for nutrition and food safety.

Promoting partnership with organizations and international donors as well as private sector.

2. Environment and Natural Resources 2.1. Environment Preservation The interest of the Yemeni successive governments in environment has been growing since the early nineties of

the last century. A separate article was singled out in the constitutional amendments that took place in February

20th, 2001. Article 35 of the Constitution stipulates that "Environmental protection is the collective responsibility

of the state and the community at large. Each individual shall have a religious and national duty to protect the

environment". This trend has been translated into practical steps to strengthen the environmental management.

Currently, Yemen is facing large and severe environmental problems,viii of which the most serious is the scarcity

of water resources, which will be addressed separately.

TABLE 6 ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

* DATA OF 2004 ** DATA OF 2007 SOURCE: MPIC, YEMEN’S MDG REPORT 2010.

Indicator 1990 2000 2005

Area with forests (%) 1 0.9 1.5

Carbon dioxide emissions (Metric ton per capital) 0.7 0.9 1*

Used energy unit (kg) for $1000 of GDP 298 331 371*

Consumption of Ozone depletion (Metric ton) --- 1904 2542**

Land & sea protected areas (%) --- --- 1

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The country is suffering from the earth resource degradation at about 12.5% of the total area amounts to about

45.5 million hectares. The desertification threatens about 97% of the land and eliminates arable lands at about

3-5% per annum, furthermore. Rather, the forests deteriorate and shrink at a rate of 1% per annum due to

drought, agricultural activities, excessive pasture and logging. The biodiversity declines along with the reduction

of the wild vegetation cover, noting that Yemen has the richest biodiversity in the region. Marine and coastal

environment degrades because of the natural habitats decline and overfishing, which hinders fish spawning

reproduction, and a variety of marine species. In addition, coral reefs and marine life are exposed to destruction

caused by trawl nets, explosives, filling or bulldozing the natural beach line dredging, or ships pollution and oil

tanker spills.

The air is exposed to carbon dioxide pollution due to the emissions of factories, power plants, transportation,

and waste sanitation in the cities. Most studies indicate that the effects of climatic conditions changing in Yemen

are expected to be significant and harmful due to water shortage aggravation and acid rains that impact

agriculture and groundwater storage. The global warming and higher earth temperature phenomena contribute

to the fluctuations in rainfall rate; rather, it falls in non-agricultural seasons.

The First National Communication on Climate Changes in Yemen in 2001 has pointed out that low rainfall is about

24% as the minimum limit. Thus, desertification and food insecurity problems will exacerbate in the coming

decades and raise the risks of sea level rise and coastal flooding and erosion (MPIC, MDG: Yemen Report, 2010:

48).

2.1.1. National Interventions In the light of such environmental challenges together with environmental action development, the successive

governments gave priorities to the environmental issue. This is asserted through the efforts exerted by the

administration in managing the environmental problems within sustainable development. The most salient

interventions are the following:

1. The Institutional and Legislative Aspect is represented in the establishment of the Environmental

Protection Council (EPC) in 1990, the issuance of the Environmental Protection Act No. 26 of 1995, and

Yemen signed the Convention on Biological Diversity during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and

ratified by the government in 1995, as well as the establishment of the National Center for Renewable

Natural Resources Research at the General Authority for Research and Agricultural Guidance in 1997

(MPIC, 2010-B: 114). This was followed by the establishment of the Ministry of Water and Environment

in 2003 and the General Authority for Environmental Protection in 2005 as an executive authority

concerned with environmental issues and developing strategies and policies and preparing plans and

programs under the Ministry supervision. The Government has sought to encourage popular

participation, particularly through the establishment of social associations that are interested in

environmental issues or one of its elements.

2. National Strategies Development includes the National Strategy for Environmental Sustainability and its

update in the years 2007, 2015 and 2025; the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2004, the

National Adaptation Program of Climate Change, the National Strategy of Integrated Management of

Hazardous Waste for the Implementation of the Basel Convention in 2005, and the National Strategy for

Clean Fuel.

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3. Integration of Environmental Factors and Considerations in Development Planning through five-year

plans, including TPSD 2012-2014 for protecting the environment, preserving its balance, maintaining its

systems and exploiting it so as to meet the present and future generations' needs.ix

4. Establishment of Wild and Coastal Preserves to protect biodiversity in areas with rare animals and

plants.

2.1.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties Legislative and institutional development for environmental management exists in Yemen, but the specifications,

monitoring and follow-up to the legislation are not commensurate with the challenges facing the ecosystem on

land, by air and at sea. Yet, the natural and environmental disasters occur from time to time. Environmental

action suffers from several constraints and difficulties, including:

a. Some environmental legislation is overlapping and duplicating with a low level of implementation and

most of them lack the executive regulations.

b. Inadequate coordination mechanisms between the relevant bodies, concerned with the environmental

issues, data and assessment mechanisms.

c. Low Community Awareness of the importance of preserving the environment and natural preserves,

sustainability of natural resources for future generations, and risks of climate changes lead to exacerbate

the negative human role through excessive logging and hunting.

d. Population Dispersion, especially in the highlands, and weak urban planning policies, in particular, land

use in urban and rural areas with limited infrastructure.

e. Lack of financial resources required for implementing the environmental policies, plans and programs.

2.1.3. Recommendations Establishing effective mechanisms to coordinate and unify the environmental management efforts and

develop technical capacity at the central level as well as local authorities and civil society levels.

Reviewing and developing legal, legislative and procedural frameworks concerning the environment

protection, natural resource management and adaptation, according to new variables.

Providing funds necessary for implementing the plans and programs, improving the information base,

strengthening surveillance systems and environmental assessment, improving the capacities of policy

development, and conducting environmental analysis and studies.

Raising the sustainable use awareness of natural and environmental resources and preparing female-

targeting programs.

Supporting the trend to enhance the integrated management of coastal and marine environments and

natural preserves and maintaining them in a sustainable manner through setting a mechanism for

coordinating actions by the central authorities, local executive bodies and CSOs.

Drafting a national strategy for cities development to ensure sustainable growth in main and secondary

cities with their surrounding areas in conformity with environmental standards and requirements, with

a view to promoting investment to accommodate the growing numbers of population.

2.2. Rationalization Use of Water Resources In Yemen, water sustainability is a very risky challenge and poverty stimulant. The scarcity of water is the main

cause for agriculture productivity weakness and spread of endemic diseases. The annual water demand in 2010

was about 3.9 billion m3, divided into 90% for agriculture, 8% for domestic consumption and 2% for industry;

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compared to 2.5 billion m3 of renewable resources and about 1.4 billion m3 water deficit, being supplied from

underground water storage. The estimated per capita is about 120 m3 compared to a global average of 7,500

m3 and 1,250 m3 for the Middle East and North Africa (WB et al., 2012: 102). The proportion of people who

cannot access safe drinking water has decreased from 65.1% in 1991 to 47% in 2012, with a disparity between

urban areas (39%) and rural areas (51%).x

FIGURE 7 POPULATION WITHOUT SAFE WATER (%)

SOURCE: MPIC, YEMEN’S MDG REPORT 2010.

The World Bank classifies Yemen among four countries with the World’s most water-scarce, whose groundwater

is expected to run out within a short period of time due to drastic depletion in most areas and poor groundwater

feeding. Consequently, groundwater aquifers reduce from 1 to 7 meters per annum (Ministry of Water and

Environment, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, 2008). Rain is the only source of renewable water in

Yemen and it has an average annual rainfall ranger from 50 mm in the desert areas, the north, north-east and

southern coasts to more than 600 mm in central and western highlands and Socotra. About 65% of rainfall is

ineffective without runoff or groundwater feeding due to limited dams and water barriers being randomly

constructed. Therefore, they just store about 80 million m3 of total rainfall; in addition to the negligence of

irrigation channels, transforming breakwaters, water harvesting projects, and agricultural terraces deterioration.

A great deal of Yemeni cities, particularly the capital Sana'a is threatened by thirst in less than two decades if

necessary measures are taken to secure new sources. Water scarcity has affected the population and led many

people to leave their homes in search of water, especially during dry seasons.

61.6

5247

65.1

32.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

االتجاه الفعلي TargetedActualالمستهدف

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FIGURE 8 INCREASING WATER DEFICIT AND POPULATION GROWTH 2025

SOURCE: NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLITIY 2013-2025; POPULATION PROJECTIONS.

2.2.1. National Interventions The Government recognizes the critical water situation in the country, where it has taken several measures to

achieve sustainable management of water resources as follows:xi

1. Establishment of the National Water Resources Authority in 1996, Ministry of Water and Environment

in 2003 and the issuance of Water Act No. 33 of 2002, amended in 2006.xii

2. Drafting the National Water Strategy in 2004 and updating it in 2008. The Government and donors

adopted in 2009 a cross-sectoral approach for interventions and investments coordination in the sector.

3. The National Strategy for Environmental Sustainability in Water Sector focused on increasing water

resources so as to meet the growing needs, equitable distribution, and efficient use of the resources and

protect them from pollution and waste.

4. TPSD focused on achieving the integrated management through the capacity promotion of the Ministry

of Water and Environment and Public Authority of Water Resources to implement the Water Act.

5. CNDD included 12 resolutions concerning the Water Sector within the sustainable development axis,

notably the declaration of a state of emergency regarding the water, considering it a national security

issue. In addition to the formation of a supreme national body to identify strategic options and promote

the capability of the Ministry of Water and Environment, Public Authority of Water Resources to

implement the law and establish jurisdiction courts related to water issues and raise awareness of water.

2.2.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties: In spite of strategies, legislation, institutional structure and improvement in some indicators, such interventions

have not been able to achieve the MDG, reduce the population rate who cannot access safe drinking water to

32.6% by 2015, or reduce the acute groundwater decline due to the following reasons:

a. Weakness of the water resources management institutions concerned with water use such as institutions

of water and irrigation sector and their inability to implement laws and policies.

b. Agricultural development promotion through supporting the diesel, which in turn encourages random

drilling of artesian wells, pumps, and groundwater depletion with low irrigation efficiency below 35%.

c. Irrigation limited investment in modern methods and processed water use.

2000 2010 2025

Water needs 3250 3500 4750

Water Deficit 750 1000 2500

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

Mil

lion

m3

Water needs 2000-2025

2000 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Male 9000 10034 11790 13581 15472 17321 19000

Female 8600 9648 11364 13106 14939 16724 18600

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Pop

ula

tion

(000

)

Population 2000-2030

29 | P a g e

d. Expansion of QAT cultivation consumes the biggest proportion of irrigation water.

e. High population growth and urbanization in most governorates.

f. Low share of Water Sector from State’s budget, which is less than 0.5%, more specifically, the Water

Resources Component.

g. Common errors in choosing and establishing breakwaters and dams.

h. Weakness of awareness programs concerning the issue of water and rationalization use as an essential

component in achieving the sustainable development.

i. Climate change will make Yemen and the region's climate hotter and drier.xiii

2.2.3. Recommendations Activating the Water Act with it amendments to regulate agricultural and domestic consumption,

requiring the cooperation of local authorities and relevant agencies with the Ministry of Water and

Environment.

Developing a water and agricultural map to define the necessary policies in accordance with topography,

water sources and local economy.

Conducting studies and surveys of the environmental situation and natural resources, identifying the

interventions and concerned bodies for the participation of local communities and NGOs in the

integrated management of environmental resources and conservation.

Assessing the water sources; searching for new and sustainable sources; promoting the integrated

management of water resources, including the license system of water wells, facilities and tracking rigs

licenses; and carrying out on-going assessment of water resources in Ramlat as-Sab'atayn, Dhamar Basin,

Central and Southern Tehama.

Promoting the modern irrigation systems by means of finding alternatives to QAT irrigation that depletes

water; implementing social mobilization to raise awareness of water resources; expanding the

implementation of drip irrigation projects and establishing caravans; assessing the dams role and their

effectiveness compared to transforming breakwaters, especially in main valleys; and paying attention to

agricultural terraces as well.

3. Infrastructure 3.1. Electricity Coverage Expansion and Efficiency Improvement Electricity is one of the major challenges to development and its current situation threatens infrastructure, social

services and economic activity in Yemen. This leads to consequential effects on sustainable development,

people's lives and livelihoods. The successive governments have disregarded this sector for more than two

decades filled with a lot of financial and administrative imbalances and corruption, which is reflected in the

limited-energy production that does not exceed 6579 (GWH) in 2012, down from 7754 (GWH) in 2010 due to the

exposure of electricity towers to the acts of sabotage. The electricity is produced in Yemen from Marib Gas Plant

(44.2%) Steam Plants (39.6%), 14 diesel-operated plants (16.2%) and diesel-operated plants and branches (6.3%).

The purchased energy from the private sector is 18.5 %, which is expensive and forms a considerable burden on

the budget. xiv This sector contributes less than 1 % of GDP, reflecting the limitations and deficiencies in

production and investment. The estimated demand for 2020 is approximately 3,102 MW with an annual growth

of 10% based on 6.5 % of the economic growth (World Bank et al, 2012: 126).

