S T U D Y G U I D E 6

1. Functions of the Skeletal SystemList five functions of the skeletal system.

1) ____________________________ 3) __________________________ 5) __________________________

2) ____________________________ 4) __________________________ __________________________

2. Bone Structurea. Label the diagram by placing the number of each structure by the correct label.

_____ Articular cartilage

_____ Bone, compact

_____ Bone, spongy

_____ Diaphysis

_____ Epiphyseal disk

_____ Epiphysis, distal

_____ Epiphysis, proximal

_____ Marrow, red, in spaces

_____ Marrow, yellow

_____ Medullary cavity

_____ Periosteum

b. Match the terms with the statements.

1) Periosteum 3) Marrow, red

2) Epiphyseal plate 4) Marrow, yellow

_____ Fills spaces in spongy bone.

_____ Hyaline cartilage.

_____ Covers surface of bone.

_____ Fills medullary cavity.

3. Microscopic StructureMatch the terms with the statements.

1) Lacunae 4) Osteonic canals

2) Lamellae 5) Periosteum

3) Osteon 6) None of these

_____ Channel for blood vessels and nerves.

_____ Spaces containing osteocytes.

_____ Concentric layers of compact bone.

_____ Source of osteoblasts.

_____ Structural unit of compact bone.

_____ Spaces containing red marrow.

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Support

Protection

Blood cell production

Mineral storage

Attachment sites for skeletal

muscles

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4. Bone FormationWrite the answers to the statements in the spaces provided.

1) Cells that deposit bone matrix. ____________________________________________

2) Cells that remove bone matrix. ____________________________________________

3) Cells that occupy the lacunae. ____________________________________________

4) Site of growth in length of long bones. ____________________________________________

5) Type of ossification in most skull bones. ____________________________________________

6) Type of ossification in bones preformed in

cartilage. ____________________________________________

7) Cells that hollow out the medullary cavity. ____________________________________________

5. Bones of the SkeletonWrite the names of the labeled bones in the

spaces provided.

1) ____________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________

3) ____________________________________________

4) ____________________________________________

5) _ ___________________________________________

6) ____________________________________________

7) ____________________________________________

8) ____________________________________________

9) ____________________________________________

10) ____________________________________________

11) ____________________________________________

12) ____________________________________________

13) ____________________________________________

14) ____________________________________________

15) ____________________________________________

16) ____________________________________________

17) ____________________________________________

18) ____________________________________________

19) ____________________________________________

20) ____________________________________________

21) ____________________________________________

22) ____________________________________________

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Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Epiphyseal plate

Intramembranous

Endochondral

Osteoclasts

Skull

Mandible

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

Sacrum

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Coxa

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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6. The Axial Skeletona. Label the diagram of the skull, anterior view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by the

correct label.

_____ Coronal suture _____ Nasal concha, inferior

_____ Ethmoid (eye orbit) _____ Nasal concha, middle

_____ Ethmoid, perpendicular plate _____ Parietal

_____ Frontal _____ Squamosal suture

_____ Lacrimal _____ Sphenoid (2 places)

_____ Mandible _____ Temporal

_____ Maxilla _____ Vomer

_____ Nasal _____ Zygomatic

b. List the skull bones that contain sinuses. ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Ethmoids, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid

c. Label the diagram of the skull, lateral view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by

the correct label.

_____ Coronal suture _____ Nasal

_____ Coronoid process _____ Occipital

_____ Ethmoid _____ Parietal

_____ External auditory canal _____ Sphenoid

_____ Frontal _____ Squamosal suture

_____ Lacrimal _____ Styloid process

_____ Lambdoidal suture _____ Temporal

_____ Mandible _____ Temporal, zygomatic process

_____ Mandibular condyle _____ Zygomatic

_____ Mastoid process _____ Zygomatic, temporal process

_____ Maxilla

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d. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.

1) Contains the foramen magnum. ____________________________________________

2) Forms anterior portion of hard palate. ____________________________________________

3) Contains external auditory canal. ____________________________________________

4) The seven vertebrae of the neck. ____________________________________________

5) Weight-bearing portion of a vertebra. ____________________________________________

6) Foramen through which spinal cord passes. ____________________________________________

7) Vertebrae-bearing ribs. ____________________________________________

8) Number of pairs of true ribs. ____________________________________________

9) Attaches true ribs to sternum. ____________________________________________

10) First cervical vertebra. ____________________________________________

11) Cartilaginous pads between vertebrae. ____________________________________________

12) Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle. ____________________________________________

13) Vertebrae with heaviest bodies. ____________________________________________

14) The breastbone. ____________________________________________

e. Name the group of bones that provides protection for the

1) Brain 2) Heart and lungs

f. Label the vertebra by placing the number of the structure in the space by the correct label.

