SUPPLEMENTAR Y INFORMATION · Taxon ColeopteraPtomaphaginus TaxonSpecialist MennoSchilthuizen...

Taxon Coleoptera-‐PtomaphaginusTaxon Specialist Menno SchilthuizenDNA source legCollecting Methods

Marker COIMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Prionochaeta harmandi (RMNH.INS.549243)

Taxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank accession COI

P. bryantioides Sugud RMNH.INS.555591 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978567P. bryantioides Sugud RMNH.INS.555594 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978563P. bryantioides Kiansom RMNH.INS.555645 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978440P. bryantioides Tun Fuad Park, Kota Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555677 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978586P. bryantioides Kiansom RMNH.INS.555600 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978518P. bryantioides Kiansom RMNH.INS.555598 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978401P. bryantioides Kiansom RMNH.INS.555599 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978361P. bryantioides Kiansom RMNH.INS.555644 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978321P. bryantioides Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555637 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978426P. bryantioides Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555626 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978491P. bryantioides Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555628 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978372P. bryantioides Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555627 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978447P. bryantioides Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555625 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978577P. similipes Sugud RMNH.INS.555592 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978388P. similipes Sugud RMNH.INS.555681 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978561P. similipes Sugud RMNH.INS.555680 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978357P. similipes Sugud RMNH.INS.555593 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978452P. similipes Sugud RMNH.INS.555685 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978467P. similipes Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555610 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978472P. similipes Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555612 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978573P. similipes Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555609 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978459P. similipes Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555616 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978532P. c.f._latimanus Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555611 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978416P. kinabaluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluRMNH.INS.555601 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978315

P. kinabaluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555631 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978507P. kinabaluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount


P. kinabaluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu

RMNH.INS.555604 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978463







P. kinabaluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555629 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978373P. n.sp.bryanti Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555618 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978451P. n.sp.bryanti Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555621 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978443P. n.sp.bryanti Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555620 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978347P. n.sp.bryanti Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555622 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978327P. n.sp.bryanti Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555619 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978522P. nr.fagei Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555632 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978585P. nr.fagei Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555633 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978590P. ater Paka Cave, Layang Layang, Mount


P. ater Paka Cave, Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu


P. latescens Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu


P. bryantioides Kota Kinabalu RMNH.INS.549270 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978601P. bryantioides Kota Kinabalu RMNH.INS.549271 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978332P. bryantioides Kota Kinabalu RMNH.INS.549268 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978437P. bryantioides Kota Kinabalu RMNH.INS.549269 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978397P. similipes Penampang RMNH.INS.549263 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978478Prionochaeta harmandi Japan RMNH.INS.549243 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KF492848

We collected Cholevinae with ground-‐based baited pitfall traps, as follows. The iron lid of a 0.5 L glass jam jar was perforated with ca. twenty 5 mm diameter holes. A 1-‐cm-‐thick layer of NaCl-‐paste (salt crystals plus a few drops of H2O) was placed on the bottom of the jar, and a 15 g piece of bait (mostly Limburger cheese, but in some cases beef or human dung) was wrapped in gauze and suspended from a metal string from the lid. The lid was then screwed onto the jar in such a way that the bait did not touch the salt, and dug into the soil. We made sure the lid was level with the ground surface and then placed a square 15 x 15CM plywood roof over the jar, propped up on four bamboo sateh-‐sticks. At each location we placed 5 traps, separated by ca. 20 m.

Traps were inspected regularly: at lower elevations (higher temperatures) this was done once every two days, at higher elevations, once every 4 days. Traps were left for a minimum of 4 days and a maximum of 8 days. At each inspection, the salt plus any beetles was transferred to pure ethanol and then sorted in the lab for the presence of cholevines and other staphylinoids. Ptomaphaginus-‐specimens were dissected in a makeshift field lab, their identity assessed based on the male genitalia and secondary sexual characters, and then subsampled, by removing all legs on one side of the body and storing these, under the same field voucher number, in a separate vial of pure ethanol.

Bayesian, 13 333 333 generations, 25% burn-‐in

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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONdoi:10.1038/nature14949

Taxon Araneae-‐MyrmarachneTaxon Specialist Peter KoomenDNA source legCollecting Methods

Marker COIMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Ligonipes sp. (EU815599)


M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK003 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978333M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK005 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978526M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK007 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978454M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK008 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978350M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK009 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978536M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK010 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978342M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK011 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978499M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK012 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978533M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK013 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978415M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK014 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978381M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK015 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978479M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK016 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978424M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK017 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978320M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK018 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978551M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK019 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978581M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK020 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978604M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK022 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978494M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK023 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978535M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK024 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978556M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK026 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978570M. mariaelenae Kinabalu Head Quarters NMF2012-‐01399.PK027 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978489M. christae Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK036 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978566M. nov. sp. 1 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK050 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978462M. sp. 4 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK051 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978527M. sp. 4 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK052 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978375M. malayana Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK068 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978414M. malayana Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK069 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978465M. sp. 5 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK073 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978606M. sp. 5 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK077 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978528M. sp. 5 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK080 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978330M. sp. 5 Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK081 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978345M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK083 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978552M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK097 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978366M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK098 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978488M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK103 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978548M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK109 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978511M. malayana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK116 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978420M. malayana Inobong, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK137 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978324M. malayana Inobong, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK144 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978525M. malayana Inobong, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK158 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978418M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK174 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978387M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK175 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978477M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK177 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978318M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK178 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978607M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK179 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978377M. sp. 3 Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK183 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978481M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK186 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978400M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK191 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978390M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK198 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978458M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK200 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978394M. sp. 3 Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK206 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978520M. hanoii Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK210 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978473M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK213 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978474M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK214 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978438M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK215 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978579M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK216 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978540M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK217 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978492M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK219 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978408M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK220 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978544M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK221 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978386M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK222 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978407M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK223 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978449M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK224 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978423M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK225 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978571M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK226 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978364M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK227 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978523M. mariaelenae Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK244 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978558M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK245 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978334M. mariaelenae Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK246 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978613M. mariaelenae Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK247 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978402M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK248 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978483M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK249 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978537M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK250 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978480M. mariaelenae Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK252 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978562M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK254 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978591M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK255 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978365M. nov. sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK256 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978542M. nov. sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK257 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978543M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK259 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978335M. nov. sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK260 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978409M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK261 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978322M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK262 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978433M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK263 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978356M. nov. sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK264 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978427

Looking for jumping spiders walking or sitting on or under leaves, or hiding in silk cells underneath leaves, in folded leaves, or in between two overlapping leaves. Incidentally spiders were collected from branches, bark, soil or rocks. A spider was collected by forcing it in a glass tube, always with an insect net at short distance below it. In case a spider tried to escape by jumping away from its hiding place, it usually fell into the net and could still be collected. All spiders were temporarily kept alive in separate glass tubes, plugged with cotton wool. At the end of a collecting trip, each spider was anaesthetized with ethyl acetate vapour and photographed (dorsal, rostral, lateral, and rostrodorsolateral views). A single leg was removed and stored as a subsample in a tube with ethanol 96%. The rest of the spider was preserved in another tube with ethanol 70% with about 1% glycerine added.



SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONRESEARCHdoi:10.1038/nature14949

Araneae-‐Myrmarachne continuedTaxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank

accession COIM. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK265 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978594M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK266 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978539M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK267 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978578M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK285 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978550M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK286 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978442M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK290 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978368M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK291 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978359M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK293 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978406M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK298 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978569M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK301 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978314M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK303 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978319M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK304 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978457M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK305 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978501M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK306 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978482M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK307 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978469M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK308 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978360M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK311 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978417M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK312 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978383M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK315 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978392M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK316 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978323M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK317 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978614M. malayana Mahua, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK320 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978612M. mariaelenae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK352 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978384M. cornuta Moyog, Crocker Range NMF2012-‐01399.PK357 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978398M. cornuta Poring, Mount Kinabalu NMF2012-‐01399.PK373 Natuurmuseum Fryslân, The Netherlands KP978509M. foenisex Gabon -‐ -‐ JX145679M. evidens Gabon -‐ -‐ JX145678M. cf. gedongensis Malaysia -‐ -‐ JX145676M. assimilis Philippines -‐ -‐ AY297412 Ligonipes sp. Australia -‐ -‐ EU815599



Taxon Anura-‐KalophrynusTaxon Specialist Merlijn JocquéDNA source soft tissueMarker COIMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Phrynella pulchra (AB611973)


K. baluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RBINS 16009 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978464K. baluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RBINS 16010 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978596K. baluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

Kinabalu RBINS 16043 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978516

K. baluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu

RBINS 16063 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978496

K. baluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RBINS 16096 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978435K. baluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range RBINS 16023 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978545K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15993 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978380K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15994 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978374K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15995 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978572K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15998 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978560K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15999 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978412K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 16000 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978326K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 16001 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978445K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 16006 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978378K.sp.2 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 16007 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978353K.sp.1 Inobong, Crocker Range RBINS 15992 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences KP978410K. interlineatus -‐ no voucher (pettrade) -‐ AB611913Metaphrynella pollicaris -‐ KUZ 21655 Department of Zoology, Kyoto University AB611931Metaphrynella sundana -‐ BORN 8191 BORNEENSIS Collection, Universiti Malaysia

SabahAB611939

K. pleurostigma -‐ no voucher (pettrade) -‐ AB611921Phrynella pulchra -‐ UKM HC 820 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Herpetological

CollectionAB611973




Taxon Athyriaceae-‐AthyriumTaxon Specialist Peter Hovenkamp; Nicolien SolDNA source green leaf tissueCollecting Methods

Marker rbcL + trnL-‐FMethodSearch StrategyApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup

Taxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank accession trnL-‐trnF

GenBank accession rbcL

A. amoenum Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275292 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979023 KP978664A. clemensiae Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275281 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979005 KP978660A. clemensiae Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275285 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979049 KP978667A. amoenum Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275291 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979074 KP978670A. amoenum Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275290 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979036 KP978665A. clemensiae Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4275280 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979007 KP978661A. clemensiae Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu L.4275283 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979046 KP978666A. amoenum Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4275279 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979052 KP978668Diplazium simplicivenium Mului L.3541992 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979014 KP978663A. amoenum Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4275287 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979063 KP978669A. amoenum Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4275286 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979008 KP978662A. arisanense Yakushima, Kagoshima, Japan TD&T681 Kumamoto University EU329069 EU329025A. atkinsonii Arimine, Toyama, Japan BA603 Chiba University EU329070 EU329026A. brevifrons Abira, Hokkaido, Japan BA536 Chiba University EU329071 EU329027A. clivicola Mt. Iwawaki, Osaka, Japan BA528 Chiba University EU329072 EU329028A. cuspidatum Kunming Bot. Gard., China BA630 Chiba University EU329073 EU329029A. deltoidofrons Tsukuba Botanic Garden, Japan TBG122832 Tsukuba Botanic Garden EU329074 EU329030A. eremicola Hyogo Science Museum, Japan BA505 Chiba University EU329075 EU329031A. filix-‐femina, cultivated Cultivated BA523 Chiba University EU329076 EU329032A. iseanum Mt. Iwaki, Osaka, Japan BA526 Chiba University EU329077 EU329034A. iseanum, var. angustisectum Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto, Japan TD&T91 Kumamoto University EU329078 EU329035A. kirisimaense Karakuni, Miyazaki, Japan TD&T145 Kumamoto University EU329079 EU329036A. kuratae Tsukuba Botanic Garden, Japan SM060806-‐9 Tsukuba Botanic Garden EU329080 EU329037A. melanolepis Nikko Botanical Garden, Japan BA501 Chiba University EU329081 EU329038A. nakanoi Yakushima, Kagoshima, Japan MT05112301 Kumamoto University EU329082 EU329039A. neglectum Kuju, Ooita, Japan MT6081606 Kumamoto University EU329083 EU329040A. nikkoense Fujimi, Shizuoka, Japan TS&T170 Kumamoto University EU329084 EU329041A. niponicum Yayoi, Chiba, Japan BA506 Chiba University EU329085 EU329042A. oblitescens Inazumi, Toyama, Japan BA579 Chiba University EU329086 EU329043A. otophorum Minamata, Kumamoto, Japan TD&T134 Kumamoto University EU329087 EU329044A. rupestre Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan BA539 Chiba University EU329088 EU329045A. setuligerum Kuju, Ooita, Japan MT6081606 Kumamoto University EU329089 EU329046A. sheareri Yayoi, Chiba, Japan BA522 Chiba University EU329090 EU329047A. subrigescens Itsuki, Kumamoto, Japan TD&T138 Kumamoto University EU329091 EU329048A. strigillosum Teno, Kumamoto, Japan MT6081602 Kumamoto University EU329092 EU329049A. tashiroi Mt. Hagane, Fukuoka, Japan TS&T83 Kumamoto University EU329093 EU329050A. tozanense Yakushima, Kagoshima, Japan MT05112302 Kumamoto University EU329094 EU329051A. vidalii Tsukuba Botanic Garden, Japan TBG137195 Tsukuba Botanic Garden EU329095 EU329052A. viridescentipe Ookuchi, Kagoshima, Japan TD&T153 Kumamoto University EU329096 EU329053A. wardii Mt. Iwawaki, Osaka, Japan BA527 Chiba University EU329097 EU329054A. yokoscense Mt. Apoi, Hokkaido, Japan BA500 Chiba University EU329098 EU329055A. yokoscense, var. dilatatum Mt. Tsurumi, Ooita, Japan TS&T19 Kumamoto University EU329099 EU329056A. x-‐akiense Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA516 Chiba University EU329100 EU329057A. x-‐hisatsuanum Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA517 Chiba University EU329101 EU329058A. x-‐tokashikii Itsutsuji, Osaka, Japan BA563 Chiba University EU329102 EU329059Cornopteris christenseniana Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA508 Chiba University EU329103 EU329060Cornopteris christenseniana Mt. Kongo, Osaka, Japan BA592 Chiba University EU329104 EU329061Cornopteris crenulatoserrulata Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA509 Chiba University EU329105 EU329062Cornopteris decurrenti-‐alata Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA511 Chiba University EU329106 EU329063Deparia petersenii Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA520 Chiba University EU329107 EU329064Deparia conilii Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA518 Chiba University EU329108 EU329065Deparia lobatocrenata Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA519 Chiba University EU329109 EU329066Diplazium nipponicum Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA512 Chiba University EU329110 EU329067Diplazium hachijoense Koishikawa Bot. Garden, Japan BA513 Chiba University EU329111 EU329068

