(SUMMARY OF Ph.D. THESIS) · highly productive breed: Alpina francez, Saanen -ul elvecian, Nobila...
Transcript of (SUMMARY OF Ph.D. THESIS) · highly productive breed: Alpina francez, Saanen -ul elvecian, Nobila...
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANDVETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA
DOCTORAL SCHOOLFACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
bio. chim. ZORICA MARCELA P. VOŞGAN
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SOIL - PLANT – GOAT MILK
TRACEABILITY UNDER THE ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF
ŞURDEŞTI VILLAGE, MARAMUREŞ COUNTY
(SUMMARY OF Ph.D. THESIS)
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR :
Ph.D. Univ. Prof. ROXANA VIDICAN
CLUJ-NAPOCA
2013
2
TO,
Mr. (Mrs.) ---------------------------------------------------------------
Please you receive a copy of the summary of the thesis entitled: ,, MICROBIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH ON SOIL - PLANT – GOAT MILK TRACEABILITY UNDER THE
ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF ŞURDEŞTI VILLAGE, MARAMUREŞ COUNTY”
edited by bio. chim. Zorica Marcela VOŞGAN, to obtain scientific title ,, Doctor in Agronomy “
Publishes support of the PhD thesis will take place on 02.10.2013, at 10.00, Green
Amphitheatre, of USAMV Cluj-Napoca.
Commission of PhD has the following structure:
PRESIDENT: Conf.univ. dr. Dan VÂRBAN
- Faculty of Agriculture –USAMV Cluj-Napoca
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR: Ph.D. Univ. Prof. Roxana VIDICAN
- Faculty of Agriculture –USAMV Cluj-Napoca
OFFICIAL REVIEWERS:
Ph.D. Univ. Prof. Ioan ROTAR-Faculty of Agriculture-USAMV Cluj-Napoca
Ph.D. Univ. Prof. Neculai DRAGOMIR – USAMVB Timişoara
Ph.D. Univ. Prof. Luminiţa COJOCARIU – USAMVB Timişoara
Assessments, comments and suggestions, please send them to the address USAMV,
ClujNapoca, Mănăştur Way, no. 3-5, code 400372.
The thesis is submitted to the Library of USAMV Cluj-Napoca, where it can be found.
drd. Zorica Marcela VOŞGAN
Scientific coordinator: Ph.D. Univ. Prof. ROXANA VIDICAN
3
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER I FOOD TRACEABILITY.......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II QUALITY TRAITS OF GOAT MILK.................................................. 7
2.1. Importance and evolution of goat growth.......................................... 7
2.2. Properties of goat milk....................................................................... 7
2.3. Microbiological activity in goat milk-specific and non-specific
microbiota.......................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER III RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND THE NATURAL SETTING.......... 10
3.1. The purpose and objectives of the PhD thesis................................... 10
3.2. Geographical, geomorphologic and climatic characterization of the
tested area.......................................................................................... 11
3.2.1. Locating research………………………………................ 11
3.2.2. The climate in the area investigated.................................... 11
CHAPTER IV MATERIAL AND METHOD.............................................................. 13
4.1. Analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of the soil in the
investigated area................................................................................ 13
4.2. Analysis of grassland vegetation ...................................................... 14
4.3. Analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics
of goat milk........................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................ 17
5.1. Şurdeşti village soil analysis.............................................................. 17
5.2. Gutâi Mountains soil analysis ........................................................... 18
5.3. Analysis of vegetation in the village Şurdeşti................................... 18
5.4. Analysis of vegetation on Gutâi Mountains pastures........................ 19
5.5. Quality indicators of goat milk.......................................................... 20
5.5.1. Physical-chemical analysis of goat milk............................. 20
5.5.2. Microbiological analysis of goat milk................................ 20
5.5.2.1. Total number of aerobic mesophilic germs....... 21
5.5.2.2. Total number of yeasts and molds..................... 21
4
5.5.2.3. Number of coliform bacteria............................. 21
5.5.2.4. The number of colony forming units of
Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase-positive........ 22
5.5.2.5. The number of coagulase-positive
staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and
other species)..................................................... 22
5.5.2.6. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella...................... 22
5.5.2.7. The number of somatic cells............................. 22
5.6. Traceability soil-plant-animal origin product.................................... 23
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................. 29
6.1. Conclusions...................................................................................... 29
6.2. Recommendations............................................................................ 30
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................... 31
5
INTRODUCTION
Consuming animal products, which occupies an important place in the rational
diet of man, is not without danger. Therefore special attention should be paid to the type
of feeding, supervising the product at its source.
Special measures on food safety, ensuring the traceability of food from its source
to the consumer, have been taken in the last years. The traceability systems allow the
notification and correction or the removal of the risk factors, for making quality products.
Of all ruminants that are grown in our country, the goat was placed on one of the
last places of interest within the livestock, although it has the ability to provide high
quality food.
Goat milk is the natural food that contains all the nutrients needed for growth and
body development.
6
CHAPTER I
FOOD TRACEABILITY
The concept of traceability has become well-known in most of the food industry,
the food market becoming extremely dynamic. This trend is explained by the increased
exigencies and the diversity of the customers’ requirements, so the manufacturers are
challenged to develop and acquire new products to meet all aspects of consumer safety
and quality requirements (STĂNCIUC and ROTARU, 2009). According to ISO
22005:2007, "traceability is the ability to trace the history, application or location of an
item via the recorded information”.
Traceability is a concept which is valid for all food products (STĂNCIUC and
ROTARU, 2009); its importance considerably increased, much more in the last decade
(MUNTEAN and RADU, 2007), but although it is believed to be a simple concept, is
complex in the terms of implementation.