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The coverage of electrical network services is less than 52% of total population and it declines to 22 % in rural

areas, causing it to be the lowest in the Middle East and North Africa with an average of 90 %. Yemen ranks at

116 of 190 States in the electricity access index in Business Practices Report 2014, and it ranks 142 of 144 States

in the Supply Quality Classification (World Economic Forum, 2014).

3.1.1. National Interventions In the context of ensuring access to modern, sustainable, reliable energy which is affordable for all.xv The State

adopted the electricity support through low tariffs for the poor and low-income people.

The Government has drafted strategies for electricity sector, including electricity sector reform, National Strategy

for Rural Electrification, and National Strategy for Renewable Energy, which focuses on expanding electricity

services, diversifying its sources, involving the private sector according to the Independent Power Producer (IPP)

Program, and creating a competitive and organized environment through the issuance of Electricity Law. The

interventions, especially after 2011, have focused on three axes that lead to the increase of production, transport

and distribution, including:

1. NRGP includes 19 articles to address the frequent power outages, secure transmission and distribution

lines, raise the available generating capacity and promote supervision, control, monitoring and

evaluation of all sector activities; together with the continuous aid support of petroleum product invoice,

natural-gas-generating expansion, and exploration of alternative and renewable energy sources through

the Mokha Wind Plant Project. The program also included the sector’s institutional and organizational

structure development and addressing the constraints and errors that led to hamper the Electricity Act

implementation.

2. TPSD includes the investment of 1,177 Million dollars to raise the electricity production capacity and

meet the demand for productive and social purposes, especially in secondary cities. This can be achieved

by means of setting up gas-energy-producing plants, new supply lines, and carrying out reforms and

maintenance of existing lines to reduce the loss.

3. CNDD: It includes 21 resolutions for the sector regarding the of sustainable development axis to tackle

the sector problems, strengthen its role in the economic activity, and facilitate people's livelihoods.

3.1.2. Implementation Constraints & Difficulties: a. The concentration of the electricity service in the cities has lead the rich segment of population and the

commercial and industrial establishments to have the highest consumption rate. Consequently, the

support has not gained any social benefit.

b. The administrative imbalances and corruption in the sector plunder its financial resources, impede its

projects, and results in high technical losses.xvi

c. Bureaucratic decision-making, multiplicity of sector investment stakeholders, and outside interferences

result in delaying the sector projects implementation despite the growing interest in the sector due to

the frequent outages and attacks on transmission lines.

d. Power plants and distribution networks became outdated due to a lack of periodical maintenance and

spare parts provision, leading them to operate at less than their actual capacity with a high power loss

up to 30%.

e. High production and distribution costs prevent the alternative energy from being provided by investment

resources.xvii

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f. Centralized management, weak institutional organization, efficiency, and a large number of institutional,

financial and administrative problems, among others.

g. Repeated attacks on electricity towers and transmission lines caused substantial damages to the

equipment and facilities, resulting in reducing its usable lifetime; in addition to losses estimated at 33

billion YR.

h. Sector's weak commitment to the implementation of a clear and specific strategy and sluggish process

in the sector projects due to the Sate’s deteriorating security situations.

3.1.3. Recommendations Activating the sector strategies and implementing the laws and legislation necessary for development

and restructuring.

Rehabilitating the sector activities and overcoming the constraints to access an integrated electric

system.

Implementing the electrical energy production projects to meet the growing demand, according to the

conducted studies, including the rural electricity.

Integrating the new and renewable energy projects into the development plans to meet the future

demand.

Cooperating with the private sector to provide highly efficient services.

Strengthening the regional cooperation policies in the field of electrical interconnection.

4. Institutional Performance 4.1. Good Governance & Anti-Corruption The issue of good governance is important because of its impact on achieving the goals and being a prerequisite

for the sustainable development realization through optimal resource utilization and allowing all population

categories, including the poor, to participate in decision-making. The achievement of economic growth and

sustainable development requires attracting the private sector’s investments as an essential partner, which

would not increase its investments unless there is an enabling environment; namely strengthening the role of an

fair and impartial judiciary, ensuring security and stability, reforming State administration, controlling/

eradicating corruption, supporting local authority, strengthening decentralization, and promoting participation

and cooperation.

Despite the efforts aimed at developing judiciary in Yemen over the past decades, the judiciary performance

indicators showed no significant improvement in expediting the decisions on the pending cases before the

courts, accompanied by the length of the trials and the weak enforcement of judicial decisions, causing people

to lose faith in judiciary, which is still subject to executive interference. Civil service and institutional structure of

State administration also faces instability in the organizational conditions of the public service units, especially

since many of them remain without organizational structures and lack the job description and specialized

capabilities. The restructuring process of some of them goes on very slowly along with the absence of necessary

legislation and limited non-updated database.

The Government also aimed at enabling local councils and administrative units in the governorates and districts

to play their role in achieving sustainable development, take responsibility, and participate in decision-making

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since they are the main local authority bodies. In addition, popular participation mechanisms and citizens'

exercise in monitoring the governmental agencies are to be activated by involving local communities in various

activities.

The success of development efforts requires tightening security and promoting stability. However, the increase

of police and military centers and institutions and the spending growth on defense and security up to 19% of

public spending during 2007-2013 (Al-Tairi, 2014: 8) did not enhance the performance of the control agencies,

especially within the continuing security imbalances, sabotage activities, interruptions, and all infringing acts on

society stability nowadays; rather, causing a decline in State's prestige. With regard to corruption, it is the main

reason for undermining the sustainable development efforts in Yemen. The Corruption Perceptions Indexes,

issued by Transparency International, shows that Yemen is one of the worst performing States and it ranks 167

of 177 States in 2013. Corruption has become endemic in the State administration and bribery is a habitual way

in every Government transaction.

TABLE 7 YEMEN RANKING IN CORRUPTION PERCEPTION

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Rank 131 141 154 146 164 156 167

No. of countries 179 180 180 178 182 176 177

SOURCE: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL 2013 (WWW.TRANSPARENCY.ORG)

The Yemeni Government is aware of the magnitude and difficulty of the challenges facing the programs and

mechanisms set to combat corruption, although there are several oversight institutions, especially the

parliament with broad powers. In this connection, the Parliament itself needs to resume its efforts to achieve

internal transparency and play its role in accountability and oversight, including anti-corruption. The Central

Organization for Control and Auditing (COCA) appears to be weak institution and not independent from the

executive authority. Furthermore, it fails to develop a structured relationship with the Parliament, public

prosecutions and courts of public funds. The Supreme National Authority for Anti- Corruption (SNACC) was

established in December 2006 and empowered to monitor all the activities of governmental agencies, but it has

not been able to break free from the influence of the executive authority. Moreover, it fails to address the grand

corruption cases but being confined to minor ones.

4.1.1. National Interventions Interventions aimed at strengthening the conditions of good governance through promoting institutional work

at all levels, enhancing all levels of transparency and accountability, supporting the judiciary bodies, developing

the mechanisms and procedures to combat corruption, emphasizing the rule of law, and paying attention to the

rights and freedoms. The most prominent interventions are the following:

1. Drafting strategies; the most important ones are Modernization and Development of Judiciary (2006-

2015), the National Strategy for Combating Corruption, the National Strategy for Local Governance

(2020).

2. Implementing the National Reform Agenda 2006-2010, targeted to reach "a modern and efficient

administrative system that promotes the rule of law, ensures transparency and accountability,

contributes to improving security and stability, and strengthens partnership with relevant parties."

3. Opening offices and branches for the executive bodies in the administrative units, and conducting

training courses to raise its employees’ awareness and provide its human and material requirements.

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4. Issuing the job rotation law and its executive regulations, and implementing the strategy of salaries and

wages, accompanied by activating the pension system and tackling the situation of surplus labor.

5. Issuing Law No. (30) of the year 2006 on Financial Declaration, and Law No. (39) of the year 2006 on

Combating Corruption. Approximately 12,600 declarations were submitted during the first phase and

about two thousand in the second phase (Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MPIC,

2010- B: 69).

6. Issuing the anti-money laundering and terrorist financing law in accordance with the legislation of the

United Nations and best practices.

7. Establishing a specialized anti-corruption body and conducting amendments to the Penal Code.

8. Setting up the High Authority for Tender Control (HATC) within a set of structural reforms in 2009 for the

purpose of maintaining the public funds and combating corruption in bidding.

9. In 2007, Yemen joined the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) as a global alliance for

promoting openness and accountable management of revenues from natural resources.

10. In 2003, the Government established the first ministerial portfolio on human rights, which reflects a

governmental commitment to activate the national protection mechanisms for human rights.

11. Establishing fingerprint and photo ID system to register State's civilian and military employees and

drafting a plan to remove the double-dippers and ghost employees in cooperation with UNDP.

4.1.2. Implementation Constraints & Difficulties: a. The problems of the database hardware software of fingerprint and photo system and also the frequent

delays have led to impede the registration process. Therefore, the plan of removing the double and

fabricated names has not yet been carried out because of the lack of political will (MPIC and the

Executive Bureau to Accelerate Absorption of Donors' Pledges (EBAADP) 2014: 36).

b. The significant shortage of judicial personnel and leased court buildings, the lack of implemented reforms

due to the low budget of the judiciary, as well as the weak cooperation between the judiciary and control

agencies.

c. Freezing the implementation of the National Strategy for Local Governance Program to support

development in the governorates.

d. Slow implementation of the National Strategy for Combating Corruption.

e. Weak response of the Government agencies to HATC.

4.1.3. Recommendations Taking advantage of the numerous studies on the State's function and rebuilding its organizational and

functional structure in view of that, taking into consideration the tendency towards the Federal State.

Completing the implementation of the fingerprint and biological image system for all employees and

retirees.

Developing the civil service legislation in line with good governance and simplifying the delivery

procedures of government services.

Achieving the security stabilization and promoting the rule of law.

Implementing the judicial system (judicial file flow) in the courts and the criminal proceedings process in

the public prosecutions, activating the execution mechanism of court rulings, and allocating divisions for

corruption cases within the courts of public funds.

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Implementing the National Strategy for Combating Corruption and activating the role of the National

Alliance for Combating Corruption (NACC).

Restructuring COCA to enhance its independence.

Completing the institutional and legislative system of the local governance system in the light of the

tendency towards the Federal State and implementing the National Strategy for Local Governance

Program to support development in governorates.

4.2. Development Partnership The development process lies at the heart of following up the participation approach, specifying the process

aspects, and making sustainable development. For the purpose of achieving development, a serious partnership

and effective cooperation among all relevant bodies including the State, civil society organizations (CSOs), private

sector and donors. The major burden of this responsibility rests with the State under a community responsibility

to understand social and economic benefits, create legislative and judiciary system, make structural reforms, and

provide infrastructure services. The responsibility of economic growth leadership and creation of employment

opportunities is being entrusted to the private sector, while opening up more space for CSOs is essential to create

a good environment for activating partnership. Finally, the role of donors is complementary to these efforts due

to inadequate domestic financial resources as well as technical expertise.

At the Donor Conference 2012, which was held in Riyadh, the Yemeni Government renewed its confirmation that

sustainable development requires the participation of stakeholders from the private sector and civil society,

beginning with consultation, policy development and active participation in implementing such policies, so that

would assist the State to bear the development burdens.

The private sector plays a vital and growing role in the economic activity. Its contribution increased from 49.8%

of GDP in 2000 to 69.5% in 2013 and the private investment grew to 19.6% of GDP in 2012, and the total workers

in the private industrial sector were 402 thousand workers in 2013 compared to 32 thousand workers in the

public sector (Central Statistical Organization, Statistical Year Book 2013).

Although the political environment in Yemen indicates a wide space for involving CSOs in the development,

reality shows a specific role for the majority of those organizations. The registered organizations are 9,213 until

2013,xviii while there are about four thousand unregistered organizations (MPIC, 2013- B: 23) Most of those

organizations are located in Greater Municipality of Sana'a and in major cities across the country as activity

centers and easy access to decision-makers and donors.

With regard to the donor support, the per capita of the foreign aid remained a low number that did not exceed

$18 in 2013, compared to an average of $44 for the least developed countries. Such aid did not exceed 1.4% of

GDP in 2013. Rather, the aid are little and insufficient for Yemen trade capacity-building within the framework

of special and preferential treatments enjoyed by similar countries, which did not exceed 0.5% of the total aid.

The last Donor Conference in Riyadh was an important station to mobilize funding for development projects and

bridging the funding gap in TPSD, estimated at about 11.9 billion dollars approximately. And donor pledges

amounted to about 8.2 billion dollars until January 2014. This reflects that the donors are aware of the funding

importance for humanitarian and developmental process to ensure the success of the political settlement in

Yemen (MPIC, 2014-A: 5). There is a disparity level between allocating and spending pledges from one body to

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another until January 2014. Despite the allocation of 91.8% of total pledges, financial agreements have been

signed for approximately 60% of total pledges, whereas the spenting did not exceed 35.1%.

