(Studies in the History of Christian Traditions 147) Biller, Bruschi and Sneddon Eds. - Inquisitors...

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Inquisitors and Heretics in Tirteenth-Century Languedoc
General Editor
In cooperation with
Henry Chadwick , Cambridge
Paul C.H. Lim, Nashville, ennessee
Eric Saak , Indianapolis, Indiana Brian ierney , Ithaca, New York
Arjo Vanderjagt, Groningen
Founding Editor
VOLUME 147
LEIDEN • BOSON 2011
On the cover : Château Narbonnais, oulouse—in which some suspects were held prisoner and interrogated—as it appeared in the later middle ages (lower lef part o illumination, Histoire de la Ville, an. 1516–17, Archives municipales de oulouse, BB273/17).
Tis book is printed on acid-ree paper.
Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Inquisitors and heretics in thirteenth-century Languedoc : edition and translation o oulouse inquisition depositions, 1273-1282 / edited by Peter Biller, Caterina Bruschi, and Shelagh Sneddon.
p. cm. -- (Studies in the history o Christian traditions, ISSN 1573-5664 ; v. 147) English and Latin, translated rom Latin. Includes bibliographical reerences (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18810-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Christian heretics--France--Languedoc--History. 2. Languedoc (France)--Church
history--o 1500 . I. Biller, Peter. II. Bruschi, Caterina, 1968- III. Sneddon, Shelagh.
B1319.I5713 2010 272'.20944809022--dc22
Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Te Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any orm or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission rom the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items or internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate ees are paid directly to Te Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.
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Chapter One. Te History o Doat – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 i. ‘Te archives o the brothers preacher o oulouse’ . . . . . . . . . . 4 ii. What do we know about the original register? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 iii. Seventeenth-century evidence, and the ‘sixth register’ . . . . . . . 14 iv. Te Doat commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 v. Libraries and modern scholarship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter wo. Te Inquisition o – . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 i. Heresy and inquisition in Languedoc beore . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ii. Te political background to the renewal o inquisition in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 iii. Te inquisitors o – and their household . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter Tree. Interrogation, notaries and witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 i. Te interrogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ii. Te notaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
iii. Te witnesses o the depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter Four. Scribal errors and the conventions o this edition and trans lat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 i. Scribal errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 ii. Edition o the original Latin and French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 iii. Te English translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
a. Place-names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 b. Personal names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

: –
List o deponents, in order o appearance in Doat – . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Calendar o depositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Te edition and translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Index o persons, medieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 Index o persons, post- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067 Index o place-names, pre- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
PREFACE
Te origins o the project lie in a visit paid to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris in , when Peter Biller read the inquisition materials in Col- lection Doat – and transcribed parts o them. His translations rom D– were used as documents in an undergraduate Special Subject on heresy taught at York rom onwards. Peter Biller is grateul to gen- erations o students who took this course or their comments on Doat
–, and to the Department o History, University o York, or its help in purchasing microlms o Doat –.
Caterina Bruschi came rom the University o Bologna to the Univer- sity o York to work on these microlms. She and Peter Biller are grateul to the University o York or a our month Research Pump-Priming Grant in , that enabled her to continue reading the Doat registers and to lay the oundation or articles and a monograph based on them.
Te editors o the volume are grateul to the Arts and Humanities Research Board or awarding a two-year research assistantship (– ) or the editing and transcribing o Doat –. Caterina Bruschi was the nominated research assistant, but beore she could take up this post she was appointed to a lectureship at the University o Birmingham. She was still able to assist in the edition, but the research assistantship was taken up by the Latin and romance language scholar Shelagh Sneddon, who is currently a member o the editorial team o the Dictionary o Medieval Latin rom British Sources, University o Oxord.
IntheeditionpresentedhereCaterinaBruschiwrotetherstsectiono
chapter and compiled the index o medieval persons. Shelagh Sneddonprovided the Latin text and its apparatus, the English translation and the calendar o depositions, and she compiled the index o persons post- . She wrote the second section o chapter and the rst two sections o chapter , and jointly with Peter Biller she wrote the third section o chapter . Peter Biller provided the apparatus to the English translation and he compiled the index o place-names. He wrote chapters and , the third section o chapter , and, jointly with Shelagh Sneddon, the third section o chapter .
Te editors thank the Bibliothèque nationale de France, or permission to reproduce two illustrations o Doat , and the Archives Municipales de oulouse or permission to reproduce the image on the book’s cover o the Château Narbonnais.

Tey thank the conservateur o the manuscript department o the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Dr Clément Pieyre, and Dr Maaike Van
der Lugt, or helping with the physical description o the manuscripts. Tey are grateul or advice received rom Proessor Edward Peters, Proessor Peter Spufford, Fr Simon ugwell, Dr Christopher yerman, and the late Proessor John H. Mundy. Tey thank Dr Christopher Sparks or technical help and compiling the bibliography. Tey are grateul to Proessor Dame Janet Nelson or her early support o the project, and to Proessors John Arnold and Anne Hudson or their encouragement throughout. Te editors thank the series editor, Proessor Robert J. Bast, or his comments on the draf. Tey are grateul to the type-setter (A
Zetwerk), and Ivo Romein, Gera van Beda, and others at Brill or the great care, dedication, patience and proessional skill they have brought to the design and production o this book.
Te editors would like to dedicate this book to their amilies.
Peter Biller
PRELIMINARY NOE
Troughout this book, reerences to the edited text o Doat and are not by this book’s page numbers. Rather, they are by the number o the olio number, and recto (r) or verso (v). An upright number indicates a olio in Doat , an italic number indicates a olio in Doat . Tus r
indicates Doat , olio , recto. v indicates Doat , olio , verso. In the edition and translation, the passages printed in upright ont
contain the copy made in o depositions that were contained in a no-longer extant medieval manuscript. Te passages printed in italics— preliminary to a deposition or set o depositions that are printed in upright ont—are the summaries composed and written in French in by the Doat team. Te editors have not emended the mistakes o detail or interpretation that are sometimes present in these summaries.
Within the edition and translation, unidentied place-names are given in a type-ace the opposite o the type-ace o the surrounding text (upright within the italicised translation o the French text, and italics within the upright translation o the Latin). Tey continue to be printed in italics within the preliminaries, the introductory chapters and the apparatus.
Te Dominicans and the Dominican Order are reerred to within the edition as Brothers Preacher and Order o Preachers, the Franciscans and Franciscan Order as Brothers Minor and Order o Minors.
ACP C. Douais, ed., Acta capitulorum provincialium ordinis ratrum praedicatorum. Première province de Provence, province romaine, province d’Espagne. –, (oulouse, )
Borst, Katharer A. Borst, Die Katharer , Schrifen der Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Stuttgart, )
Bruschi, Wandering C. Bruschi, Te Wandering Heretics o Languedoc (Cambridge, )
CaF Cahiers de Fanjeaux (oulouse, –)
Cazenave, ‘Ms ’ A. Cazenave, ‘Les cathares en Catalogne et Sabarthès d’après les registres d’inquisition: la hiérarchie cathare en Sabarthès après Montségur’ and ‘Con- ession de Stéphanie Pradier, paraite de Sabarthès, Arch. Dép. de la Haute- Garonne, ms. , ol. CXCVI’, Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu’à ) du Comité des travaux historiques et scientiques, ( or ), – and (bis)-.
D Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Collection Doat Mss
DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris, –)
Doctrina de modo procedendi Doctrina de modo procedendi contra haereticos, ed. NA, v. –
Dossat, Crises Y. Dossat, Les crises de l’inquisition oulousaine au XIIIe siècle (–) (Bordeaux, )
Douais, Documents C. Douais, Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’inquisition dans le Langue- doc, vols (Paris, )