Firstly, traceability can be used as a management instrument of the risks linked to
the food safety and the issues regarding animal safety, and secondly, it has an important
role in establishing credibility on the market. All consumers have the right for good
quality food. FAO has been a frontrunner to upgrade the member states capacity, to
establish and implement food safety and adequate control systems of the food quality.
For the agro-industrial sector of this country a strategy has been elaborated, which
is to consider the market exigencies as well as the potential risk factors, because
agriculture is not only a source of agricultural raw materials, but also of exploiting food
products to ensure public health (BALŞ, 2010).
Due to their perishability, fresh foodstuff requires traceability. In case of milk and
dairy, traceability is very important in testing the product authenticity and origin. The
quality of the final product of the entire dairy chain starts with the diet of animals, the
species of plants which are present in fodder (PONZONI et al., 2009).
7
CHAPTER II
QUALITY TRAITS OF GOAT MILK
2.1. IMPORTANCE AND EVOLUTION OF GOAT GROWTH
According to TAFTĂ, 2002, within the goat raising countries, India and China are
situated on the first place, followed in decreasing order by Pakistan, Nigeria, Somalia,
Sudan, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, etc. Goat rearing is also well developed in some
European countries: France, Swiss, Austria, Great Britain, Portugal etc., due to some
highly productive breed: Alpina franceză, Saanen-ul elveţian, Nobila germană.
In this country, the perspective of the goat rearing development is increasing, but
it still suffers due to the lack of an organized program of breeding and improvement.
Goats are mostly prevalent in the hilly, mountainous areas, around some towns, both on
small farms of two-three heads as well as in larger groups of 40-60 heads, even within
specialized farms (TAFTĂ, 2002). According to TAFTĂ, (2002), 70 % are goats of the
Carpatină breed, unimproved, hardy, resistant to harsh living conditions and with
relatively low milk yield, about 30 % are of the Albă de Banat breed, ameliorated, with
double milk yield.
According to the general agricultural census of 2010, the total goat stock in
Romania was of 1.240.858 heads, of which in the Maramureş County, the number of
goats was of 17.744 heads.
According to BANU et al., (2007), goats are important in economy for: milk yield,
meat obtained from goat kids, young fattening, adult goats, leather (hair, undercoat, goat
wool); leather and fur, manure that is very good for fertilizing.
2.2 . PROPERTIES OF GOAT MILK
Goat milk has a white color (lower in pigment) towards yellowish due to the
pronounced fineness of fat particles uniformly disseminated within its mass, with specific
8
smell and taste that are pleasant in case of hygienic maintenance and milking and proper
feeding.
The chemical contents of goat milk is different from that of cow milk by its higher
contents of protein, which comprises of 75-80 % casein, a feature that is highly useful in
its transformation into cheese. The contents of fat and protein in goat milk is a little bit
higher than that of cow milk, the other components being relatively equal, excepting
sheep milk (TAFTĂ, 2002). Due to the fineness of fat globules, goat milk is easily
absorbed by the intestinal villi; under the action of gastric juice protein coagulates in fine
flocculants which are easier assimilated by the stomach, the same as glucose and lactose,
which gives it a higher nutritional value (TAFTĂ, 2002).
Sugars in goat milk are represented by lactose; there are small amounts of glucose,
galactose, and some oligosaccharides. The lactose content in goat milk is about 0.2-0.5%
lower than in cow milk (POSATI and ORR, 1976; HAENLEIN and CACCESE, 1984;
CHANDAN et al., 1992).
Goat milk is rich in A vitamin, due to the remarkable ability of goats to convert
carotene pigments. Vitamin A is found in its final form in goat milk, whereas in cow milk
it is in the form of carotene that is why goat cheese and butter are white (SPÄTH and
THUME, 2008).
Goat milk is richer in calcium, phosphorus, citric acid, potassium, magnesium, and
having a high content of vitamin A it is indicated in the nutrition of infants and the
elderly (TIŢA, 2002).
2.3. MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN GOAT MILK-SPECIFIC AND
NON-SPECIFIC MICROBIOTA
Contamination of milk could be made from various sources, and microbial load
could be quantitatively and qualitatively quite varied, depending on the conditions under
which milk is produced, handled and processed. Microorganisms reach food from natural
or external sources as a result of processing and handling, until the moment of
consumption. (VANDERZANT and SPHITTSTOESSER, 1992; AONOFRIESEI, 2012).
9
Milk microbiota generally consist of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as
facultative pathogenic or pathogenic ones.
The category of non-pathogenic microorganisms includes lactic bacteria, largely
distributed in nature, which play an important role in the fermentation of food and feed.
By the milk contamination with scavenge germs, the risk of including pathogen germs
increases. Many pathogenic bacteria do not multiply in milk (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, M. bovis, Brucella, Rickettsia), their danger depending on the initial degree
of milk contamination, the dilution of subsequent treatments, the elapsed time until the
consumption of milk and other factors. Other pathogen germs could multiply in milk
(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, etc.).
The metabolic activity of most pathogens is inhibited at low temperatures, so it is
very important to immediately cool the milk after milking, until its heat treatment.
The milk contamination with yeast and mold is inevitable, especially in case of
manual milking. Species of the genera: Torula, Candida, Saccharomyces, Mucor,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Oidium, etc. could be responsible for modifying
the organoleptic properties (BĂRZOI and APOSTU, 2002).
Also, milk somatic cells are part of the hygienic quality indices of milk for human
consumption.
10
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND THE NATURAL SETTING
3.1. THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PhD THESIS
The aim of the thesis is to determine the traceability of goat milk, studying the
whole chain: soil-plant-animal product, correlations that are between these links and that
determine the quality of the final product.
