Student Mobility Patterns and Achievement in Wisconsin

Prepared for the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction

Selina EadieRyan EisnerBryan Miller

Leni Wolf

Monday, May 13, 2013

● Overview of Previous Findings

● Methodology of Analysis

● Description of Mobility in Wisconsin

● Association Between Mobility and Achievement

● Policy Implications and Ideas for Future Research

Overview of Presentation

Research Questions

● What is the state of student mobility in WI?

● What is mobility’s association with achievement?

Previous Findings

● Moves associated with lower academic performance

● Different mobility rates for different groups of students

● Timing matters (both time of year and time of

academic career)

● Inter- versus intra-district moves

Methodology

● First research using Wisconsin Student Number Locator System (WSLS)

● Created a cohort of students for analysis● Start: September 15, 2006● End: May 1, 2011

● Students in Cohort: 319,230

Mobility Rates by Ethnicity (2006-07 through 2010-11)

Black

Hispanic

Native American

Asian-Americn

White

All Cohort

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 +

Percentage of Students

Number of moves

Mobility Rates by Economic Status (2006-07 through 2010-11)

Ever Economically Disadvantaged Never Economically Disadvantaged0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Did not Move Moved Once Moved 2+ Times

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s

Mobility Rates by Homeless Status (2006-07 through 2010-11)

Ever ID'd as Homeless Never ID'd as Homeless0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Did Not Move Moved Once Moved 2+ Times

Perc

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f Stu

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s

Moves by Time of Year (2006-07 through 2010-11)

Summer Break76%

Winter Break7%

School Year17%

Moves in the Five Largest Districts (2006-07 through 2010-11)

Milwaukee Madison Kenosha Green Bay Racine Statewide0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Did not Move Moved Once Moved 2+ Times

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dent

s

Top Receiving Districts of Milwaukee Public Schools Students2008-09 2009-10

(n=2,875) (n=3,157)West Allis–West Milwaukee 9.0% Wauwatosa 9.1%

Wisconsin Department of Corrections 7.3% West Allis–West Milwaukee 7.4%

Franklin Public 6.8% Franklin Public 6.2%

Wauwatosa 4.8% Wisconsin Department of Corrections 5.3%

Academy of Learning and Leadership a 4.1% Bruce Guadalupe a 4.6%

a Denotes public, non-MPS charter school

Mobility and 2010-11 Graduation Status

Did not Graduate Graduated0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Zero moves 1 to 3 moves 4+ moves

Perc

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f Stu

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Reading and Math WKCE Scores for 10th Graders in 2010-11

Mean Reading Score Mean Math Score460

480

500

520

540

560

580

542

565

532

556

Zero Moves in 2009-10 Moved in 2009-10 ProficienctBasic

Test

Sco

re

Reading and Math WKCE Scores for 10th Graders in 2010-11

Mean Reading Score Mean Math Score440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

600

546

569

539

563

478

513

Zero Moves Prior to 2010 1-3 Moves Prior to 20104+ Moves Prior to 2010 ProficientBasic

Test

Sco

re

Regression Confirmation● Ran an OLS regression to test these relationships

● Controlled for:● Race, Economic Status, Homelessness, District, Ever received English Language Learner (ELL) services

Includes fixed effects for district

● Findings● Coefficients on moves consistently negative and significant at .01 level● Coefficients on other variables consistently of greater magnitude

Summary of Findings

● Black and Hispanic students appear to move much more frequently than their White and Asian-American peers

● Students who qualify for free or reduced-priced lunch move more than full-price students

● Students in largest districts are more likely to move than the state average● Especially Milwaukee

● Consistent relationship between mobility and achievement

Future Research Considerations

● Detect residential moves

● Moves by time in academic career

● Type of destination school

● Prior year test score controls

Policy Implications

● Information and record-keeping systems

● Funding mechanisms and sources

● Implications for school choice policies

Acknowledgements

● Jared Knowles, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction

● Russell Dimond, University of Wisconsin-Madison

● Jed Richardson, Wisconsin Center for Education Research

● Professor Andrew Reschovsky, University of Wisconsin- Madison

Questions?

Thank you!

