Structure & Culture Concepts
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Transcript of Structure & Culture Concepts
Structure & Culture Concepts
Break into Groups
Summarize the Lecture along the lines of:
1. What concepts were presented?2. Why these concepts were presented?
3. How can the concepts to used in EA work?
Tutorial Agenda
Deeper Understanding of1. EA as a Complex System Model2. Defining Structure3. Types of organisation structures4. Defining culture5. Interplay between structure & culture6. Clarifying the difference between Organisation & Enterprise 7. EA Toolkits
• EA standards• EA Management processes• EA Models• EA in Corporate Governance
8. Tutorial Questions9. Case Study
Why is EA a Complex System?
Source: Richard Zippel, http://www.cs.cornell.edu/rz/ISAT/7March97/ppframe.htm
Can’t predict system
behaviour
Terminology: Organisation Vs Enterprise
EnterpriseOperating ViewsOperating ViewsOperating Views
Operating Viewwithin & across BUs, locations, functions, etc
Is
Organisation
Has
It’s a matter of personal contextual interpretation.Hence, Bernard’s interpreted contexts are:
An Enterprise is a System of System
“Enterprise”Operating ViewsOperating ViewsOperating Views
Operating Viewwithin & across BUs, locations, functions, etc
Is
Organisation
Has many
Like a Meta (Above) “Enterprise System”
Various enterprise systems
1. EA Management Program governance activities apply at this corporate level view
2. The upper layers of EA analysis and design modelling apply at this corporate level view
hence
1. Compliance EA Management Program spec at these system levels’ views
2. All layers of EA analysis and design work also apply at these system levels’ views
Hence EA as a Meta Discipline - #1
Because meta means above a discipline, a meta discipline can also be regarded as system of system, where a “system is a set elements, connected together, which form a whole; this showing properties which are properties of the whole
rather than of its component parts” (Checkland in Really Learning, 2014)
EA is a meta discipline because:
1. As a system of system, it is regarded as a corporate level system of different enterprise views of how an organisation integrates its strategic, business and technology resources in providing its service oriented capabilities and market driven products
2. More specifically, EA, as a meta system gives the meta-contexts and standards for implementing all (strategic and operating) management and technology best practices for organisations
Why is EA a Complex System?
Non LinearBusiness System Components
Non LinearICT System
ComponentsEA
Concepts & Theories
Concepts & Theories
Behaviours& Practices
Behaviours& Practices
Hence EA as a Meta Discipline - #2
A meta discipline is “discipline based on the integration of other disciplinary knowledge into a new ‘whole”
(Lantz, 2009)Examples: Science, technology, engineering
and mathematics disciplines
EA is a meta discipline because:
1. Is based on an integration of concepts from the business (organisation theories) and ICT (system theories) domains
Hence EA as a Meta Discipline - #3
So can you find other definitions of meta
disciplines & apply the definitions to say why EA is
a meta discipline?
EA is a meta discipline because:
1. Application of your “Meta discipline” definition
2. Maybe more literature based concepts to elaborate / illustrate your inferred application of “Meta discipline” definition
Maybe further elaborations
Don’t forget to quote references to your reasons why EA is considered a
meta discipline
What are the impact differences of org & system theories on small and large enterprises’ EA development?
People & Politics factorsOrganisation factorsCompetition factors
ICT Mgt factorsSDLC Methods
SE Methods
Influencing Factors’ Comparison SME Large Enterprises
Identify what people factors you can compare
Identify what org factors you can compare
Identify what competition factors you can compare
Identify what ICT Mgt factors you can compareIdentity what SDLC , SE and other ICT dev competencies you can compare
State the differences, validated by logic and/or
literature references
An approach is to look at the various papers about the influences of organisation and system theories on EA or enterprise systems, and use their underlying concepts as comparison criteria
Defining Organisational Structure
..... and there are others not mentioned
Definitionsfrom
Definition from the Leavitt Diamond Model (1965)
Technology Process
Structure
People
Chain of Command Configuration
Leadership & Culture
Business Activities & Inform
ation FlowsO
pen
Syst
em S
ocia
l Tec
hnic
al U
seab
ility
Any changes in one will affect the Other
Why is EA Complex?
Types of Organisation StructuresBottom Up Top Down
NetworkCollaborative
Organisational & System Theories have influenced the development of EA Concepts & Practices
People & Politics factorsOrganisation factorsCompetition factors
ICT Mgt factorsSDLC Methods
SE Methods
+ Leadership
What is Culture ?
