Suez-Environnement Point Of...

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Benefit of Water Reuse

Suez-Environnement Point Of View

Second French-Serbian Summer School

October 2007, 7-13Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia

2nd French-Serbian Summer School Oct. 2007 2

Water, a sustainable abundance ?

1997: Reservoir of fresh water near London

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Water for all ?


Water, essential for the lifeWaste Water treatment, crucial for health

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Why water reuse ?

Scarcity+

More stringent regulations

+Socio-political

wish Management of the overall water cycle

NewNew

regulationregulation

New New

Analytical toolsAnalytical tools

New treatment New treatment

processesprocesses

Key Factors New Challenge


Role of water reuse

Water shortage Alternative Resource

Stringent regulation Prevent of pollution

Local constraints Competitive solutions

New water management Part of the managementof water resources

� A reality and a necessity for arid and semi-arid area such as Mediterranean basin and islands

Factors Role of the water reused

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A worldwide solution


A wide range of usages: Non potable usage

Type of usage:

1) Non potable usage

Recreative activities

Industrial usages

Agriculturalirrigation

Urbanactivities

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A wide range of usages: Potable usage

Indirect reuse Direct reuse


Typical usage of reuse water

Liba

n

Chy

pre

Mal

te

Tun

isie

Mar

oc

Ara

bie

Sao

udite

Tur

quie

Bah

rain

Em

irats

Ara

bes

Om

an

Jord

anie

Kow

eit

Syr

ie

Qua

tar

S1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% E

au R

éutil

isée

AgricultureMunicip&Ind

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Main challenge

EconomicCosts of construction and operation

in macro-economic scale

FinancialPrice and market value of the services

Socio-psychologicalPublic acceptance and education

RegulatoryStandards and regulations

OrganisationalAdministrative structure

TechnicalTechnical

EconomicCosts of construction and operation

in macro-economic scale

FinancialPrice and market value of the services

Socio-psychologicalPublic acceptance and education

RegulatoryStandards and regulations

OrganisationalAdministrative structure

TechnicalTechnical


Suez Environnement experiences: Technical Center

UK-Langford/ Northumbrian Group

Application: Production indirecte EP

R&D: Traitements avancés/ Oestrogènes/ Impacts environnementaux

West Basin / WBMWD et United WaterApplication: recharge de nappe,

irrigation, usages industriels

R&D: - UV/ recharge de nappe/micropolluants organiques/ qualité dans le réseau

Maroc / LydecApplications: Irrigation

Techniques: Rhizofiltration

R&D: Optimisation filières

Espagne / AGBAR

Applications: Irrigation et recharge de nappe

R&D: - Infiltration-percolation, UV, ozone, membranes

R&D: Contrôle de la qualité/ Filières de traitement

UKUK: Essex&Suffolk Water: Essex&Suffolk Water

Cranfield UniversityCranfield University

FranceFrance: Montpellier University: Montpellier University

SCE, NoirmoutierSCE, Noirmoutier

SpainSpain: AGBAR: AGBAR

Barcelona UniversityBarcelona University

Institute of Geology MallorcaInstitute of Geology Mallorca

ItalyItaly: ISPRA: ISPRA

Catania UniversityCatania University

IsraelIsrael: Mekorot: Mekorot

Hebrew UniversityHebrew University

European Project CatchWaterUKUK: Essex&Suffolk Water: Essex&Suffolk Water

Cranfield UniversityCranfield University

FranceFrance: Montpellier University: Montpellier University

SCE, NoirmoutierSCE, Noirmoutier

SpainSpain: AGBAR: AGBAR

Barcelona UniversityBarcelona University

Institute of Geology MallorcaInstitute of Geology Mallorca

ItalyItaly: ISPRA: ISPRA

Catania UniversityCatania University

IsraelIsrael: Mekorot: Mekorot

Hebrew UniversityHebrew University

European Project CatchWater

DORE (CIRSEE), France

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Health risk


Regulations and legislations

� ObjectifProtect public health

� Regulations� Specific depending on usages, country,

agricultural activities and irrigation types

� Expected trend� More stringent regulations � Reuse benefit per type of usage, yield of

reuse :(arid area or sensitive, industrial)

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What is the best approach ?