Reading Regression Results (1) (2) (3) (4)

Tenth Grade

Reading (2010-11)

Tenth Grade

Reading (2010-11)

Tenth Grade

Reading (2010-11)

Tenth Grade

Reading (2010-11)

Moves before October 2010

-6.09*** -5.18*** (0.31) (0.38)

4+ Moves before October 2010

-10.22*** (2.40)

Moves in 2009-10 School Year

-4.93*** -3.33*** (0.58) (0.65)

2+ Moves in 2009-10 School Year

-15.70*** (2.81)

Asian 7.46*** 7.40*** 7.86*** 7.79***(1.61) (1.61) (1.61) (1.61)

Black -28.47*** -28.36*** -30.20*** -30.00***(1.19) (1.19) (1.19) (1.19)

Hispanic -3.47*** -3.57*** -3.10** -3.05**(1.33) (1.33) (1.34) (1.34)

Native American -16.94*** -16.81*** -18.07*** -18.00***(2.39) (2.39) (2.40) (2.40)

Ever FRPL -27.21*** -27.21*** -28.72*** -28.58***(0.61) (0.61) (0.61) (0.61)

Ever Homeless -9.97*** -9.58*** -14.36*** -13.94***(2.82) (2.82) (2.83) (2.83)

Ever Received ELL Services

-32.78*** -32.82*** -32.45*** -32.60***(1.54) (1.54) (1.55) (1.55)

Constant 561.90*** 561.20*** 557.80*** 557.50***(0.45) (0.48) (0.38) (0.39)

No. of Students 41,661 41,661 41,460 41,460R-squared 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data

Math Regression Results  (5) (6) (7) (8)

Tenth Grade Math

(2010-11)

Tenth Grade Math

(2010-11)

Tenth Grade Math

(2010-11)

Tenth Grade Math

(2010-11)

Moves before October 2010

-4.66*** -4.20*** (0.24) (0.29)

4+ Moves before October 2010

-5.23*** (1.82)

Moves in 2009-10 School Year

-3.99*** -2.80*** (0.44) (0.49)

2+ Moves in 2009-10 School Year

-11.64*** (2.13)

Asian 11.58*** 11.55*** 11.92*** 11.87***(1.21) (1.21) (1.22) (1.22)

Black -28.20*** -28.14*** -29.59*** -29.44***(0.90) (0.90) (0.90) (0.90)

Hispanic -6.25*** -6.30*** -6.09*** -6.05***(1.01) (1.01) (1.01) (1.01)

Native American -17.37*** -17.30*** -18.20*** -18.15***(1.81) (1.81) (1.82) (1.82)

Ever FRPL -22.34*** -22.34*** -23.47*** -23.36***(0.46) (0.46) (0.46) (0.46)

Ever Homeless -11.79*** -11.58*** -15.02*** -14.71***(2.13) (2.13) (2.14) (2.14)

Ever Received ELL Services

-21.62*** -21.64*** -21.43*** -21.54***(1.16) (1.16) (1.17) (1.17)

Constant 581.30*** 580.90*** 578.30*** 578.10***(0.34) (0.36) (0.29) (0.29)

No. of Students 41,650 41,650 41,449 41,449R-squared 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data

WSLS Population (2005-2011) Primary Cohort Cohort 2

RaceAsian 3.7% 3.6% 3.7%Black 10.8% 10.8% 10.1%Hispanic 8.1% 8.2% 8.1%Native American 1.4% 1.4% 1.5%White 68.6% 73.1% 76.2%Total Students 1,176,136 319,230 683,148Ever Homeless?No 99.0% 98.7% 99.3%Yes 1.0% 1.3% 0.7%Total Students 1,176,136 319,230 683,148Ever Economically Disadvantaged?No 56.2% 50.4% 60.0%Yes 43.8% 49.6% 40.0%Total Students 1,176,136 319,230 683,148GenderMale 51.2% 51.5% 51.5%Female 48.8% 48.5% 48.5%Total Students 1,088,403 310,189 679,303English Language ProficientYes 94.8% 94.1% 94.3%No 5.2% 5.9% 5.7%Total Students 1,054,024 310,189 679,303District of Majority AttendanceMilwaukee 11.6% 9.9% 9.0%Kenosha 3.1% 4.3% 2.9%Racine 2.5% 2.7% 2.5%Green Bay 2.9% 4.0% 2.7%Madison 3.1% 2.9% 2.9%Total Students 1,176,136 319,230 683,148

