Aablative laser resurfacing technique 862ABPA, see allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosisACC, see adenoid cystic carcinomaaccessory

nostril – 132pneumatization – 501

ACE, see angiotensin-converting enzymeacellular

dermal matrix – 481dermis – 762heterologous dermis – 833

acetaminophen 856acetazolamide 480acetylcholine 840acetylcholinesterase 840acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 562, 610

sensitivity – 610acne scar 869acoustic

rhinometry – 68, 71, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174sensor – 106

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 259acromegaly 486Actinomyces 212, 213acupuncture 350acute

dacryocystitis – 618exacerbation of chronic sinusitis (AECS) – 221nasal injury – 788respiratory distress – 687rheumatic fever – 235rhinosinusitis (ARS) – 191, 197, 308, 346, 609sinusitis – 204, 205, 208, 217, 336, 489

adjuvant treatment – 205antibiotic therapy – 205, 346bacteria – 217computerized axial tomography (CAT) – 205diagnosis – 204, 208facial pain – 336

microbiology – 217treatment – 208

adenocarcinoma 54, 390, 441, 662of the middle turbinate – 441of the sinonasal tract – 390

adenohypophysis 485adenoid

cystic carcinoma (ACC) – 391, 664metastasis – 391perineural invasion – 391sinonasal tract – 391

hypertrophy – 206adenoidectomy 207, 208adenoiditis 241adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 409

treatment – 409adenovirus 271AEA, see anterior ethmoid arteryAECS, see acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitisAERD, see aspirin-exacerbated respiratory diseaseaerobic bacteria 215, 222AFRS, see allergic fungal rhinosinusitisAFS, see allergic fungal sinusitisageusia 100agger nasi 25, 30, 31

cell – 307punch-out procedure – 31

aging eyelid complex 878AIDS, see acquired immunodeficiency syndromeair leak 68air-siphoning 481airway mucus 86alar

base reduction – 763batten graft – 707cartilage – 716, 730, 736, 762

modification – 716visualization – 716

collapse – 174crease – 6, 701

Subject Index

distortion – 69retraction – 10rim – 12

graft – 12wedge excision – 742

allergen 249allergic

bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) – 260fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) – 258, 260, 261, 262, 273

antifungal – 262treatment – 261

fungal sinusitis (AFS) – 50, 223, 287, 293, 329, 348rhinitis – 168, 176, 196, 198, 207, 247, 253, 275, 546, 775

antihistamine – 251ARIA guideline – 253decongestant – 251management – 176pharmacotherapy – 251vasoconstrictor – 251

allergy 611AlloDerm 750, 871allogeneic filler 871alloplast implant 762, 763alotomy 913alternaria 329

protein – 278Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 99ambulatory surgery center (ASC) 537amelanotic melanoma 56ameloblastic

carcinoma – 412fibroma – 416

treatment – 416fibro-odontoma – 416fibrosarcoma – 416

ameloblastoma 57, 59, 60, 396, 404, 410, 411, 412treatment – 412

aminoglycoside antibiotic 244amitriptyline 340, 341amoxicillin 205, 346, 347, 348

clavulanate – 215, 611amphotericin B 259, 262, 263, 277, 349, 612

cholesteryl sulfate complex (ABCD) – 263deoxycholate – 262lipid complex (ABLC) – 263metabolism – 263nephrotoxicity – 263thrombophleibitis – 263

anaerobicbacteria – 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 221, 222streptococcus – 212

anchored bone graft 708ancillary test 775Anderson tripod theory 727anencephaly 136aneurysmal bone cyst 408

treatment – 408angiofibroma 56, 379, 511, 642

juvenile – 379

angiotensin 324angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 158

inhibitor – 101annulus of Zinn 368anosmia 8, 97, 98, 100, 118, 250, 479, 770

URI-related – 118anterior

antrostomy – 448ethmoid artery (AEA) – 629, 631, 638nasal packing – 144rhinoscopy – 182skull-base – 124, 435, 439, 440, 443, 461, 465, 477, 661

benign tumor – 661combined approach – 443craniofacial approach – 440CSF fistulae – 477extracranial approach – 439intracranial approach – 443lateral rhinotomy – 440reconstruction – 457, 465resection – 463, 663transfacial approach – 440tumor – 454, 457, 458

extirpation – 461postoperative complication – 457quality of life – 458surgical approach – 454

antibiotic 196, 205, 289, 346, 596anticholinergic 101

medication – 252anticoagulation 292antiemetic 338antifungal

agent – 612mediation – 257therapy – 262, 277, 350, 597

nasal polyposis – 597antigen-presenting cell (APC) 196, 232, 233antihelix 905antihistamine 176, 251, 278, 300, 350, 597, 611, 613

nasal polyposis – 597anti-human interleukin (IL)-5 597antileukotriene 562, 597

nasal polyposis – 597antimicrobial therapy 222antrochoanal polyp 48, 170, 273, 274antrostomy 24, 555APC, see antigen presenting cellaplasia 502apoptosis 197, 296

therapeutic induction – 296aquaplast splint 765arhinia 130, 131ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma) 247, 249

guideline – 253Artecoll 871, 872, 873

indication – 872injection technique – 872risk – 873

918 Subject Index

arterial embolization 148arteritis 259Ash forcep 796Askin’s tumor 471aspergilloma 259aspergillosis 48, 257, 259, 261Aspergillus 48, 50, 256, 257, 258, 259, 264, 329

flavus – 155fumigatus – 155, 223, 259

aspirin 199, 231, 236, 268, 271, 278, 279, 280, 338, 595desensitization – 279, 280, 613intolerance – 231, 595sensitivity – 236, 268, 271triad – 278

aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 607, 610, 611, 613diagnosing – 611treatment plan – 613

asthma 48, 194, 199, 231, 268, 275, 298, 595, 598airway inflammation – 298aspirin-associated – 199steroid-dependent – 231

atopicallergy – 270dermatitis – 235

atopy 248, 249atresia 132atrophic

(acne) scar – 862rhinitis – 169, 326, 546

atrophy 47augmentation rhinoplasty 732auricular cartilage 762

graft – 754autoimmune vasculitis 268autologous

cartilage – 750, 767, 832fat – 833

transfer – 892average facial proportion 820axonal damage 648axoneme 83, 84axon reflex 199axotomy 99azelastine 300azithromycin 295, 296azole 263

BBachman manoeuvre 79Bacillus botulinus 840back biter 517bacteria 107, 109, 207, 296, 609

beta-lactamase-producing – 207biofilm-producing – 109, 296

bacterialbiofilm – 196, 197, 241, 242, 243, 245cytoplasm – 244infection – 191interference – 214

rhinosinusitis – 109sinusitis – 204superantigen – 271

bacteriocin 214Bacteroides 212, 213

black-pigmented – 213fragilis – 219, 271melaninogenicus – 212

Baker formula 855Baker-Gordon formula 857Baker-Gordon Peel 856balloon sinuplasty 314barotrauma 568basal cell

carcinoma – 401hyperplasia – 382nevus syndrome – 57

basal encephalocele 124, 126basal lamella 15batten

fracture – 784graft – 80width – 783

bell pepper 92benign

fibro-osseous lesion – 416intracranial hypertension (BIH) – 479mandibular neoplasm – 425

resection procedure – 425maxillary neoplasm – 425

resection procedure – 425benzalkonium chloride 348Bernoulli effect 705, 781Bernoulli force 166beta-2 transferrin 654beta-blocker 338beta-lactamase antibiotic 220beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) 213beta trace protein analysis 479bicoronal-facial flap 456Bifidobacterium 213bifrontal craniotomy 443, 450, 454, 661bilateral

gingivobuccal sulcus incision – 448gingivolabial incision – 455maxillary osteotomy – 442polyposis – 509

binocular diplopia 770Bio-Alcamid 873biofilm 109, 196, 237, 241, 243, 244

antibiotic – 196development – 196infection – 244

bioglass 154bipedicle flap 717, 720bipolar

cautery – 147, 449, 881, 886diathermy – 656

birth canal trauma 709

Subject Index 919

birth injury nasoseptal deformity 788bisphosphonate 424bitter tastant 95Bizygion distance 825Blakesley forcep 360, 516, 555, 622Blastomyces dermatitidis 329blepharoplasty 846, 877, 878, 881, 883, 884, 885, 892

complication – 884dry eyes – 884hematoma – 884lower lid – 881, 885postoperative course – 884transconjunctival – 883upper lid – 878

blepharoptosis 851, 885upper lid, repair – 885

blepharospasm 840block-type morcellizer 730blowout fracture 498body

dysmorphic disorder – 891plethysmography – 173

Boise elevator 772, 796bone

cyst – 408flap –

craniotomy – 473necrosis – 466

grafting – 750, 831growth factor – 427marrow transplantation – 257removal – 360

BoNT, see botulinum neurotoxinbony

choanal atresia – 687ethmoid septum – 777nasal septum – 794osteotomy – 433pyriform process – 783reconstruction – 462rhinostomy – 360septum – 8triangle at the pyriform – 720vault – 9, 702, 705, 708

deformity – 705graft – 708

Botox 839, 841, 844brow lift – 844reconstitution – 841storage – 841

botulinumneurotoxin (BoNT) – 839, 842, 851

adverse effect – 851brow ptosis – 851diplopia – 851eyelid ptosi – 851preprocedural evaluation – 842treatment of the upper face – 842

toxin, serotype A (BoNT-A) – 840, 841, 844, 845, 847, 848brow position – 844chemodenervation – 848lyophilize – 841treatment of the lower face and neck – 846treatment of the midface – 845

botulism 839bovine

collagen – 836spongiform encephalitis (BSE) – 873

Bowman’s gland 92cell – 98

boxy tip configuration 724brain

abscess – 291edema – 456haemorrhage – 590herniation – 462parenchyma – 455, 466

Breathe-Right strip 78bromelain 350bronchial asthma 199, 236, 610bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 235broncholysis testing 610brow adjustment 844Brown-Addison forcep 717, 730brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism 422brow ptosis 851brow-tip aesthetic line 6bruxism 337buccal bifurcation cyst 404buccal-gingival incision 811bucconasal membrane 686buckling force hypothesis 498bulbectomy 99bulging sporangia 328bulla ethmoidalis 14, 20, 25bunny lines 846Burow Triangle 776burr 517