_____ Body

_____ Facet for rib

_____ Spinous process

_____ Superior articular

process

_____ Transverse process

_____ Vertebral foramen

7. The Appendicular Skeletona. Write the missing words in the spaces at the right.

The pectoral girdle is formed of two ____1___

and two ____2___ . Its function is to support

the upper ____3___ . Each ____4___ articulates

with the scapula at one end and the ____5___

at the other. The scapulae are attached to the

axial skeleton by ____6___ instead of liga-

ments.

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1) ___________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________

3) ___________________________________________

4) ___________________________________________

5) ___________________________________________

6) ___________________________________________

Occipital bone

Palatine process of maxilla

Temporal bones

Cervical vertebrae

Body

Vertebral foramen

Thoracic

Seven (7)

Costal cartilages

Atlas

Intervertebral disks

Sacrum

Lumbar vertebrae

Sternum

Cranium Thoracic cage

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5

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4

1

Clavicles

Scapulae

Extremities

Clavicle

Sternum

Muscles

b. Label these diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.

_____ Acromion process

_____ Capitulum

_____ Coracoid process

_____ Coronoid process

_____ Glenoid cavity

_____ Greater tubercle

_____ Head of humerus

_____ Head of radius

_____ Head of ulna

_____ Lateral epicondyle

_____ Medial epicondyle

_____ Olecranon fossa

_____ Olecranon process

_____ Radial tuberosity

_____ Scapular spine

_____ Styloid process, radius

_____ Styloid process, ulna

_____ Surgical neck

_____ Trochlea

_____ Trochlear notch

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c. Label the diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.

_____ Acetabulum

_____ Coccyx

_____ Greater trochanter

_____ Head of femur

_____ Iliac crest

_____ Ilium

_____ Ischium

_____ Lateral condyle

_____ Lesser trochanter

_____ Medial condyle

_____ Neck of femur

_____ Obturator foramen

_____ Pubic arch

_____ Pubis

_____ Sacroiliac joint

_____ Sacrum

_____ Symphysis pubis

d. Indicate whether each statement is associated with the fibula (F) or tibia (T).

_____ Lateral malleolus _____ Medial malleolus

_____ Lateral condyle _____ Medial condyle

_____ Articulates with femur _____ Articulates with talus

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F

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T, F

8. Articulationsa. Match the type of joint with the articulation formed by the bones.

1) Immovable 3) Ball-and-socket 5) Gliding 7) Pivot

2) Slightly movable 4) Condyloid 6) Hinge 8) Saddle

_____ Femur—tibia _____ Carpal—carpal

_____ Frontal—parietal _____ Trapezium—metacarpal 1

_____ Humerus—scapula _____ Coxa—femur

_____ Vertebra—vertebra _____ Maxilla—zygomatic

_____ Atlas—axis _____ Metacarpal—phalanx

b. Match the terms with the correct definitions.

1) Articular cartilage 3) Cartilage pads 5) Sesamoid bone

2) Bursa 4) Joint capsule 6) Synovial fluid

_____ Lubricates joints. _____ Protects articular surfaces of bones.

_____ Sacs of synovial fluid. _____ Bone embedded in a tendon.

_____ Support knee joint and cushion bones. _____ Formed of ligaments.

c. Match the movements with the descriptions.

1) Abduction 5) Extension 9) Eversion 13) Pronation

2) Adduction 6) Flexion 10) Inversion 14) Supination

3) Depression 7) Dorsiflexion 11) Circumduction 15) Protraction

4) Elevation 8) Plantar flexion 12) Rotation 16) Retraction

_____ Extension of foot. _____ Turning head from side to side.

_____ Pushing mandible anteriorly. _____ Decrease in angle of joint.

_____ Movement of arm toward midline. _____ Raising shoulders.

_____ Straightening arm at elbow. _____ Drawing circle on chalkboard.

_____ Turning palm of hand upward. _____ Turning sole of foot inward.

9. Disorders of the Skeletal SystemWrite the name of each disorder described in the space provided.

1) Displacement of bones forming a joint. ____________________________________________

2) A lateral curvature of vertebral column. ____________________________________________

3) Protrusion of intervertebral disk. ____________________________________________

4) Bone broken into several pieces. ____________________________________________

5) Broken bone pierces through skin. ____________________________________________

6) Arthritis with invasion of fibrous tissue that

calcifies, making joint immovable. ____________________________________________

7) Tearing of ligaments of joint capsule. ____________________________________________

8) Severe loss of calcium salts from bones. ____________________________________________

10. Clinical Applications a. A member of the soccer team is diagnosed with a torn knee cartilage. Would you expect rapid or slow

recovery? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Specifically, what is a broken hip? _____________________________________________________________

Why is it more common among older persons? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Dislocation

Scoliosis

Herniated disk

Comminuted fracture

Compound fracture

Rheumatoid arthritis

Sprain

Osteoporosis

No. Cartilage lacks blood vessels. The reduced supply of nutrients slows

the repair process.

The femur breaks at the neck.

Their bones are more brittle and are often weakened by

osteoporosis.