Strawberry production in world A Book Written by Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Specialist KPK...

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Straw Berry Production in Pakistan Author Allah Dad Khan Agriculture specialist KPK

Strawberry the World’s Healthiest Food by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture

Specialist KPK Pakistan

Author

Mr. Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

Peshawar

Pakistan

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Strawberry the World’s Healthiest Food by Allah Dad Khan Agriculture

Specialist KPK Pakistan

1. Strawberry Plant Etymology

There is some disagreement as to how the strawberry plant got its name. It is generally accepted that the English word “strawberry” comes from the Old English

“streawberige” or the Anglo-Saxon “streoberie” (sometimes also spelled “strawberries”). Regardless, it was not spelled in the modern fashion until about 1538. It is likely that the straw that was traditionally used as mulch and to keep the

weeds out and berries clean gave rise to the name. However, some argue that the straw-like appearance of the strawberry plant runners led to its current English

name.

The genus name under which the strawberry falls, Fragaria, derives from the Latin word for strawberry, “fraga.” And, “fraga” itself is a derivative of “fragum,” which

means “fragrant” and accurately characterizes the olfactory sensation that characterizes freshly plucked strawberry fruits!

2. Origin of strawberry

Prior to the relatively recent development of F. X ananassa, wood strawberries (F.

vesca) and Musky strawberries (F. moschata) were cultivated in Europe and Russia

for centuries.

Though strawberries have ancient origins, most of the earliest varieties were small,

hard, and inedible. In ancient Greece, for example, strawberries grew wild. The

Romans didn’t pay much attention to the fruit either, though they believed it

symbolized the love goddess Venus on account of its shape and color. A few healers

during this century prescribed strawberries to treat a range of ailments from fainting,

liver ailments, to bad breath.

The fruit continued growing relatively unnoticed, and the earliest illustration of the

berry was in 1454. It was only until 1750 that the best known strawberry cultivar

came about by sheer accident: According to the book, “Plant Evolution and the

Origin of Crop Species,” a variant from Chile was placed next to a North American

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variant in a European home garden. The result was the delicious variety enjoyed by

millions today.

3. History of strawberry

Strawberries that were originally grown in northern parts of Europe were also found

in different parts of Russia, Chile and United States. Strawberries are also thought to

have been cultivated in ancient Rome in large scale for medicinal purposes. During

the 13th century, France also cultivated strawberries for its medicinal purpose. The

roots, fruits and leaves of Alpine strawberry were widely used in these countries to

make medicine that were used to cure digestive problems and skin diseases. Berry

was used internally to cure diarrhea. Its leaves and roots were used for gout. Over

the years strawberries were used for treating skin rashes, sun burn, discoloration of

teeth and digestive disorders. In 13th century, strawberry was widely used as an

aphrodisiac.

Strawberry is found in different parts of the world and this heart-shaped fruit of love

had been mentioned by the Roman Poets Virgil and Ovid in the first century and in

England gardeners had cultivated strawberries since the sixteenth century

Strawberries have grown wild for millennia in temperature regions throughout the

world. While cultivation of strawberries doesn't date back this far, it still dates back

hundreds and hundreds of years.

It was not until the 18th century, however, when cultivation of strawberries began to

be pursued in earnest. In 1714, a French engineer sent to Chile and Peru to monitor

Spanish activities in these countries "discovered" a strawberry native to this region

that was much larger than those grown in Europe. He brought many samples back to

France, which were subsequently planted. These plants did not originally flourish

well until a natural crossbreeding occurred between this species and a neighboring

North American strawberry variety that was planted nearby in the field. The result

was a hybrid strawberry that was large, juicy and sweet, and one that quickly grew in

popularity in Europe.

The strawberry, like many other perishable fruits at this time, remained a luxury item

only enjoyed by the wealthy until the mid-19th century. Once railways were built and

more rapid means of transportation established, strawberries were able to be

shipped longer distances and were able to be enjoyed by more people. Today, using

a commonplace, layperson's definition of the word "berry," the strawberry has

become the most popular berry fruit in the world. (In technical scientific terms, this

distinction would go to bananas, since their seeds and pulp produced from a single

ovary, and that characteristic is used to classify berries versus non-berries. In fact,

when considered from a technical scientific standpoint, strawberries are not berries

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at all, but rather "accessory fruits" in which the delicious substance that we eat is not

directly produced from the ovary. But for most of us, despite these technical scientific

distinctions, strawberries count as some of the best berries ever!)