4.2.1. National Interventions The development partnership fields in Yemen have been promoted along with the private sector, civil society

and donor community since 2012, particularly in the following aspects:

1. TPSD emphasized the role of development partners in discussing the program draft and developing

cooperation to embody development partnership and mutual responsibility in fighting poverty.

2. Mutual Accountability Framework between the Government and donors, which was approved by the

Government for execution during the Transitional Phase in order to harmonize the priorities of the

general budget and TPSD, activate partnership between public and private sectors and strengthen

partnership with civil society. MAF obliges the Government to carry out a package of reforms in exchange

for the allocation of donor pledges to TPSD projects within three months.

3. EBAADP was established in 2012 with support from donors so as to overcome the institutional or

technical constraints that are delaying the implementation of the externally funded projects.

4. National Dialogue Conference (NDC) was held with an active participation of the private sector and civil

society under the supervision of donor community, especially UN and GCC. The dialogue outcomes

included 7 resolutions concerning the promotion of development partnership and support of State's

efforts in various areas of sustainable development.

5. Setting up Partnership Unit with the Private Sector (PPP) at MPIC in 2010. A Draft Partnership Law

between public and private sectors was prepared in April 2014 in order to strengthen partnership and

transparency with the private sector and organize the field for private sector to finance and manage the

infrastructure projects.

6. Drafting Law of the Supreme Partnership Council in August 2014 and submitting it to the Cabinet for

approval;xix in addition to the formulation of Yemeni "Government-CSOs Partnership", which aims at

engaging the two parties in complementary efforts to improve public policy formulation,

implementation, follow-up and evaluation in order to achieve sustainable development goals.xx

4.2.2. Implementation Constraints and Difficulties First: Among the Government, Private Sector and Civil Society:

a. The political stability and security situation are fragile and infrastructure is modest to provide an

appropriate and stimulating environment for increasing the private sector investment; in addition to its

economic and social activity.

b. Low awareness of the importance and role of CSOs in the various development areas.

c. The limited resources available to CSOs and lack of clarity on the contribution standards to the

development area.

d. The absence of the real guarantees to implement the partnership framework between the Government

and civil society in the future, squandering the opportunity for taking the real advantage of the

partnership between the two parties and promoting the development efforts.

Second: Constraints and Difficulties of Allocating Donor Pledges:

a. The low capacity of State Agencies to absorb aid and implement projects.

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b. The donors' delay in allocating the pledges and the allocation is for projects other than those provided

in the framework by the Government.

c. Some donor countries impose requirements on the implementation of such projects via their national

companies. At the same time, the security situation is considered as an impediment to those companies

to access Yemen (MPIC, 2014-A: 5).

BOX 3 FOUNDATION OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PROTECTION INITIATIVE

This Foundation was established in 2007 in order to implement an integrated model for dealing with the children dropouts and illiterate youth. The Greater Municipality of Sana’a and the Arab Urban Development Institute represented by the Child and Youth Initiative in the Middle East and North Africa are the executive agencies. Five functional units are branching out from the Initiative Unit; namely Training and Rehabilitation Unit, Community Partnership Unit, Facility Improvement & Service Provision Unit, Support and Advocacy Unit, and finally Study and Research Unit. 25 foundations, societies, centers and houses are involved in conducting the activities. More than 307 young men and women were trained and helped to find jobs, 9 libraries were equipped in poor neighborhoods of CSOs, social service centers and Scout Association, and 18 friendly classes were opened and dedicated for the dropouts in order to re-enroll them in formal or non-formal education. In addition, 5 public parks were equipped with children's games, 47 friendly yards were opened to offer support for psychological and social purposes and for entertaining children affected by armed conflict; in addition to several outputs from both Support and Advocacy Units and Study & Research Unit.

4.2.3. Recommendations First: The Government:

Providing the stability requirements, restoring the State's prestige, implementing law and order, and

combating crime and terrorism.

Implementing the reforms set out in the Joint Framework Document of Mutual Responsibilities,

including the terms of the memorandum of understanding concerning the partnership between

Government and private sector signed on November 18th, 2014 for the purpose of enhancing the role

of the private sector in achieving sustainable development.

Accelerating tender procedures and implementing the projects funded from donor pledges.

Adopting clear mechanisms for recording and achieving decentralization in the civil society activity,

particularly in the development field.

Changing the way of thinking and stereotyping CSOs as charitable institutions, excluding their

developmental role or from real participation in key decisions.

Second: Private Sector & Civil Society:

Strengthening the role of the private sector in labor-intensive projects that serve development and

highlighting the role of companies regarding social responsibility and the importance of adhering to the

principles of governance.

Expanding the role of the private sector in technical education and vocational training, capacity building,

and cooperation in preparing appropriate programs for labor market.

Committing to labor legislation, especially the social security and health insurance systems to provide a

decent standard of living for workers.

Encouraging the networking between CSOs to benefit from successful experiences, promoting the

institutionalization and transparency in their work, and expanding their activities in the countryside.

Third: The Donors:

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Adopting greater flexibility and exceptional mechanisms, which help accelerate and complete the

allocation of pledges for the priorities and projects of stability and development program, and relieving

the Government from funding contribution.

Mobilizing new resources for implementing the NDC outcomes.

Involving donors in the private sector and CSOs as being effective parties and development partners, not

just recipients of aid.

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Annexes TEMPLATE A: Benchmarking Template for Evaluation of National Sustainable Development Strategies The following template provides a framework for an initial evaluation of your country’s national development strategy in the context of

sustainable development. The 8 good practice elements in the left-hand column have been drawn from the international guidelines for the

preparation of National Sustainable Development Strategiesxxi. For each of these elements, criteria have been elaborated. National experts will

use their expert judgment along with research and consultations to provide a qualitative score for each of the criteria, as follows:

A = all of the requirements of the criteria are fully met

B = all the requirements of the criteria are satisfactorily met, although some further improvements are desirable

C = some requirements of the criterion have been satisfactorily or fully met, but others have not yet been satisfactorily met

D = few of the requirements of the criterion have, as yet, been satisfactorily met

In addition, please include a brief description in the right-hand column outlining the approach taken in the national strategy and other relevant

details, along with a justification for the score given.

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Good Practice Element

of NSDS Criteria Score Description/details/justification

1. Policy Integration 1a. Integration: strategy is based on a comprehensive and

integrated analysis of economic, social and environmental issues,

which clarifies links between the three spheres, resolves conflicts

between them where practicable, and negotiates appropriate

trade-offs where conflicts remain and optimises potential synergies.

C Description: There is no comprehensive National Strategy for

Sustainable Development in Yemen, accordingly measuring

performance has been based on the evaluation of the elements of

good practices of Five-year plans for Economic and Social

Development, National Strategy for Environmental Sustainability

2007-2015-2025, and sectorial strategies (Health, Education,

Employment. ..), The General Framework for the Strategic Vision of

Yemen 2025, The Biodiversity Strategy for 2004-2015, and more

recently the National Document of the National Dialogue Output.

Detail: There is a relative integration in the Economic & Social policies

in the Five-Year Plans; the environmental issues are not pivotal and

are addressed in a separate strategies. The same applies for sectorial

strategies.

Justification: reflected what has been The above mentioned detail is

reflected in the phased Interim Program for Stability and

Development 2012 - 2014.

1b.Social and poverty issues: strategy integrates poverty

eradication, gender issues and the short- and long-term needs of

disadvantaged and marginalised groups into economic policy.

A Description and Justification: Poverty Reduction Strategies addressed

poverty issues in comprehensive formula without any discrimination

between the sex, the disadvantaged and marginalized groups; also in

all aspects of the medium and long term and dimensions.

Detail: Project of The Fourth Five-year plan for economic and social

development and poverty alleviation.

1c. Environmental and resource issues: strategy integrates the

maintenance of sustainable levels of resource use and the control of

pollution to maintain a healthy environment into economic policy.

B Description: National Strategy for Environmental Sustainability 2007-

2015-2025, The Biodiversity Strategy for 2004-2015, and the Five-year

sector plans are keen to maintain control over resources and pollution

control and rationalize use levels of natural resource.

Detail: It is necessary to associate Policies with the binding

mechanisms for implementation.

Justification: Although there is integration between issues regarding

environment, resources and pollution control, there is still a need for

policies and procedures deterrent to sustainable use of resources,

especially water and reduce pollution from the beaches and the sea.

So far, there are no special drought management strategies and plans,

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however a study proposal to establish a National Institution for

Drilling wells is conducted proposing the institution as an

administrator and sole possessor and importer of rigs.

1d. International commitments: Measures are in place to ensure

compliance with international agreements which the country has

entered into, on environmental and social issues.

D Description: The set of International Environmental and Social

Agreements / Ministry of Legal Affairs.

Detail: Environmental and social development Plans and Strategies

are often committed to international conventions signed by Yemen,

but there are still a lot of challenges in the field of spreading

awareness and application.

Justification: In fact there is lack of coordination between the

executive programs for the relative state sectors regarding special

protection of the environment and the signed Regional conventions

and International agreements.

2. Inter-generational

timeframe

2a. Long-term vision and consensus: strategy is based on a long-

term vision for the country’s development, which is consistent with

the country’s capabilities, allows for short- and medium-term

necessities, and has wide political and stakeholder support.

D Description: The economic, social and environmental strategies

visions actually take in consideration long-term as well as short and

medium term.

Detail: Politicians and stakeholders have no Interests in long term due

to the fact that the country is going through successive crises,

preventing the achievement of the required steps in the long term.

Justification: The state strategies targets to employ resources in order

to raise standards of living, reduce poverty and achieve economic

stability far from long-term visions: reduce the use of resources. Since

2011, the Interim Program for Stability and Development focused on

the Emergency Needs and the trends of medium-term goals of

development. This may be due to the nature of the transition

experienced by Yemen during this period.

3. Analysis and

assessments

3a. Analysis and information: strategy based on a comprehensive

analysis of the present situation and of forecasted trends and risks,

using reliable information and high-quality data on changing

environmental, social and economic conditions.

C Description: Upon strategy formulation national committees are

nominated and international expertise are outsourced for conducting

assessment and analysis of the economic, social and environmental

issues, leading to the formulation of strategies.

Detail and justification: There is lack of updated data, which hinders

accurate analysis of the current status and future trends and expected

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risks, along with poor defined links between local, national and global

challenges.

3b.Integrated assessment: strategy used integrated assessment

tools and models to identify the environmental, economic and social

costs/benefits and tradeoffs/synergies of policy and strategy

options.

D Description: There is a Strategy for the Integrated Management of

Water Resources.

Justification: There is no typical specific integrated assessment

standards, there is weakness in the application of strategic

assessment, evaluation of the cumulative targets systems, and clear

impact assessment for each project which in tern leads to increased

non-performing projects. Although the application of strategic

planning is based on broad participation, but that the participation of

all stakeholders in the relevant assessment is still limited resulting in

failure to achieve the best results that will spread its benefits to all.

4. Coordination and

institutions

4a. High level political commitment: strategy has high-level

government commitment (i.e. head of state) and a strong institution

or group of institutions is spearheading the process (e.g. office of

head of state, central planning or finance ministry).

C Description and detail: The successive governments formulate their

operational programs based on economic, social and environmental

strategies, and the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation

is keen to develop Five-year plans for the overall development.

Justification: There is a political commitment to stick to development

plans and depend on the priority and important issues addressed by

the national & sectorial strategic strategies and National Strategy for

Environmental Sustainability 2007-2015-2025, however, these plans

are indicative rather than mandatory and therefore the

implementation areas are weak and low due to the weak performance

in the methods of good governance.

4b. Horizontal coherence: full range of relevant government

departments and agencies involved in formulating and

implementing strategy, with adequate mechanism (e.g. committee)

for coordination.

B There is coordination in the preparation through a variety of joint

committees, but still there is need to work more on confirming the

roles of involved parties in the preparation, implementation and

follow-up.

4c. Vertical coherence: local and regional authorities involved in

developing strategy, with relevant delivery aspects devolved to sub-

national levels.

D Local authorities suffer from weak capacities and lack of

implementation capabilities, which represents one of the big

challenges for the next phase of Yemen and its targeted approach

toward the federal state system.

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4d. Responsibilities for implementation: Responsibility for

implementing strategies is clearly assigned to bodies with the

appropriate authority.

D The implementation process is often based on personal relationships

and interests away from objectivity in nominating expertise skilled

with the needed standards; added to this the weak capabilities of

some of the implementing bodies in the central and local authorities.

5. Stakeholder

participation

5a. Involvement of stakeholders: The country’s processes of

strategic planning, implementation, monitoring and review include

the participation of stakeholders, including government,

decentralised authorities, elected bodies, non-governmental and

private sector institutions and marginalised groups.

C Description: The preparation of Five-year plans and sectorial

strategies is done according to a participating methodology with

various government agencies and with development partners from

the private sector and civil society organizations and donors.

Justification: In some cases, Representatives from the private sector

and civil society are not up to the expected skills & knowledge

required level that meets the size and role of these sectors.