priors for two markers unlinked; Nst = 6 for rbcL, 2 for trnL-‐F, Rates = Gamma for both

Deparia petersenii (EU329107 + EU329064)


For the ferns, whole plants were collected in the field. The plants were preserved with standard Schweinfurth methods and dried immediately after the field work was finished using the facilities at Kinabalu park Headquarters (SNP, Sabah collections), resp. Brunei Forestry Center (BRUN, Brunei collections, abbreviations according to Index Herbariorum (Thiers continuously updated). Lamina-‐tissue samples of 1 to severalCM2 were distributed to SNP resp. BRUN and Naturalis Biodiversity Center (L).



Taxon Nepenthaceae-‐NepenthesTaxon Specialist Rachel SchwallierDNA source green leaf tissueCollecting Methods

Marker matKMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup N. pervillei (AF315885)

Taxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank accession matK

N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149114 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152323N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149113 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152324N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149112 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152325N. gracilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149092 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152326N. gracilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149078 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152327N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149079 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152328N. gracilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149080 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152329N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149081 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152330N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149084 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152331N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149084 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152332N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149082 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152333N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149083 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152334N. mirabilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149089 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152335N. gracilis Poring, Mount Kinabalu L.4149090 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152336N. tentaculata Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149091 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152337N. tentaculata Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149120 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152338N. edwardsiana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149117 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152340N. tentaculata Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149115 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152339N. edwardsiana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149074-‐77 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152341N. lowii Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149124 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152342N. edwardsiana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149093 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152343N. edwardsiana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149106 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152344N. edwardsiana Sayap, Mount Kinabalu L.4149101 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152345N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149099 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152346N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149088 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152347N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149087 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152348N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149086 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152349N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149098 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152350N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149097 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152351N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149096 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152352N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149095 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152353N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149390 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152354N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149358 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152355N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149395 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152356N. tentaculata Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149110 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152357N. xkinabaluensis Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149394 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152358N. harryana Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149355-‐6 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152359N. villosa Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149354 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152360N. villosa Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149393 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152361N. xkinabaluensis Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149392 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152362N. villosa Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149391 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152363N. xkinabaluensis Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149357 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152364N. villosa Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149389 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152365N. rajah Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu SNP34297 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152366N. villosa Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L.4149107 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152367N. gracilis Inobong, Crocker Range L.4149396 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152368N. mirabilis Inobong, Crocker Range L.4149383 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152369N. gracilis Inobong, Crocker Range L.4149384 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152370N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149385 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152371N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149386 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152372N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149387 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152373N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149388 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152374N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149374 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152375N. lowii Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149373 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152376N. lowii Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149375-‐6 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152377N. lowii Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149378 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152378N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149379 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152379N. fusca Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149380 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152380N. fusca Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149381 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152381N. fusca Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149382 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152382N. fusca Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149368 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152383N. chaniana Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149369 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152384N. chaniana Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149370 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152385N. tentaculata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range L.4149371 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152386N. ampullaria other L.4149367 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152387N. gracilis other L.4149365 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152388N. ampullaria other L.4149364 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152389N. ampullaria other L.4149362 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152390N. ampullaria other L.4149361 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152391N. xhookeriana other L.4149359 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152392N. gracilis other L.4149377 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152393N. gracilis other L.4149109 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP152394N. pervillei Seychelles Cult. Bot. Gard. Munchen H-‐25 Botanical Garden, Munchen AF315885

Young leaf tips of Nepenthes were collected and dried immediately on silica beads. In addition to this, voucher material was collected in duplicate for the herbarium in Leiden and Sabah National Parks, and preserved on ethanol after pressing. Specimen protocol for presentation of herbarium sheets followed Clarke & Moran (2011).




Taxon Ericaceae-‐RhododendronTaxon Specialist Rimi RepinDNA source green leaf tissueMarker trnL-‐F + ITSMethodSearch Strategy Nst=6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup


GenBank accession ITS

R. crassifolium Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21904 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978837R. suaveolens Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21905 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979060 KP978848R. rugosum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21906 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978866R. bagobonum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21907 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979004 KP978763R. burtii Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21908 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978881R. cf.rugosum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21909 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979082 KP978899R. stapfianum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21910 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979097 KP978926R. exuberans Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21911 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979080 KP978894R. sp. Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21912 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979013 KP978776R. fallacinum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21913 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979016 KP978780R. suaveolens Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21914 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979071 KP978880R. stenophyllum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21915 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978913R. sp. Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21916 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979053 KP978839R. sp. Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21917 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979093 KP978919R. cf.rugosum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21918 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979081 KP978896R. javanicum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21919 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979021 KP978787R. fallacinum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21920 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979045 KP978831R. cuneifolium Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21921 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979011 KP978774R. crassifolium Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21922 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979019 KP978784R. crassifolium Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21923 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979069 KP978871R. simulans Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21925 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978778R. cf.stapfianum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21926 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978816R. stenophyllum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21927 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979037 KP978809R. fallacinum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21928 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979043 KP978827R. suaveolens Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21929 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979018 KP978783R. x.planecostatum Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SNP21930 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979092 KP978918R. fallacinum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21931 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979009 KP978769R. praetervisum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21932 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979029 KP978799R. orbiculatum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21933 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979015 KP978779R. suaveolens Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21934 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979070 KP978875R. javanicum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21935 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979028 KP978798R. borneense Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21936 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979042 KP978826R. crassifolium Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21937 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979031 KP978803R. crassifolium Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21938 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978868R. javanicum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21939 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979054 KP978840R. crassifolium Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21940 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979089 KP978914R. crassifolium Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21941 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979030 KP978802R. suaveolens Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21943 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979032 KP978804R. praetervisum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21944 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979062 KP978851R. fallacinum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21945 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979017 KP978782R. orbiculatum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21955 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979050 KP978835R. fallacinum Mamut Copper Mine, Ranau SNP21956 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979086 KP978908R. buxifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP32301 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979084 KP978906R. ericoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu SNP32302 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978781R. ericoides Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP32303 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978885R. buxifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP32304 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979085 KP978907R. lowii Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP32305 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979073 KP978883R. buxifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP32306 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979051 KP978836R. buxifolium Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu SNP32307 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979026 KP978793R. fallacinum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28502 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979095 KP978922R. fallacinum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28503 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979078 KP978891R. rugosum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28504 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979067 KP978865R. stenophyllum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28505 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979065 KP978860R. rugosum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28508 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979083 KP978903R. acuminatum Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu SNP28509 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979034 KP978806R. rugosum Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu SNP28510 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979047 KP978833R. lowii Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28513 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979022 KP978788R. cuneifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28514 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979064 KP978858R. cuneifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28515 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978889R. cf.cuneifolium Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28516 Sabah Parks Herbarium -‐ KP978869R. stenophyllum Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28517 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979068 KP978870R. sp. Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu SNP28518 Sabah Parks Herbarium KP979076 KP978888R. camtschaticum unknown 73/054, RSF -‐ AF394258 GU176637

R. camtschaticum (GU176637 + AF394258)




Taxon Balsaminaceae-‐ImpatiensTaxon SpecialistDNA source green leaf tissueMarker ImpDEF1 + ImpDEF2 + atpB-‐rbcLMethodSearch StrategyApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup

Taxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank accession ImDEF1

GenBank accession ImDEF2

GenBank accession atpB-‐rbcL

I. usambarensis African origin, cult. Bot. Gard. Koblenz Univ

Fischer NE20 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133606 EF133661 DQ147889

I. walleriana African origin, cult. Nat. Bot. Gard. Meise

S3926 (BR) National Botanic Garden of Belgium EF133609 EF133664 DQ147892

I. serpens Tanzania Knox 3551 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) FJ826728 FJ826779 FJ826674I. thamnoidea Tanzania Knox 3576 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) FJ826730 FJ826783 FJ826676I. pseudohamata Tanzania Knox 3553 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) FJ826722 FJ826774 FJ826669I. balsamina Indian origin, cult. Kruidtuin Leuven Janssens SJ001 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133563 EF133617 DQ147816I. cuspidata South Indian origin, cult. by Ray

Morgan, U.K.Ray Morgan s.n. (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133575 EF133628 DQ147832

I. flaccida South Indian origin, cult. Nat. Bot. Gard. Meise

FB/S3925 (BR) National Botanic Garden of Belgium EF133582 EF133636 DQ147845

I. latifolia South Indian origin, cult. by Ray Morgan, U.K.

Ray Morgan s.n. (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133588 EF133643 DQ147854

I. chevalieri Balat, Vietnam Song and Puoong 2004-‐07 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) -‐ FJ826742 FJ826636I. aureliana Yunnan, China Yuan CN2k1-‐56 (NEU) Université de Neuchâtel EF133561 EF133614 DQ147814I. kinabaluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range Mennes 28 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232829 KR232835 KR232823I. kinabaluensis Poring, Mount Kinabalu Mennes 15 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232830 KR232836 KR232824I. kinabaluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluMennes 25 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232828 KR232834 KR232822

I. kinabaluensis Poring, Mount Kinabalu Lens 07 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232825 KR232831 KR232819I. kinabaluensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluLens 33 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232826 KR232832 KR232820

I. kinabaluensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range Lens 73 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR232827 KR232833 KR232821I. eberhardtii Annam, Vietnam Song s.n. (NEU) Université de Neuchâtel EF133579 EF133632 DQ147839I. poilanei Annam, Vietnam Song s.n. (NEU) Université de Neuchâtel EF133595 EF133650 DQ147869I. chinensis Yunnan, China Yuan CN2k1-‐49 (NEU) Université de Neuchâtel EF133569 EF133622 DQ147825I. hawkeri New Guinean Janssens SJ006 (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133586 EF133640 DQ147850I. platypetala Bali, Indonesian origin, cult. by Ray

Morgan, U.K.Ray Morgan s.n. (LV) Botanic Garden Meise (BR) EF133594 EF133649 DQ147868

I. hians African origin, cult. Bot. Gard. Berlin Schwerdtfeger 9492a (B) Botanischer Garten Berlin-‐Dahlem EF133585 EF133639 DQ147849

Impatiens hians (EF133585 + EF133639 + DQ147849)

markers linked; Nst=6, Rates = GammaBayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐in

Steven Janssens, Constantijn Mennes and Frederic Lens



Taxon Odonata-‐CoelicciaTaxon SpecialistDNA source legMarker COIMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup


C. didyma Terengganu, Malaysia RMNH.INS.503926 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KF369344C. didyma Terengganu, Malaysia RMNH.INS.503932 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978404C. nemoricola Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.507768 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978588C. nemoricola Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.507775 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978598C. nemoricola Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.507780 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978448C. nemoricola Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.507782 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978524C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507792 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978510C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507793 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978493C. nemoricola Sarawak, Malaysia RMNH.INS.506294 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978603C. nemoricola Sarawak, Malaysia RMNH.INS.506304 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978431C. species 2 Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount


C. species 1 Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507675 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978497C. species 1 Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507677 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978600C. species 1 Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507678 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978425C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507721 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978582C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507728 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978351C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507734 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978587C. nemoricola Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.507735 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978371C. octogesima Singapore RMNH.INS.503977 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978341C. octogesima Malaysia RMNH.INS.228944 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978358C. octogesima Singapore RMNH.INS.503978 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978508C. octogesima Singapore RMNH.INS.501021 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978456C. octogesima Malaysia RMNH.INS.506836 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978475C. poungyi Thailand RMNH.INS.509175 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978422C. poungyi Thailand RMNH.INS.509174 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978395C. poungyi Thailand RMNH.INS.505734 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978529C. albicauda Malaysia RMNH.INS.501058 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978611C. albicauda Malaysia RMNH.INS.501072 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978615C. albicauda Malaysia RMNH.INS.506849 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978610C. cyanomelas Hong Kong, China RMNH.INS.506468 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978429C. cyanomelas Hong Kong, China RMNH.INS.506487 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978568C. cyanomelas Hong Kong, China RMNH.INS.506475 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978411Calicnemia rectangulata Pahang, Malaysia RMNH.INS.500047 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978557