To achieve the overall objective of the thesis we propose the following specific
objectives:
1. Pedological characterization of the studied perimeter, meaning Şurdeşti village
pasture respectively Şurdeşti village common pasture from Gutâi Mountain:
the study of soil morphology: the sequence of genetic horizons, color and structure
of the horizons;
physical-chemical characterization of the soil from the tested field: texture, the
hygroscopic coefficient, pH, humus, soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium), cation adsorption capacity;
assessment of the content of microelements in soil;
2. Characterization of grassland vegetation from Gutâi Mountain Area where
livestock grazing takes place:
vegetation qualitative assessment for calculating the pastoral value of the
meadows;
determining the production capacity of grasslands in order to establish the
organization of grazing;
3. Analysis of the quality characteristics of goat milk, considering both
physicochemical and microbiological indicators:
determining the quality of goat milk produced by a traditional production system,
depending on the season, respectively goats grazing area;
11
study of the specific saprophytic milk microflora (total aerobic mesophilic germs/
ml, total yeast and molds/ml) and also of the facultative pathogen or pathogen
agents (coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
sp.);
4. Establishing the correlation between soil-plant-animal product (goat’s milk) in
the area where goats graze (South West Region of the Gutâi Mountains) and observing
the role of traceability on animal origin product.
3.2 . GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOMORPHOLOGIC AND CLIMATIC
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TESTED AREA
3.2.1. Locating research
The research takes place under ecopedological conditions in the Gutâi Mountains
perimeter (Maramureş County, Northwestern Romania) in two geographical points:
Şurdeşti village pasture, a hilly area situated at an altitude of 600-900 m (in the
vicinity of relief units Bulbucul Mic, Bulbucul Mare, Piatra Roşie, Muta Mare, Muta
Mică, Dealul Crucii, Arşiţa, etc.), occupying an area of about 70 hectares.
Gutâi Mountains pasture (the Southwestern part of the massif) situated at an
altitude of 1000-1300 m within an area of about 133 ha (according to Şişeşti Village
Hall), (Figure 1, 2).
3.2.2. The climate in the area investigated
The experimental area is characterized by a temperate continental climate with late
springs and sufficient rainfall throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of
9.4°C, also the average temperature of the hottest month is 39.2°C and of the coldest
month is -30°C.
12
Fig. 1. Location of the Sisesti village in the Maramures County
Fig. 2. Location of the research place (http://www.google.com/mapmaker?hl=ro)
A- Common pasture of Şurdeşti village from Gutai MountainB- Şurdeşti village pasture
13
CHAPTER IV
MATERIAL AND METHOD
To achieve the objectives proposed in the thesis, the experience took place over
three years respectively between 2010-2012, in the Gutâi Mountains Area (Maramureş
County), on goat milk originated from a herd of 50-60 goats bred and maintained
extensively.
In order to accomplish the objectives considering the traceability of goat milk,
starting from the genetic type of soil - vegetation type - up to the microbiological
characteristics, there were performed the following analyzes:
Analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of the soil cover from the
experimental area;
Analysis of experimental field vegetation;
Analysis of quality characteristics (physical, chemical and microbiological) of
goat milk;
4.1. ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE SOIL IN THE INVESTIGATED AREA
Physical and chemical analyses of the soil in the two experimental points were
performed at O.S.P.A. Cluj-Napoca and in the laboratories of the University of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca.
Were collected:
12 soil samples from three points analyzed on Şurdeşti village pasture;
17 soil samples from three points analyzed on Gutâi Mountains pasture;
Working methods applied to characterize the physico-chemical soil type are
presented in Figure 3.
14
Fig.3. Methods of soil analysis
4.2. ANALYSIS OF GRASSLAND VEGETATION
To determine the type of grassland in the study area, we conducted a recognition
travel itinerary and noted the species encountered after an assessment scale developed by
Braun-Blanquet (1928, 1951).
The analysis of the floristic composition was performed by the geobotanical or
phito-social methods (ROTAR et al., 2009).
Determination of grassland production – an usual method for the assessment of
the green mass production in our country is a gravimetric method consisting of mowing
and weighing the green mass of a certain number of evidence wedges (based on meadows
uniformity and analyzed surface) before each harvest cycle. Results are extrapolated to
the unit area (ha) (ROTAR et al., 2009).
1. Taken from Şurdeşti: threesampling points.
2. Taken from Gutai massif:three sampling points.
(ICPA within the O.S.P.A.Maramureş)
1. Particle size analysis - pipette method ofinterpreting the results after ICPA -Kacinski, (ICPA, 1981);
2. The hygroscopic coefficient, STAS7184/6-78;
3. Soil reaction (pH-ul), STAS 7184/13-88;4. Determination of the humus content (%),
STAS 7184/21-82;5. Determination of total nitrogen content
(N-total %) - Kjeldahl method;6. Determination of potassium by the flame-
photometric method, ICPA, 1981;7. Colorimetric determination of
phosphorus, ICPA, 1981;8. Exchangeable hydrogen (SH-me/100g
ground) Cernescu by percolation method,ICPA, 1981;
9. The amount of basic cations (SB-me/100gground)- Kappen method, ICPA, 1981;
10. Trace elements in soil-AAS method;
Soil samples
15
Vegetation qualitative assessment and determination of the pastoral value -
Pastoral value (Vp) is a synthetic indicator which includes the main elements of floristic
composition, cover percentage of each species and the field value of the included species
(ROTAR et al., 2009).
4.3. ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOAT MILK
Milk samples were collected by hand milking of 50-60 goats grown and
maintained in the traditionally system (Figure 4), the predominant race being the
Carpatină one, rather than the Albă de Banat.
