Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science &...
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Transcript of Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science &...
![Page 1: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Superconductivity:Power in the Fast Lane
Paul M. GrantEPRI Lead, Tech Forecast
Strategic Science & TechnologyIEEE Power Engineering Winter
Meeting4 February 1998
![Page 2: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Fathers of Electricity
DiscoverersDiscoverers
PractitionersPractitioners
![Page 3: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Fathers of Cryogenics
Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes
CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2
![Page 4: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
(((
Models of Electrical ConductivityThe First Idea:R
T
Just Goesto Zero!
(((
(((
(((
• •e-e-
![Page 5: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Models of Electrical ConductivityThe Most Popular:R
T
Freezes Out!e-
![Page 6: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Models of Electrical ConductivityReality:R
T
Limited byImpurities!
•e-
![Page 7: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
A Big Surprise!
![Page 8: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Physics of Superconductivity
+ +
+ +•e-
•e-
Electrons Pair Off!
)/1exp( 14.1 DCT
BCS Equation
(Niobium) K 5.9
,28.0
,K 275
C
D
T
![Page 9: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
TC vs. Year: The Past
0
5
10
15
20
25
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980Year
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Hg
Pb
NbN V3Si
Nb3Sn
Nb3Ge
Cubic Metals
![Page 10: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Superconductivity:What’s It Good For?
MRI Surgical UnitGeneral Electric
TevatronFermi National Laboratory
![Page 11: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Superconductivity:High-Tc Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200
Tem
perature, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
High-T
C
164 K
![Page 12: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
1987:“The Prize!”
![Page 13: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Type II Superconductivity
IrreversibilityLine
Meissner
Mixed
Normal
Mag
net
ic F
ield
Temperature
-M
HHC2HC1
1/4
TC
HC1
HC2
![Page 14: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
LorentzForce
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
Vortices
![Page 15: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Wire is the electrical commodity
![Page 16: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
BSCCO OPIT/Ag TapeGeneration I Wire
![Page 17: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Power Applications:Wire for Cables
![Page 18: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Y-123 Bi-2223
Layered CuO Perovskites
![Page 19: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
• Biaxially Oriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize
Coated HTSC ConductorsGeneration II Wire
![Page 20: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
“The SokPlot”
1000 100 10 1 0.11
10
100
1000
10000
Y-123 IBAD
EURUS
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
Siemens
Target
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
NKT Target
"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost
NbTi
4.2K, 2T
Bi-2212
4.2K, 0T
IGC
Nb3Sn
4.2K, 12-15 T
Bi-2223
77K, 0T
IGC
$1,000
$100$10 $1 /kAm
Op
era
tin
g C
urr
en
t, Ic
(A
)
Cost ($/m)
![Page 21: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds
Time
C/P
($/
kA
×m
)
Substation Elimination
SMES/FCL/Transformers
70% New UG Cables
![Page 22: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Electricity & SC:Weakest Scenario
• Fuel Types & Location– Gas, Renewables Dominate - No More Nukes– Distributed Generation Grows
• Geopolitics– Regional Instability– Economic Gap between Nations Continues
• Environment– Carbon Sequestration Successful– Risk Abatement Deferred
![Page 23: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Electricity & SC:Strongest Scenario
• Fuel Types & Location– Nukes, Hydro, Non-Transportables Dominate– Centralized Generation Grows
• Geopolitics– Regional Stability Achieved– Economic Gap between Nations Shrinks
• Environment– Risk Abatement Implemented – Global Climate Change Proven/Perceived
![Page 24: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Global Electrification:A Superconductivity Solution
![Page 25: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
The SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
• Total Cryo System
• Power: 5 GW dc
• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles
![Page 26: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
Gas/HVDC Comparison
Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Miles
c/kW
h
LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)
LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)
HVDC
gas pipeline
![Page 27: Superconductivity: Power in the Fast Lane Paul M. Grant EPRI Lead, Tech Forecast Strategic Science & Technology IEEE Power Engineering Winter Meeting 4.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c556f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Powering ProgressEPRI
P.M. GrantIEEE PE Mtg
Superconductivity4 February 1998
EdisonMaybe he was right after all!
TeslaInventor,
Polyphase ac System
Electricity DeliveryIs Its Future dc?