Calicnemia rectangulata (RMNH.INS.500047)


Aqilah Afendy, Rory Dow, K.D. Dijkstra and Frank Stokvis



Taxon Polygalaceae-‐EpirixanthesTaxon SpecialistDNA source inflorescenceMarker matK + ITSMethodSearch StrategyApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Salomonia ciliata (K'tung 78 6390)



E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM001-‐1 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002169 KM982703E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM001-‐2 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002170 KM982703E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM009 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002175 KM982709E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM002-‐1 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002171 KM982705E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM002-‐2 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002172 KM982705E. pallida Sayap, Mount Kinabalu CM006 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002168 KM982702E. papuana Poring, Mount Kinabalu CM011 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002176 KM982710E. kinabaluensis Poring, Mount Kinabalu CM013 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002166 KM982700E. elongata Inobong, Crocker Range CM030 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002164 KM982697E. elongata Inobong, Crocker Range CM032 (L) National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002165 KM982698Salomonia cantoniensis -‐ WJJO de Wilde & BEE de Wilde-‐

Duyfjes 21409 (L)National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002180 KM982714

Salomonia ciliata -‐ K'tung 78 6390 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KR002181 KM982715

Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inpriors for markers unlinked; for both Nst = 6, Rates = Gamma

Vincent Merckx and Constantijn Mennes



Taxon Diptera-‐DiopsidaeTaxon SpecialistDNA source legCollecting Methods

Marker COII + 12S + 16S + Ef1a + 28SMethodApplied Software BEAST2Outgroup


GenBank accession COII

GenBank accession 12S


GenBank accession Ef1a


Cyrtodiopsis nr dalmanni sp.1 IIX3 Kiansom, Sabah FF.IIX.3 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978999 KP978973 KP978636 KP978947 KP978656Teleopsis pseudogracilifemur sp. N. Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluRMNH.INS.555116 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978328 KP978979 KP978953 KP978618 KP978928 KP978641

Teleopsis gracilifemur sp. N. Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555117 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978597 KP979001 KP978975 -‐ KP978949 KP978657Teleopsis pseudogracilifemur sp. N. Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluRMNH.INS.555122 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978453 KP978989 KP978963 KP978627 KP978937 KP978647

Teleopsis gracilifemur sp. N. Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555127 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978340 KP978981 KP978955 KP978620 KP978930 KP978643Teleopsis pallifacies Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555128 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978498 KP978993 KP978967 KP978631 KP978941 KP978651Teleopsis pallifacies Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555138 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978468 KP978990 KP978964 KP978628 KP978938 KP978648Teleopsis nr discrepans sp. C Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555141 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978589 KP979000 KP978974 KP978637 KP978948 -‐Teleopsis nr discrepans sp. A Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555146 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978343 KP978982 KP978956 KP978621 KP978931 -‐Teleopsis longiconus sp. N. Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555156 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978997 KP978971 KP978634 KP978945 KP978655Teleopsis nr sexguttata Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555159 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978337 KP978980 KP978954 KP978619 KP978929 KP978642Teleopsis sabah sp. 1 Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555160 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978421 KP978986 KP978960 -‐ KP978935 KP978645Cyrtodiopsis nr dalmanni sp. 2 Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555161 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978599 KP979002 KP978976 KP978638 KP978950 KP978658Cyrtodiopsis nr dalmanni sp. 1 Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555162 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978317 KP978978 KP978952 KP978617 KP978927 KP978640Teleopsis nr quinqueguttata Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557894 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978616 KP979003 KP978977 KP978639 KP978951 KP978659Teleopsis scapulistylus sp. N. Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557898 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978444 KP978988 KP978962 KP978626 KP978936 KP978646Teleopsis sabah sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557902 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978486 KP978992 KP978966 KP978630 KP978940 KP978650Teleopsis sp. 2 Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557903 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978376 KP978984 KP978958 KP978623 KP978933 -‐Teleopsis pseudogracilifemur sp. N. Long Gong Kugan, Sabah RMNH.INS.557932 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978396 KP978985 KP978959 KP978624 KP978934 -‐Teleopsis nr discrepans sp. B Kisada, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557945 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978574 KP978998 KP978972 KP978635 KP978946 -‐Teleopsis nr breviscopium Kiulu, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557959 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978553 -‐ KP978968 KP978632 KP978942 KP978652Eurydiopsis sarawakensis Kipandi Butterfly Park, Crocker

RangeRMNH.INS.557960 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978506 KP978994 -‐ -‐ -‐

Teleopsis pallifacies Kisada, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.557968 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978554 KP978995 KP978969 -‐ KP978943 KP978653Teleopsis discrepans XIII1 Langanan Falls, Sabah FF.XIII.1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978996 KP978970 KP978633 KP978944 KP978654Teleopsis gracilifemur sp. N. V2 Mahua, Crocker Range FF.V.2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978987 KP978961 KP978625 -‐ -‐Teleopsis longiconus sp. N. V1 Mahua, Crocker Range FF.V.1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978983 KP978957 KP978622 KP978932 KP978644Teleopsis pallifacies IV5 Kiansom, Sabah FF.IV.5 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) -‐ KP978991 KP978965 KP978629 KP978939 KP978649

Teloglabrus milleri + Teloglabrus entabenensis


Hans Feijen, Cobi Feijen and Frida Feijen

For Diopsidae collecting, we mainly used visual collecting with nets. Sometimes we used "blind" sweeping, but this yielded very little due to the wet conditions. For killing we used sometimes ethyl acetate. However, as flies were mostly collected one by one, it was usually preferred to place them directly in vials with absolute alcohol. For the DNA procedure, subsampling was carried out in Holland, after our return. Usually one hindleg was removed for sequencing purposes.