5b. Transparency and accountability: The management of the

country’s strategic planning processes is transparent, with

accountability for decisions made.

D Management planning process are significantly built on tribal interests

with the lack of accountability for the decisions taken, and therefore

the implementation output impact and achievement level is low and

weak.

5c. Communication and public awareness: Measures are taken to

increase public awareness of sustainable development, to

communicate relevant information, and to encourage the

development of stakeholder involvement in the strategic planning

process.

D Despite the inclusion of a range of sectorial strategies and plans on

the websites there are weaknesses in the communication and public

awareness, and there is a need to raise public awareness within the

society on sustainable development through the introduction of

subjects in school and university curricula along with stimulating

green media and support environmentalists and sustainable

development clubs.

6. Goals, targets and

indicators

6a. Realistic goals: strategy articulates clear and realistic long-term

goals, in line with national circumstances and priorities as well as

international development goals.

C Description: Strategies reflect the medium and long-term sustainable

development goals and requirements.

Detail: The economic and social situation and currently the security

one imposes new priorities that hinders access to the Millennium

Development Goals.

Justification: The five-year plans and sectorial strategies have

targeted ambitious medium and long term goals and objectives, but

these goals are far away from the actual achievements at the macro

or sectorial level.

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6b. Targets and indicators: have been defined for key strategic

economic, social and environmental objectives, with indicators

through which they can be monitored.

B Description and detail: Goals were put based on international

standards and the support of national and external expertise, with a

clear definition of goals and corresponding indicators in accordance

with the accepted terms of reference and measurement indicators

based on international measurement.

Justification: Absence of updated data and statistics was reflected in

weak monitoring process, using quantitative indicators, for

achievements of the strategic objectives in the economic, social and

environmental aspects.

7. Monitoring and

evaluation

7a. Monitoring and feedback: systems are in place for monitoring

the implementation of strategies and the achievement of their

defined objectives, for recording the results, and for reviewing their

effectiveness as strategies for sustainable development, with

effective mechanisms for feedback and revision within the planning

process.

C Description: There are specialized Institutions for monitoring system

and follow-up.

Justification: Although there is monitoring and follow-up system for

development plans and many of the strategies, but it suffers from

poor implementation and shortcomings in administrative

performance due to difficulties and low technical efficiency. This is

reflected in the poor and weak tracking and development

mechanisms; manifested mostly in monitoring of new projects

besides the incomplete/problematic projects.

8. Policy coverage 8a. Adequate policy mix: strategy includes a range of different types

of policy measures, including regulatory policies, economic

instruments, fiscal incentives and public financing or PPPs.

D There is a combination of appropriate and different policies, but the

problem lies in the low degree of government seriousness in achieving

a real shift in terms of the act and practice, which proved to be not

enough and inactive, this in tern indicates the weakness and large

defect in the performance of government agencies. It is expected that

the current trends will enhance the areas of partnership between

government, private and civil society sector and a significant

improvement in the coming period.

9. Means of

Implementation

9a. Budgetary provision: strategy clearly articulates costs and

budgetary requirements and is integrated into the budget process

with clear linkages to sources of funding, such that plans have the

financial resources to achieve their objectives.

D Practice, indicate that there are still a large area of uncertainty with

respect to the budget allocations and development plans goals

achievements. Budget allocations process is based on negotiations

between the Ministry of Finance and stakeholders, investment

program funds represent only 8% of the size of the budget, added to

this, upon actual implementation it does not exceed 3-4% per annum.

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9b. Capacity for implementation: strategy includes realistic

mechanisms to develop the capacity required to implement it.

C There are three levels of the relevant authorities (central authority,

local authority and the executive management of government at the

local level); with this plurality of the implementing agencies, which

requires coordination of integrated parties, the ability to application

is also subject to the availability of financial resources.

9c. International support and partnerships: process is co-ordinated

with donor or other assistance programmes, the private sector and

civil society, with clear articulation of priorities and opportunities for

assistance, cooperation and partnerships.

C According to Yemen Partners vision there is absence of an effective

mechanism for coordination and follow-up. This has weakened the

Yemeni side in compliance with the rules of conduct, requirements

and procedures necessary for completion of allocated resources and

its withdrawal from donors. By the year 2012 Executive Bureau was

established to accelerate the absorption of donor pledges and prepare

a common framework for mutual responsibilities between the

government and donors. Given the importance of these

developments, however, the effects are still very limited so far.

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Template B: Assessment Model for National Sustainable Development Aims and Goals The Five Year Plans of Economic & Social Development and Poverty Reduction (Second, Third, Fourth and Interim Programme for Stability and

Development 2012-2014) included the commitment to work on the below mentioned Goals (1-17), and achieve the Millennium Development

Goals. Review the note in last page.

National Aims National Goals

Suggested International

Goals for Sustainable

Development

Please indicate in the below Colum any National Aim

listed in the National Strategy that coincides with

the National Goals mentioned in the first Colum.

Please indicate in the fields below if the objectives mentioned in the first column are in your

National Strategy. Provide details on any of the national objectives that are consistent with

these global goals.

Instructions

Pursuant to Millennium Goal 1:

Reduce the percentage of population whose income

is less than 2 $ by 2015.

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Reduce the percentage of the population below the top national poverty line about 10

percentage points reaching 32.3% by 2015.

General Framework of Yemen Strategic Vision 2025

2. Reduce the poverty level to 10% of the total population by 2025.

Goal 1: Poverty eradication

in all forms and everywhere.

Aims in the Agricultural sector:

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015.

1. Attain high levels of food security based on local

agricultural production.

2. Support efforts to fight poverty in the rural

community.

3. Preservation of the environment and natural

resources and activating the role of community

participation to ensure sustainability.

Aims in the Fisheries sector:

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015.

Achieve sustainable growth in the fisheries sector

through increased production while maintaining the

Interim Programme 2012-2014

1. Agricultural sector: improve food security levels based on local agricultural food

production and support efforts to fight poverty in the rural community.

2. Fisheries sector: achieve sustainable growth in the productivity of the fisheries sector to

improve food security levels while maintaining the fishery resource base.


1. Reduce the proportion of people who suffer from food- scarcity (can not get enough food)

from 32.1% to 22.6% in 2015.

Agriculture sector:

2. Achieve an average rate of growth 4.6% in the value-added of the Agricultural sector

(without Qat) targeting Agricultural sector share will be 7.3% of GDP by the end of the plan.

4. Increase water use efficiency in irrigation: water pipes rate from 60% to 75%, and 85% to

95% in modern irrigation system.

Fisheries sector:

Goal 2: Eradicate hunger,

achieve food security and

improved nutrition, and

enhance agricultural

sustainability.

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Development

fishery resources and development base, and

enhance the sector's contribution to food security.

1. Contribute to food security by increasing the proportions of the domestic consumption of

fish products at a rate of 5.5% per annum

General Framework of Yemen Strategic Vision 2025

1. Entire elimination of food poverty by 2025.

2. Reduction of Qat cultivated land to 50 thousand hectares.

3. Re-distribution of land for the benefit of trees that use less r water and give high value

added such as olive and coffee.

4. Raise the share of the fisheries sector in the GDP to 5%.

5. Increase fish exports to $ 700 million.

Pursuant to Millennium Goals 4,5 &6: Promotion

and development of health system performance:

1. Reduce the proportion of maternal morbidity and

mortality, children and babies.

2. Reduce the incidence of infectious and non-

infectious diseases.

3. Raise the efficiency of therapeutic services.

4. Expand health services and increased health

awareness.

5. Fight AIDS, Malaria and other diseases.

6. stop the spread of AIDS by 2015 and work to

shrink it as of that date.

7. Stop the spread of malaria and other diseases by

2015 and work to shrink it as of that date.

Reduce population growth to achieve a balance

between the requirements of the growing

population and the ability of economic and social

development in Yemen.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Raise the percentage of health coverage to 75% of the total population by 2015.

2. Increase the percentage of the use of family planning methods to 40% by the year 2015.

3. Reduce maternal mortality to 135 per hundred thousand by 2015.

4. Reduce infant mortality to 38 per thousand live births.

5. Reduce the mortality of children under the age of five to 42 per thousand live births.

6. Reduce malaria deaths to 1% of the cases recorded in the affected areas.

7. Stop the spread of HIV at the rate of 0.014.

8. Reduce the proportion of unmet family planning needs to 30%.

9. Reduce the incidence of infectious and non-infectious diseases.

General Frame work of Yemen Strategic Vision 2025

1. Raise the percentage of health coverage to about 80% by 2025.

2. Reduce child mortality rate under the age of five to more than two-thirds (2/3).

3. Reduce infant mortality rate to 35 deaths per thousand live births.

4. Reduce the maternal mortality rate due to pregnancy and childbirth to 250 cases per

hundred thousand cases.

5. Declare Yemen free of epidemics and communicable diseases such as malaria and

endemic diseases as tuberculosis intestinal parasites by 2025.

Population in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Reduce the population growth rate from 3% to 2.9% by 2015.

Goal 3: Ensure healthy life

and promote the well-being

of all in all ages.

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Development

2. Integrate population issues in economic and social development policies and plans.

3. Mobilize and advocate population and reproductive health issues.

Yemen's Constitution commitment "The eligibility of

the Education for All" forms a guiding goal of

educational development strategies and plans.

Pursuant to Millennium Goal 2:

1. Achieve basic education for all

2. Ensure that all children, boys and girls everywhere

complete basic education stage by 2015.

Literacy aim in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-

2015:

Securing wider spread of basic training and feminine

programs, and introduce new income-generating

programs.

Kindergarten aim in The Fourth Five-year Plan

2011-2015:

Provide a safe and supportive environment to

ensure comprehensive, integrated and balanced

growth of children enrollment in kindergarten at the

children age group (from 3 to less than 6 years).

Basic Education aim in The Fourth Five-year Plan

2011-2015:

Provide a system for basic education, and provide

high quality learning opportunity, and appropriate

to the development needs to every child in the age

6-14 years; thereby enhancing the possibility of

building efficient Yemeni generation empowered

with knowledge, skills and self-motivated ethics


General Education:

1. Raise net enrollment for both sexes at all levels of education in rural and urban areas and

improve the quality rates.

2. Technical Education and Vocational Training: Improve the effectiveness of programs and

curricula of technical education and vocational training, and raise their efficiency in line with

the needs at both the local and regional labor market.

3. University education: Harmonization of higher education institutions with the

development outputs and labor market requirements.


Literacy and Adult Education:

4. Increase the number enrollment rate in literacy programs to 5% of the targeted 6 million

illiterate population.

Kindergarten (pre-school education)

5. Increase the enrollment rates for children pre-primary education to 1.6% of the total

targeted group in 2015.

Basic Education:

6. Raise the net rate of acceptance in the first row to 56.5% by 2015.

7. Raise the net enrollment rate in primary education to 79.3% by 2015 and the total to

89.1%.

8. Reduce waste rate in basic education to 10% by the end of 2015.

Secondary Education:

9. increase the net enrollment to 34.2% and the total rates to 42.5%.

10. Increase graduation rate in secondary education to 35% by the end of 2015.

Technical Education and Vocational Training

Goal 4: Ensure a high quality

of education, fair &

comprehensive, and

enhance opportunities for

life for all.

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Development

which intern enables the individual of self learning,

individual growth bringing him as a productive

element and effective individual in achieving the

objectives of sustainable economic and social

development.

Secondary Education aim in The Fourth Five-year

Plan 2011-2015:

Possession of secondary education characterized in

providing a: just and equitable educational

opportunities, quality in kind, and diversity in

specializations, enabling graduates to efficiently

continue their higher education or to engage in

public life.

Vocational & Technical Education aim in The

Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015:

Increase the capacity of Technical Education and

Vocational Training; and ensure enough jobs to

absorb dropouts from primary & secondary

education, and those with special needs and job

seekers.

Higher Education aim in The Fourth Five-year Plan

2011-2015:

Create a good quality Higher Education system with

broad participation and multiple vertical and

horizontal tracks; that ensures diversity and is

characterized by effectiveness and efficiency,

provides quality programs, achieve quality in

teaching & learning, research community services,

and improves the quality of life in Yemeni society.

11.Raise the capacity for technical education and vocational training to double by the end of

2015.

Higher Education

12. Raise enrollment in higher education rate to 12% of the age group 19-24 years.

13. Increase the number of enrollment in higher education to 361 thousand students.

14. Increase the percentage rate of enrolled students in college scientific and applied to 30%.

15. Increase the proportion of female students in higher education to 35%.

16. Achieve the number of graduates from universities in the last year of the plan to 42 607.


17. Reduce the illiteracy rate to less than 10% within the literacy efforts targeting 5 million

illiterate.

18. Increase the percentage of enrollment in basic education to 95%.

19. Reduce repetition and drop-out rates to less than 10%.

20. Raise the capacity of students in technical schools and community colleges to 105

thousand students.

Pursuant to Millennium Goal 3

Improve gender equality and women's

empowerment.


1. The allocation of 30% of the grades specified for the Ministry of Education for teachers in

the countryside.