Various approaches in the world :1. Conservative regulation for low health risk

Californi (2.2 total coliforms/100 mL)2. Health risk controlled

WHO (1000 fecal coliforms/100 mL, <1helm./L)

Most important considerations :� Economical approach: vialbility and feasability� Control of the compliance� Requirement for the type/frequence of analyses,

type of treatment, operation etc.� Risk evaluation (HACCP)


Water reuse for agricultural activitiesMain characteristics

� A vital alternative resource at low cost, and not dependant to drought condition.

� High consumption

� Seasonal demand (storage)

� Fertilization benefit

� Low economical value

� High social value

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Regulation for reused water

Irrigation, more stringent regulation

Helminth eggs

ReferencesSpecifications for high risk

categories

Giardia et Cryptosporidium

Poliovirus

Regulation family

Title 22, California - Israel - Arabia Saudi < 2.2 TC / 100 mLregulation - Canaries island

WHO - France - Tunisia- Oman < 1000 FC / 100 mLrecommendations - Catalogna - Mexico < 1 helminthes / L

New - Australia - South Africa More stringent (virus, Giardia)indicators divers - Arizona - Florida

Not regulated - India - Turkey - Morocco No regulation whereas they d o pratiquent water reuse


Water reuse for urban activitiesMain characteristics

� Need of better operation (dual distribution network)

� Good public acceptance

France: Golf de l’île d’Oleron,40 m3/j, filtration & UV(Degrémont)

� High economical and environmental values

� Rapid growth: golf, green area, parks

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Regulation for urban usage

Fecal coliforms

Not detectable (USEPA)

2.2 /100 mL (Canada)

10 /100 mL (Japon)

14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, project)

25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)

100 /100 mL (Germany, project)

200 /100 mL (WHO, parks)

E.coli

0/100 mL (Spain, project)

10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia)

Others parameters

Turbidity <1 à <5 NTU

TSS < 5 à < 30 mg/l

DBO <5 à <20 mg/L

Clresidual 1 mg/L

E.coli

100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing waters)

Total coliforms

2.2 /100 mL (California)

10 /100 mL (NSW, Australia)


Microbiological ParametersPathogens: critical parameters for reuse

Bacteria : E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Helicobacter

Cholera epidemic in Jerusalem - 1970s; Typhoid

Helminthes eggs : Ascaris, hookworm, Clonorchis

Resistant, attached on vegetables

Protozoa : Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, Amoeba

Resistant, attached on vegetables

Viruses : Hepatitis A, Norwalk, Rotavirus

Norwalk Virus (Mexico)

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Reuse: a technical challenge


Reuse of waste water Technical challenge

�� Variability

�� Pollutants (Ammonium, bacteria, microelements, etc.)

�� Salinity (TDS)

Emerging Parameters (MTBE, NDMA, estrogens, pharmaceutical)

Control at the

source

n°1 Water quality

�� Control of the reuse water

�� Limit the corrosion, scaling, biofilm, etc

n°2 Operation reliability

�� Economical viability�� Good performances

and reliability

�� Technology adapted to end use

Integrated system from storage and

distribution

n°3 Treatment selection and design

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Typical treatment train depending on regulations

Primary settler

Industrial growing, forest

Example: Mexico City (45 m3/s)100% of irrigation needs(WHO, cat. A: <1 egg/L; <1000 CF/100 ml)

Coagulationfloculation

Fe3+, Al3+

Pretreatment

Pretreatment Activated sludge

Infiltration / percolation

Settler

Accès sans restriction

Limited access

Cultures Industrial growing, forest

Israël (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mg SS/L)

Industrial growing, forest

Grazing, truck farming eaten after cooking,, fruit trees

Australia (<3000 et <750 CF/100 ml)California (<23 CT/100 ml)EPA, USA (<200 CF /100 ml)South Africa (<1000 CF/100 ml)Catalonia (<1000 CF/100 ml)

Urban waste water

Urban waste water

WHO regulation, cat.B (< 1 egg/L)

Facultativelagoon Ripening lagoon

Anaerobiclagoon

Cl, UV, O3

Chlorination

Urban waste water

Sand filtration

Cl,UV,O3Filtration



Urban waste water

Primarysettler

Pretreatment Activated sludge

Clarifier Filtrationmultilayer

DisinfectionCl, UV, O3

Grazing, truck farming eaten after cooking,, fruit trees

Truck farming eaten as raw

Canaries (<2.2 TC/100 ml)Israël (<2.2 FC/100 ml)Californie (<2.2 FC/100 ml)Floride (<1 FC/100 ml)Arizona (<1 FC/100 ml)

virus < 1 PFU/40L)