Taxon Dicranaceae-‐DicranolomaTaxon Specialist Monica Suleiman and Michael StechDNA source green leaf tissueMarker ITS + trnL-‐FMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch StrategyApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Mesotus celatus (AF146376 + AF144112)



Dicnemon calycinum -‐ -‐ -‐ AF135067 AF140696Dicranum polysetum -‐ -‐ -‐ AF129587 AF144113Paraleucobryum enerve -‐ -‐ -‐ AF135075 AF144116Holomitrium arboreum -‐ -‐ -‐ KF423995 KF423641Holomitrium crispulum -‐ -‐ -‐ KF423992 KF423638D. billarderi New Zealand -‐ -‐ DQ462594 DQ464193D. billarderi Chile -‐ -‐ DQ462595 DQ464194D. billarderi Rwanda -‐ -‐ DQ462596 DQ464196D. billarderi Reunion -‐ -‐ DQ462597 DQ464197D. blumii Summit Trail, Mount Kinabalu MS20 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia

Sabah (BORH)KP979090 KP978915

D. blumii Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu MS39 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979025 KP978791

D. blumii Gunung Alab, Crocker Range MS52 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979024 KP978790

D. robustum New Zealand Frey & Pfeiffer 98-‐T140 -‐ DQ462598 DQ464188D. robustum New Zealand Frey 1-‐4867 -‐ DQ462599 DQ464189D. robustum Chile Frey & Schaumann 01-‐340 -‐ DQ462600 DQ464190D. robustum Chile Frey & Schaumann 01-‐134 -‐ DQ462601 DQ464191D. chilense Chile Frey & Schaumann 01-‐03 -‐ DQ462604 DQ464186D. dicarpum New Zealand Frey & Frey 94-‐142a -‐ DQ462605 DQ485175D. cylindrothecium Russia A. Lang 20100906.19 (L) -‐ KF423978 KF423621D. menziesii New Zealand Frey & Pfeiffer 98-‐T39 -‐ DQ462607 DQ464184D. menziesii Australia Klazenga 6052 (MEL 3131801) -‐ -‐ DQ485179D. diaphanoneurum Australia L0092869 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979075 KP978887D. havilandii Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu MS41 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia


D. havilandii Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu MS42 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979055 KP978841


KP979077 KP978890


KP979057 KP978845

D. havilandii Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu L0856682 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978797D. leichhardtii Australia Klazenga 6053 (MEL 2138102) -‐ -‐ DQ485176D. fasciatum Australia Klazenga 5996 (MEL 2131746) -‐ -‐ DQ485178D. brevisetum Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS11 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia


D. brevisetum Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS21 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979087 KP978909

D. sp. Java, Indonesia L0856640 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP979041 KP978822D. reflexum Sumatra, Indonesia L0093198 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978768D. reflexum Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS12 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia


D. reflexum Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS13 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979096 KP978923

D. braunii Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu MS35 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979059 KP978847

D. braunii Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS19 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979027 KP978794


KP979091 KP978916


KP979044 KP978828


KP979020 KP978786


KP979038 KP978810


KP979094 KP978921


KP979056 KP978844

D. plurisetum New Zealand Frey & Pfeiffer 98-‐T99 -‐ DQ462606 DQ464185D. plurisetum New Zealand Klazenga 5653 (MEL 2099631) -‐ -‐ DQ485174D. assimile Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS27 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia


D. assimile Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu

MS33 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979040 KP978819

D. assimile Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu MS37 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979079 KP978893

D. assimile Gunung Alab, Crocker Range MS47 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979072 KP978882


KP979010 KP978773


KP979048 KP978834


KP979033 KP978805

D. assimile Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu MS38 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979012 KP978775



KP979066 KP978862



KP979088 KP978911

D. assimile Sayap, Mount Kinabalu MS25 Borneensis Herbarium, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (BORH)

KP979061 KP978850

Mesotus celatus -‐ -‐ -‐ AF146376 AF144112

priors for markers unlinked; for both Nst = 6, Rates = Gamma



Taxon Hirudinae-‐TritetrabdellaTaxon Specialist Heike KappesDNA source soft belly tissueCollecting Methods

Marker COIMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Philaemon pungens (HQ203161)


Philaemon pungens Australia -‐ -‐ HQ203161H. spec. Poring, Mount Kinabalu SP13407 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978385T. kinabalensis inobongensis Inobong, Crocker Range SP13383 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839947T. kinabalensis inobongensis Inobong, Crocker Range SP13382 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839946T. kinabalensis inobongensis Inobong, Crocker Range SP13381 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839945T. kinabalensis inobongensis Inobong, Crocker Range SP13380 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839944T. kinabalensis kinabalensis Gunung Alab, Crocker Range SP13398 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839948T. kinabalensis kinabalensis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluSP13306 Sabah Parks zoological collection KF839949

T. taiwana Taiwan L00143A -‐ HQ322465T. taiwana Taiwan L00142A -‐ HQ322464T. taiwana Taiwan L00144A -‐ HQ322466T. taiwana Taiwan L00147A -‐ HQ322468T. taiwana Taiwan L00150A -‐ HQ322469T. taiwana Taiwan L00141A -‐ HQ322463T. taiwana Taiwan L00146A -‐ HQ322467T. taiwana China -‐ -‐ HQ203195T. taiwana Hong Kong, China Z196 Zoological Department of Kyoto University

(KUZ)AB685259

T. scandens Thailand -‐ -‐ HQ203194

Leeches were collected by participants after being climbed on, or hand-‐picked from stones and vegetation. Leeches were put in 90-‐96% ethanol. Leeches were not subsampled in the field. In the lab part of the lower belly of the leeches was cut and placed in the ethanol vials of the barcoding lab.



Taxon Gastropoda-‐PhilalankaTaxon Specialist Heike KappesDNA source soft foot tissueCollecting Methods

Marker COIMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Zospeum exiguum (1307d_SLV_Loz)


Zospeum exiguum Slovenia 1307d_SLV_Loz Institut fuer Oekologie, Evolution und Diversitaet, Frankfurt, Germany

HQ171582

Carychium mexicanum Georgia, USA 1444c_USA_Georgia Institut fuer Oekologie, Evolution und Diversitaet, Frankfurt, Germany

HQ171529

P. spec1 Inobong, Crocker Range SP13507 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978485P. spec1 Inobong, Crocker Range SP13508 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978515P. spec1 Inobong, Crocker Range SP13509 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978389P. spec1 Inobong, Crocker Range SP13506 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978354P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13519 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978583P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13520 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978362P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13521 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978363P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13522 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978446P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13515 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978403P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13523 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978413P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13516 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978419P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13517 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978495P. thienemanni Mahua, Crocker Range SP13518 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978391P. spec2 Mahua, Crocker Range SP13510 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978471P. spec3 Poring, Mount Kinabalu SP13492 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978349P. spec2 Mahua, Crocker Range SP13511 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978576Subulina octona -‐ -‐ -‐ JX988066Ibycus rachelae Mahua, Crocker Range SP13428 Sabah Parks zoological collection KP978534

Snails were hand collected from the vegetation and the leaf litter and were put in 90-‐96% ethanol. Snails were not subsampled in the field. In the lab, (a part of) the foot of the snails was cut and placed in the ethanol vials of the barcoding lab.