For the physical-chemical analysis there were collected 10 samples of goat milk,
depending on the grazing time of the goats: spring on Şurdeşti village pasture, summer on
Gutai Mountains pasture and in fall again on the Şurdeşti village pasture.
Microbiological analysis was also carried out according to the grazing period,
three milk samples being collected in each season.
The milk samples were analyzed in specialized laboratories:
Teaching and research laboratories of the Department of Chemistry-Biology,
Faculty of Science, in the North University Center of Baia Mare, Technical University of
Cluj Napoca.
The laboratories of the Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate
(SVFSD) Maramureş.
Fig. 4. Aspects of goat milk production (original)
16
Physical-chemical methods and microbiological analysis of goat milk are
presented in Figure 5.
Fig. 5. Methods of analysis of goat milk
Goat milk samples
Sampling of milk by handmilking
STAS 6349/1-80
Physico-chemical indicators Microbiological indicators
1. Acidity °T - titration method;
2. Density or specific gravity of milk -
with termolactodensimetru;
3. Dry matter (D.M.)- drying oven
method (1020C -1050C) ;
4. Determination of total protein
Kjeldahl method;
5. Determination of fat content -
Method acid-butirometrica;
6. Determining the amount of lactose
in milk - Potassium Ferricyanide
Not method;
7. Determination of total ash - STAS
6357-75;
(POP, 2008)
1. Total number of aerobic mesophilic
germs (TNG/ml; CFU/ml), STAS
ISO 4833-2003;
2. Total number yeasts and molds, STAS
ISO 7954-2001;
3. The presence and number of coliform
bacteria, STAS ISO 4831/1992;
4. The number of colony forming units of
Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase-positive,
STAS ISO 16649-2/2007;
5. The number of coagulase-positive
staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and
other species), STAS ISO 6888-1/2002;
6. Bacteria of the genus Salmonella, STAS
ISO 6579:2002;
7. The number of somatic cells, APOSTU
şi ROTAR, 2009;
17
CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. ŞURDEŞTI VILLAGE SOIL ANALYSIS
In Şurdeşti village there were determined the physical-chemical properties of soil
in three points, in areas where goats graze frequently during spring and autumn. As a
result of the performed analysis, according to the Romanian System of Soil Taxonomy
(SRTS) in the studied area there were identified the following genetic types of soil:
Luvosol located at 718 m altitude, is characterized by El eluvial horizon and B
argic horizon (Bt) specific to luvosoils. It is characterized by a moderately acidic pH with
values between 4.6-5.1, a reduced supply in essential elements, the degree of base
saturation is 41-60 %, cation exchange capacity is low (T <17.4 me/100g soil).
Districambosoil gleic located at an altitude of 746 m, presents the following
sequence of genetic horizons: Ao-A/B-Bv-CGr. Acidity is pronounced in the superficial
horizons, tending to neutralize at depth over 80 cm, humus content is decreased, only
3.12 % in the Ao horizon, so that the total nitrogen supply is moderate at the surface to
absent in the depth. The degree of base saturation is below 70 % and cation exchange
capacity is low.
Regosol located at 731 m altitude, is a pH acidic soil, poor in humus and nutrients.
The degree of base saturation is below 70 % and cation exchange capacity is at most
12.68 me/100 g soil.
Content analysis results for soil microelements of Şurdeşti village show an excess
of the normal value for Pb, being surpassed both the alert threshold and threshold for
intervention, while other micronutrients, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cd, do not exceed the normal
values for the three soil types identified.
18
5.2. GUTÂI MOUNTAINS SOIL ANALYSIS
Following the researches on the South-western Region of Gutâi Mountain there
was identified one genetic type of soil in all three points where analyzes were performed:
districambosoil typical.
This type of soil is characterized by a strong acid reaction, high humus content in
the upper layers, since due to the pronounced acidity and cool environment,
decomposition and mineralization is very slow, as indicated by the degree of base
saturation of the soil which is <70 %. Nutrient content is low and the concentration of
trace elements such as Pb, Cd, Zn, is beyond the normal limit, however Cu, Mn, Ni, do
not exceed the permissible values.
5.3. ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION IN THE VILLAGE ŞURDEŞTI
On Şurdeşti village pasture with an area of 70 ha, there were found the following
plant associations:
1. Festuco rubrae – Agrostietum capillaris, Horvat 1951
2. Violo declinatae-Nardetum, Simon 1966 (Syn. Nardetum strictae
montanum, Resmeriţă et Csűrös 1963; Nardetum strictae subalpinum, Buia et al. 1962;
Nardetum strictae alpinum, Puşcaru et al. 1956; Nardetum alpigenum austro-carpaticum,
Borza 1959; Nardo-Vaccinietum, Resmeriţa 1970).
On the studied grassland, the hemicryptophytes are of numeric majority, while the
Eurasian species stands in the geoelements category. Taking into account the types of
plants, depending on the main environmental indices, the majority is mesophilic species,
based on the heat index, dominant species are micro-mesothermal, as considering the
chemical reaction of the soil, the euriionic species are predominant. In terms of cariology,
diploids are in greater number and the economic value of grassland is a medium one.
The meadow has an averaged pastoral value of 1.9, with a score of 41-50 points of
evaluation, it is the sixth category, medium, supporting a load of 0.81 to 1.00 LU/ha. The
production of green mass is 13.37 t/ha, refusals R = 1.51 t/ha, edible production is 11.86
t/ha, and the coefficient of grass utilization is K = 88.7%.