Goal 5: Achieve gender

equality and empowerment

of all women and girls

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Development

Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

school education by 2005 and at all levels of

education by the end of 2015.


Increase women's participation in various aspects

of community life and enable social, economic and

political and human rights.

2. Adopt the ratio of not less than 25% of the budget for the needs of women in selected

sectors.

3. Adoption of the quota system for women of Yemen in the coming participation in

government positions, including at least 30% of legislative and local elections (national

dialogue outputs).

4. Increase the representation of women in leadership positions of legislative, executive and

judicial authorities.

5. Increase the enrollment of girls, reduce the dropout rate, and reduce the education gap

with their male peers.

6. Improve girls' Technical Education and Vocational Training and University Education.


1. Reduce the gender gap in the 1-6 grades of Basic Education (primary) between males and

females in net acceptance rates to 88%, and total acceptance to 95%.

2. Reduce the gender gap in Primary Education between males and females in the net

acceptance rates to 84% and in total acceptance to 87%.

3. Reduce the gender gap in Secondary Education between males and females in net

acceptance rates to 74%.


1. Raise the proportion of female enrollment to more than 85%.

2. Contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and national, and

gender mainstreaming in the plans and programs of local development.

Pursuant to Millennium Goal 7

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & Fourth Five-year

Plan 2011-2015

To achieve integrated management of water

resources in accordance with the best sustainability

practices.

Goals in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Increase the proportion of the population holding water in urban areas from 60% to 65%

by the end of the plan, and sanitation from 33% to 50% while improving the quality of service

and giving priority to the poor.

2. Increase the proportion of the population holding water in rural areas from 50% to 74%

by the end of the plan, and sanitation from 25% to 31% with the application of sustainable

water financial tariff to the poor.

Goal 6: Ensure the

sustainable management

and availability of water and

sanitation for all

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Development

3. Increase the average per capita water liters / day in urban areas to about 67%.

4. Maximize the return per cubic meter of water used in agriculture.

5. Strengthen the role of women in water resources management and environmental

protection in urban and rural areas.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & Fourth Five-year

Plan 2011-2015

Ensure efficiency of the electricity sector in order to

provide sufficient electrical energy to meet future

demand for electricity at the level of the country's

productive and social purposes, and that the

appropriate technical level and at the lowest level of

costs and to ensure its sustainability.


1. Raise the generating capacity of electricity and provide sufficient electrical energy to meet

domestic electricity demand for production and social purposes.

2. Production of electrical energy from renewable and alternative energy sources.

Goals in Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Increase the installed capacity of the existing plants from 156 MW to 3530 MW.

2. Increase the available capacity of the existing plants from 1426 MW to 2906 MW.

3. Increase the proportion of electricity coverage from the public electricity grid from 51 to

65%.

4. Increase the coverage rate of the rural population by the General Authority for Rural

Electrification from 21 to 30%.

5. Increase the energy produced from the institution stations from 6462 to 7107 (GWh)

Goal 7: Ensure access to

modern energy, sustainable,

reliable, and affordable for

all

General Frame work of Yemen Strategic Vision

2025

Reduce dependence on oil and gas sector in

achieving the goals and rely on non-oil sectors to

ensure sustainability.

National Plan for Employment 2014-2016

Increase employment opportunities for youth with

the provision of providing decent and productive job

opportunities especially for the new entrants who


1. Realize average growth rate in real GDP of 4.5% for the period 2012 to 2014; and thus

contributing to the improvement of population standards of living through an average

increase in net per capita of GDP up to 1.5% per year.

Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

Economic Growth: GDP

Goal 8: Sustainable

Promotion of economic and

overall sustainable growth,

full & productive

employment, and decent

work for all

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Development

annually join labor market. Strengthening the role of

the most promising sectors of the economy to

increase youth employment.

2. Average Growth of real GDP by 5.2% for the period 2011 to 2015, allowing for

improvement of population standards of living through an average increase in net per capita

of GDP up to 2.2% per year.

3. Increase the gross investment rate up to 21.5% of GDP in 2015.

4. Increase the domestic savings rate of GDP up to 15.1% on average during the plan period.

Investment Sector & Doing Business Environment:

5. Create an attractive and stimulating investment environment, allowing for average growth

of private investment up to 15.7% per year on.

6. Improve Yemen ranking in business environment indicators from 99 of 183 countries in

2010 to 90 in 2015.

Manpower goals in The Fourth Five-year plan in the following:

7. Reduce the unemployment rate to 16.7% by the end of 2015.

8. Increase the number of employees from around 4.3 million employees in 2010 to almost

5.3 million in 2015 with an average of 4.2%.

9. Lift the economic activity rate from 39.3% in 2010 to 41.7% in 2015.

10. Achieve a closer alignment between education, training programs and labor market

needs.

11. Ensure availability of employment opportunities for women, and adopt appropriate

policies to enhance their participation in the labor market.


12. Raise the level of per capita income of the middle-income segments which range

between $ 2000-3000.

13. Achieve real growth rate (in constant prices) to 7%.

14. Achieve domestic investments rates in the range of 35% of GDP.

15. Reduce the unemployment rate to less than 7% by 2025.

16. Raise the proportion of women's participation in all aspects of economic activity to 50%.

17. Raise the percentage contribution of the private sector in creating jobs to 85% annually.

National Plan for Youth Employment 2014-2016:

18. Increase the number of young beneficiaries of the current programs of labor-intensive

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Development

works by 50% annually.

19. Find sustainable solutions to the application and development of labor-intensive works

programs to target young people.

20. Improve development policies in key sectors that serves youth employment.

21. Develop entrepreneurship culture among young people through annually targeting 2000

young men & women.

22. Achieve annual employment growth rate of 6% among young people during the

implementation period of the national plan (4.5% males 0.5% females).


Transport sector: provide an integrated transport

sector includes all styles to keep pace with the

country's future needs, and is characterized by

safety, effectiveness & efficiency, technical

development, and works to encourage & enhance

economic development and Yemen

competitiveness at the international level, also

ensures the provision of healthy and safe

community environment for members.

Manufacturing sector: Accelerate manufacturing

wheel by expanding industrial base, develop,

diversify and improve the quality of industrial

products. Develop modern leading industries

benefiting from the comparative advantage of

natural resources & manpower, and open wide

areas to increase income and raise the contribution

of the industrial sector in production & Income, in a

step that helps to create jobs and alleviate poverty.

Achieving this depends on:

- the removal of barriers in the sector,

- the implementation of legal and judicial reforms,


1. Manufacturing sector: Enhance the contribution of the manufacturing sector in the

development process and poverty alleviation and reducing unemployment

2. Transport sector: Develop transport sector in accordance with the technical specifications

studied in line with transport and trade needs; and the movement of citizens' needs there

by linking Yemen regional and international surroundings.


Transport Sector:

Roads and road transport

3. Increase road density rate from 31.5 to 43.5 kilometers per thousand km 2 of Republic

space.

4. Increase the percentage of asphalt roads that are in good condition from 60% to 70% of

the total length of the network by the end of the plan.

5. Develop and regulate the road transport sector and raise its performance efficiency.

Ports and Maritime transport, airports and air transport

6. Develop and modernize Yemeni ports and improve their performance efficiency to

increase their competitiveness at the regional level.

7. Configure Yemeni naval fleet that contributes to spur the country wheel in economic

development and foreign trade.

8. Ensure the safety of maritime navigation and preservation of the marine environment

from pollution.

9. Improve the level of civil aviation, airport services and air transport.

Goal 9: Build flexible

infrastructure, enhance

inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and

encourage innovation

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Development

- invest in infrastructure, education & training, -

increase the availability of loans

- support research and development in the

industrial field.

The manufacturing sector:

10. Increase the value added of the manufacturing sector at an annual average rate of 5.9%.

2. Enhance the contribution of the manufacturing sector in the development process,

poverty alleviation and reduction of unemployment.


Raise the contribution of the industrial sector in generating income and output to about 30%.

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015 and Strategy

of Local Governance 2020:

1. Build legislative system, develop institutional

infrastructure & human capacity & material

resources needed for the local government system

to promote decentralization.

2. Enable local government units in managing local

development with high professionalism under the

latest principles of management applications.

3. Expand and enhance popular participation in local

development objectives, through the creation of an

effective partnership between local government

units and all regulatory frameworks in local

communities.

4. Establish and strengthen the foundations of

popular accountability and central control on the

local government units and activate it within the

limits of the laws.

5. Reduce development gap between rural and

urban areas.

All development plans and strategies in Yemen aimed at reducing the gap between urban

and rural areas and between the main towns and villages in all cases.

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015 and Strategy of Local Governance 2020 included the

following objectives:

1. Prepare The national program for the preparation of local governance strategy, develop

policies & legislations in the direction of the local governance which widen their authorities,

develop functions of local governance units, and strengthen of local development &

decentralization.

2. Connect governorates with the central provinces through information network that

supports planning, implementation, development evaluation and improvement of

management in integrated services delivery.

3. Raise efficiency of local development management that promotes growth of local

resources.

4. Ease development differences between rural and urban areas to achieve justice & social

security, and ensure the distribution of development gains among the provinces, with special

focus on the poorest groups.

5. Create effective local economies that provide a conducive investment environment, and

achieve optimum utilization of available resources and the disclosure of potentials at the

provincial level.

Target 10: Reduce inequality

within and between

countries

Housing and Urban Development Sector in The

Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015:

1. Encourage the private sector to perform the

Housing and Urban Development Sector in Interim Programme: Goal 11: Make cities and

human settlements

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Development

essential role in the creation of housing units, and

the use of private funding sources.

2. Ensure quality and economical implementation of

government buildings projects.

1. Structural development of the Housing construction sector and Urban Development, the

preparation of the national housing strategy, and restructuring of urban development fund.

Housing and Urban Development Sector in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015:

2. Provide 6518 housing units for low-income families, and communities to improve living

conditions of the poor population.

National Strategy For Sustainable Development 2007-2015-2025:

3. Develop planning and environmental management systems and institutionalize them in

the urban centers.

4. Decrease tendencies rural-urban migration.

5. Limit the output pollution produced by work places positioned within communities.

inclusive, secure, flexible

and sustainable


Agricultural Sector:

1. Attain high levels of food security based on local

agricultural production.

2. Support efforts that fight poverty in the rural

community.

3. Preserve of the environment and natural

resources and activate the role of community

participation to ensure sustainability.

Agricultural Sector: Goals in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Achieve average growth rate of 4.6% in The Agricultural Sector value-added (without Qat) so that it accounts for 7.3% of GDP.

2. Contribute to the achievement of The Plan Goal: reduce the percentage of food insecurity from 32.1% to 22.6%.

3. Increase the efficiency rate of water use in irrigation from 60% to 75% in the transport of water pipes, and from 85% to 95% in modern irrigation.

Fishers Sector: Goals in The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

4. Improve the value added of the fish sector growth at an annual average rate of 9.7%, and raise its contribution to the GDP from 2.3% to 2.9%.

5. Increase the amount of fish exports at an annual rate of 9%.

6. Contribute in food security by increasing the size of the domestic consumption of fish products at an annual rate of 5.5%.

Monetary sector and purchasing power, inflation and exchange rate:

7. Controlling inflation rate at a single-number during the program period not to exceed 9.0%

on average during the plan period.

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable

consumption and

production patterns

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8. Achieve relative stability of the exchange rate of the national currency against foreign

currencies.

9. Cover foreign currency reserves for at least 5 months of imports of goods and services.

National Strategy for Sustainable Environment

Protection of the environment and natural

resources and maintain their safety and

development, as well as health and human well-

being concern, the vision 2025 ", which includes the

promotion of water management, prevention of

water basins pollution, reduce degradation and the

organization of industrial waste & its impact,

manage the waste plastic and oils problem. Reduce

pollution of the marine environment and study the

effect of the earth's resources climate change on the

elements of the environment, in addition to the

protection of biodiversity in natural reserves.


1. Protect the environment and preserve the safe and balance preservation of natural

systems and optimally exploit it to ensure the needs of present and future generations.

2. Preserve historical, cultural and civilizational heritage of Yemen.

3. Promote environmental awareness and education and encourage the participation of civil

society and its institutions in environmental work.


4. Protect natural resources and biodiversity in the context of Sustainable Development.

5. Introduce environmental dimensions in all stages of development planning related to the

welfare of human and natural resources management to achieve Sustainable Development.

6. Reduce the current pollution levels affecting public health and quality of life.

7. Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and climate change that cause damage on biodiversity

and desertification by reducing pollutants energy and implementation of national action

program for adaptation strategy (NAPA) with climate change and clean development.

Goal 13: Take emergency

measures to combat climate

change and its impact

National Strategy for Sustainable Environment &

Biodiversity Strategy 2004-2015

The conservation and sustainable use of marine and

fishery resources through the development and firm

implementation of policy, legislation and

management tools to ensure that the harvest of

vital resources level is maintained within the vital

border.


1. Develop coastal zone management plans and the establishment of marine protected areas

and control illegal and unsustainable baiting.

