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STS Finals

WRITING

Writing is the encoding of Language with the use of textual code or symbols

Writing is strictly a human endeavor. The term writing can either be a verb or a noun.

*Note: please refer to the research you conducted regarding writing disciplines such as creative writing,

business and scientific writing. Please take note of the difference between prose and poetry.

REASEARCH

To research is to search again or to discover something new.

Types According to Application:

1. Pure for the purpose merely of acquiring new ideas or greater understanding2. Applied research conducted to solve a problem or to make recommendations

Specific types:

1. Descriptive describes a principle, an event or phenomenon2. Correlative establishes the link between two principles or concepts. It contemplates more than

one factor.

3.4. Explanatory- explains a principle, event or phenomenon5. Exploratory contemplates the applicability of a theory, also known as the feasibility study.

For the fourth category, it is further divided into two, namely:

1. Quantitative involves numeric variables2. Qualitative involves non-numeric variables

While a distinction between the two can be established, it must be noted hat numbers may also come

into play in a qualitative research making the distinction somewhat difficult.

General types:

1. Descriptive describes a principle, an event or phenomenon.2. Historical contemplates events of the past that may be useful to address present or future

problems.

3. Experimental one conducted in a controlled environment making use of different processes.

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SPEAKING

Oral Communication is the sound representation of a language, and it consists of the speaking and

listening processes

In speaking, the process begins with expression of ideas through association with words. Listening on

the other hand, begins with expression as heard in context, followed by recall of content through

association between expression and ideas. These two processes are simultaneously involved in oral

communication.

THE PROCESS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

*Note that this was not part o the lecture but will be included in the exam.

Stage 1 Stimulus in the form of an occurrence that activates the sensory processes of a person

(sender).

Stage 2 Transmission of stimulus by nerve fibers to the brain.

Step 3 Sncoding of thoughts into language symbols or words.

Step 4 Externalization of thoughts into the environment.

Step 5 Speech sounds are uttered.

Stage 6 Sounds containing the Message are heard and the gestures that accompany them are seen by

the receiver.

Stage 7 Receiver decodes form sound to language and encodes from thought to words.

Stage 8 Response carried to first speaker, the original source of message.

Stage 9 Sounds and subsequently the language message are heard.

Feedback is the receivers response that provides information to the sendegggr.

VOICE QUALITY

Voice is the production of sound while speech is the combination of sounds so that they become

symbols that represent meanings to both speaker and listener.

Change in voice quality is closely related to emotions so that it becomes an indicator of mood. It reflects

emotional condition and varies according to physical and emotional state.

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THE FIVE COMMON VOICE QUALITIES:

The normal voice natural and showing little or no emotion.

The breathy voice breathy, whispered type of tone is an aspirate quality of the voice best heard in

the stage whisper in which sound of rushing air present in the real whisper is sustained by a partial

vibration of the vocal chords. Best when you want to create an atmosphere of secrecy and mystery.

The full voice also known as the ortund (round mouth) quality, it is produced by opening the mouth

somewhat wider and by increasing the oral and nasal resonance so that the voice acquire a more ringing

tone.

The chesty voice has less nasal resonance and accompanied by a vibration of the bony structure of the

upper chest, thus, making it a chesty voice with a pectoral quality.

The thin voice voice with a falsetto quality.

BREATHING

Breathing affects the speech as it is a function relative to air intake.g

Diaphragmatic breathing the type of breathing that is centered on the diaphragm area or the lower

part of the torso. this is manifested when the stomach area inflates upon inhaling and deflates upon

exhaling. This is most ideal for speaking because one can make use of the fullvoice.

Thoracic breathing-this is centered on the thoracic area or the upper part of the torso. The stomach area

deflates upon inhaling and inflates upon exhaling. The shoulders would rise up when inhaling and will

revert to its normal position when exhaling. This is not ideal for speaking because it restricts the thoracic

cavity restraining the production of sound.

Clavicular Breathing this is somewhat similar to thoracic breathing except that the center is the clavicle

area.

*Note: please revert to the material on how to overcome nerves which was made part of your prelims.

You will encounter the same for your finals