Study of the environment an how organisms interact with it.
-
Upload
helen-erika-scott -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
3
Transcript of Study of the environment an how organisms interact with it.
Study of the environment an how organisms interact with it
Ecological Organization
Place the following in order from largest to smallest:
Biome Population Biosphere Species Ecosystem Community
SpeciesSimilar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring
PopulationSame species living in the same area
Example : catfish in a pond
CommunityMany species living in the same area.
Example: all the dogs, cats, trees, birds, humans in Pikeville
Ecosystem All of the living (biotic) and
non-living (abiotic) factors in an environment
Examples: Biotic-plants and animals
Abiotic-soil, temperature, sunlight,moisture
BiomeAn area of characteristic climate and vegetation
Specific type of weather and plant life primarily based on latitude
Examples: Rainforest, Temperate Forest, Taiga, Tundra
BiosphereAll the life on Earth and the abiotic factors that help to sustain it.
HabitatThe place in which an organism lives.
Example: Tree, pond
NicheAn organisms role/job in the environment such as what it eats and where it nests
Autotroph/Producer “Self –feeder” Make their own food Photosynthetic (contain chlorophyll) Examples –Plants and plantlike
protists like algae Marine Environment makes most O2
Chemosynthetic- archaebacteria Examples-around hydrothermal
vents, dead sea
Heterotroph/Consumer
Get their energy from eating other organisms
Examples: animals, decomposers, and some protists
Herbivores-eat plantsCarnivores-eat animalsOmnivores- eat bothScavengers- feed on dead, dying, or defenseless organisms
Detritiphores-feed on dead plants
Decomposer/Saprophytes/ Detritivores Break down dead organic
material Examples: Fungi and bacteria The great recyclers putting nutrients back into the soil and atmosphere keeping us from being overtaken by wastes
Food Chain
A diagram that shows the flow of energy and matter through the ecosystem
Arrows show the flow of energy through the food chain
1. Producers are always at the beginning of the food chain because they have to convert energy from the sun into food for other organisms.
2. Primary consumers eat the producers (1st order).
Secondary consumers eat the primary consumers (2nd order).
Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers (3rd order).
3. Decomposers get their energy from all the above when they die.
3 Major components of the food chain
Create a food chain utilizing the following items:Bacteria/FungiCarrotRabbitHawkSnake
Carrot Rabbit Snake Hawk
Fungi and Bacteria
Trophic Level
Feeding level in the food chain. There were 5 trophic levels in our prior example.
Marine Food Chain Place in the correct order:Bigger Fish, Phytoplankton,
Smaller Fish, Zooplankton, Medium Fish
How many trophic levels are there?
Energy PyramidProducers are at the bottom of the energy pyramid. They have the most energyand have the largest population because they provide food and energy for everythingelse.
With each step up the pyramid, energy is lost by a factor of 10 because 90% of the energy available is used in daily activities or released as heat.
The number of organisms decreases because not enough energy to support more organisms
Biomass decreases as move up the food pyramid.
Food Web-series of interconnecting food chains
Biomagnification Bioaccumulation
Toxins increase as they move through the food chain
Examples: DDT, mercury Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring
book about the effect of DDT on Eagle egg shells. The exposure to DDT through the food chain caused the shells to thin and crack causing the decrease in the Eagle population
http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module02/BioconcentrationandBioaccumulation.htm
Carbon Cycle-cycling of carbon between organic molecules and CO2
CO2 from atmosphere for photosynthesis
Consumers eat plants to get carbon for their tissues.
CO2 returns to atmosphere through respiration, excretion, and decomposition
Burning of fossil fuels add CO2 back into atmosphere
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Atmosphere 78% N2 but can’t use in respiration
Nitrogen fixers convert ammonia into nitrites
Nitrogen fixers live on roots of legumes (soy beans, peas) adding usable nitrogen to soil
Nitrifying bacteria convert
Water Cycle
Phosphate Cycle
Relationships between organisms in the community1. Symbiosis- long term relationship
between two organisms in community
2. Competition- two organisms have the same habitat and niche competing for resource
3. Predator-prey relationship
Symbiotic Relationship-living together, two different species
1. parasitism- 1 harmed, 1 benefits Example-tick and tapeworms-
parasites; dog-host 2. mutualism-both benefit Example-lichen-algae and
fungi;cleaner fish remove dead skin and parasites from fish for protection
3. commensalism- 1 is benefitted the other is not affected
Example- barnacles on a whale
Competition-organisms compete for limited resources like food, water, light, and space.
It can occur between same or different species.