hole – 291butterfly graft 80, 707

Ccalcifying

epithelial odontogenic tumor – 410odontogenic cyst – 403, 404

treatment – 404calcitonin 422, 424calcium 423

channel blocker – 101hydroxyapatite – 831, 837

Caldwell-Luc 280, 449antrotomy – 274, 370approach – 24, 448operation – 553, 556, 603

calibrated curved probe 535calvarial bone 706

920 Subject Index

camouflaging 749, 750, 772, 774, 776canal fracture 369canalicular stenosis 364cancellous bone graft 425Candida 212, 263, 264canine

eating – 130fossa – 146

canthal tendon 772cantholysis 370canthoplasty 886canthotomy 370canthus 5, 821capsaicin 279carbamazepine 340carbide tungsten pull rasp 707carbon

black particle – 106dioxide laser – 861nanotube – 110

carboxymethylcellulose 837carcinoma maxilla 51cardiovascular syphilis 326carina nasi 496Carnoy’s solution 399carotid

artery – 591injury – 591

siphon – 670cartilage 9, 10

C-shaped – 10graft – 79, 750, 751lower lateral complex – 10

cartilaginouscolumella – 720dorsum – 720graft – 748septum – 8, 151, 152, 777vault – 9, 702

defect – 705, 707caruncle 821carving 762caudal

helix – 904, 905septal deviation – 709septal extension – 751septal sandwich maneuver – 769

cautery 145cavernous

hemangioma – 642sinus – 28, 671

thrombosis – 291, 292anticoagulation – 292

cavum nasi 496CCA, see congenital choanal atresiacebocephaly 131cefmenoxime 347cefuroxime axetil 611

cellular fibrovascular stroma 422cellulitis 289

orbital – 289preseptal – 289

cementoblastoma 414treatment – 414

cementoma 57cemento-osseous dysplasia 418cemento-ossifying fibroma 417central brain trauma 98cephalocele 42cephalosporin 215cerebral damage 99cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 106, 477, 478, 479, 480, 486, 590,

653, 654fistula – 478, 479, 480, 590, 649

endoscopic repair – 480leakage – 8, 436, 462, 467, 479, 480, 590, 653, 655, 810, 812

computed tomography (CT) – 655magnetic resonance (MR) scan – 655treatment – 480

rhinorrhea – 106, 479, 653, 654non-traumatic cause – 654traumatic cause – 654

cervical lymphadenopathy 157cetirizine 277Charcot-Leyden crystal 223, 261CHARGE syndrome 43, 132, 685chemosensory disorder 97chemotherapy 331cherubism 422Chinese acupuncture 350chinolone 611chin wrinkling 848Chlamydia 295

pneumoniae – 222, 298choanal atresia 42, 132, 134, 688

preoperative assessment – 688cholesteatoma 241chondrocutaneous bipedicle flap 716chondrocyte 832chondrosarcoma 60, 456, 579, 672chondrovomerine articulation 38chorda tympani nerve 93chordoma 456, 672chromium 98chronic

dacryocystitis – 619invasive fungal rhinosinusitis – 258nasal deformity – 788obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – 298rhinosinusitis (CRS) – 83, 87, 116, 119, 190, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 220, 231, 237, 241, 250, 273, 275, 295, 345, 377, 559, 607, 608

anterior rhinoscopy – 192bacteria – 197bronchial asthma – 199CT scan – 194, 273

Subject Index 921

endoscopic sinus surgery – 607evaluation scale – 192inflammatory mediator – 195macrolide – 197, 295microbial pathogen – 197microbiology – 220nasal endoscopy – 195nasal septal deviation – 198osteitis – 195physical finding – 192symptom – 608treatment – 198, 295without polyps (CRSsNP) – 231with polyps (CRSwNP) – 231

sinusitis – 206, 207, 208, 217, 218, 219, 221, 336, 489antibiotic therapy – 207bacteria – 217diagnosis – 206evaluation – 206, 208facial pain – 336medical treatment – 208microbiology – 217, 218pathophysiology – 218polymicrobial infection – 219surgical treatment – 207Survey (CSS) – 192TyPE (Technology of Patient Experience) – 192

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) 275cicatrix 705ciliary

beat frequency – 85dyskinesia – 191

ciliated cell 83ciliogenesis 87cinch dressing 720circles of prominence (COP) 820, 821, 823, 824, 826

nasal aesthetic – 826within the eye – 823within the mouth – 824

cisterna magna 477Citelli forcep 584clarithromycin 277, 295, 296, 297, 298, 301clavicular fracture 770cleft lip 132, 909, 911, 912, 913

anatomy – 909bilateral – 913classification – 911deformity – 913embryology – 909nasal deformity – 789nonsyndromic – 911preoperative assessment – 911repair – 913unilateral – 913Z-plasty – 912

cleft palate 909, 910, 911, 914anatomy – 909defect – 910

double opposing Z-plasty – 914embryology – 909feeder – 130nonsyndromic – 911U-shape – 910

clindamycin 833clinoidectomy 370clival fenestration 675clivus 675

superior portion – 675Clostridium botulinum 840cluster headache 338, 339CNS, see coagulase-negative staphylococciCO₂ laser 855coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) 214, 215Coban elastic dressing 898coblation 79, 548cocaine

abuse – 157use – 325

codeine 681Coleman technique 871collagen 832, 836

vascular disease – 878columella 6, 10, 76, 80

strut – 80, 744, 763composite free flap 455, 473compressive optic neuropathy (CON) 640computed tomography 509, 620, 810

bony lacrimal canal – 620cisternography – 480endoscopic surgery – 509frontal sinus fracture – 810osteolytic destruction – 509

computer-assisted surgery 522, 528computerized axial tomography (CAT) 206CON, see compressive optic neuropathyconcha

bullosa – 16, 27, 38, 170, 499, 642, 679nondraining – 642

cavum – 80conchal

bowl – 906cartilage – 783, 905

graft – 785plastic surgery – 679pneumatization – 371

conducting polymer sensor 106congenital

choanal atresia (CCA) – 685, 686, 688, 689radiology – 686simple perforation – 688transnasal approach – 688transpalatine approach – 688transseptal approach – 689

encephalocele – 479nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) – 133syphilis – 326

922 Subject Index

contact pointheadache – 153pain – 339

COP, see circles of prominenceCOPD, see chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasecorrugator muscle 842cortical bone graft 831corticosteroid 157, 158, 198, 237, 252, 257, 276, 322, 369,

422, 596, 612Corynebacterium 225cosmetic procedure 889CosmoDerm 836, 871CosmoPlast 836, 871costal cartilage 750Cottle

elevator – 146, 183maneuver – 78, 168, 169, 774test – 782

cotton ball 906Cowden’s syndrome 470cranial cleft 131

Tessier classification – 131craniofacial

cleft – 130fibrous dysplasia – 417osteotomy – 442resection (CFR) – 453, 664surgery – 458

craniopharyngioma 403, 470, 473, 489craniotomy 125, 128, 291, 369crepe paper skin 878cribriform plate 37

leak – 482, 657crista

ethmoidalis – 17, 140, 628galli – 27, 128olfactoria – 502

Crohn’s disease 158, 324cromolyn sodium 252crooked nose 769, 777

delayed management – 772treatment – 772

cross-cultural smell identification test 118croton oil 856crow’s feet 844, 845, 846, 864, 878, 891CRS, see chronic rhinosinusitisCrumley’s method 704, 725crural strut graft 11crus 10, 11

domal segment – 11cryotherapy 79, 399cryptococcal meningitis 263Cryptococcus neoformans 263CT, see computed tomographyculture-directed therapy 346Cupid’s bow 912curette 522Cushing’s disease 486

cut-view reconstruction 536cyanobacterium 328cyanosis 132, 687, 899cyclophosphamide 157, 322cyclopia 130, 131cyclosporin A 397cylindrical papilloma 159cymba concha 80Cymetra 750cyst 47, 128, 395

of the oral cavity – 395cystic fibrosis (CF) 48, 87, 194, 204, 207, 268, 275, 297, 298

airway inflammation – 298transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) – 275

Ddacryocystitis 47, 357, 618dacryocystography (DCG) 619, 620dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) 130, 357, 358, 359, 363,

364, 444, 448, 449, 464, 500, 535, 556, 588, 617, 621, 622, 623endoscopic – 358, 359, 363

anesthesia – 359complication – 363postoperative care – 363result – 363revision – 364

failure – 622image guidance – 535pre- and postoperative care – 622success rate – 623surgical procedure – 621

dacryolith 620dangerous frontal bone 502, 569DCR, see dacryocystorhinostomydecongestant 251deep vein thrombosis 489deferoxamine B(DFO) 258Dematiaceae 329denatonium 95denervation atrophy 841dental

lamina residua – 411pain – 337pulp – 337sinus – 21

dentigerous cyst 57, 396, 412marsupalization – 396treatment – 396

dentinogenic ghost cell tumor 403depressor

anguli oris (DAO) – 847muscle – 7

dermabrasion 855DermaDeep 873dermal graft 833Dermalogen 871dermatochalasis 878

Subject Index 923

dermoid 128cyst – 407

desmoplastic ameloblastoma 411Deuteromycete 329developmental cyst 57dexamethasone 348diabetic ketoacidosis 256diaphanoscopy 570diathermy 79Dieffenbach incision 454diffuse

nasal polyposis – 169panbronchiolitis – 297

digital subtractionangiography (DSA) – 511, 638, 671software – 524

dimethyl pyrazine 92dimethylsiloxane 834diphenhydramine 251diphenylhydantoin 397diploic vein of Breschet 293diplopia 368, 448, 449, 590, 638, 642, 770, 803, 851disseminating sclerosis 339diuretic 101diverticula 620dome 10

binding suture – 730truncation (DT) – 724, 728, 739, 743

dorsaldeformity – 751hump removal – 9septal deviation – 168

dorsum implant 766doubled medial turbinate 500double dome 730

suture (DDS) technique – 724, 726double-layer fascia lata 457, 465double nose 132drill 517, 522drool lines 891dry eye symptom 878, 884dural

fistula in the skull base – 653venous thrombosis – 308

duraplasty 590, 662, 663, 681dust mite 250dynamic

airway testing – 170wrinkle – 842

dyschromia in flaps or scars 901dysgeusia 100, 101dysosmia 98, 99, 100, 118dysplastic dentin 404dystonia 840dystopia 810