4. Botany of strawberry

The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae and the fruit of

these plants. There are more than 20 named species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the

Garden strawberry, Fragaria ananassa..

Strawberries are low-growing herbaceous plants with a fibrous root system and a

crown from which arise basal leaves. The leaves are compound, typically with three

leaflets, saw tooth-edged, and usually hairy. The flowers, generally white, rarely

reddish, are borne in small clusters on slender stalks arising, like the surface-

creeping stems, from the axils of the leaves. As a plant ages, the root system

becomes woody, and the “mother” crown sends out runners (e.g., stolon’s) that

touch ground and root, thus enlarging the plant vegetatively. Botanically, the

strawberry fruit is considered an “accessory fruit” and is not a true berry. The flesh

consists of the greatly enlarged flower receptacle and is embedded with the many

true fruits, or achenes, which are popular

.

5. Importance of strawberry

The berries are non-fat and low in calories, rich in vitamin C, potassium, folic acid,

fiber, and vitamin B6. Over history the strawberries have been used in medicines. They have been used for sunburn, discolored teeth, digestion, and gout. As far back

as the 13th century, the Strawberry was used as ananaphrodisiac. Strawberry, Fragaria ananasa is known as the most delicious and refreshing fruit. Strawberry, which has great dietetic value, is one of the potential sources of vitamin C, protein,

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fates and carbohydrates; according to agriculture experts. Strawberry culture is quite

profitable for small land owners. The strawberry fruit is soft and perishable and its quality is affected when it touches the soil The fruit is commercially consumed both in fresh form and can be preserved for making Jam, Jellies and squashes that can

be used in off-season.

6. Aggregate Fruit

Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy

part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from thereceptacle that holds the

ovaries.[4] Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one

of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it.

7. Fruit cluster.

Primary berries are not only the largest and first to ripen; they have the most seeds.

Secondary berries ripen next and are the next largest in size. Tertiary berries ripen

still later and are the third largest. Quaternary berries are the smallest (generally

unmarketable) and ripen last . Development of the fruit from open blossom to

ripeness takes 20 to 30 days, depending on weather conditions.

8.The Anatomy of a Strawberry Plant

As with any biological organism, the anatomy of a strawberry plant can be quite

complex, depending on how deeply you delve into the microscopic world. For the

sake of this page, a basic overview is presented.

There are five basic anatomical structures that make up a strawberry plant’s being.

They are the leaf, root system, crown, stolon (more commonly called a “runner”), and

daughter strawberry plant. See the labeled strawberry plant picture below:

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9. Ten Strawberry top Producing Countries in world 2016

Rank Area Production (Int $1000) Production (MT)

1 United States of America 1855196 1366850

2 Mexico 489198 360426

3 Turkey 479354 353173

4 Spain 393475 289900

5 Egypt 328864 242297

6 Republic of Korea 260787 192140

7 Japan 251096 185000

8 Russian Federation 236166 174000

9 Germany 211502 155828

10 Poland 203796 150151

10. Highest strawberry producing country in the world

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United States of America has topped in the list of strawberry producing countries on

the planet around 1,312,000 tons yearly creation. These have cancer prevention agents which decrease the impact of infections on human body. It creates 27 percent strawberries of the entire world. Mexico, Turkey, Spain, Egypt, Republic of Korea

and Japan have additionally the big part in world strawberry production.

11. Strawberry Production in Pakistan

Strawberry is well-known as the most appetizing and very nutritive fruit. According to

agricultural experts, it has enormous dietetic value and one of the potential sources

of protein, carbohydrates, fats and vitamin. In Pakistan, it is consumed in fresh form

as well as in processed form for making squashes, jams and jellies which may use

throughout the year.

Main varieties of strawberry which are cultivated in Pakistan are Douglas and Toro

appropriate for southern areas of Pakistan whereas Chandler, Cruz Pocahontas and

Tufts are suitable for Islamabad and Honeyo, Chandler, Gorella and Corona are

recommended for Swat however It is mainly growing in northern areas of the country

like Swat, Charsadda, Mansehra, Haripur, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and some

parts of central and south Pakistan like Gujrat, Sialkot, Jhelum, Chakwal, Multan and

Karachi.

12. Wild Strawberry in Pakistan

http://karachifoods.com/easy-recipes/strawberry-recipes

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Wild straw berry are growing in the hills of Gilgit, Chitral, Kaghan, Kohitan,

Mansehra, Battagram, Shangla, Dir Malakand, Abbott bad, Murree and Kashmir.