Taxon Hemiptera-‐RhagoveliaTaxon Specialist Nico Nieser and Ping-‐ping ChenDNA source legMarker COIMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Mesovelia horvathi (RMNH.INS.555452)


R. ranau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555214 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978344R. ranau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555215 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978325R. ranau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555219 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978436R. ranau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555217 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978393R. ranau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555212 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978455R. silau Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount


R. silau Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu






R. silau Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555238 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978580R. simulata Poring, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555270 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978434R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555246 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978521R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555247 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978348R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555248 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978428R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555245 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978608R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555244 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978546R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555243 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978379R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555242 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978502R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555249 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978338R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555250 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978352R. samardaca Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555241 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978490R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555251 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978555R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555254 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978514R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555255 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978460R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555259 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978487R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555260 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978441R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555258 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978461R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555256 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978399R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555257 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978575R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555252 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978476R. samardaca Inobong, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555253 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978584R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555466 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978530R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555471 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978512R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555470 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978355R. simulata Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.INS.555445 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978564R. simulata Batu Dinding, Sabah RMNH.INS.555440 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978609R. simulata Batu Dinding, Sabah RMNH.INS.555444 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978466R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555449 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978592R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555474 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978500R. simulata Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.INS.555473 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978367Mesovelia horvathi Sungai Kadamaian, Sabah RMNH.INS.555452 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978331



Taxon Rubiaceae-‐HedyotisTaxon Specialist Frederic Lens and Suman NeupaneDNA source green leaf tissueCollecting Methods

Marker matK + ITS + ETSMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch Strategy priors for markers unlinked; for each set Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Oldenlandia pubescens (W. Takeuchi & al. 13326)



GenBank accession ETS

H. pulchella Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL047 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978697 -‐ KM489536H. pulchella Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL048 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978683 -‐ KM489537H. macrostegia Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL049 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978705 KP978825 KM489525H. pulchella Gunung Alab, Crocker Range FL077 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978741 KP978886 KM489532H. pulchella Gunung Alab, Crocker Range FL068 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978687 KP978796 KM489534H. pulchella Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluFL042 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978720 KP978855 KM489538

H. macrostegia Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL050 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978735 -‐ KM489529H. pulchella Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount


H. macrostegia Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu FL058A National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978736 KP978877 KM489528H. macrostegia Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu FL055 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978696 KP978813 KM489531H. philippensis Poring, Mount Kinabalu FL011 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978693 -‐ KM489544H. pulchella Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount


H. pulchella Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu

FL037 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978707 KP978830 KM489533





H. pulchella Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL046 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978751 KP978904 KM489540H. macrostegia Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu FL054 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978747 -‐ KM489530H. macrostegia Layang Layang, Mount Kinabalu FL052 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978700 KP978818 KM489526H. philippensis Sayap, Mount Kinabalu FL031 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KP978753 -‐ KM489543H. valetoniana New Guinea R.J. Johns 9869A National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) -‐ HE657718 HE681511H. schlechteri New Guinea M. J. S. Sands & al. 1937 Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University -‐ HE657698 HE681491H. fissistipula Sabah, Malaysia J. B. J. Blewett 17 Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University -‐ HE657678 HE681473Oldenlandia pubescens New Guinea W. Takeuchi & al. 13326 Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University -‐ HE657760 HE681556

For collecting Hedyotis, we sampled leaves in silica for sequencing purposes and stem samples of the basal stem part in ethanol 70% for anatomical analysis. The voucher specimens were collected in the field, immediately put in a plastic bag and pressed the same day during the evening with newspaper. A small amount of ethanol was added to the package with pressed plants, sealed with plastic bags, and sent for transportation to Kinabalu Headquarters substation.



Taxon Begoniaceae-‐BegoniaTaxon Specialist Frederic Lens and Daniel ThomasDNA source green leaf tissueCollecting Methods

Marker ndhA intron + ndhF-‐rpl32 spacer + rpl32-‐trnL spacerMethod Bayesian, 15 000 000 generations, 25% burn-‐inSearch Strategy priors for markers unlinked; for each set Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup B. masoniana (DCT07-‐24)

Taxon Origin Voucher Voucher Location GenBank accession ndhA intron

GenBank accession ndhF-‐rpl32 spacer

GenBank accession rpl32-‐trnL spacer

B. amphioxus Cultivated, Glasgow Botanic Gardens; Malaysian origin

LLF141 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh JF756397 JF756481 JF756565

B. beryllae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range FL071 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378676 KM378694 KM378712B. burbidgei Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluFL040 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378672 KM378690 KM378708

B. burbidgei Cultivated, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Malaysian origin

DCT07-‐26 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh JF756396 JF756480 JF756564

B. cauliflora Inobong, Crocker Range FL066 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378675 KM378693 KM378711B. cauliflora Inobong, Crocker Range FL065 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378674 KM378692 KM378710B. cf. beryllae Gunung Alab, Crocker Range FL074 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378678 KM378696 KM378714B. imbricata Gunung Alab, Crocker Range FL075 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378679 KM378697 KM378715B. kingiana Cultivated, Glasgow Botanic

Gardens; Peninsula Malaysian originDCT08-‐102 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh JF756374 JF756458 JF756542

B. masoniana Cultivated, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Chinese origin


B. pendula FoliaSG nursery, Singapore; Malaysian origin


B. inobongensis Inobong, Crocker Range FL062 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378673 KM378691 KM378709B. doloisii Inobong, Crocker Range PH115 National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN) KM378681 -‐ KM378717B. vaccinioides Mount Kinabalu SNP25535_1 Sabah Parks Herbarium KM378682 KM378699 KM378718B. vaccinioides Mount Kinabalu SNP25535_2 Sabah Parks Herbarium KM378683 KM378700 KM378719

For collecting Begonia, we sampled leaves in silica for sequencing purposes and stem samples of the basal stem part in ethanol 70% for anatomical analysis. The voucher specimens were collected in the field, immediately put in a plastic bag and pressed the same day during the evening with newspaper. A small amount of ethanol was added to the package with pressed plants, sealed with plastic bags, and sent for transportation to Kinabalu Headquarters substation.