Family, education, belief & expectation systems, experiences..... People attitudes in different situations
Shape behaviours at home/work/etc Situation Outcomes
COMMUNICATIONSTYLES
STRATEGY THINKING
STYLES
LEADERSHIP STYLES
MANAGEMENT
STYLESPROBLEM
SOLVING STYLES
Explore 2 EA Components today
ExampleCloud not suited to ANZ Bank: WeatherstonChief information officer, Anne Weatherston, says it will be five years before Cloud is mature enough for the financial sector http://www.cio.com.au/article/403267/cloud_suited_anz_bank_weatherston/
Example:
Part of ANZ Bank’s Org Structure
Understanding the Interplays of Org Culture & Structure
Structure & Culture InterplayBottom Up Top Down
BehavioursInstructional directives
Exclusive Decision Making
You tell we doYou don’t tell, we don’t do
BehavioursConsensus Agreed Directives
Grass Roots Influenced Decision Making
We tell we do
Structure & Culture Interplay
BehavioursTop Down/Bottom Up (Competence Based) Directives
Exclusive/Inclusive (Competence Based) Decision Making
You tell we doYou don’t tell, we don’t do
We tell we doDo it / Can Do
AND we all support One or AllAdaptive = Agile Capacity
NetworkCollaborative
Strategy & Leadership Interplay
STRUCTURE
CULTUREEnables(Efficacy
of chain of command execution
Makes or Breaks
influences
Makes or Breaks
(Efficacy of chain of command execution)
enabled by
Influences
Influenced by
When organisation culture is operational
STRUCTURE
CULTURE
influences
Makes or Breaks
Influences
Influenced by
What happens?Org becomes operationally tactical , not
strategic
Enables(Efficacy
of chain of command execution
(Efficacy of chain of command execution)
enabled by
Structure & Culture InterplayPresent EA contexts based on (a) the Culture of Organisation
And (b) who presenters report to (structure)
Organisational & System Theories have influenced the development of EA Concepts & Practices
People & Politics factorsOrganisation factorsCompetition factors
ICT Mgt factorsSDLC Methods
SE Methods
Leavitt Diamond Org Model
The Parsons/Thompson Model which explains the corporate
level, management & technical perspectives of org structures &
functional activity foci
How Bernard used the Parsons/Thompson
Model to structure the EA3 work groupings
EA Toolkits
• Standards• EA management Processes• EA Models• EA in Corporate Governance
What are Standards?
(Standards Australia, 2014)
Lay Language: is a level of quality attainment that is used as measure, norm or model in comparison evaluations
What are Best Practices?
(Technopedia, 2014)
EA Standards
Process Standards Modelling Standards
Methods Spec-Formats
Proprietary or Community Shared StandardsEg Zackman EA, TOGAF, etc
At Different EA PerspectivesDigitalised as ICT enabled EA modelling Tools eg IBM’s Rational Rose, MS Visio
EA Management Program Processes
BUT What do the Actual Architecture Models Look Like?
Example: The Open Group Architecture Framework Standard (TOGAF)
EA Processes
Eg using UML notations for modelling artefacts
Eg using ITIL to frame ICT methods & artefacts
EA (analysis & design) ModelsWhat to They Look Like?
Visual SpecsText Specs
Multimedia Specs
Documentation of EA Models
What to They Look Like?
UML Notations
Rich Pictures
EA (analysis & design) ModelsWhat to They Look Like?
Use standards like UML Notations
Rich Pictures
EA
EA in Corporate Governance
EA as Part of Corporate Governance Framework
EA Culture fostered by:• Corporate Governance Roles &
responsibilities + performance appraisal• Training & career paths Applies to all ICT
org. projects*
* Are:• Portfolios• Programs• Projects
Corporate Governance (CG) 101Where CG applies?
What is Involved in CG work?
7) Tutorial Tasks
Break into Groups and Develop and Present Answers to
Allocated Q
1. Why is it important to understand the “people side” of EA? 2. Compare and contrast an organisation and an enterprise. 3. What are some of the academic fields that influence the field of EA?
4. Describe the purpose of each level of the Parson/Thompson Model. 5. How is the Organisation Network Model different from the Parsons/Thompson Model of organisations?
6. Who are stakeholders in the EA program and associated activities and might they want to resist the EA program and associated activities? 7. What are four ways to manage change with stakeholders?
8. Select a large or mid-size enterprise from business or government and describe the following:
a. What structural and cultural aspects should be captured by EA? b. Who are the potential stakeholders in an EA program? c. What strategies for gaining stakeholder buy-in could be used? d. Relate Strategies for managing change to various stakeholders.
Case Study
Break up into Groups(1) Conceptualise the key conversations
(2) What is
Q8 Do you agree with the need for an EA program in the case study?
Kate Jarvis (COO)
Sales & Inventory Tracking System(SITS) – ~2 years RoI, $3mio++
Integrate info across• Sales• Inventory• Production
Cost Accounting ModuleWELLCO ERP System18 months RoI, <$600K
Sam Young(CIO)
Jim Gorman(CFO)
Capacity to compete with competitorMitigate production inefficiency
Improve cost management
Decision Options: Buy 1, Buy 2?
Rob Danforth(CEO)
Gerald Montes(Chief Council)
LAST WEEKSCENE 1
What’s this week Conversation About?
Split into groupsUse Visual Graphics to Summarize
Lily Jefferson
System Analyst
VinceThe Albright
Architect
Sales & ProductionDepartment
FinanceDepartment
Analyse Kate & Jim’s System Requirements
Infer DMC’s Strategic GoalsEg New Custom Order Line of
Business for Next Year
What is the value in terms of cost savings & scalability of
solution?
EA will align each current & future departments,
increase cost savings into the future, BUT will cost
additionally $121,600 & 2 months ......
1What is DMC
organisation culture?
3 Discuss the merits and limitations of the CIO’s (Sam) EA Plan for Financial and Production Segments?
2Can you describe
DMC organisation structure?