Douais, Gascogne C. Douais, Les Frères Prêcheurs en Gascogne au XIIIme et au XVIme siècle.
Chapitres, couvents et notices. Documents inédits (Paris, ) Douais, Sources
C. Douais, Les sources de l’histoire de l’inquisition dans le Midi de la France, aux xiiie et xiv e siècles (Paris, )
DF Dictionnaire des toponymes de France, CD-Rom, Institut Géographique Na- tional (Paris, )
Duvernoy, Histoire J. Duvernoy, L’Histoire des Cathares (oulouse, )
Duvernoy, ‘Mss et des Archives Dép. de la Haute-Garonne’ J. Duvernoy, ‘La vie des prédicateurs cathares en Lauragais et dans l’Albigeois d’après un registre de l’Inquisition consacré aux aveux de paraits convertis (Ms et des Archives départementales de la Haute-Garonne)’, Revue du arn – (), –, –, –
Duvernoy, Puylaurens, Chronique J. Duvernoy, ed. and trans, Chronica Magistri Guillelmi de Podio Laurentii, Sources d’Histoire Médiévale Publiées par l’Institut de Recherche et d’His- toire des extes (Paris, )
Duvernoy, Registre J. Duvernoy, Registre de l’inquisition de oulouse (–), raduction, jean.duvernoy.ree.r/sources/sinquisit.htm.
Duvernoy, Registre de Bernard de Caux Le Registre de Bernard de Caux, Pamiers: – , ed. and transl. into French J. Duvernoy (Saint-Girons, ).
Fawtier, Comptes royaux R. Fawtier, ed., Comptes royaux –, Recueil des historiens de la France, Documents nanciers , vols (Paris, –)
Feuchter, Ketzer, Konsuln J. Feuchter, Ketzer, Konsuln und Büsser: die städtischen Eliten von Montauban vor dem Inquisitor Petrus Cellani (/) (übingen, )
Font-Réaulx Pouillés des provinces d’Auch, de Narbonne et de oulouse, ed. C.-E. Perrin and J.de Font-Réaulx, Recueil des Historiens de la France, Pouillés , parts (Paris, )
Gallia Christiana Gallia Christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa; qua series et historia
archiepiscoporum, episcoporum, et abbatum Franciæ vicinarumque ditionumab origine ecclesiarum ad nostra tempora deducitur, et probatur ex authenticis instrumentis ad calcem appositis, ed. D. de Sainte-Marthe, vols. (Paris, –)

Gérard, ‘Sources’ P. Gérard, ‘Les sources de l’histoire bénédictine conservées dans les archives
du Grand Sud-Ouest’, CaF (), pp. – Gui, De undatione
Bernard Gui, De undatione et prioribus conventuum provinciarum olosanae et Provincia Ordinis Praedicatorum, ed. P.A. Amargier, Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum Historica (Rome, )
Gui, Livre des sentences Bernard Gui, Le livre des sentences de l’inquisiteur Bernard Gui, ed. A. Pales- Gobilliard, vols, Sources d’Histore Médiévale publiées par l’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des exts (Paris, )
Gui, PracticaBernard Gui, Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, ed. C. Douais (Paris, )
Gui and Salagnac, De quattuor B. Gui and S. de Salagnac, De quatuor in quibus Deus prædicatorum ordinem insignavit , Monumenta Ordinis Prædicatorum Historica (Rome, )
Guiraud, Histoire J. Guiraud, Histoire de l’Inquisition au moyen âge, vols. (Paris, –)
HGL
C. de Vic and J.J. Vaissete, Histoire générale de Languedoc, avec des notes et les pièces justicatives, ed. A. Molinier and others, vols (oulouse, –)
IGN Institut Géographique National, : (cm = m) maps
Layettes du trésor Layettes du trésor des chartes, ed. A. eulet and others, vols. (Paris, – )
Maisonneuve, Études H. Maisonneuve, Études sur les origines de l’inquisition, LÉglise et l’État au
Moyen Âge , nd ed. (Paris, ). ‘Mort des prieurs’
J.-L. Lemaitre, ‘Mort et sépulture des prieurs de la première province de Provence’, CaF (), pp. –
Mundy, ‘Hospitals’ J.H. Mundy, ‘Hospitals and leprosaries in twelfh and early thirteenth-century oulouse’, in Essays in Medieval Lie and Tought Presented in Honor o Austin Patterson Evans, ed. J.H. Mundy, R.W. Emery and B.N. Nelson (New York, ), pp. –
Mundy, Men and Women Men and Women at oulouse in the Age o the Cathars, Pontical Institute o Medieval Studies, Studies and exts (oronto, ).

Mundy, Royal Diploma J.H. Mundy, Te Repression o Catharism at oulouse: Te Royal Diploma o
, Pontical Institute o Medieval Studies, Studies and exts (oronto,)
Mundy, Society J.H. Mundy, Society and Government at oulouse in the Age o the Cathars, Pontical Institute o Medieval Studies, Studies and exts (oronto, ).
Pales-Gobilliard, Geoffroy d’Ablis A. Pales-Gobilliard, L’Inquisiteur Geoffroy d’Ablis et les Cathares du Comté de Foix (–), Sources d’Histoire Médiévale Publiées par l’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des extes (Paris, )
Pelhisson, Chronique Guillaume Pelhisson, Chronique, ed J. Duvernoy, (Paris, )
Ordo processus Narbonensis Ordo processus Narbonensis, exte zur Inquisition, pp. –.
Potthast A. Potthast, Regesta Ponticum Romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum ad a. , vols (Berlin, –)
RHGF
Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet, vols (Paris, –)
Roche, Église Cathare J. Roche, Une église cathare, l’évêché du Carcassès: Carcassonne, Béziers, Nar- bonne, –début du xiv e siècle (Cahors, )
Saisimentum Y. Dossat, ed., Saisimentum comitatus Tolosani (Paris, ).
Sibly, William o Puylaurens W.A. and M.D. Sibly, ed and transl., Te Chronicle o William o Puylaurens:
Te Albigensian Crusade and its Afermath, (Woodbridge, ) SOPMA
. Kaeppeli and E. Panella, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum medii aevi,vols. (Rome, –)
Spufford, Handbook P. Spufford, Handbook o Medieval Exchange, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks (London, )
exte zur Inquisition K.-V. Selge, ed., exte zur Inquisition, exte zur Kirchen- und Teologie- geschichte (Gütersloh, )

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) o
oulouse oulouse, Bibliothèque municipale, MS
Vidal, Bullaire J.-M. Vidal, Bullaire de l’inquisition rançaise au xiv e siècle et jusqu’à la n du grand schisme, (Paris, )
Wakeeld, Heresy W.L. Wakeeld, Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, – (London, )
Wakeeld, ‘Mas-Saintes-Puelles’ W.L. Wakeeld, ‘Heretics and Inquisitors: the case o Le Mas-Saintes-Puelles’, Catholic Historical Rreview (), –.
Wildhaber, ‘Catalogue’ B. Wildhaber, ‘Catalogue des établissements cisterciens de Languedoc aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles’, CaF (), pp. –
INRODUCION
HE HISORY OF DOA 25–26
Between and a group o scribes under the direction o an official called Jean de Doat made copies o manuscripts in archives and libraries in southwestern France.1 Tey produced large volumes that are now housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, where
they constitute the ‘Collection Doat’. Numbers to in the Collection Doat contain texts produced during the thirteenth century by the two centres o inquisition in Languedoc, oulouse and Carcassonne, and the edition we present here is o one sub-set within these volumes, containing inquisition records rom oulouse between and . While this sub-set is a copy o one original manuscript, the material was too large to be contained within one o the Collection Doat volumes. It occupies not only all o Doat —a volume o olios (plus olio bis)— but also the rst olios o Doat . Both Doat and Doat are paper manuscripts, large in size, mm high and mm wide,2 and they were simply rebound in the nineteenth century.3 At that point they lost their earlier binding o red morocco, bearing the arms o Jean- Baptiste Colbert.4 Tey are written in early modern cursive script by several hands. Te characteristics o the scribes are analysed below in chapter .i.
Te manuscript which was copied into Doat – no longer survives. Te main direct evidence about this lost original and how it was copied
is a note at the end o the copy in Doat , on olio r
. Tis states thatthe original was one ‘parchment book—whose rst lea is marked with the number and the last —ound in the archives o the brothers preacher [Dominicans] o oulouse’. Te two Doat volumes were ‘drawn rom and collated with’ this book; the precise meaning o these words is discussed later in this chapter, in section iv.
1
Tis chapter was written by Peter Biller.2 Te conservateur Clément Pieyre has provided this inormation. 3 We are grateul to Maaike Van der Lugt or this inormation. 4 See below, section iv o this chapter.

