Studying Groups How do researchers test their theories and hypotheses about groups and their...
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Studying Groups
How do researchers test their theories and hypotheses about groups and their
dynamics?
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What Are the Three Critical Requirements of
a Scientific Study of Groups? Reliable and valid measurement Research procedures to test hypotheses
about groupsTheories that organize knowledge of
groups
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What Methods Do Researchers Use to Measure Individual and Group Processes?
Observational measures: observing and recording events– Qualitative and quantitative
(structured) measures• Bales's Interaction
Process Analysis (IPA) classifies behaviors into two categories: task and relationship behaviors
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• Bale’s SYMLOG (Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups) identifies 3 key dimensions: dominance/submissiveness, friendliness/unfriendliness, and acceptance of authority/nonacceptance of authority.
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What Methods Do Researchers Use to
Measure Individual and Group Processes? Self-report measures: group members
describe their perceptions and experiences– Example: Moreno's sociometry method– Sociometric structures: stars, rejected, etc.
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What Methods Do Researchers Use to
Measure Individual and Group Processes? Any measure, to be scientifically useful,
must have reliability and validity.
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What Are the Key Characteristics of, and Differences Between Case, Experimental, and
Correlational Studies of Group Processes?
Case study – Example: Groupthink groups (Janis)– Bona fide groups
Experiments– Key features
• manipulate independent variable• measure dependent variable• control other variables
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What Are the Key Characteristics of, and Differences Between Case, Experimental, and
Correlational Studies of Group Processes?
Experiments (cont.)– Example: Lewin, Lippitt, and White’s study of
leadership– Strength: Test cause-effect relationships
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What Are the Key Characteristics of, and Differences Between Case, Experimental, and
Correlational Studies of Group Processes?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of case, experimental, and correlational designs? – Case studies: atypical of most groups, subjective,
stimulate theory– Experiments: too artificial, not “real” groups, but
clearest test of cause and effect.– Correlational studies: limited information about
causality but precise estimates of the strength of relationships, less artificial, fewer ethical concerns
– Multilevel approaches are uniquely informative
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What Theoretical Perspectives Guide Researchers’ Studies of Groups?
Motivational models: Lewin's level-of-aspiration theory
Behavioral approaches: Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange theory
Systems theory: Input-process-output models of performance
Cognitive theories: Berger's expectation-states theory
Biological perspectives: Evolutionary psychology (or sociobiology)