2. Prepare fishery management programs and their implementation.

3. Plan for the development of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).

4. Control oil spills and emerging pollution from the sea and continue to recognize Yemeni

water as a closed area against ships dumping waste and impose sanctions on violators.

Establish fitted well-trained crew units for Oil Pollution detection and receiving stations in

each port.

5. Eco-tourism and diving tourism organization to contribute around 20% of foreign currency

revenues apart from the oil sector.

Target 14: Preserve and

sustain the use of the

oceans, seas and marine

resources for Sustainable

Development

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Free Zone- Aden The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Continue the development of free zone sectors from 4 to 9 by 2015.

2. Attract local and foreign investments.


Attain a better standard of life for all Yemenis

through the maintenance of vital resources,

sustainable and balanced use, and in harmony with

the absorptive capacity and creations safety.


1. Conserve natural resources and environmental systems through the establishment and

development of adequate and comprehensive network of nature reserves, backed by an

effective mechanism for coordinating administrative, managerial and plans with adequate

financial resources, and a sophisticated information system.

2. Design and implement local community-based program for the conservation of endemic

plant and animal biology and endangered in its original habitat.

3. Minimize the adverse implications of industry and infrastructure on the natural habitats

and ecosystems.

4. Create and develop an integrated national system of protected areas covering various

terrestrial and marine environments and wet lands and enhances the lives of the community

level.

5. Mitigate damage and residue of pollutants on ecosystems through effective

environmental policy and adopt modern technologies such as recycling and waste treatment

and introduce of green technology techniques.


6. Reduce the use of wood fuel and reduce greenhouse gas resulting emissions by switching

to cleaner technological sources of energy (for example, gas lights, and solar water heating

tanks, petticoats cooking gas (LPG) instead of using firewood.

7. Develop Biosafety Guidelines: reduce the health & environmental risks resulting from the

use, transfer and handling of modified living organisms originating from modern

biotechnology.

8. (a) Prevent and / or minimize soil erosion, (b) Land rehabilitation Stripper part (c) desert

land reclamation.

9. Promote the sustainable use of land resources of wildlife through the development of

legislation and policies prohibiting fishing and hunting wildlife and expand programs for

forest lands and forests, combat and reduce desertification.

Goal 15: Protect, restore

and promote the

sustainable use of terrestrial

ecosystems, sustainable

forest management,

combating desertification,

reducing and reversing land

degradation and reduce

biodiversity loss.

57 | P a g e




Development

10. Reduce uncontrolled urban expansion through the development and implementation of

various land use management plans and impose legislation and sustainable land use.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & The Fourth Five-

year Plan 2011-2015

Develop the good governance system to promote

the construction of the state.


Restore security and stability and the extension of

state control over the entire territory of Yemen.

Upgrade the legal and legislative action in the

Republic and the dissemination of legal awareness

on the popular and official levels.

General Framework for Yemen Vision 2025

Realize transmission of Yemen from the nascent

democracy to mature and stable democracy, so that

political and party pluralism, respect of human

rights, peaceful transfer of power, power in

democratic action, community management of

good governance mechanisms, and political

development of the society will be eligible for all.


1. Achieve political stability and complete peaceful & safe transfer of authority.

2. Enactment and implementation of transitional justice law.

3. Enactment and implementation of the organization carrying and possession of firearms

and explosives law.

4. Enactment and implementation of anti-terrorism law.

5. Continue the reform of the security sector and institutional capacity building.

6. Promote trust between the security institutions and the population.

7. Establish 131 security facilities.

8. Conduct a comprehensive national dialogue Per forces and political events, including

youth and women to lead a national just solution for Yemen unity, security and stability.

9. Develop modern public administration and delivery of government services with a high

degree of quality and the lowest cost system.

10. Find a fair and independent judicial system.

11. Create and 63 processing facility for the judiciary.

12. Take legislative and institutional measures and procedures to achieve transitional justice

and ensure the protection of human rights and the criminalization of violation.

13. Take the necessary measures to ensure the cessation of all forms of violence and

violations of international humanitarian law, disengagement between the armed forces and

formations and militias and other armed groups and ensure their return to their barracks

steps, and work to end all armed conflicts.


Peace & Security

1. Maintain public security and stability, the rule of law and respect for human rights and

freedoms

2. Improve the rank Yemen in the rule of law and political stability / lack of violence indicators

Goal 16: Promote peaceful

and inclusive communities

for Sustainable

Development, securing

access to justice for all and

building effective

institutions, responsible and

inclusive at all levels

58 | P a g e




Development

index.

3. Reduce the number of crimes (incidents per thousand of the population).

4. Improve the evaluation of Yemen in international reports on human rights and national

reports shade.

5. Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government administrative system and

enhance transparency and accountability at the level of the central government and the local

authority.

Civil Service:

6. Raise the utilization rate in government agencies 2.1% by 2015.

7. Employ 72 786 employees during the plan period.

8. Refer the 39 323 who reached a term to retirement.

9. Referral 14045 employees of surplus labor to the service box and finish the case of double

dippers.

10. Support the restructuring of (15) General Service Unit.

Legal Affairs

11. Sum up 70% of the laws and international & regional conventions signed by Yemen for

the period of 1990 - so far and archive them.

12. Raise the printing rate of the Official Gazette from 3,000 to 10,000 copies.

13. Increase the percentage of women in the ministry from 9% to 22%.

14. Amend discriminatory provisions against women within Law 12.


year Plan 2011-2015

Strengthening and expanding the base of

international donors and friends of Yemen.


1. Expand the areas of development cooperation with international development partners.

2. Deepen the concepts of participation at the bilateral, regional and international level,

through memorandum of understanding and follow up the implementation of regional and

international agreements, as well as through capacity building in various fields related to

regional and international issues.

3. Yemen strengthen relations and cooperation with its regional & International partners in

the field of bio-diversity.

Goal 17: Strengthen

implementation means of

and revival of international

partnerships for Sustainable

Development - Finance

General Framework for Yemen Vision 2025 Interim Programme 2012-2014 & The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015 Goal 17: Technology

59 | P a g e




Development

Introduce a radical shift in education and training

systems in terms of structure and curriculum.

Strategic Vision for Communications and

Information Technology (2001 - 2025)

Convert Yemen into productive and using State of

the application of communications and information

technology, upgrade mail and postal savings

services and make it all available to all Yemeni

people in various parts of the country in a step to

accelerate the integrated development of the

community in order to achieve the objectives of the

Strategic Vision for Yemen 2025.

1. Provide a sophisticated and efficient communications and information technology

infrastructure to meet the requirements of development, and create a shift in awareness of

the national economy towards knowledge economy.

2. Expand the spread of both types of fixed telephone services and mobile, and reduce the

gap between rural and urban areas.

3. Expand the spread of the Internet service and lower their prices, and improve quality.

4. Develop the capacity of Yemen in the field of remote sensing and geographic information

systems to serve the requirements of the decision-making and scientific research.

Strategic Vision for Communications and Information Technology )2001 – 2025)

5. Disseminate Communication and information services to all communities, improve them

and reduce their cost to be accessible to all citizens; create the basic infrastructure for the

development of these services represented basically in the national network.

6. Prepare and develop the necessary human resources to work in the field of

telecommunications and information technology.

7. Develop software industry and encourage private sector to invest in the field of

information technology.

8. Contribute in the improvement of the government agencies’ performance and all

economic and social sectors in the country.


1. Establish information technology schools to attract thoughtful and talented students.

2 Rehabilitate national skills that are capable of dealing with f the modern stage and

development needs.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & The Youth

Employment Plan

Skill development of youth both men & women;

employ their capacities in various aspects of

development: political, economic & social, and in

Interim Programme 2012-2014 , The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015 & The youth

employment plan

1 National capacity-building in the field of human rights

2. Build capacity of young people and instill social responsibility between them as active and

influential citizens in the process of societal transformation.

3. Build capacity of young people and strengthen the role of the most promising sectors of

Goal 17: Capacity Building

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Development

the fields of scientific research & technological

progress.

the economy to increase youth employment.

4. Human and institutional capacity building and develop their performance, and complete

building the infrastructure of empowered local government units to promote local

development.

5. Strengthen the productive capacities of individuals, government agencies and

communities in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity

conservation programs.

6. Human capacity development for the poor in a step to increase their participation in

production, this is through the providing basic services such as education, health care and

prepare training outreach programs to improve their productive abilities and skills.

7. Human resources development and reduce the rate of population growth.

1. Organize Foreign trade in the context of free

trade, competition and market mechanisms.

2. Regulate the activity of internal trade.

3. Enhance consumer protection

4. Create business and industrial services

environment.


Maximize the pros benefits from joining World

Trade Organization, and minimize the negative

effects of accession.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 , The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015

1. Achieve an average non-oil exports growth rate of 19.9%.

2. Complete simplification of doing business and provide excellent and affordable services

through a single window, and open a special transactions window for businesswomen, and

a single window to the Framework procedures of Ministry of Industry.

3. Develop non-oil exports, so that percentage rise of total merchandise exports at the end

of the plan will be 12.5%.

4. Integrate practice of commercial activities, service and industrial licensing procedures

through a single window that comprises all the relevant authorities.

Goal 17: Foreign Trade

National Reform Agenda 2006-2010, The Fourth

Five-year Plan 2011-2015

The overall reforms vision is determined by the

access to "modern and efficient administrative

system that promotes rule of law & ensures

transparency and accountability, contributes to

improving security and stability, and strengthen the

partnership with related parties”.

Interim Programme 2012-2014 & Biodiversity Strategy 2004-2015

1. Update environmental legislations and support them with Implementing Regulations and

implementation mechanisms.

2. Enable institutions & the national coordination mechanisms and empower them with

sufficient authorities to endorse the policies, legislation and strategies.

3. The national policy is working on integrating biodiversity issues in the state investment

programs.

The Fourth Five-year Plan 2011-2015 & National Reform Agenda 2006-2010

Goal 17: Structural issues -

the interrelationship

between politics and

institutions

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Development


Develop national legislative frameworks,

institutions and policies to integrate development.

4. Develop the judicial system allowing access to fair and independent justice system.

5. Maintain public security and stability and respect of the rule of law.

6. Promote transparency, accountability and anti-corruption measures.

7. Strengthen the state institutional and administrative capacities and address shortcomings

in the civil service modernization program.

8. Expand opportunities for political participation and deepen the culture of dialogue.

9. Enhance the growth potentials of the national economy and poverty alleviation.

10. Upgrade the quality of the educational process and improve the quality of learning at the

different stages leading to an increased level of operation and reduction of unemployment.


year Plan 2011-2015

Strengthen the partnership with the private sector,

civil society organizations, and the donors in poverty

alleviation efforts, a step that encourages the

private sector to increase its investment and expand

its productive activities in areas linked to the poor

social groups, small and medium enterprises, as well

as take advantage of civil society organizations and

potential & capacities.

Partnership between government and the private sector and civil society:

1. Expand the opportunities of civil society organizations for political, economic and social

participation; as well as strengthening the developmental role of the local authority in rural

development.

2. Empower communities and individuals in the conservation and use of biological resources

in a sustainable manner by facilitating their participation in the planning and management

of natural resources, and enable them to safely access the vital resources and the provide

enough funding and financial & technical support to implement community-based

environmental programs (for eligibility).

3. Strengthening the role of the private sector and improve business performance

environment.

4. Encourage partnership with civil society and private sector organizations.

5. Issuance and implementation of the Partnership Act between public and private sectors

in the field of infrastructure (PPP).

6. Create a favorable and attractive environment for private investment.

7. Arrange for Yemen ranking performance for the business environment indicators.

General Framework for Yemen Vision 2025

8. Increase the private sector's share in non-oil GDP.


multi-stakeholder

partnerships

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Development

9. Improve the investment environment and increase private sector investment in promising

productive sectors.

10. Strengthen private sector institutional frameworks enabling it to crystallize its

orientations and needs, and mobilizing its potential to move the wheel of development.

Build a sustainable statistical system that produces

accurate data in a timely manner, Use & benefit

from them in policies and decision-making

evaluation.

Build, manage and develop an integrated national

information system that provides the necessary

reference for policy-making and decision-making,

and contributes to raise the level and improve the

efficiency and effectiveness in all areas of scientific,

production, service and development in general.

Reduce corruption and promote transparency and

accountability.


1. Build a scientific and technical Data Base, and find advanced regulations & procedures

that ensure the information availability that serves public institutions, business sector, and

all citizens.

2. Transparency, accountability and anti-corruption: the development of an effective system

to combat corruption and promote transparency & accountability procedures.


Central Bureau of Statistics: Goals: Implementation

1. Economic Surveys projects.

2. General Census of Population, Housing and Establishments 2014 Project.

3. Food Security Information System Project.

4. Multi-purpose community Survey.

5. The annual labor force Survey.

6. Annual Survey of income and expenditure.

7. Survey of child labor Project

8. Multipurpose family budget Survey

The National Information Center:

Build scientific and technical base for Informatics, create systems and mechanisms to ensure

the regularity of the work of advanced production, and provide trading information

responsive to the needs of government & the business sector institutions and the citizenry

at large.