Te rest o this chapter is devoted to the history o the text. Doat – are important above all because o the light they cast on inquisition
and heresy. It is thereore overwhelmingly important to investigate as ar as possible their relationship to the lost original rom which they were drawn. Accordingly the rst section o this chapter (i) describes the milieu within which the original parchment book was rst produced and kept, the depot o books and records o the Dominican inquisitors in oulouse. Hereafer the book is reerred to as a ‘register’. Te second section (ii) puts together what we know about the original register rom early ourteenth century evidence, while the third section (iii) examines testimony rom oulouse in the seventeenth century about the original
register, at a period when it was still extant. Te ourth section (iv) describes the Doat commission and its copying o the register in .
Te nal section (v) turns away rom the original register and ollows its Doat copy, looking at the history o the location o Doat – in libraries and their use by modern scholars.
As we shall see, Doat – is a collection o texts in which some selection, arrangement and omissions can be discerned. When did this editing take place? Viewed purely as a logical problem, these eatures o Doat – might seem to have three possible solutions, not one. Tat is to say, it could be suggested that they resulted rom inquisitorial selection and copying, or rom the Doat commission’s copying in , or rom both. In act, as we shall see, the contents o Doat – can be identied with those o a ‘register ’, which was still extant in the archive o the Dominicans o oulouse in the seventeenth century, when it was read and analysed by the Dominican theologian Antonin Reginald. Further, the peculiar eatures o Doat – exactly t the characteristics o copying, selecting and re-arranging in the inquisition archive which gave birth to
the original register, while they do not t the known practices o the Doatcommission.
i. ‘Te archives o the brothers preacher o oulouse’
Te Vatican Archive contains a series o accounts presented by inquisitors in Lombardy between and .5 Teir details plunge the reader
5 Rationes inquisitorum hereticae pravitatis in Lombardia, Marchia arvisana et Ro- mandiola (–), ed. G. Biscaro in his ‘Inquisitori ed eretici Lombardi (–)’, Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, series , (), pp. –.
–
immediately into the everyday world o an inquisitor, among them writing and books. Tere are the expenses o sending letters or books, hir-
ing notaries, and having inquisition proceedings copied.6 And there is an inventory o the property o the inquisition in Pavia, where, alongside the prison and the stables, there are such objects as a chest and small coffer to keep writings and books, and some tiny books which had belonged to heretics, containing their doctrines. Another inventory included books containing reutations o heretical doctrines.7
Tese accounts illuminate the material side o the production and preservation o texts among inquisitors in Lombardy.8 Inquisitors in Languedoc lived in a similar world. Like the Lombard inquisitors, they
employed notaries, kept records o depositions and sentences, had copies made, and sent letters. Tey possessed books, books containing the ormulae used in their office and law relating to inquisition, treatises against heretics, and heretics’ books they had seized. One o John XXII’s bulls, rom , describes the two main depots in Languedoc. ‘Te two inquisitors—that is, one at oulouse and one at Carcassonne, have and operate a special building, having there their houses and their proceedings [or records o proceedings] and books and prisons or the custody o individuals’.9
What can be reconstructed about the oulouse depot? In his handbook or inquisitors, Bernard Gui included the orm o a letter or the protection o the building o the oulouse inquisitors, which reers to it as their ‘house or hospice’, domus seu hospicium. Te letter spelled out its two unctions. It was rst intended or the carrying out o the office o inquisition, and or the ‘saer keeping o the books and acts o the inquisition’ (ad conservandum libros et acta inquisitionis tucius).
6 Rationes, ed. Biscaro, pp. , , , , , , , , . 7 Rationes, ed. Biscaro, pp. , ; a chest or books, p. . 8 See urther on inquisitors’ libraries G.G. Merlo, ‘Problemi documentari dell’Inquisi-
zione medievale in Italia’, in I tribunali della ede: continuità e discontinuità dal medioevo all’età moderna (Atti del XLV Convegno di studi sulla Riorma e sui movimenti religiosi in Italia, orre Pellice, – settembre ), ed. S. Peyronel Rambaldi, Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (), pp. – [also on-line at http://www.cromohs.uni.it/_ /merlo_problemi.html], and M. Benedetti, ‘I libri degli inquisitori’, in Libri, e altro: Nel passato e nel presente, ed. G.G. Merlo (Milan ), pp. –.
9 Vidal, Bullaire, p. : duoinquisitores … unus videlicet Tolose et alius Carcassone
specialem habent et aciunt mansionem, habentes ibidem domos suosque processus aclibros et carceresad personarumcustodiam. Te undamental account o the twoarchives in Languedoc is in Dossat, Crises, ch. . Te account o Carcassonne is uller than that o oulouse.

Bernard Gui’s concern or the building led him to orbid handing over the building to anyone or letting anyone live in it during the absence o
the inquisitor.10
Tere will have been early losses o such texts, most clearly at the time o the killing o the inquisitor William Arnold and members o his household at Avignonet in , when books were taken and sold to heretics.11
But preservation is attested by later inquisitors’ use o the records in the archive. As we shall see in chapter :iii below, when interrogating in Hugh o Bouniols made careul use o a register containing a deposition made in ront o the inquisitor Ferrier in .12 Tis register survived to be copied in —Doat —and the early date o some o the
material that has survived suggests that concern or preservation in the inquisitors’ depot at oulouse went back to the the beginning. One o the volumes copied in the seventeenth century contained inquisition sentences rom as early as .13 Consequently, when Bernard Gui came to write his inquisitors’ manual, which he nished in –, oulouse inquisitors had been producing texts and keeping records o them or nearly ninety years. He was very conscious o a tradition stretching back in time, containing earlier inquisitors and old books. He provided orms or the making o an authenticated extract that could be used in law rom something in a ‘book o the inquisition … in which are written and contained the acts o penance and sentences o our predecessor inquisitors’.14
He looked at these books o inquisitions in the depot, comparing the orms adopted in older and newer ones. Tus, when providing a orm or the sentence o imprisonment he advised that, when there were a large number o people being sentenced, one could put the statements o their guilt beore the sentence itsel. He added, ‘it has ofen happened thus, in practice, as can be ound equally in recent books o the inquisition and
in ancient ones’ (et requenter contigit sic, de acto prout invenitur in librisinquisitionis novis pariter et antiquis).15
10 Gui, Practica, ii. (pp. –). 11 For example, one o the participants in the killing, Bertrand o Quiriès, conessed in
that ‘he got eight shillings rom the aoresaid heretic (Bertrand o Maireville) or a certain book which had belonged to the killed inquisitors’ (habuit VIII solidos a predicto heretico pro quodam libro qui uerat inquisitorum interectorum); oulouse , . v . Another book etched shillings; CaF (), p. .
12
– r
.13 D. 14 Gui, Practica ii., (p. ). 15 Gui, Practica iii. (p. ).
–
In his own practice as an inquisitor, he dealt occasionally with people who had appeared beore a oulouse inquisitor at an earlier date. In
these cases, he consulted the books in the depot. He looked or the written evidence o the person’s deposition, abjuration, sentence, and their release rom prison or the wearing o crosses. On one occasion only he notes that consulting the records had ailed: a woman had conessed, but written evidence o her abjuration could not be ound.16 Otherwise Gui seems to have ound what he wanted when looking up the books in the depot. On various occasions his Book o Sentences notes briey the act o consulting the books, alongside a terse statement o what had been ound: the name or names o the inquisitor(s), what had been done, and
the date. Te earliest was a conession to the inquisitor Bernard William o Dax, ollowed by an abjuration dated January .17 Tis was a remarkable moment. Te person who had appeared in was now appearing beore Bernard Gui orty-nine years later! Perhaps because o this, Bernard Gui’s notary added the precise reerence. ‘Look at the th book, rd olio’ (Require libro sexto decimo, olio XXXIII o). Tere are only two reerences o such precision.18
Te sixteenth book: clearly the books o inquisition in the oulouse depotcarriednumbers.Canweusethesetogainsomeideaotheoriginal size o the depot? At some stage one o the oulouse books, or a copy, which was kept in the depot at Carcassonne, bore the number three: ‘the third book o conessions o oulouse’.19 One volume in the depot at oulouse, a copy transcribed ‘rom the books o conessions o Brother Bernard o Caux’ (de libris ratris Bernardi de Cautio transcripta), still contains reerences to two o their numbers. Tese are to ‘conessions rom the fh book o the Lauragais o Brother Bernard … rom the ourth book’ (conessiones de V o libro Laurag- ratris Bernardi … de
quarto libro). 20
Tese came rom the great inquisition o –.A useul parallel is ound in the larger number still extant o copies o volumes originally preserved in the depot o the inquisitors at Carcas- sonne. Tere are a lot o reerences within these to numbered volumes,
16 Gui, Livre des sentences, i.. 17 Gui, Livre des sentences, i.. 18 Te other is ound in Livre des sentences, i.; another example, with reerence by
olio number and lea (in this case verso), in G.W. Davis, Te Inquisition at Albi : ext
o Register and Analysis (New York, ), p. : olio octogesimo quarto in secundapagina. Further examples: Dossat, Crises, p. . 19 Davis, Inquisition at Albi, p. . 20 Dossat, Crises, p. .