19
5.4. ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION ON GUTÂI MOUNTAINS PASTURES
The investigated perimeter of Gutâi Mountains (Gol Gutin and Valea Docăi)
occupies an area of 133 ha; wooded meadows alternate with meadows on which the
following plant associations are predominating:
1. Violo declinatae-Nardetum, Simon 1966 (Syn. Nardetum strictae montanum,
Resmeriţă et Csűrös 1963; Nardetum strictae subalpinum, Buia et al. 1962; Nardetum
strictae alpinum, Puşcaru et al. 1956; Nardetum alpigenum austro-carpaticum, Borza
1959; Nardo-Vaccinietum, Resmeriţa 1970)
2. Agrostietum stoloniferae, (Ujvárosi 1941) Burduja et al. 1956 (Syn. Rorippo
syilvestris- Agrostietum stoloniferae, (Morr 1958) Oberdorfer et Th. Müller 1961)
3. Scirpetum sylvatici, Ralski 1931, Maloch 1935 em. Schwick 1944
4. Calthetum laetae, Krajina 1933
5. Campanulo abientinae-Vaccinietum myrtilli, (Buia et al. 1962) Boşcaiu 1971
(Syn. Vaccinietum myrtilli, Buia et al. 1962; Juncetum trifidi- Vaccinietum myrtilli,
Resmeriţă 1976)
In the studied grasslands, the bioforms statistics show that the hemicryptophytes
have the largest share, while of geoelements, the dominant species are Eurasian.
Ecological analysis reveals a dominance of the mesophilic species, depending on the
thermal factor amphitolerant and micro-mesothermal species are predominant, the soil
reaction indicates the dominance of euriionic species, alongside which many plants are
acidophilic and acid-neutrophil ones. In these associations’ phytocoenosis, polyploids are
ahead of the diploids number, and the economic value of forage is low.
Meadow has a pastoral value of 0.85, with a score of 20 points of evaluation, it is
category IX, degraded, carrying a load of 0.21 to 0.40 LU/ha. The production of green
mass is 11.6 t/ha, refusals R = 6.15 t/ha, edible production is 5.45 t/ha, and the coefficient
of grass utilization is K = 46.9%.
20
5.5. QUALITY INDICATORS OF GOAT MILK
5.5.1. Physical-chemical analysis of goat milk
Considering the same species and breed, feeding mode and lactation period, has a
great influence on the composition of milk.
Physical-chemical parameters of goat milk based on grazing area (13.705% DM
0.8449% ash, 4.318% protein, fat 4.203%, 4.081% lactose, spring, 12.3% DM, 0.7881%
ash, 3.46% protein, fat 4.003%, 4.163% lactose, summer, or 16.84% DM, 0.95% ash,
5.381% protein, 7.00% fat, 4.41% lactose, fall) show a decrease in the quality of milk
during summer when goats graze in Gutâi Mountains.
Variability of physical-chemical parameters of goat milk collected by manual
milking in pen, depending on the season, but also on the grazing territory is presented in
Figure 6.
0123456789
1011121314151617
Spring Summer Autumn
Season
The
ave
rage
s val
ues o
f phy
sico-
chem
ical
para
met
ers
Density, g/cm3
Dry substance, %
Ash, %
Protein, %
Fat, %
Lactose, %
Fig. 6. The physical-chemical variability and average values of goat milk
depending on the season
5.5.2. Microbiological analysis of goat milk
Aseptically collected milk samples were microbiological analyzed during three
seasons (spring, summer, autumn), by the cessation of the lactation. Meanwhile milking
21
was done by hand; respecting hygiene as possible considering the animal (goat udder and
body hygiene), the milker and milking environment.
5.5.2.1. Total number of aerobic mesophilic germs (TNG/ml or CFU/ml)
In spring, when the quantity of milk is larger and the feeding consists of raw
vegetation, total aerobic mesophilic germs (TNG) is of 3108.77 CFU/ml, a small
number compared to the number of microorganisms determined during summer
( 3103.97 CFU/ml) , when the vegetation is poor, or during fall ( 3105.81 CFU/ml)
characterized by a low milk production.
Even if the microbial load in goat milk is higher in summer, when maintenance
conditions are more difficult, TNG is not exceeding 100.000/ml milk according to
European regulations.
Microscopic examination of the native preparations and smears indicates the
presence of species of the genus: Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.,
Lactococcus sp.
5.5.2.2 Total number yeasts and molds
The average values obtained for the total number of yeasts and molds (TNYM)/ml
goat milk in the three seasons are: 0.8 × 102 CFU/ml yeasts, 0.3 × 102 CFU/ml molds
(spring), 26, 8 × 102 CFU/ml yeasts, 10.6 × 102 CFU/ml molds (summer) and 2.9 × 102
CFU/ml yeasts, 0.7 × 102 CFU/ml molds (autumn).
By microscopic examination have been found yeast such as Rhodotorula sp.,
Cryptococcus sp. (only in the samples of milk analyzed in summer), Kluyveromyces sp.
and molds: Cladosporium sp. Fusarium sp. Penicillium sp. Mucor sp.
5.5.2.3. Number of coliform bacteria
Coliforms are indicators of fecal contamination of livestock products and their
presence was highlighted by the gas bubbles which appeared in the Durham fermentation
tubes after incubation at 370C.
The results show the presence of coliforms in goats’ milk: 40 coliforms/ml
(spring), 150 coliforms/ml (summer), 110 coliforms/ml (autumn).
22
5.5.2.4. The number of colony forming units of
Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase-positive
In the coliform group of food microbiology, Escherichia coli species is
representative and it was assigned the role of opportunistic pathogen with high
circulation in nature (Barzoi and APOSTU, 2002). The presence of pathogenic
microorganisms in milk can occur either through fecal contamination or by direct
excretion from the udder in milk (MUEHLHERR et al., 2003).