EEaton-Lambert syndrome 841ecchymosis 880, 899

echinocandins 264ectoderm 36, 136ectomesenchymal tumor 409, 413ectropion 370effective stroke 84eggshell fracture 777electrocautery 145, 360electromagnetic (EM)

systems track – 531technology – 523

electronicnose – 105, 109, 110

diagnosis – 110screening – 110testing accuracy – 109training accuracy – 109

sensing – 110electro-olfactogram (EOG) 118electrosurgical reduction 176elevator muscle 7embolization 148embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 471embryonic nasolacrimal duct 406eminentia fossae nasalis 500empty nose syndrome 65, 176empty sella syndrome (ESS) 480, 486, 528, 534

image guidance – 528encephalitis 98encephalocele 42, 124, 125, 271, 478, 479, 480, 656

diagnosis – 125magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – 480management – 125

encephalomalacia 456endocanthion 820, 826, 829endoderm 136endonasal

approach – 715transfixion incision – 715

ethmoid surgery technique – 562frontal sinus drainage – 567frontal sinusotomy – 317sinus surgery – 569, 588, 601

landmark – 601orbital complication – 589preoperative evaluation – 601radiology – 601

tumor surgery – 662preoperative management – 662surgical procedure – 662

endoscope 515endoscopic

frontal sinusotomy – 308frontal sinus surgery – 310modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) – 313, 317

outcome – 317polypectomy – 280sinus surgery (ESS) – 176, 184, 198, 208, 280, 313, 435, 495, 527, 594, 595

complication – 280

924 Subject Index

microdebrider – 595nasal polyposis – 594principle – 198

endotracheal tube 689enophthalmos 444, 449, 643, 801, 803, 814

infiltrative syndrome – 643metastatic tumor – 643

e-nose, see electronic noseEnterobacter 218enterotoxin, see exotoxineosinophil 199, 214, 223, 270

cationic protein (ECP) – 236eosinophilia 235, 300eosinophilic granuloma 423epidermoid cyst 407epidural abscess 291epinephrine 279, 289

injection – 688epiphora 357, 618, 619epistaxis 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 152, 168, 627,

631, 632, 770angiography – 148arterial embolization – 632balloon device – 145bleeding source – 630IMA ligation – 146in HHT – 632local factor – 141management – 143, 144microsurgical technique – 631patient evaluation – 142posterior packing – 146surgical management – 632systemic factor – 142therapeutic strategy – 630

epithelialcell – 268odontogenic tumor – 409

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 159, 271, 330related protein – 390

e-PTFE, see expanded Polytetrafluoroethyleneergosterol 263, 264eruption cyst 396, 397, 398

de-roofing – 398treatment – 398

erythromycin 295, 296, 300, 301Escherichia coli 218, 244esthesioneuroblastoma 54, 383, 391, 454, 471, 661, 664estrogen 381ethmocephaly 131ethmoid

accessory cell – 560artery – 147

ligation – 147bulla – 20, 30, 268, 500cell – 561disease – 287infundibulum – 307labyrinth – 37, 560

perpendicular plate – 775roof – 482sinus – 24, 37, 203, 349, 378, 499, 657

defect – 657surgery – 559, 562

mucosal preservation – 562tumor – 563

ethmoidalblow-out fracture – 639infundibulum – 500labyrinth – 499mucocele – 563

ethmoidectomy 27, 289, 316, 360, 370, 436, 442, 454, 482, 562, 563, 571, 609, 631, 648risk of injury – 27

ethmoiditis 290ethmoid-sphenoid planum 674

opening – 674ethmosphenoidotomy 584ethmoturbinal 14ethnic nose 761Eubacterium 213Eucerin cream 858Eustachian tube 656Ewing’s sarcoma 471, 473

in children – 473exocanthion 826, 829exocytosis of inflammatory cell 404exodontia instrument 416exophthalmos 642, 643, 803exophytic papilloma 159exopolysaccharide 241

alginate – 244exotoxin 216expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) 750, 833external

beam skin irradiation – 862carotid – 139ear – 903

surface anatomy – 903nasal valve (ENV) – 76, 774nose – 696valve – 79, 695, 781

collapse – 79surgery – 79

ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) 136eyebrow 822, 823, 825

arch – 822ideal angle – 825

eyelid 822, 877anatomy – 877ptosis – 851

Fface/facial 891

adiposity – 892aesthetic – 711

angle – 703principle – 5

Subject Index 925

analysis – 703, 891anatomy – 891artery – 139asymmetry – 388beauty – 819deformity – 802expression – 892filler material – 836fracture – 99, 771, 814

in children – 814lipoatrophy – 837lipodystrophy – 873nerve –

injury – 900palsy – 80

osteotomy – 661pain – 335, 341

atypical – 341plastic surgery – 440, 747, 823, 831, 870, 877

blepharoplasty – 877scar – 431skeleton – 670, 809

fracture – 809lateral destruction – 670

translocation – 442trauma – 155vein – 28

face-lift surgery 890, 892, 899facial photography – 890flap necrosis – 899hematoma – 899muscle – 892

fascial graft 466fat

saturation postcontrast technique – 36transposition – 885

FESS, see functional endoscopic sinus surgeryfestoon 878fever blisters 858, 862Fibrel 871fibre-optic nasal telescope 515fibrin glue 457, 467, 657fibromyxoma 57fibrosarcoma 414fibrosis 158fibrous dysplasia 60, 417, 579

treatment – 417fistulae 620Fitzpatrick skin type 863, 878, 883flap necrosis 900flavonoid 95flavor 94fluconazole 257, 263, 264flucytosine 263fluorescein 482, 571, 655, 657

dye retention test – 619fluorouracil 390

fluticasone propionate 252, 348F. nucleatum 219Foley catheter 145follicular cyst 57fontanel 24food

allergy – 270, 610, 773hypersensitivity – 270

foramen 477cecum – 128lacerum – 435of Breschet – 28of Luschka – 477of Magendie – 477of Munro – 477rotundum – 678

forcep through-cutting 517forehead lift 892formal open septoplasty 797fosfomycin 347four-hands technique 581, 669fovea ethmoidalis 27, 38fracture of the midface 431Francis alar dilator 77, 79free autologous graft 832free flap 462Freer elevator 360, 516, 548, 554, 622Frey syndrome (gustatory sweating) 840frontal cell 307frontal ostium 502frontal recess 30, 31, 313, 314, 315, 569

anatomy – 31, 313, 569Draf classification of surgery – 315stenosis – 314structure – 30

frontal sinus 28, 38, 204, 307, 308, 310, 314, 315, 316, 317, 379, 464, 481, 502, 560, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 604, 612, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814anatomy – 809beak – 316concomitant medical treatment – 612cranialization – 464craniotomy – 813CT-based image guidance system – 317diagnostic radiology – 569Draf classification – 308drainage – 567, 569, 570, 571, 604, 662encephalocele – 481endonasal – 567fracture – 771, 811, 814

computerized tomography (CT) – 810Metzinger classification – 811NFD involvement – 812

infundibulum – 502, 570leak – 481, 656neoplasm – 310obliteration – 310, 315

926 Subject Index

obstruction – 560osteoplastic surgery – 379ostium – 569pneumatization – 204postoperative care – 572removal of tumors – 568revision surgery – 571sinusotomy – 813stenting – 572surgery – 308, 314, 568trauma – 308trephination – 310

frontal sinusotomy 535IGS – 535

frontal-T 571frontoethmoid air cell 26, 29

classification – 29frontoethmoidectomy 308, 440functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) 14, 38, 519, 521,

527, 553, 562, 563, 595, 607anterior-to-posterior dissection – 563instrumentation – 519microdebrider – 521nasal polyp – 595posterior-to-anterior dissection – 563

fungalball – 259, 260, 329, 563

treatment – 260culture – 256hyphae – 223, 260, 261immunotherapy – 261mycelia – 222rhinosinusitis – 256, 257

prevention – 257sinusitis – 48, 49, 223

fungiform papilloma 159Furlow palatoplasty 914furosemide 279Furstenberg’s sign 271Furstenberg test 124, 128Fusobacterium 212, 213

nucleatum – 213

Ggabapentin 340galeal flap 462ganglion cell 820

in the retina – 820Gardner’s syndrome 57, 378, 420gastro-oesophageal reflux 207, 609, 611gastrostomy tube 130gentamicin 348

solution – 765GERD, see gastro-oesophageal refluxgiant cell

granuloma – 421, 422lesion – 408

Gillies incision 806gingival

cyst of the adult – 406nodule – 409

gingivobuccal incision 449, 806, 913glabella 820glabellar rhytid 842glandular

hyperplasia – 231odontogenic cyst – 403

treatment – 403Glicklich and Metson system 194glioma 125gliosis 99globe injury 803Glogau’s photo-aging group 863glossopharyngeal neuralgia 340glossoptosis 910glucocorticoid 277, 594, 596glucose oxidase stick test 654glycocalyx 86glycogen depletion 841glycosaminoglycan 414goblet cell 216

hypersecretion – 297Goldmann tip technique 717, 723Gore-Tex 762, 833Gorlin’s nevoid basal cell syndrome 470Gortex

dorsal nasal implant – 756sling – 80

grafting material 831implant material – 831

graft versus host disease (GVHD) 257granuloma 258granulomatous

disease – 321sinusitis – 51tuberculosis – 326

Graves’disease – 878ophthalmopathy (GO) – 640orbitopathy – 287, 289

greenstick fracture 771Griffiths-Brown forcep 880gustatory

disorder – 100sensation – 94system – 93

GVHD, see graft versus host disease

Hhaemangiopericytoma 578Haemophilus influenzae 205, 212, 217, 220, 225, 291, 301, 346