Taxon Cortinariaceae-‐CortinariusTaxon Specialist József Geml and Luis MorgadoDNA source soil samplesCollecting Methods

Marker RMNH, Leiden, The NetherlandsMethod ITS2Search Strategy Maximum likelihoodApplied Software RaxMLOutgroup none; midpoint rooting

Shown below are the GenBank entries taken along in the analysis. We refer to GenBank for further details.Taxon GenBank accession ITS2Dermocybe AF112147.1Hebeloma GU234083Dermocybe AY082608.1Cortinarius AF389160.1Cortinarius AF430292.1Cortinarius AF539707.1Cortinarius AF539708.1Cortinarius AF539727.1Cortinarius AF539730.1Cortinarius AF539734.1Cortinarius AF539736.1Cortinarius AJ236064.2Cortinarius AJ236072.2Cortinarius AJ889977.1Cortinarius AM713178.1Cortinarius AY033104.1Cortinarius AY174782.1Cortinarius AY174787.1Cortinarius AY174797.1Cortinarius AY669520.1Cortinarius AY669521.1Cortinarius AY669535.1Cortinarius AY669558.1Cortinarius AY669581.1Cortinarius AY669583.1Cortinarius AY669585.1Cortinarius AY669587.1Cortinarius AY669588.1Cortinarius AY669594.1Cortinarius AY669595.1Cortinarius AY669596.1Cortinarius AY669607.1Cortinarius AY669612.1Cortinarius AY669630.1Cortinarius AY669632.1Cortinarius AY669637.1Cortinarius AY669645.1Cortinarius AY669646.1Cortinarius AY669651.1Cortinarius AY669654.1Cortinarius AY669655.1Cortinarius AY669656.1Cortinarius AY669658.1Cortinarius AY669665.1Cortinarius AY669667.1Cortinarius AY669670.1Cortinarius AY669673.1Cortinarius AY669677.1Cortinarius AY669679.1Cortinarius AY669681.1Cortinarius AY669686.1Cortinarius AY669687.1Cortinarius AY669688.1Cortinarius DQ097876.1Cortinarius DQ499466.1Cortinarius DQ652235.1Cortinarius DQ663411.1Cortinarius EF420146.1Cortinarius EU056976.1Cortinarius EU057001.1Cortinarius EU266692.1Cortinarius EU433388.1Cortinarius EU525980.1Cortinarius EU655655.1Cortinarius EU655660.1Cortinarius EU660953.1Cortinarius EU821656.1Cortinarius EU821663.1Cortinarius EU821667.1Cortinarius EU821684.1Cortinarius EU821686.1Cortinarius EU821696.1Cortinarius FJ039542.1Cortinarius FJ039572.1Cortinarius FJ039591.1Cortinarius FJ039594.1Cortinarius FJ039596.1Cortinarius FJ039601.1Cortinarius FJ039604.1Cortinarius FJ039606.1Cortinarius FJ039611.1Cortinarius FJ039613.1Cortinarius FJ039619.1Cortinarius FJ039621.1Cortinarius FJ039622.1Cortinarius FJ039651.1Cortinarius FJ039701.1Cortinarius FJ039708.1Cortinarius FJ157003.1Cortinarius FJ157089.1Cortinarius FJ157116.1Cortinarius FJ717541.1Cortinarius GQ159773.1Cortinarius GQ159774.1Cortinarius GQ159813.1Cortinarius GQ159827.1Cortinarius GQ159860.1

Soil samples were collected at sites representing the entire altitudinal gradient, from lowland dipterocarp forests (350-‐400 masl) to the summit zone (above 4000 masl). At each site, 40 soil cores, 2CM in diameter and ca. 20CM deep, were taken in a way that cores were at least 2 m from each other to minimize the probability of sampling the same genet repeatedly. The 40 cores were pooled, resulting in a composite soil sample for each site.



Cortinariaceae-‐Cortinarius continuedTaxon GenBank accession ITS2Cortinarius GQ159873.1Cortinarius GQ159882.1Cortinarius GQ159883.1Cortinarius GQ159887.1Cortinarius GQ159900.1Cortinarius GQ159908.1Cortinarius GQ159914.1Cortinarius GU233323.1Cortinarius GU233329.1Cortinarius GU233333.1Cortinarius GU233334.1Cortinarius GU233342.1Cortinarius GU233350.1



Taxon Glomeraceae-‐GlomusTaxon Specialist József Geml and Luis MorgadoDNA source soil samplesCollecting Methods

Marker RMNH, Leiden, The NetherlandsMethod ITS2Search Strategy Maximum likelihoodApplied Software RaxMLOutgroup none; midpoint rooting

Shown below are the GenBank entries taken along in the analysis. We refer to GenBank for further details.Taxon GenBank accession ITS2G. intraradices AF185650G. sinuosum AJ437106G. intraradices AJ517775G. intraradices AJ557009G. intraradices AJ567351G. intraradices AJ567763G. intraradices AJ567764G. xanthium AJ849467G. diaphanum AJ972462G. eburneum AM713407G. eburneum AM713409G. intraradices AY035641G. clarum AY035654G. intraradices EF989103G. intraradices EF989105G. intraradices FJ009595G. intraradices FJ009598G. intraradices FJ009600G. irregulare FJ009605G. intraradices FM865561G. intraradices FM865562G. intraradices FM865568G. intraradices FM865572G. intraradices FM865573G. proliferum FM992400G. indicum GU059549G. sinuosum J437105

Soil samples were collected at sites representing the entire altitudinal gradient, from lowland dipterocarp forests (350-‐400 masl) to the summit zone (above 4000 masl). At each site, 40 soil cores, 2CM in diameter and ca. 20CM deep, were taken in a way that cores were at least 2 m from each other to minimize the probability of sampling the same genet repeatedly. The 40 cores were pooled, resulting in a composite soil sample for each site.



Taxon Trombidiformes-‐HygrobatesTaxon Specialist Harry SmitDNA source non-‐destructive DNA isolation of inside of whole animalMarker COIMethodSearch Strategy Nst = 6, Rates = GammaApplied Software MrBayesOutgroup Atractides cf. propatulus


H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1352 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978346H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1353 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978503H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1354 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978313H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1355 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978517H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1357 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978470H. hamatoides Laban Rata, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1351 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978602H. hamatus Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluRMNH.ACA.1364 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978432

H. hamatus Sayap, Mount Kinabalu RMNH.ACA.1370 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978450H. acutipalpis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount

KinabaluRMNH.ACA.1360 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978336

H. acutipalpis Kinabalu Head Quarters, Mount Kinabalu

RMNH.ACA.1362 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978513

Atractides cognatus Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.ACA.1429 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978538Atractides cf. propatulus Mahua, Crocker Range RMNH.ACA.1438 Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) KP978531




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