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Recreative activities

Irrigation of golf, parks, garden

Toilets

Car wash

Road cleaning

Fire protection

Industrials usage

Urban waste water

Primary settlerPretreatment Activated sludge

(C or C+N);SBR;

SettlerFiltration

multilayers

DésinfectionCl, UV, O3

MF/UFDésinfectionCl, UV, O3

DésinfectionCl, UV, O3Biofor

DisinfectionCl, UV, O3

Pretreatment

Urban waste water

MBR with external recycling

MBR with immersed membranes

France < 200 CF/100 mLAustralia < 1 CF/100 mLl(South Wales)

virus : < 2 PFU/50LJapan < 1 CT/100 mLFlorida < 5 mgMESS/L


Best practices: exemple of irrigation

Critical step for public health

WastewaterWastewaterWastewaterWastewater

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment

StorageStorageStorageStorage

Application, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigation

Barrier to pathogens


Protection measure

Crop Crop Crop Crop RestrictionRestrictionRestrictionRestrictionHuman Exposure Human Exposure Human Exposure Human Exposure

ControlControlControlControlHarvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting

MeasuresMeasuresMeasuresMeasures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

WastewaterWastewaterWastewaterWastewater

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentWastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment

StorageStorageStorageStorage

Application, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigationApplication, type of irrigation



Protection measure

Crop Crop Crop Crop RestrictionRestrictionRestrictionRestrictionHuman Exposure Human Exposure Human Exposure Human Exposure

ControlControlControlControlHarvesting Harvesting Harvesting Harvesting

MeasuresMeasuresMeasuresMeasures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

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Irrigation of reused water: recommended practices

Seasonal storage + Irrigation practices (technics & timing) =

Complementary steps

Micro-sprinkler

Micro irrigationMicro irrigation

Seasonal storage


Measure selection to control health risk

Wastewatertreatment

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

Health Protection MeasuresGood

PracticesSafety Credit

Exposurecontrol

Education

Signs

Applicationcontrol

Restrictionmeasures

On Crops

On Access

Localized Irrigation

Cultivation practice

Surface&SprinklerIrrigation

WastewatertreatmentWastewatertreatment

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

PartialPartial

SecondarySecondary

TertiaryTertiary

FullFull

Health Protection MeasuresGood

PracticesSafety Credit

Exposurecontrol

Education

Signs

Education

Signs

Education

Signs

Applicationcontrol

Restrictionmeasures

On Crops

On Access

On Crops

On Access

On Crops

On Access

Localized IrrigationLocalized Irrigation

Cultivation practice

Surface&SprinklerIrrigation

To limit health risk, it is required at least6 units of safety credit

Obligatory

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Membranes processes

� Advantages� Footprint� High treated water quality and

bacteria free� MBR or tertiairy filtration

� Applications � Urban and industrial reuse� Indirect drinking water production� Pre-treatment prior reverse osmosis

WW

Sludges

Air

MBR

.

...

.

.. .

.

..

.

.

.

..

..

.

.

.

.

..

Membranes

Permeate

Zen

on®

Tec

hnol

ogy


Reuse for irrigationExample of tertiary treatment

WWTP of POVAI (Bora Bora)

� Client :� Operator :� Capacity :

� Start up : � Drivers :

Municipality of POVAI SPEA (Suez Environnement)Secondary Effluent 6250 m 3/dTertiary Effluent UF 300 m 3/d

�Potential …Capacity increase, supply reverse osmosis

2005Non potables Usage : irrigation of green area

UF Skid

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Socio-psychological challengeCommunication & education of public

� Reuse water = viable alternative resource� A new product with an economical, social & environmental

value


Conclusion

� The irrigation is the main type of waste water reuse with a high social value for food activity in arid area.

� The urban irrigation for green areas and golf is growing faster due to high contribution for the improvement of environmental living but requires advanced treatment technologies.

� The main constraint for the development of the reuse is the low cost of water and the lack of funding.

� The public health can be managed by appropriate treatment trains but also by good practices such as in irrigation and use of reuse water

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