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Supporting InformationKhoury et al. 10.1073/pnas.1313490111

Fig. S1. Global change in national food supplies by food groups from plant and animal sources, for (A) calories, (B) protein, (C) fat, and (D) weight, 1961–2009.Data displayed is mean per capita values across all (152) countries.

Khoury et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1313490111 1 of 7

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50

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Num

ber o

f Cou

ntrie

s

CropCloves

Citrus, other

Pepper

Grapefruit

Tea

Rape & mustard

Rye

Yams

Beverages, fermented

Sunflower

Dates

Lemons & limes

Millets

Sorghum

Pimento

Oats

Sesame

Pineapples

Palm oil

Cereals, other

Spices, other

Peas

Olives

Cottonseed oil

Roots, other

Sweeteners, other

Apples

Coffee

Cocoa beans

Soybean

Cassava

Sweet potatoes

Oilcrops, other

Tomatoes

Beans

Treenuts

Grapes

Oranges & mandarines

Coconuts

Onions

Beverages, alcoholic

Groundnut

Maize

Bananas & plantains

Pulses, other

Potatoes

Barley

Rice

Fruits, other

Sugar

Vegetables, other

Wheat

Year

Num

ber o

f Cou

ntrie

s

0

50

100

150ApplesApples Bananas & plantainsBananas & plantains BarleyBarley BeansBeans Beverages, alcoholicBeverages, alcoholic Beverages, fermentedBeverages, fermented CassavaCassava Cereals, otherCereals, other

0

50

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150Citrus, otherCitrus, other ClovesCloves Cocoa beansCocoa beans CoconutsCoconuts CoffeeCoffee Cottonseed oilCottonseed oil DatesDates Fruits, otherFruits, other

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150GrapefruitGrapefruit GrapesGrapes GroundnutGroundnut Lemons & limesLemons & limes MaizeMaize MilletsMillets OatsOats Oilcrops, otherOilcrops, otherp

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150OlivesOlives OnionsOnions Oranges & mandarinesOranges & mandarines Palm oilPalm oil PeasPeas PepperPepper PimentoPimento PineapplesPineapplespp

0

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150PotatoesPotatoes Pulses, otherPulses, other Rape & mustardRape & mustard RiceRice Roots, otherRoots, other RyeRye Sesame Sesame SorghumSorghumg

0

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150SoybeanSoybean Spices, otherSpices, other SugarSugar SunflowerSunflower Sweet potatoesSweet potatoes Sweeteners, otherSweeteners, other TeaTea TomatoesTomatoes

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150

1960

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2000

TreenutsTreenuts

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1980

2000

Vegetables, otherVegetables, other

1960

1980

2000

WheatWheat

1960

1980

2000

YamsYams

CaloriesFatProteinWeight

A

B

Fig. S2. Change in the total number of countries reporting each crop commodity, per crop, 1961–2009. (A) Change in the total number of countries reportingeach crop commodity using generalized additive modeling. Crop commodities are counted as present within a given country in a given year when contributingto food supply (>0) for any variable. Crop commodities are listed in ascending order from the value in 1961. The black line displays the mean value across cropcommodities. (B) Change in the total number of countries reporting each crop commodity, per crop, for calories, protein, fat, and weight.



Fig. S3. Slope of the change in relative abundance probability of crop commodities in contribution to (A) calories, (B) protein, (C) fat, and (D) weight innational per capita food supplies from 1961 to 2009. Change in relative abundance probability was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model witha binomial error distribution; year and crop as fixed effects; and country as a random effect. Bars represent the slopes [±95% confidence interval (CI)] of thepredicted values derived from the model for each crop species. Commodities contributing minimally to protein/fat (i.e., <1 g protein/fat per 100 g of the item)were not included in B and C here.