and it is clear that there was not one series o numbered volumes but several.21 Tis is clearly the inerence also to be drawn rom the sparser
reerences to numbered volumes in oulouse—that they were in several numbered series. Te systematic numbering o books in different series adds to the picture we nd elsewhere o inquisitors’ concern or efficient data-retrieval, or example, in the two alphabetical indexes that are set at the ront o Gui’s own Book o Sentences,alistoplaces,ollowedbyavery long index o persons listed by place.22 At the same time it gives us a ball- park view o the size o the holdings in the oulouse depot. Accretions will not have been steady. Te ups and downs in inquisition will have meant much greater accessions in some periods than others. But by Gui’s
time records had been accumulating or ninety years. Te numbers and in Bernard o Caux’s sub-series and the number in another series, allocated to a volume containing material rom , suggest that by the time o Gui the depot in oulouse will have contained at least several dozen volumes, some o them numbered in different series. A gure to compare comes rom the other depot, at Carcassonne, where an inventory o items—registers, books, quires—includes over orty dated to beore .23
What can be said about the range and variety o the texts? Te chest and coffer at Pavia contained both texts produced by the office o inquisition and heretics’ books. Te depot at Carcassonne contained a Cathar text, the Questions o John or Secret Supper (Interrogatio Johannis); treatises against heresy, including the Dialogue between a Catholic and Pater- ine heretic and Rainier Sacconi’s treatise against Cathars and Walden- sians; and a chronicle o inquisition. Te depot at oulouse is likely to have contained a similarly wide range o material, including the chronicle o inquisition in oulouse written by William Pelhisson. Tose texts
that are clearly attested are, however, those that arose directly rom thecarrying out o the office o inquisition. Tere is a ormulaic doublet within the reerences made in Bernard
Gui’s sentences to these texts—‘as appears through (i) the acts and (ii) the processes in the books o the inquisition’ (sicut constat per acta et processus in libros inquisitionis). Tis is a useul reminder o the ormal
21 Dossat, Crises, pp. , , . 22
Gui, Livre des sentences, i. –.23 A. Germain, ‘Inventaire inédit concernant les archives de l’inquisition de Carcas- sonne’, Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Montpellier (), pp. – (– ).
–
variety o the documents that were transcribed into these books o the inquisition. Tey included records o interrogations (conessions, depo-
sitions, processus), abjurations, extracts containing the main elements o a person’s guilt (extractiones culparum), sentences ( penitentie, sententie), letters o penance, acts o release rom prison and the wearing o crosses, and a miscellany o other ‘acts’ o inquisition. A book could be dedicated to the transcription o one type o text. For example, a note in Gui’s Book o Sentences reers the reader to a book o ‘extractions’ (meaning extracts rom depositions o items bearing upon guilt), in a way that suggests a book dedicated just to these.24 Bernard o Caux’s books were designated as containing ‘conessions’ and the oulouse volume kept in Carcassonne
was ‘the third volume o conessions’. But one book could also contain a mixture. Examples include the chronologically earliest oulouse book copied by the Doat scribes, Doat , and Bernard Gui’s Book o Sentences, both o which contained a combination o ‘extractions o guilt’ and sentences.
Copying texts and processing them helped to produce the considerable ormal variety o the volumes in the depot. It is useul to distinguish here between two sorts o copying. Te rst is the writing and copying that went on at the time o the inquisitor’s enquiry and sentencing. Tis has been reconstructed by Yves Dossat on the basis in particular o the language and practice ound in the manuscripts o the inquisitions o Bernard o Caux and Jacques Fournier.25 During an interrogation, a notary wrote a record o depositions into his ‘protocol’. At a later stage a notary or notaries transcribed the records o these depositions into a book which was regarded as the ‘original’. At this stage there could be arrangement o material, the most obvious example being the copying together o several pieces relating to one deponent. Ten ‘extractions o
guilt’ were made rom this, and then in turn the ‘extractions’ o guilt wereusedorthesentences.Teseinturnwererecorded.Teyweretheobjects o practical advice in Gui’s inquisitors’ manual, where Gui was concerned with the orm o what was written or preservation as well as the orm o what was read out.
Tere was another reason or copying. Tere was legislative reaction to the stealing o books rom the inquisitors killed at Avignonet in . Te Dominican provincial chapter held in Narbonne in the ollowing year,
24 Gui, Livre des sentences, i.: Culpa istius plenius continetur in libro extraccionum secundo olio XVIo.
25 Dossat, Crises, pp. –.