beta-lactamase-producing strain – 217nontypable – 205

Hakim’s triad of gait apraxia 478

Subject Index 927

halitosis 204Haller cell 24, 38, 43, 501, 555Hand-Schüller-Christian disease 423hanging columella 10Hansen’s disease 328haptic feedback 521Hardy speculum 487HDPE, see high-density polyethyleneheadache 153

nasal septal deviation – 153syndrome – 315

head and neck sarcoma 392head trauma 98, 99, 115, 367, 656, 788Helicobacter pylori 295hemangiopericytoma 454hematoma 155, 884hemicrania 136hemifacial degloving approach 436hemiparesis 291hemitransfixion 709

incision – 739hemophilia 142hemostasis 450, 880

agent – 144matrix – 481

HEPA filter 250hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) 142, 159, 632

epistaxis – 632herpes 858herpes simplex virus 271, 867

antigen – 98herpes zoster infection 340heterologous cartilage 832hiatus semilunaris 17, 25, 40high-density polyethylene (HDPE) 835high-efficiency filtration (HEPA filters) 250Highmore’s cave 498histamine 235, 248, 249histiocytosis X 423Histoplasma capsulatum 329histoplasmosis 329HIV 259

disease – 763Hockey stick excision 717holoprosencephaly 130, 133, 134homograft costal cartilage 784horizontal

cough – 204forehead line – 843growth vector – 419

human papilloma virus (HPV) 271infection – 382

humpdeformity – 705reduction – 707

Hyalform 871hyaluronic acid (HA) 750, 874

filler – 836

hydraulicpressure hypothesis – 498resistance – 66

hydrocephalus 478, 654hydrocodone bitartrate 856hydrocortisone 263, 859hydroscopy 488hydroxyapatite paste 461, 464, 466, 473hygrometry 170Hylaform 836hyperaesthesia 340hyperbaric oxygen therapy 258, 444hypercalcemia 422hypercementosis 424hyperchromaticity 399, 412hyperhidrosis 840Hypericum perforatum 862hypernephroma 644hyperostosis 293, 313, 315hyperparathyroidism 422hyperpigmentation 867hypertelorism 131, 134hypertrophic

rhinitis – 773scar – 864, 900

hypervascular tumor 380hypoesthesia 291hypogeusia 100, 101hypoglobus 444hypophysis cerebri 485hypopigmentation 867hypoplasia 132, 502hypoplastic maxillary 21hyposmia 97, 98, 99, 100, 118, 479hypothyroid rhinitis 176hypoventilation 146hypoxemia 146hypoxia 425

Iidiopathic intracranial hypertension 479IgE-antibody in nasal polyps 598image-guidance system 530image-guided surgery (IGS) 528, 529, 533, 535, 536, 537

application – 533costs – 537indication – 533, 535limitation – 528, 537preoperative surgical planning – 536

imidazole 263immunomodulator 612immunostimulant 612immunotherapy 252, 351, 611

subcutaneous (SC) – 252sublingual (SL) – 252

infant nose 788infection 48

928 Subject Index

inferiormeatus – 555

antrostomy – 555turbinate – 15, 76, 166, 169, 170, 176, 358, 545, 546, 547, 603

hypertrophy – 176, 545, 546, 547causes – 546electrical cauterization – 547medical therapy – 546rhinomanometry – 546

lateral out-fracture – 547surgery – 546, 547

inflammatorycell exocytosis – 405cytokine – 86odontogenic cyst – 404sinonasal disease – 38, 43sinusitis – 317, 450

influenza A 98infraorbital

artery – 638ethmoidal cell – 501nerve – 483

infratip lobule 6infundibulotomy 563infundibulum 20, 40, 43injectable filler 869, 870, 871, 874

adverse reaction – 870complication – 870indication – 869permanent – 871temporary – 874

INS, see intranasal corticosteroidinstrument 524, 531

calibration – 531nonferromagnetic – 524

interbrow distance 825intercanthal distance 810intercartilaginous incision 749, 774interdental scalloping 408interferon (IFN) gamma 351interleukin (IL) 235, 270, 296

IL-4 – 235IL-5 – 235, 270IL-8 – 296

synthesis – 197internal

carotid artery (ICA) – 140, 501, 673maxillary artery (IMA) – 139, 146

ligation – 146nasal valve (INV) – 76, 773, 774, 781

spring constant – 781valve – 79

collapse – 10surgery – 79V deformity – 78

interpupillary distance 825intersinus septal cell 307

intracranialabscess – 290, 291, 444infection – 291injury – 522lesion – 669

upside-down cone-shaped tunnel – 669pressure (ICP) – 478

intradermal allergy testing 270intranasal

allergen challenge – 610anesthesia – 8antrostomy – 274corticosteroid (INS) – 252corticosteroid therapy – 276ethmoidectomy – 280perforating osteotomy – 708snare polypectomy – 594steroid – 199, 276

intraoperative imaging technology 524intraorbital abscess 288, 641intrasellar

lesion – 670navigation – 673

intraturbinate injection of steroids 546intravenous (IV) antibiotic 347inverted papilloma 54, 159, 274, 314, 382, 383, 431, 436, 578,

661, 662endonasal resection – 383Krouse staging system – 382pathogenesis – 382radiology – 383surgery – 383therapy – 383

inverted V deformity 750, 754ipratropium 349iris 821, 829

beauty – 821width – 821

isthmus nasi 76itraconazole 259, 263

JJarisch-Herxheimer reaction 327jaw 395, 396, 408, 423, 424, 425

benign tumor – 408bone disease – 395bone reconstruction – 425cystic lesion – 395dentigerous cyst – 396lesion – 395miscellaneous bony lesion – 423tumor – 424

JNA, see juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromaJones I test 619Juvederm 836, 875juvenile

angiofibroma – 379, 380, 381, 435, 455, 661chemotherapy – 381

Subject Index 929

classification – 381embolization – 381pathogenesis – 380radiology – 381treatment – 381

nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) – 17, 470

KKallmann’s syndrome 116Kartagener’s syndrome 48, 86, 194Kawasaki disease 235keratitis 884Kerrison

punch – 487, 488, 602rongeur – 146, 433

ketaconazole 262ketorolac tromethamine 856keystone area 9, 165Kiesselbach’s plexus 141, 152, 157, 322, 627, 629Killian incision 182, 183, 487, 709kissing carotid 503Klebsiella

pneumoniae – 218rhinoscleromatis – 156, 327

KTP laser 548

Llabyrinthectomy 473lacrimal

bone – 9, 358, 621drainage system – 618, 619

anatomy – 618irrigation – 619pathology – 618physiology – 618probing – 619

pathway – 617obstruction – 617

sac – 360, 620, 622drain – 618mucosa – 622opening – 360surgical anatomy – 620

scintillography – 619, 620sump syndrome – 364system – 806

iatrogenic injury – 806intubation – 360

laminaorbitalis – 499papyracea – 15, 31, 37, 40, 288, 309, 370, 502, 570, 589, 637, 641, 663

dehiscence – 40fracture – 589perforation – 589

propria – 166, 546mast-cell abundance – 546

lancinating pain 340Langerhans cell disease (LCD) 423

laryngitis 156syphilitic – 156

laser 79operating system – 864resurfacing – 861, 862, 864, 867

atrophic scar – 862complication – 867dermal injury – 862hypertrophic scar – 862operative technique – 864

system – 548lateral

brow incision – 805canthoplasty – 886crural –

flap technique – 742overlay (LCO) – 724, 733, 737steal (LCS) – 724, 726transection – 734

crus – 80transection – 80

nasal cleft – 131periodontal cyst – 398

treatment – 398rhinotomy – 448

lazaroid 369LCD, see Langerhans cell diseaseLeFort fracture 99, 432, 814

LeFort I down-fracture – 456, 474LeFort III fracture – 371osteotomy – 442

leprosy 156, 328leptorhinne

configuration – 777nose – 761

Leptotrichia 212buccalis – 213

lethal midline granuloma 159Letterer-Siwe syndrome 423leukocyte 86leukotriene 235, 249

inhibitor – 350modifier – 278receptor antagonist (LTRA) – 252

lid edema 287Li-Fraumeni syndrome 470limited sinus CT 529lip

adhesion – 913aesthetic – 824augmentation – 869, 870

injectable filler – 869lipocalin protein 92lipodystrophy 833

HIV-associated – 833Lipsett-like transection technique 736liquid

crystal thermography – 70silicone – 837, 871

930 Subject Index

liquorrhoea 679Little’s area 141, 152, 628long flap technique 895lower

eyelid – 823lateral cartilages (LLC) – 432, 771lid – 881

blepharoplasty – 881lip – 824third deformity – 751

L-strut 183, 776LTRA, see leukotriene receptor antagonistlumbar

drain – 657puncture – 655

Lund-McKay system 194, 609lupus

pernio – 323vulgaris – 326

lymphadenopathy 52, 156, 326lymphangioma 642lymphatic

drainage – 557vessel – 498

lymph node metastasis 664lymphocyte 157lymphoid hypertrophy 250lymphoma 643, 680Lynch incision 147, 289, 370, 448, 454lysine

acetylsalicylate – 278aspirin – 279

lysine-ASA 611treatment – 613

Mmacroadenoma 489macrolide 197, 277, 295, 296, 297, 301, 302

antibiotic – 298antimicrobial activity – 296dosage – 301therapy – 244treatment algorithm – 302

magnetic resonancecisternography – 480, 670imaging – 510, 620

bony lacrimal canal – 620tomography – 638

orbital tumor – 638Mahalanobis distance (MD) 108major vessel injury 590malignant

ameloblastoma – 412melanoma – 56peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) – 471sinonasal neoplasm – 432tumor – 662

en bloc resection – 662mandibular resection 425

mandibulofacial dysostosis 132Marfan’s syndrome 57Marionette lines 848mast cell 235, 249, 252, 270

degranulation – 270stabilizer – 252

mastication 94mastoid drill 433, 434mastoidectomy 473maxillary

antrostomy – 146, 289, 483artery (MA) – 628fracture – 771line – 21ostium – 24prominence – 36sinus – 21, 37, 213, 215, 440, 495, 498, 554

aspiration – 208bacteriology – 215computed tomography (CT) – 554endonasal procedure – 554endonasal surgery – 495polyposis – 20puncture – 213tumor – 665

sinusitis – 221anaerobic bacteria – 221microbiology – 221

tuberosity – 449maxillectomy 274, 383, 425, 431, 432, 433, 436, 448, 449, 455,

466, 471maxillofacial trauma 144maxilloturbinate bone 496MCC, see mucociliary clearanceMcCune-Albright syndrome 417McGovern nipple 687, 911MCO, see medial crural overlaymeatal antrotomy 370meatus 15, 37medial

canthal ligament – 810, 813canthal tendon (MCT) – 436, 770crural overlay (MCO) – 724, 727, 740lamella – 37maxillectomy – 448orbital wall – 464

reconstruction – 464osteotomy – 748rectus muscle – 590

injury – 590median nasal cleft 131medpor 784

biometrical implant – 464implant – 762

melanoma 643membranous septum 151meningioma 456, 470, 672

non-NF2-associated – 470meningismus 291

Subject Index 931

meningitis 290, 291, 444, 462, 478, 653, 654, 657meningocele 42, 124, 271, 654, 686meningoencephalocele 124, 127, 271, 654, 686, 812mental crease 848mentoplasty 834mentum 820mersilene 836mesoderm 36, 136metal oxide sensor 106methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 347methimazole 686methylprednisolone 252, 279, 369, 856MFD, see midfacial deglovingMHC, see major histocompatibility complexmicrodebrider, see also soft-tissue shaver 177, 280, 521, 549,

