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Transcript of Sukesh . VE
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8/7/2019 Sukesh . VE
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Where does the water come from?
New dams - inter-basin transfer
Groundwater - underdeveloped
Demand ManagementWater savings - increase in efficiency,
reduce evaporation.
Water productivity - increases in crop per
drop
Trade (virtual water), import food.
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Part 2:Part 2:WatershedDevelopment & Modelling
Limited water resources,-
more demand.
Watershed is the basic scientific unit.
Need for proper planning andmanagement.
Integrated watershed developmentapproach
Digital revolution
Recent advances in watershedmodellin - use of com uter models,
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WATERSHED Development
WatershedCharacteristics.
Hydrology ofwatershed.
Watershed (ha) Classification
50,000-2,00,000
10,000-50,0001,000-10,000100-1,00010-100
Watershed
Sub-watershedMilli- watershedMicro-watershedMini-watershed
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WATERSHED Development
Parameters of Watershed SizeShapePhysiography
ClimateDrainageLand useVegetationGeology and SoilsHydrology
HydrogeologySocioeconomics
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WATERSHED MODELLING
Watershed modelling steps1. Formulation
2. Calibration/verification
3. Application
Watershed model constitutes
1. Input function
2. Output function
3. Transform function
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WATERSHED MODELLING
General Classification of Models
Broadly classified into three types
Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the
relation between rainfall and surface runoff without
describing the physical process by which they are related.
e.g. Unit Hydrograph approachLumped models:
These models occupy an intermediate position between the
distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford
Watershed ModelDistributed Models:
These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based
on the solution of unsteady flow equations.
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Background
Large water resources development projects in India
have adverse socio-economic and environmental consequencesadverse socio-economic and environmental consequences.
The failure of such projects, contributed to indebtednessindebtedness,
raising economic pressureeconomic pressure and jeopardising future development.
Indiscriminate expansion of marginal landsexpansion of marginal lands and over-utilisation
of existing water resources for irrigation.
Traditional water harvesting systems have suffered sever neglect.
This type of development not only called into question the adequacy of water resources schemesadequacy of water resources schemes but triggered the urgent search for more effective and appropriate management strategies.
Major response to follow Integrated Watershed Management Approach.
Part 3: Integrated Watershed Management
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Concepts and Principles of IWM
Objectives:Objectives:
Water hasWater has multiples usesmultiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way.and must be managed in an integrated way. Water should be managed at theWater should be managed at the lowest appropriate levellowest appropriate level.. Water allocation should takeWater allocation should take account of the interests of allaccount of the interests of all who are affected.who are affected. Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.
Strategies:Strategies: A long term, viableA long term, viable sustainable futuresustainable future for basin stake holders.for basin stake holders. Equitable access to water resources for water users.Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application ofThe application ofprinciples of demand managementprinciples of demand management for efficient utilisation.for efficient utilisation. Prevention of furtherPrevention of further environmental degradationenvironmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of(short term) and the restoration of
degraded resources (long term). .degraded resources (long term). .
Implementation Programs:Implementation Programs: Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a deliveryComprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a deliverymechanisms and amechanisms and a monitoring schedulemonitoring schedule that evaluatesthat evaluates program performanceprogram performance..
Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess theRecognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess theresource base throughresource base through modelling and development of DSSmodelling and development of DSS, and to determine the, and to determine the
linkage between water resources and thelinkage between water resources and the impacts on environment, socio-economyimpacts on environment, socio-economy..
Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.
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Integrated Watershed Approach
IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural
resources an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic
and institutional aspects.
Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority.
Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.
1970 1980 1990 2000
Public
Participati
on
Watershed development program
Low
High
Mainlywat e
r
conservation
Socio-economicwith
waterconse
rvation
Socio-econo m
ic,
waterconse
rvation,
participatio n
Publicparticipation
planning,d
esign,
implementa
tion
Project success
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The four engineering and management tools for effective
and sustainable development of water resources in semi-arid
rural India: -Appropriate technologies Decentralised development system Catchment based water resources planning
Management information system
In past the efforts were more on the soil conservation and
taking measures on the land where as we used to neglect the
welfare of the land users.
For sustainable watershed management there is need to
integrate the social and economic development together with
soil and water conservation
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Part 4: Water Conservation &Harvesting
Total water managementfor sustainable
development?.
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Water ConservationImportant step for solutions to issues of water
and environmental conservation is to changepeople's attitudes and habits
Conserve water because it is right thing todo!.
What you can do to conserve
water?Use only as much water as you require. Closethe taps well after use. While brushing orother use, do not leave the tap running, openit only when you require it. See that there are
no leaking taps.
Use a washing machine that does notconsume too much water. Do not leave thetaps running while washing dishes andclothes.
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Water Conservation
Install small shower heads to reduce the flowof the water. Water in which the vegetables &fruits have been washed - use to water theflowers & plants.
At the end of the day if you have water left inyour water bottle do not throw it away, pour it
over some plants.
Re-use water as much as
possibleChange in attitude & habits forwater conservation
Every drop counts!!!
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Rain Water Harvesting?.Rain Water Harvesting?. Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area forbeneficial use.
Storage in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-
groundwater
Hydrological Cycle
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Roof Rain Water Harvesting
Land based Rain Water Harvesting
Watershed based Rain Water harvesting For Urban & Industrial Environment
Roof & Land based RWH
Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
RWH MethodologiesRWH Methodologies
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Rain Water Harvesting AdvantagesRain Water Harvesting Advantages
1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through
dilution when recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive
& easy to construct, operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rainwater provides good quality water
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Part 5: Successful Case Study
Catchment Area =1800 km2