Chapter 1: The Early History of Malaysia Contribution of the Malay empire to the

Malacca Sultanate. Causes for the development and

downfall of the Malacca Sultanate British intervention in the states of

Malaya Japanese Invasion in Malaya

DEVELOPMENT OF MALACCA SULTANATE Strategic Geographical location

Famous centre of trade

A Islamic studies centre

Expanded the territories

A good diplomatic relationship with China

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE: MALACCA SULTANATE

SULTAN (KING)

BENDAHARA

LAKSAMANA

TEMENGGUNG

PENGHULU BENDAHARI

SYAHBANDAR

* Each official is responsible for certain portfolio

DOWNFALL OFMALACCA SULTANATE

Weakness in Administration Disintegration among local

community Flaws in the Defence System Trading deterioration

COLONIAL ERA: PORTUGUESE IN MALACCA Factors for arrival of Portuguese to East:

Gold; Gospel;Glory

Reasons the Portuguese were interested in Malacca: Strategic location Trading center: Spices, silk and etc. To spread Christianity Competition among other imperialists

COLONIZATION ERA: DUTCH IN MALACCA

Reason the Dutch were interested in Malacca: Trading aspect: to compete with other

colonialists The closing of the Port of Lisbon Spanish oppression in Holland Publication of Itinerario by Linschoten-

contain details of navigation.

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA BRITISH IN PENANG - 1786

Achieved through deception by Francis Light

Why: 1) To monopolize spice trading in the East 2) Trading Port 3) Navy Base

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA

BRITISH IN SINGAPORE - 1819 Achieved by Stamford Raffles through

his intervention to resolve the conflict in Johor.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty - 1824 - A treaty between British and Dutch to

create their settlement in the East.

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA Anglo-Dutch Treaty - 1824 Terms and Condition:- Territories to the north and east of the Malacca Strait were

given to British- Territories to the west and south came under Dutch

influence- Malacca was surrender to British- Bengkulu and Sumatera release to Dutch.

Implication of the treaty - The division of power: Dutch and British- The end of the Johor empire as Johor-Riau- The three main trading ports (Penang, Singapore and

Malacca) under British influence.- Straits Setlements in 1826

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA CHANGE FROM NON INTERVENTION TO AN

INTERVENTION POLICY - 1874

Reasons:- Sucession dsipute between Malay states- Conflicts among “Chinese Private Association” (Kongsi

Gelap) to grab tin mine in Malaya.- Complaint from British merchants and investors - Liberalization policy by Britain Government.- The opening of Suez Canal- shorten the route between west and east- The Industrial Revolution in Europe in 19th century.

This lead to Pangkor Treaty in 1874 - Introduction of British Residential System

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM 1874- 1895

Residential System was introduced in Perak (1874); Selangor (1874); Sungai Ujong (1874); Pahang (1888); Negeri Sembilan (1895) and Johor (1914).

Local Malays against the system.

Implications of British Residential Systems in Malaya- Politics: The power and authority of sultan was abolished- Economy: Investment in Malaya increased; Tin mine getting

developed; Urbanization in few places which lead to improper division of wealth between states and district in Malaya.

- Social: Improve in Health system; Electric and water supply; Education and Transportation.

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA FEDERATED, UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Federated Malay States

- Particpated by Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan

- Reason: - To set up uniform administration - To create a balance economic growth - To allow interstate projects to be carried out - To curb growing power of british residents

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA FEDERATED, UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Unfederated Malay States- Particpated by Perlis, Kedah, Terengganu,

Kelantan, Johore- Formed in 1909 via Bangkok Treaty- A british advisor is appointed to assist the sultan in the administration- All the states have great potential in economy and trading activities.- Sultan remained independent and powerful

compare to the Federated Malay States.

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA DECENTRALIZATON

- Decentralization is the transfer of power from Resident Generals and British Advisors to the British High Comissioner.

- High Comissioner was also the governor of Straits Settlements

- The purpose is to improve administration of all the states.

COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA JAPANESE INVASION IN MALAYA

Reason: - Japanese population increased- Landscape structure- Industrialization plan by Meiji- Militarism spirit- Earliest success of Japanese- The World War II- Nationalism spirit

COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA HOW JAPANESE RULED MALAYA

Military Administration System State Adiministration - formed “New

Malaya” Economy - industrialization - introduced

new currency. Social - “Niponggo” - Japanese language

COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA EFFECTS OF JAPANESE INVASION IN

MALAYA Politic: - Recognise and accept the sultan position.- More local malays were trained in administration, which lead to awakening of

Nationalism spirit among local malays.