Fig. S4. Comparison of absolute abundance trends for crop commodities reported in contribution to (A) calories, (B) protein, (C) fat, and (D) weight in globalaggregate food supply data vs. mean national food supply data, 1961–2009. To derive these values, the absolute abundance of the crop in 1961 was subtractedfrom the 2009 value. For country-level changes, the between-years difference was first calculated for each country and then averaged across all countries(±95% CI). Global aggregate abundance is a single global value and therefore no estimate of error is possible.

Year

Num

ber o

f Cro

ps

103050

AlbaniaAlbania AlgeriaAlgeria AngolaAngola Antigua & Barb.Antigua & Barb. ArgentinaArgentina AustraliaAustralia AustriaAustria BahamasBahamas BangladeshBangladesh BarbadosBarbados Belgium & Lux.Belgium & Lux. BelizeBelize BeninBenin

103050

BermudaBermuda BoliviaBolivia BotswanaBotswana BrazilBrazil Brunei Dar.Brunei Dar. BulgariaBulgaria Burkina FasoBurkina Faso BurundiBurundi CambodiaCambodia CameroonCameroon CanadaCanada Cape VerdeCape Verde entral African Repubentral African Repubentral African Repub

103050

ChadChad ChileChile ChinaChina ColombiaColombia ComorosComoros CongoCongo Costa RicaCosta Rica CubaCuba CyprusCyprus CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia DenmarkDenmark DjiboutiDjibouti DominicaDominica

103050

Dominican Rep.Dominican Rep. EcuadorEcuador EgyptEgypt El SalvadorEl Salvador EthiopiaEthiopia FijiFiji FinlandFinland FranceFrance French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia GabonGabon GambiaGambia GermanyGermany GhanaGhana

103050

GreeceGreece GrenadaGrenada GuatemalaGuatemala GuineaGuinea Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau GuyanaGuyana HaitiHaiti HondurasHonduras HungaryHungary IcelandIceland IndiaIndia IndonesiaIndonesia IranIran

103050

IrelandIreland IsraelIsrael ItalyItaly Ivory CoastIvory Coast JamaicaJamaica JapanJapan JordanJordan KenyaKenya KiribatiKiribati KuwaitKuwait LaosLaos LebanonLebanon LesothoLesotho

103050

LiberiaLiberia LibyaLibya MadagascarMadagascar MalawiMalawi MalaysiaMalaysia MaldivesMaldives MaliMali MaltaMalta MauritaniaMauritania MauritiusMauritius MexicoMexico MongoliaMongolia MoroccoMorocco

103050

MozambiqueMozambique MyanmarMyanmar NamibiaNamibia NepalNepal NetherlandsNetherlands New CaledoniaNew Caledonia New ZealandNew Zealand NicaraguaNicaragua NigerNiger NigeriaNigeria North KoreaNorth Korea NorwayNorway PakistanPakistan

103050

PanamaPanama ParaguayParaguay PeruPeru PhilippinesPhilippines PolandPoland PortugalPortugal Rep. of KoreaRep. of Korea RomaniaRomania RwandaRwanda Saint LuciaSaint Lucia SamoaSamoa Sao TomeSao Tome Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

103050

SenegalSenegal SeychellesSeychelles Sierra LeoneSierra Leone Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands South AfricaSouth Africa SpainSpain Sri LankaSri Lanka St. KittsSt. Kitts St. VincentSt. Vincent SudanSudan SurinameSuriname SwazilandSwaziland SwedenSweden

103050

SwitzerlandSwitzerland SyriaSyria TanzaniaTanzania ThailandThailand Timor-LesteTimor-Leste TogoTogo Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago TunisiaTunisia TurkeyTurkey UgandaUganda United Arab Em.United Arab Em. United KingdomUnited Kingdom UruguayUruguayg y

103050

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1980

2000

USAUSA

1960

1980

2000

USSRUSSR

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1980

2000

VanuatuVanuatu

1960

1980

2000

VenezuelaVenezuela

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1980

2000

VietnamVietnam

1960

1980

2000

YemenYemen

1960

1980

2000

YugoslaviaYugoslavia

1960

1980

2000

ZambiaZambia

1960

1980

2000

ZimbabweZimbabwe


Fig. S5. Change in the total number of crop commodities reported in contribution to national food supplies, per country, for calories, protein, fat, and weight,1961–2009.