Anti-Corruption:


data, monitoring and

accountability

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Development

1. Anti-Corruption: Improve Yemen ranking in Transparency International's corruption index

report from 154 to 141

Control and Accountability

1. Raise the efficiency of Central Bureau of Control and Accountability (CBCA) in its control

on public funds at both the central and local levels, and confirm the efficiency and

effectiveness of its proper management.

2. Improve the quality of audit work and its output level in light of the overall control

requirements.

3. Contribute in the development and improve the performance level of accounting and

auditing profession in the Republic of Yemen.

4. Contribute in the development of performance-controlled device units especially in the

financial and administrative areas.

5. Enhance CBCA control capabilities on the Development Plans.

6. Expand the number of supervisory tasks on the local authority during The Plan period to

include 80% of the administrative units at the district level in all governorates.

Supreme Supervisory Authority for Bids

1. Protection of public money and maintain the State capital property and assets.

2. Fight corruption in various tenders and auctions reaching a stage of total elimination.

3. Achieve economic efficiency in the work of bids.

Human rights

1. Promote and protect Human rights abiding with Agreements, Commitment, and

International Charters & Conventions ratified by the Republic of Yemen.

The local authority system

1. Complete the necessary legislative and institutional scheme supporting the shift to a local

governance system.

Important note: The draft of The Fourth Economic and Social Development Five-year plan for poverty alleviation 2011-2015 represents a key document that

included all the goals and visions of all Sectorial and Development Strategies and the General Principles of the State. It was completed in

64 | P a g e

February 2011 and was on the verge of approval by the government which was not collected due to the circumstances at the time (The youth

revolution). However it is a basic reference to policy makers due to the fact that:

1) it formed a basic reference for the programs of National Reconciliation government and the consequent Government, and reflects the goals

and objectives of all strategies.

2) it formed a base to existing documents, such as the Interim Programme 2012-2014, The Youth Employment Plan and the strategies that were

developed after the year 2011 and various general principles of The State.

3) it has been prepared in a stable situation, reflecting the goals and objectives of the stable situation, unlike existing documents that reflect the

exceptional case and the transitional phase.

65 | P a g e

Statistical Tables

Table 1: Main Macro Indicators (1992-2012)

Year Real GDP Growth (%)*

GDP per Capita $

Average exchang rate YR per $

Exports as % of Imports

% of total government expenditures

Education Health

1992 -0.35 657 28.5 34.86 18.7 4.4

1993 3.87 558 39.5 32.91 19.7 4.8

1994 10.01 504 55.2 42.85 19.2 3.6

1995 4.80 412 100.0 53.33 19.2 3.8

1996 1.65 435 128.2 81.18 16.0 3.9

1997 4.27 492 129.3 80.47 15.6 3.3

1998 4.99 450 135.9 56.28 19.5 4.6

1999 5.89 519 155.8 93.74 19.6 4.2

2000 8.60 560 161.7 98.84 17.7 4.0

2001 5.93 625 168.7 102.36 21.3 4.6

2002 5.04 661 175.6 98.04 20.7 4.1

2003 5.76 710 183.5 96.03 16.7 3.9

2004 4.64 793 184.8 102.61 16.1 5.2

2005 5.14 939 191.4 114.15 14.0 4.0

2006 4.64 1,091 197.1 100.99 13.6 3.9

2007 3.48 1,190 199.0 83.07 14.3 3.4

2008 4.01 1,369 199.8 87.15 13.0 3.1

2009 4.13 1,245 202.9 71.26 16.3 4.5

2010 3.32 1,310 219.6 87.17 14.1 4.2

2011 -15.09 1,278 213.8 96.98 14.9 4.4

2012 2.19 1,280 214.4 68.52 13.6 3.9

Average 2010-1992

4.73 764 150.3 68.52 13.6 3.9

Average 2010-1992

4.97 521 110.3 79.86 17.12 4.08

Average 2010-1992

4.46 1,034 194.9 67.68 18.65 4.12

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2013. * GDP (2000 =100).

66 | P a g e

Table 2: Main Health Indicators (2008–2013)

Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Population (000) 21,843 22,492 23,153 23,832 24,526 25,235 Number of physicians* 6,226 6,468 6,599 6,469 6,570 6,741 Number of dentists 535 587 573 572 622 670 Population per physician 3,508 3,477 3,509 3,684 3,733 3,744 Number of nurses 11,845 12,211 12,785 12,685 12,885 12,927 Nnurses per physician 2 2 2 2 2 2 Number of hospital beds 15,184 16,095 16,534 16,695 16,826 16,851 Population per bed 1,439 1,397 1,400 1,428 1,458 1,498 Clininal and tested cases No. 155,307 134,492 198,963 142,152 153,790 149,443

% 37.2 31.9 36.8 33.8 30.9 42.0 Diarrhea infections No. 181,133 201,002 249,446 200,846 239,566 136,955

% 43.4 47.7 46.1 47.7 48.2 38.5 Others cases No. 72,230 76,844 83,377 69,101 93,613 59,336

% 17.3 18.2 15.4 16.4 18.8 16.7 TB (new cases) No. 8290 8630 9050 8,713 9,952 9,802

% 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.8 AIDS cases No. 241 318 354 266 261 232

% 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.07 Total reported cases No. 417,201 421,286 541,190 421,078 497,182 355,768

% 100 100 100 100 100 100

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2008-2013. *INCLUDING SPECIAL, GENERAL AND SOCIETY DOCTORS.

Table 3: Resident Population (10 years and over) by Educational Level and Sex (000)

Educational level 1994 Census 2004 Census HBS 2005/2006

Male Female Total % Male Female Total % Male Female Total %

Illiterate 1,773 3,508 5,281 55.8 2,059 4,136 6,195 45.3 1,497 4,223 5,721 40.7

Read and write 1,783 740 2,523 26.7 2,598 1,707 4,304 31.5 2,875 1,851 4,727 33.6

Basic education and equivalent levels + pre-secondary diploma

932 267 1,199 12.7 1,183 457 1,640 12.0 1,320 520 1,840 13.1

Secondary and post-secondary diploma

266 64 330 3.5 833 293 1,125 8.2 900 330 1,229 8.7

University and above

84 16 100 1.1 245 68 314 2.3 255 74 329 2.3

Unspecified 16 8 24 0.3 43 59 102 0.7 170 45 215 1.5

Total 4,853 4,604 9,457 100 6,961 6,719 13,680 100 7,017 7,043 14,060 100

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2013.

67 | P a g e

Table 4: Manpower (15 years+) according to labor force and unemployment*

S Item Sex Census 1994 Labour Force Survey 1999

Census 2004 CLS results 2010 Total Change over 2004 - 2010

No. %

(1) (3) 1-3 (1/4)*100

1 Total of manpower )Population 15 years+)

(2(+)3)

Male 3,667,000 4,467,000 5,451,655 6,472,959 1,021,304 18.7

Female 3,587,000 4,449,000 5,366,499 6,369,848 1,003,349 18.7

Total 7,254,000 8,916,000 10,818,154 12,842,807 2,024,653 18.7

2 Economically inactive labor )including non-wage workers)

Male 1,051,000 1,345,000 1,722,207 2,042,910 320,703 18.6

Female 3,436,000 4,138,000 4,851,547 5,727,908 876,361 18.1

Total 4,487,000 5,483,000 6,573,754 7,770,818 1,197,064 18.2

3 Total of labour force Male 2,616,000 3,122,000 3,729,448 4,430,049 700,601 18.8

Female 151,000 311,000 514,952 641,940 126,988 24.7

Total 2,767,000 3,433,000 4,244,400 5,071,989 827,589 19.5

4 Participation rate (3)÷(1)×100

Male 71.3% 69.9% 68.4% 68.4% 0.0

Female 4.2% 7.0% 9.6% 10.1% 5.0

Total 38.1% 38.5% 39.2% 39.5% 0.7

5 Number of employed persons (excluding non-wage workers)

Male 2,362,000 2,732,000 3,244,390 3,880,094 635,704 19.6

Female 135,000 232,000 310,971 291,305 -19,666 -6.3

Total 2,497,000 2,964,000 3,555,361 4,171,399 616,038 17.3

6 Total unemployed Male 254,000 390,000 485,058 549,955 64,897 13.4

Female 16,000 79,000 203,981 350,635 146,654 71.9

Total 270,000 469,000 689,039 900,590 211,551 30.7

7 Unemployment rate (6)÷(3)×100

Male 9.7 12.5 13.0 12.4 -4.6

Female 10.6 25.4 39.6 54.6 37.9

Total 9.8 13.7 16.2 17.8 9.4

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2013; POPULATION CENSUS 2004. * FOR COMPARISON REASONS, WORKING HOUSEHOLDS IN 1999 HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE.

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Table 5: Cost of projects & programs in the National Plan for Youth Employment (000 $)

Item Estimated Cost Available Gap

Pillar One 525,305 105,185 420,120

Pillar Two: 37,500 10,000 27,500

Youth employment projects (NGOs) 41,910 14,510 27,402

Pillar Three 19,000 6,800 12,200

Investment Program 84,321 84,321 -

Total Estimated Costs 708,036 220,816 487,222

Pillar One: Immediate jobs through employment intensive programs. Pillar Two: Build youth capacity and promote jobs in rich economies. Pillar Three: Facilitate young women and men's work in domestic and external labor markets.

Table 6: Water Production and Consumption (2003-2013)

Year Produced water (000 m3)

Consumed water (000 m3)

No. of subscribers

No. of beneficiaries

Per capita consumed water (m3/year)

2003 115,040 77,347 432,628 3,028,396 25.5

2004 121,244 79,774 468,456 3,281,992 24.3

2005 129,520 83,633 491,699 3,441,451 24.3

2006 132,786 89,403 508,050 566,110 25.1

2007 138,612 93,062 527,925 3,556,350 24.8

2008 142,361 99,444 566,110 3,748,268 24.7

2009 150,200 101,318 586,382 4,163,312 24.3

2010 151,706 101,392 605,459 4,298,759 23.6

2011 146,808 97,189 626,471 4,447,944 21.9

2012 146,785 96,497 653,643 4,640,865 21.3

2013 151,063 99,303 676,661 4,804,293 31.4

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2003- 2013.

Table 7: Electric Power Production (G.W.H )

Year Main power stations production (unified network) Diesel branches

Total Purchased by others

Tota

l

Gas Steam Diesel Total

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

G.W

.

H

%

2000 0 0 2703 79.2

256 7.5 2959 86.7

454 13.3

3413 100.0

0 0.0 3413

2005 0 0 2500 52.4

1558 32.7

4057 85.1

683 14.3

4740 99.4 27 0.6 4767

69 | P a g e

2006 0 0 2566 48.1

1712 32.1

4278 80.2

698 13.1

4976 93.2 361 6.8 5337

2007 0 0 2417 40.1

1981 32.9

4398 73.0

517 8.6 4915 81.6 1112 18.4 6027

2008 0 0 2609 39.9

1872 28.6

4480 68.4

531 8.1 5011 76.6 1535 23.4 6546

2009 4 0 2632 39.0

1749 25.9

4385 65.0

609 9.0 4994 74.0 1755 26.0 6749

2010 2058.7

26.5

2637.5

34.0

1251.8

16.1

5948.0

76.7

450.2

5.8 6398.1

82.5 1356.7

17.5 7754.8

2011 1336.9

21.5

2227.8

35.9

866.6 14.0

4431.4

71.4

269.2

4.3 4700.6

75.7 1505.8

24.3 6206.4

2012 2221.4

44.2

1987.6

39.6

816.0 16.2

5024.9

93.7

336.8

6.3 5361.7

81.5 1217.8

18.5 6579.5

SOURCE: CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION, STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK, 2003- 2013.