, orbade the carrying o the books o the inquisition. Te presence o copies o oulouse conessions in Carcassonne suggests that the ban
applied to originals, and that it stimulated copying. Copies could be made at a time perceptibly later than the dates o
the inquisition acts in question. Te outer chronological limits o a copy made on the instructions o the two inquisitors William Bernard o Dax and Reginald o Chartres are late and August . But the majority o the conessions transcribed in the copy were o acts o inquisition carried out in –.26 Te maximum possible time-gap between the copy and the last item copied was our years and ten months, but obvi- ously it could have been only months. More signicant is the gap between
the majority o the contents and the copy, which is about feen years. Te immediate processes o inquisition led to the collection o texts
in books that were exclusive and specialised. Later copying encouraged urther re-arrangement, selection, and the inclusion o generically different material. Tus the copy just mentioned mainly contained conessions rom –, extracted rom Bernard o Caux’s books o conessions, but it also contained copies o a miscellany o acts by later inquisitors extending rom to . Tis copy provides a useul example both o the relative generic reedom o this second type o copying, and o the conusions that could result. Yves Dossat’s close study o this copy shows that re-arrangement at one or other or both stages led to disorder. Nine depositions were repeated, a ew depositions were amputated, and the grouping o various pieces around one person, regardless o date, led to wider chronological conusion.27
ii. What do we know about the original register?
Te original register rom which the Doat – copy was ‘drawn’ contained mainly the records o interrogations between and , many o them conducted by the inquisitors Pons o Parnac and Ranulph o Plassac. Some o its eatures, discussed later, indicate that it was not an original ‘book o conessions’. Rather, it was an example o the second type o copying that we have just been discussing. Tat is to say, it was characterised by selection, omission and re-arrangement, andit drew mainly on an earlier and uller ‘book o conessions’.
26 Dossat, Crises, . 27 Dossat, Crises, pp. and –.
–
Outside Doat –, our knowledge o Pons o Parnac and Ranulph o Plassac and the written materials their inquisitions generated comes
rom the later inquisitor Bernard Gui. In his history o the convents in the province o oulouse Bernard Gui provided a short account o Pons o Parnac’s careeer, and he reers to Pons three times in his Book o Sentences. Pons also appears in the acts o the provincial chapters that Gui compiled. Although Ranulph is a more shadowy gure, Gui names him twice in his Book o Sentences.28
Gui’s reerences indicate the existence o other books in the depot, containing the records o these inquisitors and their immediate collaborators and successors, that are other than the volume copied into Doat –.
‘From books and acts o the inquisition’ Gui knew that Ranulph o Plas- sac and Pons o Parnac had condemned Philippa o ounis to wearing double crosses and small pilgrimages, on May , and Arnalda o Roquevidal to imprisonment, on November .29 Te latter sentence spelled out as having been delivered at St Stephen’s cathedral in oulouse. He also knew rom these sources that Philippa had been allowed to stop wearing these crosses by Hugh Amiel and John Galand, at a later date, unspecied.30 Gui also knew that on April Pons o Parnac and Hugh o Bouniols had conceded to Petrona o Saint-Martin-Lalande the grace not to wear crosses that had been imposed on her in by Pons o Pouget, and he knew this not only rom books and acts but the letter that had been granted to her.31 It is clear rom Gui’s consultation o evidence about Philippa and Arnalda that the depot held a book o inquisition containing the sentences o Ranulph o Plassac and Pons o Parnac. Tere was also a book—it could have been the same book—containing the letter granted to Petrona.
Gui’s reerences to Arnalda o Roquevidal bear upon the ‘book o
conessions’. Arnalda was sentenced to imprisonment by Bernard Gui onApril , at which date she is described as the widow o Raymond Hugh o Roquevidal and now living in oulouse. As already mentioned, she had previously conessed to participation in heresy and had been sentenced to imprisonment by the inquisitors Ranulph o Plassac and Pons o Parnac in . Afer being reed rom prison, the cross and
28
See ch. below.29 Gui, Livre des sentences, i., . 30 Gui, Livre des sentences, i.. 31 Gui, Livre des sentences, i..

pilgrimage had been imposed on her by the inquisitor Peter o Mulceone, and he had later released her rom wearing the cross. A grandson, child o
her son William Hugh, had died earlier in . Conversation in August about the act that the grandson had not been hereticated had led to negotiation to nd heretics to hereticate Arnalda hersel—she was ill— and she had been taken prisoner in February . Tere ollowed her interrogation by Gui and his consultation o a book or books in the depot, including one or more arising rom the inquisitorial activities o Pons o Parnac and Ranulph o Plassac.32
Te volume copied into Doat – contained records o the interrogations o Arnalda’s husband Raymond Hugh and her brother-in-law
Bernard Hugh by Ranulph o Plassac and Pons o Parnac.33 Tese interrogations mentioned Arnalda ofen. But, though we know Ranulph and Pons also interrogated and sentenced Arnalda, her interrogation is not recorded in this book. She is not the only case. Bernard Hugh’s wie olsana was also ofen mentioned during these interrogations. Gui also dealt with her, releasing her rom prison on March and allowing her to stop wearing crosses on May . Her name and the date o her original imprisonment——show that she was also interrogated around the time when her husband, brother-in-law and sister-in-law were interrogated. She was sentenced seven months earlier than her sister-in-law Arnalda, on May .34 In the case o Arnalda, Gui was explicit, spelling out the basis or his statements—‘as is clear to us lawully according to the books and acts o the inquisition’ (sicut legitime nobis constat per libros et acta inquisitionis)—and naming the inquisitors Ranulph o Plassac and Pons o Parnac. In the case o olsana, Gui does not name the inquisitors nor spell out the act that he had consulted the books and acts o the inquisition, but it is clear rom the precision o the date that
he had done so.Bernard Gui’s Book o Sentences demonstrate, rst, that there was in the depot at oulouse a ‘book o conessions’ o Pons o Parnac and Ranulph o Plassac, containing more interrogations than those in the register copied into Doat –, and, secondly, that there was also a book containing their sentences.
32
Gui, Livre des sentences, i.–.33 r–r, r–r. See below, pp. –, or urther discussion o these two deponents.
34 Gui, Livre des sentences, i., .
–
Tis much is certain. By contrast, the sequence tabulated below is a conjectural reconstruction, based on putting together (i) the generically
varied range o the books in the oulouse and Carcassonne depots, (ii) the production o later copies that had elements o selection, re- arrangement and anthology, and (iii) the data provided by Bernard Gui. Here we apply Ockham’s razor, presenting the most economical model that covers the acts, while recognising that the sequence o texts in the now irrecoverable past reality may well have been more complex.
(i) Te interrogations o Ranulph and Pons, and their immediate collaborators and successors, were recorded in notaries’ protocols.
(ii) Tese were then transcribed into the ‘originals’, the Book or Bookso Conessions o these inquisitors, including the no-longer extant interrogations o Arnalda o Roquevidal and olsana.
(iii) Tere is likely to have been a Book o Extractions, on the lines o the earlier culpe o Peter Sellan and the later culpe o Bernard Gui.
(iv) Tese ‘extracts o guilt’ (extractiones culparum)ormedthebasesor sentences. We know the exact dates o two o these ‘public sermons’ in , one spelled out as being in the Cathedral o St Stephen’s in oulouse. Tese sentences will have been recorded in a Book
o Sentences o these inquisitors. Alongside (ii) above, this was the book Bernard Gui will have consulted.
(v) Under the instructions o a later inquisitor or pair o inquisitors, a scribe will have copied into another register a selection rom the Book or Books o Conessions, together with some other pieces.
Although we shall never be able to establish much about the selection made in stage (v) above, we need to repeat the one certain point about exclusion. As we have seen, the selection excluded the records o the
depositions o two women, the wives o the two brothers rom Roque- vidal. We can also conjecture the inclusion o material drawn rom ‘originals’ other than this Book or Books o Conessions. Te volume contains letters about the mandating o inquisition to the prior o the Domini- cans at Montauban,35 and these are likely to have been copied rom a book o ‘acts’ pertaining to Ranulph’s and Pons’s inquisition. Te depositions o Burgundian Waldensians contain a date, but no note o inquisitor or place o interrogation.36 Tey are also sketchier than other depositions in the register. We have only shadowy knowledge o Burgundian
35 r– v . 36 v – v .