Top Receiving Districts from Madison Metropolitan School District2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

(n=583) (n=887) (n=906) (n=889) (n=990)

Middleton – Cross Plains Area 12.5% Sun Prairie Area 8.1% Sun Prairie Area 11.6% Verona Area 12.9% Sun Prairie Area 13.8%

Verona Area 11.7%Middleton – Cross Plains Area

7.9% Verona Area 11.2% Sun Prairie Area 11.1% Verona Area 11.4%

Sun Prairie Area 10.3% Verona Area 7.3%Middleton – Cross Plains Area

7.5%Middleton – Cross Plains Area

6.4%Middleton – Cross Plains Area

11.0%

Milwaukee 7.0% Monona Grove 3.9% Milwaukee 6.5% Monona Grove 4.3% Milwaukee 6.9%

Janesville 4.6% Oregon 3.8% Monona Grove 6.4%McFarland 4.1%

Oregon 3.9%Milwaukee 4.1%

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data

Top Receiving Districts from Green Bay Area School District2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

(n=735) (n=869) (n=825) (n=861) (n=990)

Howard - Suamico 10.8% Howard - Suamico 12.1% Howard -

Suamico 10.7% Ashwaubenon 9.5% Ashwaubenon 10.1%

Milwaukee 8.0% Ashwaubenon 8.6% Milwaukee 9.1% Milwaukee 9.3% Milwaukee 9.8%

De Pere 6.8% Milwaukee 7.1% Ashwaubenon 7.5% Howard – Suamico 9.2% De Pere 9.6%

Ashwaubenon 6.5% De Pere 6.7% De Pere 6.6% De Pere 8.0% Howard – Suamico 9.0%

Pulaski Community 4.8% West De Pere 5.5% West De Pere 5.8% West De Pere 5.5% West De Pere 4.3%

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data

Top Receiving Districts from Racine Unified School District2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

(n=421) (n=565) (n=557) (n=546) (n=675)

Kenosha Unified 23.8% Kenosha Unified 18.4% Kenosha Unified 18.1% Kenosha Unified 22.3% Kenosha Unified 26.8%

Milwaukee 22.3% Milwaukee 17.7% Milwaukee 15.6% Milwaukee 12.8% Milwaukee 16.3%

21st Century Prep School* 3.6% WI Dept. of

Corrections 7.3% 21st Century Prep School* 5.6% Green Bay Area

Public 4.2% 21st Century Prep School* 3.6%

Union Grove J1 2.9% 21st Century Prep School 4.8% WI Dept. of

Corrections 5.4% Waukesha 3.9% Waukesha 3.1%

WI Dept. of Corrections 2.9%

Burlington Area 2.3%

Burlington Area 3.2% 21st Century Prep School 3.7% WI Dept. of

Corrections 3.0%

Oak Creek – Franklin Joint 2.3%

Waukesha 2.3%

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data

Top Receiving Districts from Kenosha Unified School District2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

(n=393) (n=508) (n=434) (n=493) (n=465)

Racine Unified 33.1% Racine Unified 32.7% Racine Unified 31.3% Racine Unified 32.3% Racine Unified 33.8%

Milwaukee 7.9% Milwaukee 7.5% Milwaukee 9.9% Milwaukee 10.8% Milwaukee 8.8%

Madison Metropolitan 2.8%

WI Dept. of Corrections 4.1% Burlington Area 4.6% West Bend 4.5% West Bend 7.3%

Waukesha 2.8%

White Lake 2.8%

WI Dept. of Corrections 2.8%

Burlington Area 3.2% Salem 3.9% Green Bay Public 2.2% Salem 3.4%

Waukesha 3.2% WI Dept. of Corrections 3.5% WI Dept. of

Corrections 2.2% Burlington Area 2.8%

Source: Authors' calculations from DPI data