Year

Eve

nnes

s (P

ielo

u's)

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

BermudaBermuda BoliviaBolivia BotswanaBotswana BrazilBrazil Brunei Dar.Brunei Dar. BulgariaBulgaria Burkina FasoBurkina Faso BurundiBurundi CambodiaCambodia CameroonCameroon CanadaCanada Cape VerdeCape Verde Cent. African Rep.Cent. African Rep.p

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

PanamaPanama ParaguayParaguay PeruPeru PhilippinesPhilippines PolandPoland PortugalPortugal Rep. of KoreaRep. of Korea RomaniaRomania RwandaRwanda Saint LuciaSaint Lucia Vincent and the Grenincent and the Gren SamoaSamoa Sao TomeSao Tome

0.20.40.60.8

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia SenegalSenegal SeychellesSeychelles Sierra LeoneSierra Leone Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands South AfricaSouth Africa SpainSpain Sri LankaSri Lanka St. KittsSt. Kitts SudanSudan SurinameSuriname SwazilandSwaziland SwedenSweden

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

1960

1980

2000

USAUSA

1960

1980

2000

USSRUSSR

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1980

2000

VanuatuVanuatu

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1980

2000

VenezuelaVenezuela

1960

1980

2000

VietnamVietnam

1960

1980

2000

YemenYemen

1960

1980

2000


1960

1980

2000

ZambiaZambia

1960

1980

2000

ZimbabweZimbabwe


Fig. S6. Change in evenness in contributing crop commodities in national food supplies using Pielou’s evenness index, per country, for calories, protein, fat,and weight, 1961–2009.

Year

Dom

inan

ce (p

ropo

rtion

of m

ost a

bund

ant c

rop)

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

BermudaBermuda BoliviaBolivia BotswanaBotswana BrazilBrazil Brunei Dar.Brunei Dar. BulgariaBulgaria Burkina FasoBurkina Faso BurundiBurundi CambodiaCambodia CameroonCameroon CanadaCanada Cape VerdeCape Verdep

0.20.40.60.8

Cent. African Rep.Cent. African Rep. ChadChad ChileChile ChinaChina ColombiaColombia ComorosComoros CongoCongo Costa RicaCosta Rica CubaCuba CyprusCyprus CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia DenmarkDenmark DjiboutiDjiboutij

0.20.40.60.8

DominicaDominica Dominican Rep.Dominican Rep. EcuadorEcuador EgyptEgypt El SalvadorEl Salvador EthiopiaEthiopia FijiFiji FinlandFinland FranceFrance French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia GabonGabon GambiaGambia GermanyGermanyy

0.20.40.60.8

GhanaGhana GreeceGreece GrenadaGrenada GuatemalaGuatemala GuineaGuinea Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau GuyanaGuyana HaitiHaiti HondurasHonduras HungaryHungary IcelandIceland IndiaIndia IndonesiaIndonesia

0.20.40.60.8

IranIran IrelandIreland IsraelIsrael ItalyItaly JamaicaJamaica JapanJapan JordanJordan KenyaKenya KiribatiKiribati KuwaitKuwait LaosLaos LebanonLebanon LesothoLesotho

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

1960

1980

2000

USAUSA

1960

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2000

USSRUSSR

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2000

VanuatuVanuatu

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VenezuelaVenezuela

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VietnamVietnam

1960

1980

2000

YemenYemen

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1980

2000


1960

1980

2000

ZambiaZambia

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1980

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ZimbabweZimbabwe


Fig. S7. Change in the proportion of the most abundant crop commodity in national food supplies, per country, for calories, protein, fat, and weight, 1961–2009.