inquisition. An otherwise unknown Gui o Rheims was ‘inquisitor o heretics in Burgundy’ in the s, and dealing with Waldensians.37
Extrapolating rom this later act, we could suggest the possibility that the Burgundian depositions in Doat were drawn rom another source that had come into the oulouse depot, and ultimately rom a book o depositions made in ront o the inquisitor or inquisitors o Burgundy. Against this is the act that their dates t into the chronology o surrounding depositions. Te wide chronological span o the volume and the transition rom conessions in ront o Pons and Ranulph in the mid- s to conessions in ront o Hugh Amiel and John Galand around suggest the possibility o the material being drawn rom two—
or rom two groups o—Books o Conessions. Finally, we can also dis- cern occasional problems and mistakes, especially near the beginning o the enterprise, which are reminiscent o the errors ound by Dossat in the copy o an earlier register that he studied. For example, in the Doat copy o his conession, the deponent’s rst appearance is as the ‘aoresaid’ Bernard o Rival: clearly the earlier part o his deposition has been amputated.38 Shortly aferwards there is another example o amputation, when another deponent makes his rst appearance, this time unnamed, as ‘the aoresaid’.39
Te latest date in the volume copied into Doat – is January . In the earlier discussion o a copy and selection executed on the orders o inquisitors, the gap between most recent originals and the copy was somewhere between a ew months and our years ten months, and theouterlimitsothegapbetweenthecopyandtheearliestoriginalswere thirteen and eighteen years. I there was a similar gap here, we should think o dates between and the late s or the assembling o this selective register. But a slightly later date is not excluded.
iii. Seventeenth-century evidence, and the ‘sixth register’
During the mid- and later seventeenth century several Dominicans paid considerable attention to the inquisition archives o oulouse and Car- cassonne: Antonin Reginald, Jean-Jacques Percin and Jean Benoist. Tese
37
Gui, Le livre des sentences, ii., , , . Later histories o inquisitionadd nothing to these reerences. 38 r. 39 r.
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men used registers as sources or historical works, Reginald or a chronicle o medieval inquisitors, Percin or a history o the Dominican convent
in oulouse and Benoist or an account o medieval heresies. Demon- strating the growth o interest in the reading and scholarly use o these materials, they provide an interesting local parallel to the Doat enterprise. Tey also provide precious inormation about the state o these archives, and the register upon which Doat – was based.
Te earliest o them was oulouse Dominican, Antonin Reginald, also known as Regnault (c. –). An academic theologian at oulouse andtheauthoroamonumentalaccountotheCouncilorent,Antonin Reginald’s lie and work is mainly known to us through a short biogra-
phy written by Percin, included in his history o the convent,40 and the short biography and bibliography compiled by the Dominicans Jacques Quéti (–) and Jacques Échard (–).41 Reginald turned to the inquisition registers in the convent to compile two works, one containing data about inquisitors killed at Avignonet, the other an account o the inquisitors o oulouse.42 While the ormer was noticed and discussed by Yves Dossat, the latter has escaped modern attention. It is possible that the marginalia in one o the volumes in the convent library containing depositions mainly rom –—later oulouse Biblio- thèque municipale MS —are traces o the preliminary research work. In a seventeenth-century hand the laconic ‘inq’ appears over two dozen times to mark the appearance o an inquisitor.43 Quéti and Échard provide the title o the resulting work, Chronicon Inquisitorum olosanorum, noting that it was not published, that its manuscript was preserved by the Dominicans in oulouse, and that it contained interpolations by Percin.44
It did not go with other manuscripts rom this convent into the Biblio- thèque Municipale, and our efforts to nd this manuscript have been
unsuccessul. However, it had a long aferlie through extensive copying
40 J.-J. Percin, Monumenta conventus olosani ordinis F.F. Praedicatorum (oulouse, ), pp. –.
41 J. Quéti and J. Échard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti notis historicis et criticis illustrati ad annum , vols (Paris, –), ii. a–b.
42 Percin, Monumenta, p. : Is ipse Chronicon Inquisitorum compilavit & plura pro Historia trium Fratrum Avenionetti occisorum anno ut retuli, .
43 oulouse , . v , r, r, v (bis), v , v , v , v (bis), v , v , r, v , v , v , v ,r, v ,r, v , v , v , v , v .Terst,on.r,islonger:F.Ferra.
Inquis.44 Quéti and Échard, Scriptores, ii. b. Te ninth in the list o Reginald’s works was this: Chronicon Inquisitorum olosanorum. Extat apud nostros olosae MS, quod in suam conv. ol. Historiam identidem tamen interpolatam congessit Jacobus Percin citatus.

and interpolation into the history o the oulouse convent which Regi- nald’s ellow oulouse Dominican, Jean-Jacques Percin, wrote between
and and published in .45
Percin seems at rst sight to have made considerable use o manuscripts in Dominican libraries and archives, especially those o oulouse and Prouille. He includes quite a ew reerences to ‘registers o inquisition’, doing this in order to support his listing o the names and dates o the inquisitors o oulouse. On one occasion, in part o a short work on the ‘Martyrs o Avignonet’, he reers to the deposition o a particular witness, Ermesendis Pellicier, and what she had said about the killing o the inquisitor William Arnold; this is discussed urther below. Most o
Percin’s reerences speciy the register urther, once reerring to an ‘old register’, but most o the time reerring to them by number: register one, register two, register our and register six. Tere are no reerences to registers three and ve. Percin also cites by olio number, using ‘pag. II’ to reer to the verso o a olio.
Although Percin did make some direct use o medieval manuscripts, much o the time he was also avowedly and heavily dependent on Regi- nald’s manuscript history o the inquisitors o oulouse, as Quéti and Échard pointed out. When citing the registers Percin usually makes his dependence plain, citing the Chronicon or Catalogus Inquisitorum, using phrases like ‘in the Catalogue o Inquisitors compiled by our brother Antonin Reginald’ or ‘these things are rom brother Reginald’.46 Percin added to his history o the convent in oulouse a little work (Opusculum) on the heresy o the Albigensians, into which is incorporated another little work on the inquisition, and into the latter he incorporated a two- page list o oulouse inquisitors entitled Names o Inquisitors (Nomina Inquisitorum).47 While the dependence o this on Reginald’s earlier work
is no more than a plausible conjecture, we can be condent that mosto Percin’s reerences to the inquisition registers o oulouse come rom Reginald: and most probably all o them did.
Tis is very important. Antonin Reginald was using the registers in the archives in oulouse at around the time o the Doat commission or perhaps a ew years beore. Tere is no question o his using temporarily
45 B. Montagnes, ‘L’historiographie de saint Dominique en pays oulousain de Rechac à ouron (–)’, CaF (), pp. – ().
46
Percin, Monumenta, p. : In catalogo inquisitorum a Fr. nostro Antonino Regi-naldo compilato; haec F. Reginaldus. 47 Percin, Opusculum de haeresi Albigensium, pp. –. Tis work ollows afer the
Monumenta and is separately paginated.
–
available Doat copies. For example, Doat contains the penances o Peter Sellan, which may be the sentences o Peter Sellan to which Regi-
nald reers. Whereas they start on olio in what is described as an ‘old register’, they start on olio r in the physically new Doat .48 Conse- quently, Reginald’s is the only testimony about the medieval registers, as they were preserved at this time, which we can try to use as a control on the Doat mission. O outstanding interest is the congruence between one o the registers and Doat –. All o the principal inquisitors o Doat – appear also in Reginald’s / Percin’s reerences to register six.
Beore looking at these, we should bear in mind errors that may have crept in at several stages: errors made by Reginald in using the regis-
ters, by Percin when copying and extracting rom Antonin Reginald’s manuscript, and by the printers when Percin’s history was published. Percin’s apology or not being able to correct printer’s errors and his list o a ew major errata indicate that the published work contains many uncorrected slips.49 But there is more than this. Percin was an unusually careless scholar. Quéti and Échard’s near-contemporary biography contains a scathing denunciation o his proneness to error,50 and this is con- rmed by the principalmodern historian o the early Dominicans, Simon ugwell.51 An example is the unique precise reerence to the deposition o Ermesendis Pellicier, reerring to a detail rom the killing o inquisitors at Avignonet. Tough very short, it manages to make two errors. One is that the detail does not occur within her deposition: it comes just afer her deposition. Te other is the olio reerence, given as : it should be .52 Consequently, we have to be prepared or more errors, especially numerical ones. One o Percin’s reerences which appears at rst sight to be to the sixth register has clearly suffered rom his (or Reginald’s) slip- shod ways.53
48 Percin, Monumenta, p. : In catalogo Inquisitorum a Fr. nostro compilato, de quo saepius in decursu, t mention hoc eodem anno Fratris Cellani seu Syllani, cujus in veteri Registro ponuntur sententiae olio II.
49 Percin, Opusculum, p. . 50 J. Quéti and J. Échard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti notis historicis et
criticis illustrati ad annum , Ab anno ad annum perducti, ed. R. Coulon and A. Papillon, vols (Rome, Paris, –), i..
51 Private conversation. 52 Percin, Opusculum, p. : in . Inquisitionis Registro olio in depositione Erme-
sindis Peliceriae. Te deposition is oulouse , . r
.53 Percin, Monumenta, pp. –, writes that that it is clear rom register that Stephen o Gâtine succeeded William o Montreveil as the inquisitor o oulouse, and that he was active as inquisitor in , and . Since Stephen’s career as an