595, 689tip – 520

micro-endoscopic surgery 515micrognathia 909, 910micro-osteotomy 797microplate 813middle meatus 17, 215, 554

antrostomy – 554, 595, 631microbiology – 215

middle turbinate 15, 38, 314, 496middle vault 705

spreader graft – 705trauma – 705treatment – 705

midfacedegloving – 431, 440, 448, 455flap – 436fracture – 371, 431lipoatrophy – 873segment pain – 340, 341split – 442

migraine 315, 337Mikulicz

cell – 156, 327histiocyte – 328

minimally invasive pituitary surgery (MIPS) 487minor salivary gland neoplasm 159missed ostium sequence 609mitomycin C 133, 360, 604, 689mixed

odontogenic tumor – 415rhinitis – 247

model simulation 536modified Lothrop procedure 309mometasone 279, 348

furoate – 252montelukast 278, 597Moraxella catarrhalis 205, 212, 217, 220, 291

beta-lactamase-producing strain – 217mouth frowning 847MPNST, see malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumorMRI, see magnetic resonance imaging

mucocele 48, 261, 292, 293, 315, 642, 647, 814decompression – 293marsupialization – 293

mucociliaryclearance – 83, 86, 190, 195, 244, 297system – 38

mucofascial flap 675mucoperichondrium 152, 182, 705, 771, 795mucoperiosteal flap 398, 409, 548, 631mucoperiosteum 183, 657, 679, 795mucopurulent rhinosinusitis 348mucopyocele 293, 604, 814

antibiotic treatment – 604Mucoraceae 258Mucorale 257mucormycosis 257, 258

symptom – 258treatment – 258

mucosa/mucosal 75biofilm – 243disease – 75edema – 77, 152flap – 370, 688flap elevation – 181melanoma – 392

mucous cyst 576mucus 86

flow – 15multilocular keratocyst 401multiple biopsy 424multisystem trauma 647myasthenia gravis 841myceliae 256mycetoma 222, 259Mycobacterium

leprae – 156, 328tuberculosis – 156, 326

Mycoplasma 295pneumoniae – 222

mycotic infection 255myocardial infarction 489myofascial pain 337myospherulosis 645myxoid stroma 177myxomatous stroma 414

Nnafazoline 279nap test 846narrowed palpebral fissure 846nasal, see also nose

airflow – 167turbulence – 168

airway – 167acoustic rhinometry – 174differential diagnosis – 175history – 168

932 Subject Index

obstruction – 165, 167, 168, 174, 175, 321, 324performance – 65physical examination – 168rhinomanometry – 174testing – 174

alar flaring – 846analysis – 714, 828anatomy – 165augmentation – 835bleeding, – see also epistaxis 276, 627, 631, 632

arterial embolization – 632surgical management – 631

blockage – 78bone – 697, 702, 708, 748, 794, 796

asymmetric fracture – 796back-fracture – 708collapse – 748periosteum – 707

cavity – 13, 14, 15, 29, 204, 215, 377, 387, 496, 497, 629, 643anatomy – 13benign tumor – 377blood supply – 15flora – 215landmark measurement – 29malignancy – 387malignant melanoma – 643mucosa – 14nerve – 497tumor – 431venous drainage – 629vessel – 497

choana – 689transpalatine approach – 689

cleft – 131congestion – 271cycle – 167dermoid – 128discharge (ND) – 225dorsum – 6dyspnea – 782

threshold – 785embryology – 685, 787endoscopy – 116, 145, 182, 194, 195, 341, 357, 515, 619fossae – 628

blood supply – 628fracture – 770, 771, 793, 797

management algorithm – 797glioma – 125growth – 788hemorrhage – 627injury – 795, 796

closed manipulation – 796management – 795, 796timing of repair – 795

lavage – 262with amphotericin B – 262

length – 704, 826, 828

mound – 25mucosa – 190, 249, 387

dysplasia – 387edema – 190

musculature – 698obstruction – 11, 75, 273, 750, 757, 782

diagnosis – 782spreader graft – 750

packing – 572physiology – 167placode – 685, 686polyp – 221, 231, 268, 276, 277, 298, 326, 598, 610, 747

antibiotic therapy – 277antifungal therapy – 277bacterial culture – 221follow-up – 598medical therapy – 276Staphylococcus aureus – 610surgical treatment – 598

polypectomy – 274polyposis (NP) – 160, 196, 197, 216, 232, 236, 261, 268, 275, 278, 310, 339, 350, 568, 593, 594, 622

antihistamine – 278aspirin-sensitive patient – 275endoscopic sinus surgery – 593, 594histopathology – 268S. aureus – superantigen 216surgery – 279treatment algorithm – 594

pressure – 172projection – 704, 726repair – 797

open approach – 797resistance – 167, 173saline – 349

irrigation – 206scrunch – 846sensory innervation – 15septal cartilage – 762septal deviation – 622, 751septal fracture – 795

classification – 795septum – 38, 151, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 181, 182, 198, 709

anatomy – 151, 181, 709deviation – 152, 182, 198disorder – 152drug abuse – 157function – 151hematoma – 155iatrogenic trauma – 182infection – 155metastatic disease – 159neoplasm – 158surgery – 181systemic inflammatory disorder – 157technique – 709trauma – 155, 709

Subject Index 933

sill – 911sniffer – 782speculum – 182steroid therapy – 262structure – 761

anatomy – 761tip – 12, 723, 724, 726, 729, 822, 829, 913

aesthetic – 829algorithm – 726ideal aesthetic parameter – 724management – 723projection – 6, 714, 730soft tissue – 12structure – 723symmetry – 913

trauma – 337, 714, 798special situation – 798

tripod theory – 727valve – 75, 76

angle – 9area – 166, 168obstruction – 168stenosis – 433surgery – 781, 782, 785

vasculature – 698vault – 702, 703, 707

deformity – 703, 707vestibular stenosis – 448width – 704

nasalisation 594nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma 330nasal valve collapse 748nasion 6, 701, 725, 820nasoalveolar cyst 406nasoethmoidal

fracture – 770, 772lesion – 124

nasoethmoid orbital (NEO) 809area – 809fracture – 809injury – 811, 814

management fracture – 811Markowitz classification – 811

nasofacial angle 703nasofrontal

angle – 6, 704duct (NFD) – 502, 810

nasolabialangle – 6, 726, 762cyst – 406

treatment – 406nasolacrimal duct 588, 589

cyst – 134injury – 589obstruction – 357, 624

nasolacrimal sac/duct (NLSD) 433nasomental angle 704

naso-nasopharyngeal plexus 141naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fracture 371, 431naso-orbital lesion 124nasopalatine

cyst – 405, 407foramen – 688nerve – 498, 709ramus – 503treatment – 405

nasopharyngealangiofibroma – 56carcinoma – 672teratoma – 136tumor – 782

nasopharyngitis (NPT) 211, 215, 223, 225microbial dynamic – 211, 225viral infection – 223

nasopharyngoscope 133nasopharynx 211, 224, 656

bacteria – 224nasoseptal deformity 773nasoseptal injury 788

in children – 788nasotracheal intubation 222navigation 532

computer-based system – 524CT-MR fusion – 532single-modality view – 532

NDL 358anatomy – 358

Nd:YAG laser 548neck 891

anatomy – 891necrotizing granulomatous subcutaneous nodule 324NEO, see nasoethmoid orbitalneomycin 348neo-osteogenesis 316neo-ostium 609neoplastic cementoblast 414neosinus 642nerve sheath incision 370neural

crest cell – 36reflex – 199

neurilemmoma 420neurofibroma 420, 470neurofibromatosis 420neurohypophysis 485neuroma 340neurosyphilis 326neutropenia 257, 259neutrophil 157, 197, 214, 297

cell-surface adhesion molecule – 297nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome 399, 401NFD, see nasofrontal ductsnitric oxide (NO) 85, 195NLD, see nasolacrimal duct obstruction