Determination of the number of E. coli - glucuronidase - positive from goat milk
samples showed absence of this strain in the samples analyzed in spring and autumn, but
her presence was detected in the samples analyzed in summer, with an average of 66.7
CFU/ml milk goat.
5.5.2.5. The number of coagulase-positive staphylococci(Staphylococcus aureus and other species)
Seasonal variation of the mean number of coagulase-positive staphylococci is as
follows: 3104.1 CFU/ml, 3102.3 CFU/ml, 3108.2 CFU/ml, spring, summer and fall.
In the studied case, contamination could occur during unhygienic milking, when
pathogen transmission is effected by contaminated hands, and not only, as say KOUSTA
et al., (2010), possible contamination with S. aureus (for example) may occur in raw milk
from infected mammary glands.
5.5.2.6 Bacteria of the genus Salmonella
In all three seasons when the goat milk samples were analyzed, Salmonella sp.
was not identified in 25 ml milk, which shows the correspondence to the microbiological
standards according to Order M.H. 975-1998.
5.5.2.7 The number of somatic cells
The microbiological quality of milk depends heavily on the health of the animal's
udder, and for a good assessment there has to be determined the number of somatic cells
per ml of milk. Under the legislation of our country, somatic cell count (SCC) must be ≤
400000/ml for raw milk and dairy products.
23
The analyzed goat milk contains 509000 cells/ml in spring, 516000 cells/ml in
summer, but in autumn the number is high, of 4000000 cells/ml.
5.5. TRACEABILITY SOIL-PLANT-ANIMAL ORIGIN PRODUCT
This study research, on the Şurdeşti village pasture respectively Gutâi Mountain
pastures, showed us that there are correlations between the biological components
analyzed.
There is an obvious correlation between the trophicity degree of soil and the
grassland vegetation of the two analyzed areas (Figure 7, 8).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Festuco rubrae –Agrostietum capillaris
Violo declinatae-Nardetum
Vegetal associations
Num
ber
of sp
ecie
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Deg
ree
of b
ase
satu
ratio
n in
soils
(V %
)
Number of species V %
Fig. 7. The relationship between the number of species in the phytocoenosis of the
Şurdeşti pasture and the degree of base saturation in soils
24
010203040506070
Violo declinatae-Nardetum
Agrostietumstoloniferae
Campanuloabientinae-
VaccinietummyrtilliVegetal associations
Num
ber
of sp
ecie
s
010203040506070
Deg
ree
of b
ase
satu
ratio
n in
soils
(V %
)
V % Number of species
Fig. 8. The relationship between the number of species in the phytocoenosis of the
Gutâi Mountains pasture and the degree of base saturation in soils
Raised acidity increases the solubility of micro-nutrients in the soil, so they can
become toxic to the plants as they are in amounts exceeding the normal values. The
acidic conditions of the soil may often increase the solubility of heavy metals such as Cu,
Zn, Pb, Mn, etc. (REDDY et al., 1995). This is observed for both Şurdeşti village as well
as Gutâi Mountains analyzed soils, (Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20).
020406080
100120140160180200220240260
Ao AE El Bt Ao A/B Bt CGr Ao AC1 AC2 C
Pb m
g/kg
dry
mat
ter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
pH o
f the
soil
Pb
PhPoint I Point II Point III
Fig. 9. The relationship between the
content of Pb (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Şurdeşti village
02468
101214161820
Ao AE El BtAo
A/B BtCGr Ao
AC1AC2 C
Cu
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
pH o
f the
soil
CuPh
Point I Point II Point III
Fig. 10. The relationship between the
content of Cu (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Şurdeşti village
25
0102030405060708090
100110
Ao
AE El Bt
Ao
A/B B
t
CG
r
Ao
AC
1
AC
2 C
Zn
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
012345678
pH o
f the
soil
ZnPhPoint I Point II Point III
Fig. 11. The relationship between the
content of Zn (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Şurdeşti village
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Ao AE El Bt Ao A/B Bt CGr Ao AC1 AC2 C
Mn
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
pH o
f the
soi
l
MnPh
Point I Point II Point III
Fig. 12. The relationship between the
content of Mn (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Şurdeşti village
02468
101214161820
Ao AE El BtAo
A/B BtCGr Ao
AC1AC2 C
Ni m
g/kg
dry
mat
ter
012345678
pH o
f the
soil
NiPhPoint I Point II Point III
The relationship between the content of Ni
(mg/kg dry matter) and the pH of the soil
in the Şurdeşti village
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
Ao
AE El
Bt
Ao
A/B B
t
CG
r
Ao
AC
1
AC
2 C
Cd
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r 012345678
pH o
f th
e so
il
C dP hP oint I P oint II P oint III
Fig. 14. The relationship between the
content of Cd (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Şurdeşti village
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
AtAo1 Ao2 A/B Bv At
AoA/B A/B Bv Cn At
AoA/B Bv1 Cn
Pb m
g/kg
dry
mat
ter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
pH o
f the
soil
PbPh
Point I Point II Point III
Fig. 15. The relationship between the
content of Pb (mg/kg dry matter) and the pH
of the soil in the Gutâi Mountains
02468
101214161820
AtAo1Ao2A/B Bv At
AoA/BA/B Bv Cn At
AoA/BBv1 Cn
Cu
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
pH o
f the
soil
CuPhPoint I Point II Point III
Fig. 16. The relationship between the
content of Cu (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Gutâi Mountains
26
0204060
80100120140
AtAo1Ao2A/B Bv At
AoA/BA/B Bv Cn At
AoA/BBv1 Cn
Zn
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
012345678
pH o
f the
soil
ZnPhPoint I Point II Point III
Fig. 17. The relationship between the