Te table below shows the register that Antonin Reginald examined somewhere between the s and his death in , and the volume
that the Doat commission copied in October .
Names Register . Doat –
Ranulph and Pons together, rst mention
ol. r54 Doat was based on ‘a parchment book—whose rst lea is marked with the number and the last ’. Ranulph and Pons may have appeared in a title not copied by the Doat scribes: see comment at the end o this table.
Ranulph and Pons together rom r
mention o earlier inquisitor, William o Montreveil
ol. r55 r
ol. v56 r
Peter Arsieu ol. 57 rom r
inquisitor in oulouse started probably around , we would expect evidence about the commencement o his career to be ound in an earlier register. Te precise reerences provided by Percin usually include (a) register number, (b) olio number, and (c) pag. and pag. to indicate recto or verso. In this case the reerence—ut constat ex Registro . pag. —is clearly erroneous. Providing verso (‘pag. ’) makes no sense i there is no olio number. ‘Fol.’ and a number are missing. Te most probable explanation is that is the
olio number, o a register whose number Percin omitted: the original will have been ‘ut constat ex Registro missing no., possibly , ol. . pag. ’. An alternative conjecture is ‘ut constat ex Registro . olio, missing no. pag. ’. But this is rendered implausible by the chronological lag between the beginning o Stephen o Gâtine’s career and the rest o the material cited rom register .
54 Percin, Monumenta, p. : successit in Officio Inquisitoris ex Registro . ol. . Frater Raymundus seu Raynulphus de Placiato, pro ut compertum est ex citato Registro . ol. [sic] qui etiam expresse Inquisitor dicitur anno superiori . & quia Frater Pontius de Parnaco Caturcensis vocatur etiam Inquisitor citato Registro . ol. . simul exercuisse sanctum officium probabile est.
55 Percin, Monumenta, p. : in . Registro ol. . pag. . in ne, idem F. Revelli
vocatur quondam Inquisitor.56 Percin, Monumenta, p. : olio . pag. . t mentio Fratris Hugonis de Boniolis. Te register number is not given here, but register is given in the previous sentence.
57 Percin, Monumenta, p. : De eo in Registro sexto Inquisitionis olio agitur.
end o the register’ 58
v (acting), r, v ,
v
, v
, v
, r
, v
, v ; r , r , v , r , r , v , r , v , v , r , v , v , v , r , r , r , r .
Hugh o Bouniols and Pons o Parnac together
mention o him in ; together with brother Pons o Parnac, olio 59
r, v , v , v
John Galand ol. v60 rom v
Tis table begins with an interesting coincidence. Numbering in the old
register that Doat copied began at , and Reginald’s rst reerence to Pons o Parnac and Ranulph o Plassac together is at olio . Although the number in ‘olio our’ may be one o Percin’s errors, the more likely explanation is that the Doat copyists omitted a title on the rst lea (numbered our). Following the model o one manuscript in the convent, bearing the title Conessiones … Bernardi de Caucio,61 register six probably started with a title such as Conessiones … Pontii de Parnaco et Ranulphi de Plas- saco.
Percin’s carelessness means that there are almost certainly other errors o olio numbers. But there are sufficient parallels to showthat the register , which Reginald knew, was the volume copied into Doat –.
wo more eatures o the original register can be conjectured. A com- parison o olio numbers in register and Doat – and the very small number o words per lea in Doat – indicates that it was a small manuscript. Reerences to other conessions within depositions in the Doat copy—see the passages in parentheses in r and r —suggest that it had cross-reerences noted in its margins.
58 Percin, Monumenta, p. : De eo in Registro Inquisitionis . olio . & deinde sub nem dicti Registri pluries t mentio ejus ex F. Reginaldo.
59 Percin, Monumenta, p. : F. Hugo de Boniolis uit circa haec tempora Inquisitor, ut constat ex Registro . in quo de eo t mentio anno . una cum Fratre Pontio de
Parnaco & olio .60 Percin, Monumenta, p. : Anno eodem [] F. Joannes Galandi uit Inquisitor ut notatur in . Registro, , pag. .
61 Dossat, Crises, p. .
iv. Te Doat commission
Tevolumeseditedherearenumbersandinaseriesovolumes containing copies o documents held in various archives in Languedoc, executed between and under the direction o Jean de Doat and sent off to Paris or Jean-Baptiste Colbert (–).62
Minister o nance to king Louis XIV (–), Colbert was a great patron o learned academies and the arts, and above all the proud owner o the magnicent private library, into which the volumes went.63
He lef at his death about , printed books and , manuscripts. Tere was a tradition o great ministers having grand libraries—Riche-
lieu, Mazarin and now Colbert. Te grandeur o these libraries, Lothar Kolmer has suggested, bore upon the prestige both o the state and o the individual ministers in question. Colbert himsel said that his main pleasure in royal service lay in orming his library. He was clearly good at appointing talented librarians, one o whom, Pierre de Carcavy, lef behind a succinct and penetrating account o the Doat project.
Louis XIV’s commission to Jean de Doat spelled out the two aims o copying: or the conservation o the rights o the crown and to serve history ( pour la conservation des droicts de nostre couronne et pour servir à l’histoire). Te contemporary context o the rst o these was provided by war, politics and debate: the French war against the Spanish Netherlands (–), general interest in French royal rights, and Louis XIV’s personal interest in the renewal o the Carolingian Empire. Concern with crown rights to possessions had been given particular impetus by contemporary lawyers’ arguments that crown rights, once acquired, could never be removed.
62 Tere is no detailed ormal catalogue. For an inventory o all the collection, see P. Lauer, Collections manuscrites sur l’histoire des provinces de France: Inventaire, vols (Paris, –), i.–, and or the volumes concerning heresy and inquisition, Doat –, C. Molinier. L’inquisition dans le Midi de la France au XIII et au XVIe siècle: Étude sur les sources de son histoire (Paris, ), pp. –. More detailed analysis and identication o these volumes is ound in Dossat, Crises, pp. – and –.
63 Te ollowing account is based mainly on the documents published in H. Omont, La collection Doat à la Bibliothèque Nationale: Documents sur les recherches de Doat dans les archives du sud-ouest de la France de à (Paris, ), and the account by
L. Kolmer, ‘Colbert und die Enstehung der Collection Doat’, Francia (), –.Kolmer’s description o the Doat mission, pp. –, is based on more exhaustive use than Omont’s o the materials collected in Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Nouvelles Acq. Fr. .
–
Te context o the second aim was the remarkable range o monu- mental enterprises in antiquarian, editorial and historical scholarship
that were being undertaken in France during these decades. Another o Colbert’s librarians, Étienne Baluze (–), was publishing many medieval texts. Te two Maurists Luc d’Achery (–) and Jean Mabillon (–) were laying the oundations o the great Acta Sanctorum series. Its rst volume appeared in . And Charles du Fresne du Cange (–) was engaged in the research or his great dictionary o medieval Latin, whose rst edition appeared in . Te second part o Doat’s commission, to copy documents in Languedoc ‘to serve history’, can be seen as an example o a medium-scale enterprise
rom this remarkable period o scholarship. Jean de Doat was born around , the son o a lawyer.64 He was
Président o the Chambre des Comptes o the Parlement o Pau rom , he bought the lordship o Doat, near Montaner, in ,65 and he died a little beore August . Te commission which bears his name lasted rom to , and it is conveniently divided into two phases. Te rst phase began with Doat bringing an inventory o titres (material bearing upon rights) rom Béarn to Paris in . Colbert’s librarian Pierre de Carcavy marked the ones to be copied, and on May Doat got orders rom Colbert to go ahead.66 More inventories were sent to Carcavy, and many copies were executed between July and August . According to the crisp historical aide-memoire drawn up by Carcavy, Colbert was pleased with Doat’s care and his researches, and he obtained or him two royal commissions.67 One o them (April ) extended his work to Guyenne and the other (October ) extended it to the whole o Languedoc. By the cost o the project had passed , livres. Colbert could no longer stand the cost, and the
commission’s work came to an end.In the Languedoc phase o the project, Doat established his bureau o copyists successively in Foix, Rodez, Foix again, Carcassonne, and L’Isle- en-Albigeois. He settled it in the latter on August , to escape the heat o Carcassonne. Tere was a set procedure or obtaining material. A member o the commission would go to the archive, with the royal
64 R. Le Blant, ‘Doat (Jean de)’, Dictionnaire de biographie rançaise (), cols –.
65
Healready bore the name Doat, which has no connection with this lordship o Doat.66 On Carcavy, see R. d’Amat, ‘Carcavy (Pierre de)’, Dictionnaire de biographie rançaise (), cols –.
67 Omont, Collection Doat , pp. –.