934 Subject Index

Nocardia 212nodular skin lesion 323non-allergic rhinitis 48, 248, 250non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) 392non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 610, 681

sensitivity – 610nose, see also nasal 5, 7, 8, 77, 123, 130, 222, 259, 447, 661,

695, 696, 699, 771, 793, 794aesthetic proportion – 696anatomy – 5, 695, 696, 771arterial supply – 794benign tumor – 661bleeding – 633

algorithm for the management – 633blood supply – 7congenital absence – 130congenital malformation – 123external soft tissue – 793fungal ball – 259fungal colonization – 222innervation – 7, 794lateral wall – 8length – 5lymphatic drainage – 699malignancy – 447normal development – 123structural narrowing – 77superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) – 7width – 5

nosocomialinfection – 289sinusitis – 222

nostril sill 12NPT, see nasopharyngitis

OOA, see ophthalmic arteryobjective nasal airway testing 173oblique line 822obstructive

polyposis – 596sinusitis – 44sleep apnea (OSA) – 486

odiosoft rhino 173odontogenesis 416odontogenic

cyst – 396epithelium – 411fibroma – 413keratocyst – 57, 398, 399, 401, 403, 410

treatment – 399myxoma – 410, 414, 415

treatment – 415neoplasm – 424tumor – 57, 403, 408

odontoma 57, 415treatment – 416

odorantidentification test – 118molecule – 91, 92receptor molecule – 91

odor event-related potential (OERP) 118olfactory

bulb – 92, 98cleft – 119disorder – 115, 116, 117, 118, 119

imaging – 118management – 119otolaryngological evaluation – 116screening test – 118testing of olfactory function – 117

dysfunction – 98, 99, 271age-related – 99toxic exposure – 98

epithelium (OE) – 91, 99function – 167knob – 91nerve – 15, 498

axotomy – 99shearing – 99

neuroblastoma (ONB) – 54, 159, 391metastasis – 391radiotherapy – 391

neuroepithelium – 98neuron – 92, 100

apoptosis – 100receptor neuron (ORN) – 97sensory neuron – 91testing – 117tract – 93, 99

injury – 99OMC, see ostiomeatal complexOMU, see ostiomeatal unitONB, see olfactory neuroblastomaonlay graft 708Onodi cell 27, 40, 535, 563, 584, 648Onodi-Grünwald cell 501OPF, see osteoplastic flapophthalmic artery (OA) 637, 648

compression – 648ophthalmology 288ophthalmoplegia 288, 489optic

atrophy – 369chiasm – 674nerve – 49, 367, 368, 369, 372, 590, 647, 648, 649, 770

anatomy – 368, 648canal swelling – 770damage – 590decompression – 369, 372, 535, 647

image guidance – 535in traumatic situations – 647

entrapment – 770injury – 367, 368

Subject Index 935

meningioma – 647physiology – 368secondary lesion – 648sheath incision – 649surgical approach – 369traumatic injury – 648

neuritis – 47optical density 243optical-tracking image-guidance system 523, 530, 531opticocarotid recess 28oral

cavity – 212, 396normal flora – 212odontogenic cyst – 396

glucocorticosteroid – 596steroid – 348

orbicularisfiber – 913oculi muscle – 880, 883

hypertrophy – 883oris fiber – 910

orbit 369, 370, 637, 639, 642, 643angiofibroma – 642cavernous hemangioma – 642mucocele – 642osteoma – 642penetrating lesion – 639rhabdomyosarcoma – 642surgical anatomy – 637surgical approach – 369transconjunctival approach – 370vascular supply – 637

orbitalabscess – 619apex syndrome – 49blowout fracture – 813cellulitis – 47, 619decompression – 535

image guidance – 535fat – 878, 880, 881

herniation – 881pseudoherniation – 878, 880

floor – 637fracture – 639

haematoma – 589haemorrhage – 589infection – 289, 640muscle – 368periosteum – 288surgery – 644

complication – 644pre- and postoperative care – 644

trauma – 368, 638tumor – 638

computed tomography (CT) – 638magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) – 638

venous system – 638

wall – 442, 803biopsy – 442fracture – 803

orbito-cranial canal 26oropharynx 212orthokeratinizing odontogenic cyst 403

treatment – 403orthokeratosis 403Osler-Weber-Rendu disease 142, 159ossiculum of Bertini 14ossifying fibroma 417, 418

treatment – 418ostectomy 418osteitis 195

deformans – 424osteoblast 831osteoblastoma 419osteochondroma 419osteoclast 426, 831osteoconduction 426osteogenic sarcoma 473

in children – 473osteoid 831

osteoma – 419osteoinduction 426osteoma 57, 314, 377, 378, 379, 420

eburnated – 378ethmoid bone – 379frontal recess – 379radiology – 378spongiosum – 378therapy – 379

osteomyelitis 195, 293, 444osteoplastic flap 315, 443, 444

technique – 310, 535osteoradionecrosis 464, 466, 473osteosarcoma 60, 424, 471

in children – 471osteotome 183, 707osteotomy 8, 9, 10, 127, 433, 442, 448, 449, 454, 456, 464,

471, 708, 720, 748, 763lower lateral cartilage – 10nasal bone – 9

ostiomeatalcomplex (OMC) – 15, 194, 204, 515, 553, 559

mucosal disease – 204unit (OMU) – 44

otitisexterna – 348media – 205, 221, 241

microbiology – 221otoplasty 903, 904

preoperative evaluation – 904surgical technique – 904

otoscopy 250oxymetazoline 182, 487, 631, 782

936 Subject Index

PPaget’s disease 60, 424painful teeth 337pain of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction 337palatal

cyst of the newborn – 406, 407fissure – 136

palate 132palatoplasty 914palisading granuloma 322palpebral fissure 825PANDO, see primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstructionpansinus operation 562papilloma 53, 54, 159

carcinoma ex-inverted – 54fusiform – 53inverted – 54

paracetamol 681paradoxical turbinate 38paraffinomas 645para-influenza virus 216

type III – 98parakeratosis 399paranasal sinus (PNS) 13, 14, 35, 36, 37, 50, 61, 123, 192, 203,

222, 259, 271, 272, 290, 340, 377, 378, 387, 389, 390, 392, 431, 447, 497, 528, 529, 553, 587, 628, 637, 661, 687anatomy – 13, 37, 587benign fungal hyphal colonization – 50benign tumor – 377, 661blood supply – 628cancer – 389

TNM – 389carcinoma – 340congenital malformation – 123CT scan – 36, 272, 529development – 36embryological development – 14en bloc excision – 431endonasal endoscopically controlled technique – 637endonasal surgery – 587

complication – 587fungal ball – 259fungal colonization – 222imaging – 192, 529infection – 271, 290lateral nasal wall – 37magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – 36, 529malignancy – 387, 447metastases – 61mucosa – 14mucosal melanoma – 392nerve – 497osteoma – 378ostia – 190

obstruction – 190plain radiography – 35pneumatization – 687

squamous cell carcinoma – 390surgery – 553surgical navigation – 528vessel – 497

parasellar imaging 671parenthesis deformity 79Parkes chisel 720Parkinson’s disease (PD) 99parosmia 98, 99, 100, 116, 119parotidectomy 443paroxysmal hemicrania 338pars nervosa 485patent foramen cecum 479PEA, see posterior ethmoid arterypeak flow rate measurement 69peau d’ orange 848pediatric

craniofacial surgery – 474nasal deformity – 787sinusitis – 203, 206, 207

antibiotic therapy – 207diagnosis – 206evaluation – 206pathophysiology – 203surgical treatment – 207

skull-base tumor – 469surgical approach – 469

peel procedure 857penicillin 213, 346Penrose rubber drain 432Peptostreptococcus 213, 225perennial

allergic rhinitis (PAR) – 248antigen – 250pollenosis – 249

perfluorocarbon/osmium fixation 86perforating lateral osteotomy 708periapical

cemento-osseous dysplasia – 418cyst – 404, 405

treatment – 405perichondrium 702periciliary fluid 86pericranial

flap – 450, 454, 462, 465, 471, 473wrapping – 464

periodontal cyst 398, 410perioral rhytid 846periorbita 442, 649

biopsy – 442ecchymosis – 771emphysema – 589

periosteum 702peripheral

ameloblastoma – 413blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) – 235ostectomy – 399

Subject Index 937

Perlane 874perpendicular plate 37petrous bone 678Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 276phantom tooth pain 337phantosmia 116, 117, 119pharyngeal-basilar flap 678pharyngitis 156

syphilitic – 156PHDP, see porous high density polyethylenePHDPE implant 763, 766, 767phenol 855, 856phenol-croton oil 855

peel – 858Pierre-Robin sequence 910pigmentation disorder 855pilomatrixoma 403P. intermedia 219Piper methysiticum 862piriform

aperture – 77, 762over-narrowing – 77

cortex – 92Pitanguy flap 896pituitary

adenoma – 485, 486disease – 487disorder – 134fossa – 486macroadenoma – 672

with clival invasion – 672surgery – 485, 489

complication – 489pixie ear deformity 900pizotifen 338plain film 507planktonic bacteria 241, 243plasmacytoma 672Platyrrhine nose 761platysma 892platysmal band 848, 892plurisinusal disease 582P. melaninogenica 215PMMA, see polymethacrylatepneumatization 14, 27, 313pneumocephalus 450, 478pneumococcal vaccination 207Pneumocystis carinii 264pneumonia 108

ventilator-associated – 108pneumotachograph 66, 70pneumotachometer 172PNS, see paranasal sinusPoiseuille’s law 774pollybeak deformity 7, 707, 726, 751polyester mesh 836polyethylene 835

terephthalate – 836

polyglactin (Vicryl) mesh 750polyhedral epithelial cell 411polyhydramnios 136Poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) 837polymethacrylate (PMMA) 871, 872

microsphere – 872polyp 44, 47, 48, 268, 594, 608

development – 268eosinophilia – 236scoring for – 608

polypectomy 279, 280, 594, 595polypoid

disease – 273mucosa – 44, 258rhinosinusitis – 279

polyposis 44, 48, 167, 221, 287, 293, 392polyrrhinia 132polysaccharide 243polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 833polytomography 507popply chin 848Porex implant 835porous high-density polyethylene (PHDP) 763, 767, 835Porphyromonas 212, 213positron emission tomography (PET) 533posterior

ethmoid air cell – 26ethmoid artery (PEA) – 629, 631, 638fossa –

invasion – 672meningioma – 339

nasal packing – 145table fracture – 812

postherpetic neuralgia 340postnasal rhinomanometry 172postoperative wound care 564post-peel

healing – 858hyperpigmentation – 858

postrhinoplasty deformity 748, 750postsaccal stenosis 622postsurgical

fracture – 425neurogenic pain – 341

post-upper respiratory infection (URI) loss 97potassium hydroxide (KOH) 256Pott’s puffy tumor 293preaponeurotic fat 885prednisone 252pregnancy rhinitis 174preinjury deformity 772prenasal space theory 128preseptal cellulitis 640pressure

gradient – 66measurement – 66mucocele – 292

pretarsal rhytid 846

938 Subject Index

Prevotella 212, 213prick test 250primary

acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) – 618ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) – 86, 275, 300mucosal anastomosis – 624

principle components analysis (PCA) 106proboscis 131prognathism 132prolactinoma 657prolene suture 763Propionibacterium 212, 213, 225proptosis 288, 289prostaglandin