70 | P a g e

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.المياه ندرة معالجة في المياهتحليه دور: المائية الموارد تنمية عن(، التقرير الثالث 2009وا )اإلسك .2

.العربية المنطقة في المستدامة التنمية لمؤسسات اإلقليمي االستعراض (،2011) .......... .3

(، تقرير تنمية المياه ، قضايا في اإلدارة المستدامة لموارد المياه وخدمات المياه.2013).......... .4

المرجعية إلعداد التقرير العربي حول التنمية المستدامة.(، الخطوط 2014).......... .5

، المنتدى العربي الرفيع المستوى حول التنمية المستدامة، أهداف التنمية المستدامة منظور عربي.(2014..........) .6

.2014-2013ة في المنطقة العربية (، مسح التطورات االقتصادية واالجتماعي2014)........... .7

المكسيك. -التنمية، مونتيري لتمويلالمؤتمر الدولي (، تقرير2002حدة )األمم المت .8

(، الوثيقة الختامية لمؤتمر ريودي جانيرو، البرازيل.2012) .......... .9

(، تقرير االستثمار العالمي، االستثمار في أهداف التنمية المستدامة: خطة عمل.2014).......... .10

تقرير اللجنة الخاصة المكلفة بتقييم أداء الحكومة في الجوانب االقتصادية والمالية واألمنية.(، 2012) مجلس النواب اليمني .11

(، التقييم متعدد األبعاد لسبل المعيشة في اليمن.2013) البرنامج اإلنمائي لألمم المتحدة .12

.المضي في التقدم: بناء المتعة لدرء المخاطر :، تقرير التنمية البشرية(2014).......... .13

.تقييم تأثير التغيير المناخي على قطاعي الزراعة والمياه في الجمهورية اليمنية (،2009) البنك الدولي .14 تقرير حول وضع التعليم في اليمن التحديات والفرص. ،(2010).......... .15

.(2022-2012) فرصالمرونة واإلنصاف وال :والعمل االجتماعية للحماية الدولي البنك إستراتيجية (،2012) .......... .16

اإلجراءات المقترحة لتطوير قطاع الكهرباء في اليمن. (،2014).......... .17

(، التقييم المشترك االجتماعي واالقتصادي لليمن.2012البنك الدولي وآخرون ) .18

(، البرنامج العام لحكومة الوفاق الوطني.2011الجمهورية اليمنية ) .19

مؤتمر الحوار الوطني.(، وثيقة مخرجات 2014) .......... .20

أعداد متفرقة. - كتاب اإلحصاء السنوي الجهاز المركزي لإلحصاء، .21 العام للسكان والمساكن والمنشآت.نتائج التعداد ، (2004).......... .22

.تقرير مسح عمالة األطفال، (2010.......... ) .23

.2025.......... اإلسقاطات السكانية حتى عام .24

.ازنات العامة، بيان الرقابة السنوي عن مراجعة الحسابات الختامية للمو(2011) والمحاسبة الجهاز المركزي للرقابة .25

المستقبل في والتنمية الصراع تكاليف تقييم :اليمن في االنتقال عملية إدارة (،2012) الغذائية السياسات لبحوثالمعهد الدولي .26

.لليمن الديناميكي العام لتوازنوا

.أعداد متفرقة - للتنمية، التقرير السنويالصندوق االجتماعي .27

.ةتفرقأعداد م - كتاب مؤشرات التعليم في الجمهورية اليمنية، المجلس األعلى لتخطيط التعليم .28

سويسرا. –(، تقرير التنافسية الدولية، دافوس 2014المنتدى االقتصادي الدولي ) .29

ية وغايات وطنية وأولويات مأهداف عال من منظور عربي: 2015نحو خطة للتنمية لما بعد (،2014)إسماعيل وآخرونخالد أبو .30

.اإلسكوا، إقليمية

.صنعاء ،لثالث لتحقيق التنمية االجتماعيةأهمية الشراكة بين الدولة والقطاع الخاص والقطاع ا (،2008) طه أحمد الفسيـل .31

ير كومية لتحقيق التنمية االجتماعية، الورقة الخلفية للتقرلطيفة إسماعيل الثور، تحليل اتجاهات التنمية البشرية في اليمن والجهود الح .32

.2013الوطني للتنمية البشرية

، دراسة مقدمة إلى ندوة الثورة اليمنية .. الخلفية التاريخية .. الخصوصية .. ، شركاء اليمن في التنمية(2012) محمد أحمد األفندي .33

قطر.، المركز العربي لألبحاث ودراسة السياسات، اآلفاق(

جامعة السياسية، والعلوم مجلة االقتصاد االقتصادي، والنمو البشري البعد (،2001متولي ) محمد البرادعي ومنال مصطفى منى .34

.17 العدد القاهرة،

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المسح الوطني لرصد الحماية االجتماعية. ،(2012) منظمة اليونيسيف .35

/http://rho.emro.who.int/rhodata ، الموقع االلكتروني:(2012) منظمة الصحة العالمية .36 .2013رير الخاص بالصحة في العالم ، التق(2013.......... ) .37

ر مؤتمر الدائرة المستديرة لتطوي، قطاع الكهرباء في اليمن المستقبلية لتطويراإلمكانيات المتاحة واآلفاق (، 2013) نبيل محمد الطيري .38

.صنعاء، قطاع الكهرباء في اليمنادي المرصد االقتص، اإلنفاق على البنية التحتية وآثاره االقتصادية واالجتماعية: الوضع الراهن والبدائل المقترحة ،(2014).......... .39

.صنعاء -للدراسات واالستشارات

أعداد متفرقة. - وزارة التخطيط والتعاون الدولي، تقرير وضع اليمن في التقارير الدولية .40 (.2005-2003التخفيف من الفقر) إستراتيجية ،(2003.......... ) .41

، تقرير التنمية البشرية الوطني الثالث.(2004.......... ) .42

(.2010-2006) خطة التنمية االقتصادية واالجتماعية الثالثة للتخفيف من الفقر ،(2006.......... ) .43

، تقرير التنمية البشرية الوطني الرابع.أ(-2010.......... ) .44

(.2015-2011) خطة التنمية االقتصادية واالجتماعية الرابعة للتخفيف من الفقرشروع م، ب(-2010.......... ) .45

.من التنمية والتحديث عاما 20، ج(-2010.......... ) .46

(.2014-2012) البرنامج المرحلي لالستقرار والتنمية، (2012.......... ) .47

.لحكومة اليمنية ومجتمع المانحينبين ا (، اإلطار المشترك للمسؤوليات المتبادلةأ-2013).......... .48

.اليمنية ومنظمات المجتمع المدني وثيقة الشراكة بين الحكومة ،ب(-2013.......... ) .49

(، مستجدات الوضع االقتصادي في اليمن، اجتماع مجموعة أصدقاء اليمن، لندن.أ-2014).......... .50

الحكومة والقطاع الخاص. (، مسودة مشروع قانون الشراكة بينب-2014).......... .51

تقرير اليمن الثاني. :التنمية األلفية ، أهداف(2010) م المتحدةمالبرنامج اإلنمائي لألو وزارة التخطيط والتعاون الدولي .52

.(2016-2014) ، الخطة الوطنية لتشغيل الشاب(2014) البرنامج اإلنمائي لألمم المتحدةووزارة التخطيط والتعاون الدولي .53

ات إطار المسئوليات المتبادلة )التعهد ،(2014) الجهاز التنفيذي لتسريع تعهدات المانحينو لتخطيط والتعاون الدوليوزارة ا .54

.واإلصالحات(

. أعداد متفرقة – المسح التربوي الشامل ،وزارة التربية والتعليم .55

.أعداد متفرقة – النشرة اإلحصائية ،وزارة التعليم الفني والتدريب المهني .56 أعداد متفرقة. - ة الزراعة والري، التقرير السنوي للقطاع الزراعيوزار .57 (،2016-2012) ، اإلستراتيجية الوطنية للقطاع الزراعي(2012.......... ) .58

إحصاءات المنظمات غير الحكومية. ،(2013) وزارة الشؤون االجتماعية والعمل .59

.أعداد متفرقة – ويالتقرير اإلحصائي الصحي السن وزارة الصحة العامة والسكان، .60 .(2010-2006) الخطة الخمسية الثالثة للتنمية الصحية، (2006.......... ) .61

.المراجعة الثالثة للنفقات الصحية (،2007) .......... .62

.2015-2009(، خطة قطاع الصحة 2009.......... ) .63

.، التقرير األول2013لعام المسح الصحي الديمغرافي (، 2014).......... .64

المجلد األول. -التقرير النهائي ، اإلستراتيجية الوطنية لكهربة الريف (،2007) وزارة الكهرباء والطاقة .65

.إستراتيجية الطاقة المتجددة وخطة العمل للربط بالشبكة العامة (،2008) .......... .66

بشأن الكهرباء. 2009نة لس 1، القانون رقم (2009.......... ) .67

بيانات غير منشورة. ، قييم قطاع الكهرباء للخطة الخمسية الثالثةت (،2010).......... .68

.(، تقييم النشاط التجاري لمناطق المؤسسة للقطاعين األهالي وكبار المستهلكين2010).......... .69

اد متفرقة. أعد -وزارة المالية، مجلدات الحسابات الختامية؛ مجلدات الموازنة العامة للدولة؛ نشرة إحصائية مالية الحكومة .70 ، إستراتيجية إصالح إدارة المالية العامة.(2005) .......... .71

.2014ازنات العامة للسنة المالية ، البيان المالي لمشاريع الموازنات العامة، والبيان المالي لمشاريع المو(2012.......... ) .72

والخطة التنفيذية.اإلستراتيجية الوطنية للتنوع الحيوي (،2004) وزارة المياه والبيئة .73

.(2020-2015) ، اإلستراتيجية الوطنية لالستدامة البيئية(2007) .......... .74

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- تقييم بيئي واجتماعي واسع على مستوى القطاع لبرنامج دعم قطاع المياه، (2008) وزارة المياه والبيئة ووزارة الزراعة والري .75

التقرير النهائي. .2005-2003من الفقر إلستراتيجية التخفيف(، واقع الفقر في اليمن، ورقة خلفية مقدمة 2002المتوكل) ىبن يحي ىيحي .76

.نحو تخصيص الموارد للخدمات االجتماعية األساسية، وزارة التخطيط والتعاون الدولي :20/20دراسة مبادرة (،2003.......... ) .77

English: 1. WFP-YEMEN (2013), Emergency External Situation Report.

2. UNDG, Vision and Framework for Actions for UN Operational Activities in support of the post-2015 Agenda:

http://undg.org/docs/13647/UNDG%20Vision%20and%20Framework%20for%20Action%20for%20UN%20

Operational%20Activities%20-%2014%20....pdf

3. UNDP (2009), Implementation of Public Finance Management Reform.

4. UNDP (2006), Public Finance Management Project, Sana'a.

5. Ministry of Education (2010), Second Medium Term Result Framework (2011-2015).

6. World Bank (2010), Public Financial Management Reform in the Middle East and North Africa: An Overview

of Regional Experience, Part I and Part II.

7. UNICEF (2009), The Social Sector in the Maldives: an Overview and Policy Ideas for Reform.

8. World Bank (2008), Republic of Yemen, Public Expenditure Financial Accountability Assessment.

9. ESCWA (2012), Promoting Participatory Democracy in the ESCWA Region:

http://www.escwa.un.org/information/pubaction.asp?PubID=1268

10. Application Form for GAVI Alliance Health System Strengthening (HSS) Applications, Republic of Yemen, May

2007.

11. Ministry of Electricity (2009), Resettlement Policy Framework.

12. YEMEN (2009), Energy Efficiency Institutional Framework, DSM/EE Action Plan, Energy Solve International

Ltd.

13. Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2010), National Food Security Strategy.

14. Deena Burjorjee and Mary Jennings (2008)," Microfinance Gender Study: A Market Study of Women

Entrepreneurs in Yemen" Prepared for the Social Fund for Development.

15. International Food Policy Research Institute (2010), Impacts of the Triple Global Crisis on Growth and Poverty

in Yemen.

Endnotes

i The period after 2011 is unstable. ii See Statistical Annex. iii HBS of 2005/2006 shows modest decline to 46.6% and the number of the poor remains 7 million people. iv Accurate comparisons will only be confirmed after having a new HBS. v Second and third goals of the proposed global sustainable development goals. vi Fourth goal of the proposed global sustainable development goals. vii MoPHP, Annual Health Statistical Report, Several editions. viii These data and indicators are based on the draft of Fourth Five-Year Social and Economic Development Plan for Poverty Reduction for 2011-2015, Pp. 114-118, and Statistical Year Book 2013. ix For more details, see the National Goals and objectives concerning the environment in Annex B, Goals No. 13, 14 and 15. x Central Statistical Organization, Statistics Book, multiple editions. xi The sixth goal of the proposed global goals for sustainable development. xii The implementation of the provisions of this Act could have given a strong push to conserve water.

http://undg.org/docs/13647/UNDG%20Vision%20and%20Framework%20for%20Action%20for%20UN%20Operational%20Activities%20-%2014%20....pdf

http://undg.org/docs/13647/UNDG%20Vision%20and%20Framework%20for%20Action%20for%20UN%20Operational%20Activities%20-%2014%20....pdf

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xiii Illustrated in the Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2008. xiv See Electricity Chart in the Statistical Annex. xv The Seventh Goal of the proposed Global Sustainable Development Goals. xvi ESCWA organized a workshop entitled "Assessing the current situation of the electricity sector in Yemen to induce strengthened sustainability and reduced environmental impact" in Beirut - October 2013. xvii As a result of heavy reliance on liquid fuel at a high cost (45% heavy fuel oil), (28% diesel), (28% natural gas), in addition to the low efficiency of the plants. xviii The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor, non-governmental organizations statistics of 2013, unpublished data. xix The Government conducted consultations with 300 civilian organizations to establish «Supreme Partnership Council» as an institutional framework for implementing the proposed executive plan for the partnership between the two parties. xx The World Bank committed to support building a fruitful relationship between the Government and civil society. xxi For example, see guidelines on NSDS from: OECD, 2001; UNDESA, 2002; OECD, 2006; UNDESA, 2012; Cherp et al., 2004.

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