content of Zn (mg/kg dry matter) and the pH
of the soil in the Gutai Mountains
0100200300400500600700800900
AtAo1Ao2A/B Bv At
AoA/BA/B Bv Cn At
AoA/BBv1 Cn
Mn
mg/
kg d
ry m
atte
r
012345678
pH o
f the
soil
MnPhPoint I Point II Point III
Fig. 18. The relationship between the
content of Mn (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Gutai Mountains
0
5
10
15
20
AtAo2 Bv At
A/B Bv AoBv1
Ni m
g/kg
dry
mat
ter
0
2
4
6
8
pH o
f the
soil
NiPh
Point I Point II Point III
Fig. 19. The relationship between the
content of Ni (mg/kg dry matter) and the pH
of the soil in the Gutâi Mountains
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
AtAo
1Ao
2A/
B Bv At Ao A/B
A/B Bv Cn At Ao A/B
Bv1 Cn
Cd m
g/kg
dry
mat
ter
0123
45678
pH o
f the
soil
CdPh
Point IIIPoint IIPoint I
Fig. 20. The relationship between the
content of Cd (mg/kg dry matter) and the
pH of the soil in the Gutâi Mountains
Converting grass in animal products allowed the extension of human living in the
high mountains above the grain areas, but unfortunately nowadays we are facing
abandonment of mountain grasslands and their poor management, which leads to a very
low level of fertilization. This is evident especially on Gutâi Mountains pasture, where
quality of goat milk is lower compared to the quality of milk when grazing on Surdesti
village pasture. The number of plant species with forage value of the identified pasture
plant associations from Şurdeşti village pasture is more numerous compared to the
number of species with forage value from Gutâi Mountains pasture.
Following the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of goat milk,
depending on the grazing area, it was found a decreasing of milk quality when animals
27
take advantage of the pasture with low value forage species, meaning the Gutâi
Mountains pasture (Figure 21, 22).
02468
1012141618
Spring Summer Autumn
Se ason
%
051015202530354045
N umbe r of forage spe cie s
Dry substance Ash Protein Fat Lactose N umber of forage species
Fig. 21. Variations of the physical-chemical parameters of goat milk,
depending on the fodder value of the grazing area
0
2
4
6
8
10
Spring Summer Autumn
Season
CFU
/ml
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
Num
ber
offo
rage
spec
ies
TNG** Yeasts* Molds*Coliforms* E. coli* CPS*Salmonella sp.* Number of forage species
* CFU/ml×103
**CFU/ml×104
Fig. 22. Variation of the microbiological indicators of goat milk,
depending on the fodder value of the grazing area
Saprophytic and pathogenic microflora present seasonal variations in the analyzed
goat milk, so in spring and autumn the microbial load is lower than the average values
recorded during the summer (Figura 23).
28
00,5
11,5
22,5
33,5
44,5
55,5
66,5
77,5
88,5
99,510
TNG** Yeasts* Molds* Coliforms* E. coli* CPS* Salmonella sp.*
CFU
/ml
Spring Summer Autumn
* CFU/ml×103
**CFU/ml×104
Fig. 23. Variation of microbiological parameters of goat milk
depending on the season
During summer milk quality decreases and this can be influenced by the
distribution of soil microelemetelor. There have been numerous studies which have
shown that high levels of micronutrients of the soil (due to pollution) may bioaccumulate
in plants. This indicates a higher risk of penetration of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd),
considered heavy metals, in the food chain.
Since the heavy metals exert germicidal effects, they "can quickly destroy many
types of microorganisms, including vegetative forms of bacteria, but not the endospores"
(IVANA et al., 2011). Microflora found in the analyzed goat milk varies, depending on
where the animal is grazing, but it is not influenced by the content of microelements in
soil.
Analyzing traceability of livestock products (goat’s milk) it was found that autumn
milk is superior due to its physical-chemical characteristics, nutrient content, precisely
because the number of useful microorganisms is higher in this season.
29
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. CONCLUSIONS
1. Analyzing the morphological and physical-chemical properties of soil in the
surveyed area (Şurdeşti locality and the south-western parts of the Gutâi Mountains,), we
have identified soils that are specific to the hilly and mountainous areas, which were
formed on substrates of igneous rocks: luvosol, gleic districambosoil, regosol and typical
districambosoil.
These are characterized by low pH, low in humus, with some exceptions in
superficial horizons, and deficient in nutrients. The contents of microelements show an
excess of the normal values for Pb; the other micronutrients, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cd, do not
exceed the normal values, with few exceptions for Zn and Cd in the soil of the Gutâi
Mountains.
2. Analysis of grassland vegetation that is grazed by goats, at Şurdeşti village
(during spring and autumn) or Gutâi (during summer), indicates a regressive trend
towards nardet.
The economic value of pasture in the Şurdeşti village is average, and that of the
Gutai Mountains is very low.
3. Analysis of the quality characteristics of goat milk produced in a semi-
subsistence farm from a flock of 50-60 heads in the Gutai Mountains indicate that the
physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of goat milk significantly varies,
depending on the season and grazing area, from the early lactation period when milking
is done three times a day to the end of the lactation, when milking is done once a day.
During spring and autumn the number of microorganisms does not exceed 82×103
TNG/ml, during summer this number increases toward the maximum value (97,3×103
TNG/ml). During summer the fungi load is higher (26,8×102 CFU/ml of yeasts, 10,6×102
CFU/ml of molds), evidently diminishing in autumn (2,9×102 CFU/ml of yeasts, 0,7×102
30
CFU/ml of molds) and spring (0,8×102 CFU/ml of yeasts, 0,3×102 CFU/ml of molds).