patent, to announce Doat’s impending visit. He then looked at original documents, assisted by two scribes. Doat would then visit and choose.
Scribes would make out two lists o the documents that they took away. One list was lef in the archive, to acilitate checking when the documents were returned.
Doat visited oulouse, staying there between November and , and it is during these three weeks that he will have visited the archives o the Dominicans. A little later the Dominican Jean Benoist was visiting the archives o his Order in Languedoc in order to gather material or the history o medieval heresies that he was to publish in . Benoist looked mainly at the Carcassonne archive, among other things using it or
an edition o the whole o text o the Cathar Interrogatio Johannis. But he also looked at the oulouse archive, describing its contents thus. ‘I there wasneedorit,twelveoldRegisterspreservedintheConventotheFriars Preacher in oulouse would provide yet more proos. One sees in them the procedures mounted by Inquisitors on various occasions against the Albigensians, and the avowal o their doctrine. Tese Acts are attested by Inquisitors, witnesses, Notaries public, and sometimes even by Bishops, in whose presence the Inquisitors carried out the proceedings.’68
Most signicant is the evidence here o the wasting away o the archive by the late seventeenth century. Te extensiveness o the archive o the Dominicans at Carcassonne is reected in Doat’s choice—seventeen ‘Doat’ volumes contain his scribes’ copies o Carcassonne materials. In oulouse, by contrast, Doat was conronted by a much smaller archive. He chose only three volumes he ound there, ‘a parchment book, covered with wood and a skin’,69 a collection o ‘twenty parchment quires bound together, the rst o which was marked no. and the last ’,70 and the volume whose copy is edited here, ‘a parchment book—whose rst lea
is marked with the number and the last ’. I the archive’s holdings in were the same as when Benoist visited—in the s?—Doat chose to copy a quarter o the inquisition registers that were there, three out
68 ‘Douze anciens Registres que l’on conserve dans le Convent [sic] des Freres Pres- cheurs de oulouse ourniroient encore des preuves s’il en étoit besoin. On y voit les procedures que les Inquisiteurs rent en differentes occasions contre les Albigeois, & l’aveu de leur doctrine. Ces Actes se trouvent signez des Inquisiteurs, des témoins, des Notaires publics, & souvent même des Evêques, en presence desquels les Inquisiteurs
instruisoient les procés’; J. Benoist, Histoire des Albigeois et des Vaudois ou Barbets, vols(Paris, ), i.. 69 Copied into Doat , . r– v . 70 Copied into Doat , . r–r.
–
o twelve. Te size o the volumes Doat chose is striking. Te rst two o these registers were rather small, one copied into olios by Doat
scribes, the other into . Register six was larger, copied into olios. Tere was one volume we know Doat did not decide to copy, oulouse MS , and its very great size is its most striking eature. One o Doat’s selection criteria in oulouse seems to have been manageable size: he chose small to medium size registers.
At this period, documents were being removed to L’Isle-en-Albigeois. Trough an extract made by Carcavy, we have the last account Doat presented, which runs rom May to February .71 It covers, thereore, the period late in when one o the oulouse registers was
being copied into Doat –. In addition to ve named copyists paid annually, there were ve paid according to their work at sous per lea and seven at sous per lea.72 Te variety o names sported by one o the annually paid scribes—Bugarel, Burgarel and Bugard—closely parallels the variety o names present in the copy or one man who appears in the depositions.73 Doat’s scribes were not intended to leave their names on the copies they made. But it is possible that this particular scribe circumvented this, wittily interpolating into the copy various orms o his own name, imposed on the ‘Johannes de Bu-’ ound in the original. Such a jape might well have appealed to louche individuals in Doat’s employ.74
I so, it escaped notice. For, in addition to the scribes, there were our men to correct the copies. Finally one o the clerks o the Chambre des Comptes at Pau, Gratian Capot, compared the copy in Doat – with the original, looking or errors. He then authenticated it, doing this in Albi on October .
It would be easy to construct a cloud o doubt to envelop the Doat volumes. Te majority o inquisition materials copied by the Doat commis-
sion are unique documents, not otherwise attested. Te authenticatingnote states that the copy was extrait —i ‘extracted’ means ‘selected’, how was the selection made? I even Doat complained about his copyists and their errors, what trust can be placed in these texts?
71 Omont, Collection Doat , pp. –. 72 Omont, Collection Doat , p. : Bugarel, Bonté, Dubuisson, Latapie and Sainct-
Martin, paid by the year; Duaur, Jamin, Cathelan, Rebelle, Besse, Sahuc and Labastide Diseste, paid s per lea; Segure, Sassus, Courreges, Cassenave and Labastide de Bielle paid s per lea.
73 Omont, Collection Doat , pp. , . Bagairal, Bugairal, Bugaralh, Burgaria; r, v , r, r , v , v .
74 Doat reerred to ‘la desbauche et le libertinage des copistes’, Omont, Collection Doat , p. .

It is useul here to repeat and add to the comments o the principal modern student o the Collection Doat, Lothar Kolmer. He begins his
analysis o the trustworthiness o the Doat copies when used as historical sources, their Quellenwert , by stating that there is no doubt that they go back to originals in various archives.75 Kolmer noted that the system o identiying provenance was rudimentary, and that Doat chose what to copy, pointing to the act that it is now no longer possible to establish the relationship between what he chose to copy and what he did not. Allud- ing to the difficulties o transcribing medieval texts, he observed that the Doat copyists sometimes expanded abbreviations wrongly. Tese copyists’ errors were irritating to Doat, or whom the worth o the copies lay
in their being verbatim copies o originals. Effort was expended in checking, and Kolmer concludes that conscious abbreviation or alsication o the originals can be completely excluded.
Te rst point o signicance to us is Doat’s choice. We need to distinguish between selecting large tranches o material, usually by book, to copy, and selecting within any given tranche o material. We know Doat did the rst, when selecting the volumes o inquisition trials to be copied, but there is no indication that he did the second, selecting within particular tranches o trials. Here we need to clear out o the way an unortunate misunderstanding that may arise rom the literal translation (preerred in our edition) o Gratian Capot’s note in Doat . According to this, Doat and the rst part o Doat were ‘extracted and collated rom’ the register in oulouse. In modern English extracted is used ofen to suggest selection, whereas the original French extrait is neutral on whether there has or has not been selection and thereore exclusion o some material. Te irreducible meaning is ‘drawn rom and checked against’ the original volume. Tere is no positive indication here
o deliberate cherry-picking.Te second area o concern is copyists’ errors and corrections. Tey are discussed in detail later, but a general comment is ne

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