D synthase – 654E₂ (PGE₂) – 271, 611

proteoglycan 832Proteus mirabilis 218prothrombin time (PT) 486pseudocyst 395, 408

of the jaws – 408pseudo-ephedrine 252pseudohypertelorism 132Pseudomonas 242, 297, 346

aeruginosa – 109, 218, 242, 244, 296pseudonormoaeration 577pseudotumor 287

cerebri – 479psoriasis 235pterygomaxillary fossa (PMF) 140pterygopalatine

fossa – 16, 56, 381, 498, 578, 630ganglion – 167, 483

purulentNPT – 223rhinorrhea – 197

pyocele 48, 642pyogenic granuloma 160Pyrex Jones tube 364pyriform aperture 134, 135, 433, 708

stenosis – 135

QQOL, see quality-of-lifequadrangular cartilage 777quality-of-life 453question mark skin incision 473quorum sensing 196, 243, 245, 296

RRA, see rheumatoid arthritisradiation

exposure – 529therapy – 100, 101

Radiesse 750, 837radioactive iodine 101radiofrequency

ablation (RFA) – 176volumetric tissue reduction (RFVTR) – 548

radionuclide cisternography 480radix 6, 701, 727

contour – 704graft – 708

Rains frontal sinus stent 604RAST (radio-allergosorbent test) 250Rathke’s

cleft cyst – 489pouch – 485, 486

Raynaud’s phenomenon 158reactive airway disease 235real-time intraoperative imaging 538recessus 502, 503

cristae galli – 502of Palfyn – 502of the sphenoid sinus – 503terminalis – 20

reconstructive graft 706recovery stroke 84rectus abdominis free flap 466recurrent

ameloblastoma – 413rhinosinusitis – 610sinus disease – 608, 612

GERD – 612quality of life (QoL) – 608

reepithelialization 862regional flap 462registration 530renal cell carcinoma 392Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome 632

epistaxis – 632respiratory

cilia – 84distress – 687epithelium – 91tract infection – 197virus – 216

Restylane 750, 836, 874resurfacing 855retinoblastoma 471retrobulbar abscess 47retrobullar space 25reversed nuclear polarity 412revision

endoscopy –dacryocystorhinostomy – 364hypophysectomy – 489sinus surgery (ESS) – 534, 609

imaging – 609mechanical obstruction – 609specific aetiological aspect – 609

ethmoid surgery – 602rhinoplasty – 747sinus surgery – 602, 603, 604, 607, 610, 612

bronchial asthma – 610corticosteroid – 612mechanical care – 612

Subject Index 939

navigation system – 604timing – 611

rhabdomyosarcoma 56, 392, 473, 642in children – 473

rheumatoid arthritis 158, 324rhinion 7, 702rhinitis 75, 79, 120, 169, 174, 175, 176, 247, 249, 773

hypothyroidism – 176medicamentosa – 120, 169, 174pregnancy – 175sicca – 785treatment – 249

rhinobasis 499Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire 349rhinogram 172rhinoliquoral fistula 584rhinologic

allergy – 268pain – 336

rhinomanometry 66, 67, 68, 71, 171, 172, 173, 174, 546, 774, 775measurement of airflow – 173

rhinometer 68rhinoplasty 5, 7, 67, 76, 78, 127, 128, 154, 176, 182, 431, 713,

714, 782, 795endonasal approach – 713evaluation – 795game plan approach – 714open approach – 182pinched tip stigmata – 782septal perforation – 154

rhinorrhea 106, 168, 204, 271, 337rhinoscleroma 156, 327rhinoscopy 116, 145, 192rhinosinusitis 15, 109, 115, 119, 189, 190, 192, 197, 198, 217,

250, 256, 299, 335, 339, 345, 350, 519, 554, 559bacteria – 197classification – 190community-acquired – 217definition – 190disability index (RSDI) – 192e-nose – 109fungal – 256herbal treatment – 350macrolide antibiotic – 299outcome measure (RSOM 31) – 192physical symptom – 190smell loss – 119surgical indication – 559treatment – 198

rhinosporidiosis 156, 328Rhinosporidium seeberi 328rhinostomy 360rhinotomy 127, 442, 448rhinovirus 216Rhizopus 258

oryzae – 155, 257rhytide 833, 858, 859

rhytidectomy 848, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 896, 899, 900, 901alopecia – 900anesthesia – 893complication – 899earlobe deformity – 900facial analysis – 891facial nerve injury – 900flap insetting – 896incision – 893infection – 900medication – 891muscle – 892nerve – 892one-layer – 892parotid injury – 900patient –

evaluation – 890selection – 891

postoperative management – 898postoperative pain – 901preparation – 893scar – 900surface irregularities – 900technique – 892

rhytidosis 891rib cartilage 750rigid rod endoscope 520rocker deformity 9, 749roxithromycin 277, 295, 301, 596rubber silicone tube 689Rushton body 396, 405Russell body 156, 327, 328

Ssaddle nose deformity 322, 324, 327, 704, 706, 750, 751, 756,

762, 798, 814syphilis – 327

SAg, see superantigensalivary gland neoplasm 432salt taste sensitivity 101Samter’s triad 199, 235, 293sarcoidosis 157, 322, 324sarcoma 470, 473

in children – 470, 473Saturday morning headache 338Satyr’s ear 900Sayer elevator 777scanning electron microscopy 242SCC, see squamous cell carcinomaSchirmer’s test 878Schlieren photography 70Schneiderian mucosa 382schwannoma 420, 470

in children – 470scintillography 619scleroma 327sclerosis 47

940 Subject Index

scotomata 337Sculptra 837seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) 248secondary acquired lacrimal drainage obstruction 618secondary ciliary dyskinesia (SCD) 86sellar

bony-wall dehiscence – 670plastic surgery – 679

sense of smell 116sepsis 293septal

angle – 715cartilage – 183, 750, 783cartilage graft – 752deformity – 776hematoma – 770mucosal flap – 154perforation – 153, 154, 157, 185, 322, 330

management – 154Wegener’s granulomatosis – 157

repair – 797open approache – 797

surgery – 181, 182, 184endoscopic approach – 184technique – 182

turbinate – 160whipstitch – 769, 778

septectomy 316septodermoplasty 160septonasal deformity 774

examining – 774septoplasty 5, 8, 67, 77, 152, 154, 176, 181, 182, 184, 185, 360,

546, 562, 705, 728, 774cerebrospinal fluid leak – 184effectiveness – 185infection – 184nasal packing – 184septal hematoma – 184septal perforation – 154

septorhinoplasty 7, 710septula 502septum 5, 75, 787, 794

anatomy – 5epidemiology – 787nasi – 496

serologic testing 207sharp elevator 555shield tip graft 732short flap technique 895short tau inversion recovery (STIR) 510sialadenitis 101sickle knife 516, 555silastic 834

malar augmentation – 835sheeting – 316splint – 79, 710tubing – 363

silent sinus syndrome 339

siliconeelastomer – 834film – 663nasal implant – 762strut – 762

L-shape – 762suction tube – 689tube – 622

silver nitrate cautery 145Simons’ modification 717simple bone cyst 408sincipital encephalocele 124, 126sinogenic pain 336sinonasal

ACC – 391adenocarcinoma – 390cavity – 315, 316

endoscopic examination – 315disease – 42endoscopy – 486fungal infection – 329inflammatory disease – 174, 321malignancy – 447malignant tumor – 664

follow-up – 664outcome – 664

melanoma – 392mucosa – 14natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma – 158neoplasm – 144, 271, 387

occupational exposure – 387outcome test-20 (SNOT-20) – 192, 300papilloma – 159, 382polyposis – 44, 268, 273

CT scan – 273rhabdomyosarcoma – 392T-cell lymphoma – 392tract – 527

image-guidance system – 527tumor – 387, 388

classification – 388computed tomography (CT) – 388magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – 388positron emission tomography (PET) – 388

undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) – 390, 643Sinupret 350sinus 13, 213, 214, 215, 217, 609, 673

anatomy – 13aspirate – 214

for culture – 213cavity – 48disease – 519, 561

Friedman CT staging system – 561high-resolution computed tomography (CT) – 519Lund-Mackay CT staging system – 561

drainage pathway – 609epithelium cell – 217infection – 214, 291

Subject Index 941

lateralis – 25normal bacterial flora – 215opacification – 561osteoma – 377, 378pneumatisation – 670, 673puncture – 213, 217surgery – 515

instrumentation – 515sinusitis 38, 47, 109, 203, 204, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,