Predator-the hunter (lynx)Prey-the hunted (hare)
Your text here
Leopard, Hyena, Lion
Population Dynamics Growth rate of a population=
change in population number through time
Immigration-movement into a population
Example-birth rate Emmigration-movement out of
population Example-death rate
Population Growth Curves J-curve, Exponential Growth-starts slow
and increases rapidly as reproducing organisms increase. (new populations, human population)
Eventually a population will reach a limiting factor like lack of food, space, water, etc
Carrying capacity is the total number of individuals the environment can support
S-curve, Stabilization curve (older populations)
Limiting factors 1. Density-Dependant Factors- factors
are influenced by the size of a population.
Examples- disease, food, water, space limits
The more organisms, the more impact these factors have
2. Density-Independent Factors-not controlled or influenced by the population size
Examples-floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, forest fires, tsunami
Demographics- population statistics
Succession-replacement of 1 community by anotherExample-Field to Forest Primary Succession- no soil only rock Examples cooled volcanic rock,
retreating glaciers Pioneer Species -1st into area Lichen holds moisture and weathers rock Next bacteria, protists, mosses and fungi Next weeds, herbs and grasses As soil becomes available, shrubs
and trees
Secondary Succession-Soil and seeds are present
Examples –fires , floods, abandoned farms
Pond succession-eutrophication
Rich with nutrients, lots of growth, reaches carrying capacity, fills in
The Earth is made up of interconnected biotic and abiotic Factors including the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere.
Every organism impacts its environment Humans overburden the
environment placing the greatest impact on itWhy do we need other organisms?
Balance of food chain, Use them in industry, Medications
Hydrosphere- only 2.5% is freshwater Most of the 2.5% is unusable because it
is frozen in the icecaps Humans require up to 13gallons a day for
cooking, cleaning and drinking. This does not include irrigation and animal care.
Agricultural runoff leads to eutrophication destroying wetlands and acidifying rivers
Increase in metals like mercury from runoff causing biomagnification
http://www.riverlaw.us/fishkills.htmlPfiesteria
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44946850/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/japan-tsunami-debris-spotted-course-hit-us
Overfishing and pollution have led to the extinction of organisms
Lithosphere-land Deforestation= clear cutting , urbanization Agriculture-pesticides, growing only one
crop year after year instead of rotating crops to replenish the nutrients in the soil, over plowing leading to erosion
Landfill space or lack there of Paint, cleaners prescription drugs, batteries,
grease etc. being disposed of inappropriately
Throwing away items that can be recycled or reused because to lazy to take the time to dispose of them correctly
The US Consumes 1500 Plastic Water Bottles Every Second, a fact by Watershed
Petz Scholtus Science/Clean WaterOctober 15, 2009
Out of the 50 billion bottles of water being bought each year, 80% end up in a landfill, even though recycling programs exist.
17 million barrels of oil are used in producing bottled water each year.
Bottled water costs 1,000 times more than tap water. Drinking 2 Litres of tap water a day only costs 50 cents per year.
Plastic leaches toxins into the water, which have been linked to health problems such as reproductive issues and cancer.
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_btcorn/
http://www.today.com/id/26184891/vp/51863808#51836205
Over use of natural resources both renewable and non renewable.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/hurricane-sandy-nc-outer-banks_n_2199391.html#slide=1810246
http://wn.com/fracking_animation
Atmosphere
Acid Rain-sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels mixes with rain
Fog and Ice have a greater impact
Burn young plants. When brought up through roots clogs veins
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/acid-rain-invisible-menace/
Ozone Depletion Cause-CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) from aerosol cans and refrigerants
Ozone protects us as well as other plants and animals from harmful UV radiation
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_antarctica-en/
Global Warming Cause- burning of fossil fuels increasing
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane)
Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation in Earth’s atmosphere causing the temperature of Earth to increase
http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/50152559#50018387
http://www.today.com/id/26184891/vp/51863808#51863808
Biosphere
Invasive Species, Removal of Habitat Endangered species,
http://www2.nbc17.com/news/2012/sep/21/neighbors-wonder-if-cancer-tce-contamination-linke-ar-2628405/
http://www.today.com/video/today/51863808#51795179
http://www.earthsendangered.com/
http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lpsc10_vid_frogs/ http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/
50152559#50138674 Biosphere Invasive species http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/
resource/71a3dc8d-8936-4ce0-8d8d-8c07c9d47fec/71a3dc8d-8936-4ce0-8d8d-8c07c9d47fec/
http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/07/18107999-deadly-giant-snail-found-in-houston?lite
Positive Impacts National parks, Wild Life Protection Acts Protection of Endangered Species, Clean
Air Acts
Finding Alternative Fuels Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Carpool, Walk, Mass Transit, Bicycle Reduce your carbon footprint Reclamation of mining lands