Year

Hom

ogen

eity

(Sim

ilarit

y)

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

BermudaBermuda BoliviaBolivia BotswanaBotswana BrazilBrazil Brunei Dar.Brunei Dar. BulgariaBulgaria Burkina FasoBurkina Faso BurundiBurundi CambodiaCambodia CameroonCameroon CanadaCanada Cape VerdeCape Verde Cent. African Rep.Cent. African Rep.p

0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8


0.20.40.60.8

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USAUSA

1960

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2000

USSRUSSR

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1980

2000

VanuatuVanuatu

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2000

VenezuelaVenezuela

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VietnamVietnam

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1980

2000

YemenYemen

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1980

2000


1960

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2000

ZambiaZambia

1960

1980

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ZimbabweZimbabwe


Fig. S8. Per-country contribution to global homogenization, as measured by the change in similarity of the national food supply crop commodity compositionin comparison with the global mean composition (centroid), for calories, protein, fat, and weight, 1961–2009.

Fig. S9. Global average additive contribution by ranked abundance of crop plant and animal commodities to calories, protein, fat, and weight in food supply,2009. The dotted line shown at 90% displays the threshold used to determine the number of crops considered important to each national food supply in 2009(Table S1), which is inclusive of major contributors to supply and exclusive of commodities contributing very small quantities (1).


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Table S1. Relative importance of crop commodities worldwide, as measured by the number of countries in which each specific cropcommodity counted within the top 90% of national per capita food supply for that variable (total countries = 152) in the most currentyear (2009)

Table S1

For any particular variable (e.g., calories) for each country, the contributing crop commodities were listed in descending order of importance until 90% offood supply was reached. These commodities were then counted as significant to the food supply of the country, and the total number of countries findingeach crop significant was summed to derive a quantitative measure of importance worldwide. Commodities are listed in order of importance defined as sum ofcountry count across the four variables, within cereals; starchy roots; sugar crops; pulses; oil crops and nuts; fruits and vegetables; spices and stimulants; andalcoholic beverages categories. Taxonomy followed The Plant List (13).

1. Prescott-Allen R, Prescott-Allen C (1990) How many plants feed the world? Conserv Biol 4(4):365–374.2. Linares OF (2002) African rice (Oryza glaberrima): History and future potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(25):16360–16365.3. Rachie KO (1975) The millets: Importance, utilization and outlook. Research report (Intl Crops Res Inst Semi-Arid Trop, Hyderabad, India).4. Zeid M, Echenique V, Diaz M, Pessino S, Sorrells M (2011) Eragrostis. Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resources, millets and grasses, ed Kole C (Springer, Berlin), Chap 8.5. FAO (2013) FAOSTAT, Methods and standards, classification, food supply, crops primary equivalent. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/classifications/*/E.

Accessed June 15, 2013.6. Dendy DAV, Dobraszczyk BJ (2001) Cereals and cereal products: Chemistry and technology (Aspen, Gaithersburg, TN).7. FAO (2010) FAOSTAT, Production. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org. Accessed June 15, 2013.8. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (2009) Yam. Available at www.iita.org/yam.9. Belay G (2006) Cereals and Pulses (PROTA Found, Wageningen, Netherlands).

10. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program (2011) Germplasm Resources Information Network. Available at www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl.11. Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture (Univ of California Press, Berkeley).12. FAO (1884) Food balance sheets 1979–1981 average (Food Agric Org United Nations, Rome).13. The Plant List (2010) Version 1. Available at www.theplantlist.org/.14. Davis AP, Gole TW, Baena S, Moat J (2012) The impact of climate change on indigenous Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting future trends and identifying priorities. PLoS ONE

7(11):e47981.15. FAO (2013) FAOSTAT, Methods and standards, classification, food balance sheets. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/classifications/*/E. Accessed June

15, 2013.


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