Also, the level of faecal contamination increases in summer (150 CFU/ml coliform) and
the colonies of E. coli β-glucuronidase positive are detected. The seasonal variation of the
number of coagulase-positive staphylococci is as follows: 1,4×103 CFU/ml spring,
3,2×103 CFU/ml in summer, or fall 2,8×103 CFU/ml, and Salmonella sp. was not
detected.
4. Between soil-plant-animal products (goat milk) obvious correlations are
established, depending on the area where goats graze, the pasture of Şurdeşti village,
respectively the pastures of the Gutâi Mountains. As such, milk yield is poor in essential
elements and has a high microbial load during summer when grazing is done in the Gutâi
Mountains.
6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to use the soil from the South Western region of Gutâi Montains in
agricultural purposes, immediate ameliorative action is needed by the application of lime
amendments.
To provide high floristic composition it is necessary to change the system of
grazing, the rotation one being indicated.
In terms of quality, the goat milk subjected to this research is good for
consumption, but requires some improvements:
Monitor the feeding of goats;
Monitoring udder health status and general health of the animal;
Monitoring of optional pathogen or pathogen microorganisms that can survive and
multiply in milk, if not processed properly and that can lead to serious
consequences for human health.
Ongoing monitoring of all key parameters of raw milk traceability allows
correlation, correction and removal of all risk factors.
It is recommended as a priority the assertion of individual farmers, small and
medium-sized farms that produce healthy food in a sustainable way.
31
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. AONOFRIESEI, F., 2012, Microorganismele în alimente, Ed. “Ovidius” University
Press, Constanţa.
2. BALŞ, C., 2010, Traceability in agri-food chain simpozion, Lucrări Ştiinţifice - Seria
Zootehnie, 53, 549-555.
3. BANU, C., Gh. PĂSAT, S.S. DORIN, AURA DĂRABĂ, 2007, Valorificarea laptelui
de capră. Ghid practic pentru fermieri, Ed. Agir, Bucureşti.
4. BĂRZOI, D. şi S., APOSTU, 2002, Microbiologia produselor alimentare, Ed.
Risoprint, Cluj Napoca.
5. CHANDAN, R.C., R. ATTAIE, K.M. SHAHANI, 1992, Nutritional aspects of goat
milk and its products. In: Proc. V. Intl. Conf. Goats, vol. II: part II, 399, New Delhi,
India.
6. HAENLEIN, G.F.W. and R. CACCESE, 1984, Goat milk versus cow milk. In:
Haenlein, G.F.W., Ace, D.L. (Eds.), Extension Goat Handbook. USDA Publ.,
Washington.
7. IVANA, SIMONA, A.T. BOGDAN, I. ŢOGOE, G. CÂMPEANU, T. ENACHE, S.
BĂRĂITAREANU, IUDITH IPATE, A. POPESCU, 2011, Microbiologia
alimentelor, Volumul I, Ed. Asclepius, Bucureşti.
8. KOUSTA, M., M. MATARAGAS, P. SKANDAMIS, E. H. DROSINOS, 2010,
Prevalence and sources of cheese contamination with pathogens at farm and
processing levels, Food Control, 21:805-815.
9. MUEHLHERR, J.E., C. ZWEIFEL, S. CORTI, J.E. BLANCO, R. STEPHAN, 2003,
Microbiological Quality of Raw Goat's and Ewe's Bulk-Tank Milk in Switzerland,
Journal of Dairy Science, 86 (12):3849-3856.
10. MUNTEAN DANIELA ALIN şi G.L. RADU, 2007, Trasability analysis of milk as
raw materials, The first International proficiency testing conference, 262-267, 11-
13, Sinaia.
11. PONZONI ELENA, F. MASTROMAURO, SILVIA GIANI, D. BREVIARIO, 2009,
Traceability of plant diet contents in raw cow milk samples, Nutrients, 1, 251-262.
32
12. POP FLAVIA, 2008, Îndrumător de laborator pentru tehnologia laptelui şi a
produselor lactate, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj Napoca.
13. POSATI, L.P. and M.L. ORR, 1976, Composition of Foods, Agric. Handbook, No. 81
ARS, Washington, USA.
14. REDDY, K.J., L. WAN, S.P. GLOSS, 1995, Solubility and mobility of copper, zinc
and lead in acidic environments, Plant and Soil, 171, 53-58.
15. ROTAR, I., ROXANA VIDICAN, N. SIMA, 2009, Cultura pajiştilor şi a plantelor
furajere, Lucrări practice, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj Napoca.
16. SPÄTH, H. and O. THUME, 2008, Creşterea caprelor, Editura M.A.S.T., Bucureşti.
17. STĂNCIUC NICOLETA şi GABRIELA ROTARU, 2009, Managementul siguranţei
alimentelor, Ed. Academica, Galaţi.
18. TAFTĂ, V., 2002, Producţia şi reproducţia caprinelor, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti.
19. TIŢA MIHAELA-ADRIANA, 2002, Manual de analiză şi controlul calităţii în
industria laptelui, Ed. Universităţii Lucian Blaga, Sibiu.
20. VANDERZANT, C. and D.F. SPHITTSTOESSER, 1992, Compendium of methods
for the microbial examination of foods, 3rd ed., American Public Health
Association, Washington DC.
***http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RGA2010/Rezultate%20definitive%20RGA%202010/
Volumul%20I/Tab3J-judete.pdf
***http://www.google.com/mapmaker?hl=ro
***Ordinul 975/1998 al ministrului sănătăţii privind aprobarea Normelor igienico-
sanitare pentru alimente