Communities, Biomes and Ecosystems 1-13-15 EQ: How do organisms interact with their environment?
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Transcript of Communities, Biomes and Ecosystems 1-13-15 EQ: How do organisms interact with their environment?
Communities, Biomes and Ecosystems
1-13-15EQ: How do organisms interact with
their environment?
Chapter 2.1
• Ecology Study of interactions between organisms and their surroundings
Section 3-1
Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
Go to Section:
Ecological Levels of Organization
Bioshphere
• The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists.
Biome
• Biome—a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
Biological Levels of Organization
• Ecosystem—all the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment
• Community—an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area
Biological Levels of Organization
• Population—a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
• Individual Organism– one organism of a species
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
What are biotic and abiotic factors?
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
• A biotic factor is any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
• An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, etc.
Ecosystem Interactions
• Niche vs. Habitat
Habitat
• Habitat General place where an organism lives
Niche
• Niche—range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce– How an organism interacts with biotic and abiotic
factors
Niche
• Instead of competing for resources species usually divide resources such as – Food, water, space,
nutrients, or light (necessity of life)
Community Interactions
• Competition Occurs when organisms attempt to use the same limited ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Predator Prey Relationship
• Interaction in which one animal (the Predator) captures and feeds on another animal (prey)
• Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community
Predator Prey Relationship
Camouflage to avoid predation
Mimicry
Symbiotic Relationships
• Symbiosis Living together• Three main types
– 1. Mutualism– 2. Commensalism– 3. Parasitism
Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualism:– Organisms that benefit from a relationship with
each other– Example: Pollination, clown fish and anemone
• Commensalism:– One organism benefits from a relationship; the
other organism is neither harmed nor helped– Example: Barnacle and Whale
Symbiotic Relationships
• Parasitism:– Relationship in which one organism lives inside or
on another organism and harms an organism– Example: Fleas, ticks, leech, tapeworms
Communities 3.1
• Group of interacting populations that occupy the same area.– How does abiotic factors affect a community?– How does biotic factors affect a community?
Limiting factors
• Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts organisms (numbers, reproduction or distribution)– Abiotic examples
• Water, temperature, fire, climate
– Biotic examples• Other plants or animals
Tolerance
• Tolerance—Ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances
• When environmental conditions, such as temp, goes beyond optimal range organism experiences stress
Tolerance
• When outside optimal range must expend more energy to maintain homeostasis
• Tolerance for environment helps determine habitatgeneral place where an organism lives
• J
Succession
• Ecological succession a series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time
• Two types of succession– 1. Primary Succession– 2. Secondary Succession
Primary Succession
• Primary succession Life begins in an area where no community has existed before
• Examples volcanic islands, bare rock from retreating glaciers
• S
Primary Succession
• First species to colonize barren areas are called Pioneer Species– Examples lichen (mutualistic organism of fungus
and algae), moss and certain grasses• Pioneer species break down rock, and form
soil
Bare rockbare rock→lichens→mosses→grasses→shrubs→trees
Glacial retreat
Man-made structures
Secondary Succession
• Existing communities are not completely destroyed by disturbances. Then secondary succession occurs.
• Faster than primary succession because soil exists
Secondary Succession
• Occurs after natural disturbances– Wildfire, hurricane, human activities such as
logging and farming
Hurricane
Figure 53.18x1 Large-scale disturbance: Mount St. Helens
Figure 53.18x2 Forest fire
Climax Communities
• Climax Community Stable, mature community where little change in the composition of species
• Succession doesn’t always reproduce the original climax community
Biome 3.2
– The map shows the locations of the major biomes.
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrubland
Desert
Temperate grassland
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
Mountains andice caps
Tundra
Section 4-3
Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Go to Section:
Color coded biomes of the World
Global Distribution of the Biomes
Section 4-3
Compare/Contrast Table
Go to Section:
Ten Major Biomes
Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest
high hot poor high dense sparse
Tropical Dry Forest
variable mild rich moderate medium medium
Tropical Savanna
variable mild clay moderate sparse dense
Desert low variable poor moderate sparse sparse
Temperate Grassland
moderate summer hot rich moderate absent dense
Temperate woodland and Shrubland
summer low, winter moderate
summer hot poor low medium medium
Temperate Forest
moderate summer moderate, winter cold
rich high dense sparse
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
high summer mild, winter cold
rocky, acidic
low dense sparse
Boreal Forest moderate summer mild, winter cool
poor, acidic
moderate dense sparse
Tundra low summer mild, winter cold
poor low absent medium
Freshwater Ecosystems 3.3
– What are the major categories of freshwater ecosystems?
Freshwater Ecosystems
– What are the major categories of freshwater ecosystems?
– Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into three main categories: rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands.
Spoonbill
Duck
DragonflyPhytoplankton
FrogWater lilies Mosquito
larvae
SnailDivingbeetle
Trout
Pickerel
Duckweed
Snail Benthiccrustaceans
Hydra
Frogs lay eggs in the shallowwater near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpolesand move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nestingplaces for birds and otherorganisms.
The roots of water liliescling to the pond bottom,while their leaves, on longflexible stems, float on thesurface.
The bottom of the pond isinhabited by decomposers andother organisms that feed onparticles drifting down from thesurface.
Fish share the pondwith turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insectsat the water’s edge.
Plankton and the organisms thatfeed on them live near the surfacewhere there is enough sunlight forphotosynthesis. Microscopic algaeare among the most importantproducers.
Section 4-4
Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Go to Section:
Crayfish
Freshwater Ecosystem
Marine Ecosystems
– This diagram shows the different zones in an ocean.
Open Ocean
– The open ocean is divided into two zones based on light penetration—the photic and aphotic.