218, 222, 223, 242, 272, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 335, 489atypical organism – 222bacterial biofilm – 109bone remodeling – 293bony complication – 293classification system – 288community-acquired acute purulent – 217contrast-enhanced sinus CT – 272danger triangle – 291definition – 204diagnosis – 204evaluation – 288fungal – 223infection – 213intracranial complication – 289, 290

evaluation – 290microbiology – 211, 218nasal bacterial flora – 215nosocomial – 217, 222orbital complication – 287pediatric – 203sepsis – 293systemic complication – 293treatment – 288viral infection – 216

sinusoidal cancer 642sinusotomy 308, 310, 482skin 7

blood supply – 7flap necrosis – 899resurfacing – 855, 887, 892

blepharoplasty – 887laser – 861

testing – 207thickness – 7, 697

skin-prick test 270, 610skin-soft tissue envelope 7skull-base 469, 471, 654

anatomy – 469fracture – 654procedure – 469

in children – 469surgery – 474

in children – 474tumor – 470, 471

histopathology – 470resection – 470surgical technique – 471

skull-based procedure 443wound healing – 443

skull fracture 656SLE, see systemic lupus erythematosusSluder’s syndrome 339SMAS, see superficial musculo-aponeurotic systemsmashed nose 798smell

disorder, – see also olfactory disorder 115, 119laboratory test – 119

identification test (SIT) – 99, 117loss – 116, 119

sensory–neural cause – 119URI-related – 119

smoker’s lines 846, 891snap test 878Sniffin’ Sticks test 117snowflake calcification 409SNUC, see sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomasodium

cromoglycate – 252fluorescein – 480

soft thermoplastic splint 406soft tissue

sarcoma – 471shaver – 517, 521trauma – 778, 796triangle – 12

sphenoethmoidcell – 27, 501recess – 44

sphenoethmoidectomy 482, 648sphenoid

bone variation – 670mucocele – 578ostium – 16, 28, 580sinus – 27, 38, 40, 203, 204, 502, 575, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 672

approach – 672, 680benign tumour – 578beyond the sphenoid access – 672computed tomography (CT) – 575direct paraseptal approach – 580endoscopic image – 577four-handed procedure – 582leak – 482, 657magnetic resonance (MR) image – 575pneumatization – 27, 38, 40surgery – 581surgical access – 579transethmoidal approach – 582transethmoid-pterygoid-sphenoidal approach – 584type of approach – 580

sinusitis – 47sphenoidotomy 16, 370, 435, 454, 483, 631sphenoid sinus surgery 648sphenopalatine

artery (SPA) – 15, 140, 182, 483, 497, 581, 628, 678

942 Subject Index

block – 289foramen – 16, 56, 147, 380, 498, 578, 628, 631ganglion – 8neuralgia – 339

spinal cord 369spirometry 68, 69, 610split calvarial bone graft 457, 461, 462, 466, 473split-thickness skin graft 457Spock eyes 844spreader graft 705, 715, 776, 785squamous

cell carcinoma (SCC) – 51, 159, 382, 390, 454, 664of the nasal cavity – 390paranasal sinus – 390

odontogenic tumor – 410treatment – 410

S-STE, see skin-soft tissue envelopestandard nose calibration 174staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) 232, 234, 236

A (SEA) – 216B (SEB) – 216

Staphylococcus 214aureus – 109, 145, 155, 184, 212, 216, 217, 220, 242, 244, 271, 288, 292, 346, 867

enterotoxin – 145methicillin-resistant – 288, 292

coagulase-negative – 214epidermidis – 212, 217, 220

STARD guideline 71static wrinkle 842status asthmaticus 199steatoblepharon 878stereotactic surgery with CT scanning 528Sternberg’s canal 576sternocleidomastoid muscle 896steroid 175, 205, 596sterotactic image-guided surgery 522STIR, see short tau inversion recoverystrabismus 840stratum corneum 863Streptococcus 212, 214, 220

alpha-hemolytic – 212, 214, 220pneumoniae – 205, 220, 225, 271, 291, 346

Streptomyces erythreus 295stuffy nose 165, 174

treatment – 174Sturmann-Canfield operation 556subcranial preauricular infratemporal fossa (SPIF) 435subcutaneous

musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) – 794tissue – 7

subdural abscess 291submental

liposuction – 894platysmaplasty – 894

submucouscautery – 176resection (SMR) – 176

suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) 883subperiosteal abscess 47, 288, 641sucker 517superantigen (SAg) 196, 216, 231, 232, 233, 236, 610

activation – 236effect on T-lymphocyte – 233response – 233staphylococcal – 232streptococcal – 232

superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) 698, 702, 890, 892, 895, 896flap technique – 896imbrication – 896management – 896plication – 896suspension technique – 895

superior turbinate 16supernumerary nostril 132support vector machine (SVM) 108, 109suprabullar cell 307supraorbital cell 26, 307suprasellar lesion 670surgical navigation system 13sutured-in-place columellar strut 728swab 107sweat chloride test 275sweet tastant 95synechiae 588synovial chondromatosis 419synthetic material 762syphilis 156, 326, 327

saddle nose deformity – 327systemic

juvenile idiopathic arthritis – 158lupus erythematosus – 158steroid – 261

Ttachyphylaxis 252Takahashi forcep 777tarsorrhaphy 432taste

bud – 94, 101dysfunction – 97, 100

age-related – 100function – 101

heavy metal – 101medication – 101

loss – 100sensation – 94

T-cell 196, 234, 331activation – 196, 232differentiation – 331lymphoma – 158, 330oligoclonality – 234proliferation – 196receptor (TCR) – 196, 216, 232, 233, 331

TCR, see T-cell receptor

Subject Index 943

tear drainage 618telangiectasia 632, 859telecanthus 448, 464, 810telephoto lens 520telescope 515temperature-controlled CO₂ laser soldering technique 466temporal arteritis 338temporalis muscle flap 457, 464, 465temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 419temporoparietal fascia 892Tenon’s capsule 638tenotomy 728

scissors – 915tension

headache – 336, 340, 341nose deformity – 728pneumocephalus – 444, 462, 473

teratoid cyst 407teratoma 136terbinafine 101, 264TESPAL, see transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery liga-

tiontest nostril 173T-helper cell 233thermal injury 862thermoplastic splint 423thrombophlebitis 47, 263, 291through-cutting instrument 517, 521thyroid

cancer – 101stimulating hormone (TSH) – 878

thyroidectomy 175tip

asymmetry – 726, 744deformity – 751edema – 448projection – 720, 730, 826ptosis – 168, 174, 727, 748

tip-defining point 10, 11tissue-closure technique 466tissue eosinophilia 231, 235titanium 836

mesh – 457, 461, 464, 466T-lymphocyte 232, 233TMJ, see temporomandibular jointtobacco exposure 98tobramycin 348TOD, see transnasal orbital decompressionTON, see traumatic optic neuropathytongue 93, 101

malposition – 909tongue-in-groove (TIG) technique 724, 728topical

antibiotic – 347antifungal treatment – 349corticosteroid – 276decongestion – 279, 349steroid – 348

torticollis 841torus

ethmoidalis – 500lateralis – 25mandibularis – 423palatinus – 423

toxicexposure – 98reactive oxygen – 197shock syndrome – 145, 235, 481

toxin-1 (TSS T-1) – 216, 232toxin-specific IgE antibody 271

staphylococcal – 271streptococcal – 271

tracheostomy 133tracking 531transethmoid-sphenoidal approach 677transferrin 479transfixion 715

incision – 11, 720transnasal

endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (TESPAL) – 17, 146maxillary sinus fenestration – 553orbital decompression (TOD) – 640tumor resection – 381

transorbital-sphenoid decompression 370transsphenoid access 674trapdoor fracture 509trauma 116

mucocele – 292smell loss – 116

traumatichead injury – 368nerve injury – 368optic nerve affection – 647optic neuropathy (TON) – 367, 369, 370

computed tomography (CT) – 369lateral facial approach – 370magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – 369therapy – 369

Treponema palladium 156particle agglutination (TP-PA) test – 327

triad asthma 199trichion 820, 826trigeminal

caudal nucleus – 341nerve – 15, 28, 118, 199, 794

stimulation – 118neuralgia – 336, 339

tripodconcept – 697fracture – 801leg – 727theory – 739

tuberculoid leprosy 328tuberculosis (TB) 156, 326tumescent liposuction 833

944 Subject Index

tumor bleeding 380turbinate 14, 75, 77, 152, 176, 261, 545

disease – 548laser application – 548

hypertrophy – 152, 176, 261inferior – 545surgery – 77, 545

turbinectomy 360, 435, 546, 548, 775turbinoplasty 775Turcot’s/Gardener’s syndrome 470turkey gobbler deformity 892Twilight anesthesia 893two-flap 914

palatoplasty – 915tympanostomy tube 914

Uuncinate process 20, 40, 307, 308, 309, 359, 496, 500, 570uncinectomy 20, 21, 289, 360, 563, 631Underwood’s septa 499unicystic ameloblastoma 412, 413

treatment – 413unilateral submucoperichondrial flap 777University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test

(UPSIT) 117upper

eyelid – 823, 878, 880blepharoplasty – 804, 880dermatochalasis – 878

lateral cartilage (ULC) – 432, 702, 771lip – 824, 826respiratory infection (URI) – 115, 116, 290

smell loss – 116respiratory tract – 211respiratory virus – 190third deformity – 748, 750

urticaria 250

Vvacuum

dissector – 517, 519pain – 339

valacyclovir 856Valsalva maneuver 478valve

collapse – 752of Hasner – 618

vascular dysplasia 159, 632vasculitis 158, 322vasomotor rhinitis 546V-beta

clonal proliferation – 237signature – 233

VDD, see vertical dome divisionVenereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) 156, 327ventriculoperitoneal shunt 657ventriculostomy 473vermilion flap 913

vertex 820vertical

dome division (VDD) – 716, 717vector growth – 419

vestibularmucosa – 80stenosis (VS) – 436

vestibulum nasi 496Vidian

artery – 675, 678foramen – 584, 678nerve – 15, 28, 483, 503

viral rhinosinusitis 216visual

acuity – 878field defect – 337loss – 369

visual analogue scale 67vomer 152vortex-propelled nebulizer system 349

WWaldeyer’s ring 15Water’s radiograph 205watery rhinorrhoea 654Weber-Fergusson incision 136, 431, 449, 454, 471Wegener’s granulomatosis 157, 159, 275, 321, 325whistle deformity 913window resection 181wire osteosynthesis 813Woodruff ’s plexus 141, 145, 627w-plasty 440Wright peak flow meter 69wrinkle lines 858wrist fracture 770

Xxenogenic filler 870Xeroform packing 785xerostomia 100, 101xylometazoline 67, 349

YYoung’s procedure 160

Zzafirlukast 278, 350ZF, see zygomaticofrontalzileuton 278, 350ZM, see zygomaticomaxillaryZMC, see zygomaticomaxillary complexzonal coagulative necrosis 159Z-plasty technique 79Zuckerkandl’s fontanelle 500Zwaardemaker technique 70Zyderm 836, 870, 871zygoma 443, 820

Subject Index 945

zygomaticarch – 806bone – 801fracture – 801

zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture 801zygomaticomaxillary

complex (ZMC) fracture – 801, 803, 804, 806, 807classification – 804complication – 807

fixation – 807imaging – 803reduction of displaced fracture – 806treatment – 804

displacement – 802(ZM) suture – 801

Zygomycete 256, 257Zyplast 836, 871

946 Subject Index