Economy:- Rubber and tin mine were undeveloped. - Inflation rate increased due to the wide distribution of new Japanese currency without any collateral value.

COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA EFFECTS OF JAPANESE INVASION IN

MALAYA

Social: - internal migration due to the lack of food supply. - There were poor healthcare.- Japanese treated chinese community in a cruel manner which lead to formation of Malayan People Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA) by them.- Male labours were forced to work in the ‘Death Railway Track’ (Thailand-Burma).- Introduction of Japanese language- “Niponggo”

Chapter 2: The Struggle for Independence

Features of the Malayan Union and the factors that brought about its dissolution.

Roles of the various organisations and individuals who were involved in the struggle for our nation’s independence

The role Malayan Union in awakening the spirit of nationalism

Malayan Union - 1945 Reason:

To protect the priorities (Economic investments) of the British in Malaya.

To combine all the province (Straits Settlements/Federated and Unfederated Malay States) -increase the administrative efficiency.

To prepare the local Malays to form their own government.

Features of the Malayan Union Constitution All 9 Malay states and strait Settlements

(except Singapore) under British governor.

The sultan position remain in the field of religious only and overall power will be reduced.

Local government will be managed by ‘Majlis Mesyuarat’ under the central administration.

Citizenship - will be equal to all races.

Resistance for Malayan Union Why??????

Method employed by Sir Harold MacMichael in obtaining the consent of the Malay rulers.

The power and sovereignty of Malay Sultans was affected.

The equal citizenship for all races would dispose Malay’s special rights and privileges.

Struggle for nationalism Stages in nationalism in Malaya Opposition action by local Malays in various

states in Malaya.

Malay Nationalism: - Religion based level (1906-1926) - Socialism and Economy level (1926- 1938) - Political level (1938 onwards)

Chinese nationalism in Malaya Indian nationalism in Malaya

Steps towards Independence of Malaya Federation of Malaya, 1948

- In July 1946, a working committee comprising representatives from the British Government, the Sultans and UMNO was set up to prepare new proposals.

- The working committee reached agreement by July 1947 and its proposal for a Federation of Malaya were put into effect on 1 February 1948.

Steps towards Independence of Malaya Non-Malay Opposition to the Federation

Bahasa Melayu –formal language of the country The responsibility for Public Relation – British and Malaya equally involved. The word ‘nationality’ should use as name for nationality. National flag- should have different colours, which shows Malay nationality.

-

Steps towards Independence of Malaya The Member System, 1951

Reason: - To help prepare the people of Malaya for the time when they would be responsible for the running of their own country.

There will be six unofficial:Three Malays; one European, one Chinese and one Ceylonese.

Each of them would be placed in charge of one of the following government departments- Education; Agriculture and Forestry; Health; Works and Housing; Home Affairs; Lands, Mines and Communications.

Steps towards Independence of Malaya Towards Independence

- A few by elections for Municipality Council were arranged especially in Georgetown (1951) and Kuala Lumpur (1952).

In 1953, UMNO, MCA and MIC joined together- Alliance Party and suggested to British government to have Federal election. Then, on 27th July 1955, Malaya had the first election.

The result of this election was- Alliance won 51 seats from 52 seats. The other 1 seat won by PAS. This had lead local people in Malaya to think about how to rule their own country.

Steps towards Independence of Malaya Towards Independence

- In January 1956, Tunku Abdul Rahman and his members have a trip to London to discuss about Independence for Malaya.

- Through the discussion, ‘Reid Commission’ was formed which lead by Lord Reid.

- Upon discussion, Malaya was given the independence on 31 August 1957.

Chapter 3: The formation of Malaysia

Lecture outline Factors that brought about the

formation of Malaysia Various reactions to the idea of the

formation of Malaysia Analyse the reasons that led to the

separation of Singapore from Malaysia

Formation of Malaysia

Factors - formation of Malaysia

Understanding for development

Ethnic balance and unity

Collective fightagainst

communismEconomic Cooperation

United International

relations

Independencethrough

unification

Formation of Malaysia

Various reaction to the idea of formation of Malaysia

Sarawak Sabah Brunei Singapore Indonesia Philipines

Formation of Malaysia Process of the formation of ‘Malaysia’

Malaysian Solidarity Consultative Committee

Cobbold Commission Inter-Government Committee Referendum in Singapore