Fragaria vesca plants grow to around 0.3 m (1 ft) high, short, woody stems and a basal rosette of compound leaves, with 3 coarsely toothed leaflets around 6

cm (2.5 in) long. The plants are characterized by long arching runners or stolon,

which form new plantlets at the tip, and that allow them to reproduce vegetatively as

well as by seed. The small, white, 5-parted flowers, 1.25 to 2 cm (0.5 to 0.75 in),

occur in small clusters. The strawberries formed in the wild, uncultivated types

are quite small, 1 to 2 cm (0.25 to 0.75 in) across, and generally ripen to

red (although there is a white form).

13 .A study about Nutrition

A study by Dr. Gene Spiller from Nutrition and Health Research Center has shown

that eating one serving (about 8-10 strawberries) a day can significantly decrease

blood pressure, which may reduce the risk of heart disease. Pakistan is producing a

limited quantity of strawberries which are either eaten or used in preparing ice-

cream, jam, jelly, pickle, cake or milk shake.

Strawberries are no exception to this rule; in addition to antioxidants, they have

many other nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to overall health. These include folate, potassium, manganese, dietary fiber, and magnesium. It is also extremely high in vitamin C Together; these components are responsible for the

overwhelming health benefits of strawberries. Let’s explore them in more detail in the section below.

14.Nutritional Analysis

Nutritional composition (per 100 gram edible portion

Strawberry

Water (%) 90

Calories 37

Protein (%) 1.4

http://eol.org/pages/229659/overview/

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Fat (%) 0.7

Carbohydrates (%) 8

Crude fiber (%) 1.5

% of US RDA*

Vitamin A 1.2

Thiamin, B1 2.1

Riboflavin, B2 4.4

Niacin 3.3

Vitamin C 131

Calcium 2.6

Phosphorus 2.6

Iron 10

Sodium <1

Potassium 3.5

15. Health Benefits of strawberry

1. Prevent Esophageal Cancer: Research shows that within six months,

drinking water mixed with freeze-dried strawberry powder has been able to

significantly reduce 80% of developing cancer cells within the esophagus’s

of rats, and is projected to have consistent results in human esophageal

cancer as well.

2. Combat Arthritis and Gout: Filled with antioxidants and detoxifying

agents, strawberries can efficiently aid to eradicate inflammatory diseases

such as arthritis and gout forever. This fruit has compounds, which relieve

pain and inflammation associated with these ailments caused by free

radicals that exist within the body. A recent study depicted that women who

ate more 16 or more strawberries per week had much lower inflammation

levels. They were also 14% less likely to have elevated levels of C-reactive

protein (CRP) within their blood, which indicates high inflammation.

3. Healthy Digestion & Stored Fat Burning: Since they are filled with fiber,

strawberries maintain regularity and clarify the intestines. Anthocyanins,

the red-hued antioxidant in strawberries, cause stored fat to be burned

much quicker than compared to ingesting foods without it. Nitrate, also

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135048

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present in this super fruit, encourages oxygen and the flow of blood within

the body; this in turn inspires weight loss.

4. Packed With Folic Acid: These super berries provide your body with

folate, an essential type of folic acid found within food. Without a sufficient

amount of this B vitamin, you may be susceptible to conditions such as

vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and a decline in cognitive function.

5. Promote Bone Health: Strawberries contain potassium, magnesium,

vitamin K and which are important for strengthening your bones.

6. Lower Cardiovascular Disease: Flavonoids reduce our risk of for heart

disease and hypertension by lowering LDL cholesterol. A study shows that

those who eat three or more servings of these berries were able to

decrease their risk of a heart attack by 32%.

7. Huge Immune System Boost: Strawberries have a surplus of Vitamin C

(about 113% of recommended daily intake) which is more than enough of

that your body needs to reap the benefits. When consuming vitamin C

during stressful situations, it actually has the ability to decrease blood

pressure to a normal level, preventing the development of hypertension.

8. Increase Brain Function: Free radicals are to blame when it comes to

signs of aging and many other problems within the human body. They

specifically cause brain tissue to decline and neurotransmitters to become

much weaker. However, vitamin C and phytonutrients in strawberries

counteract some of these conditions when ingested regularly. Iodine, which

is another nutrient strawberry is abundant in, maintains proper nervous

system and brain function. Anthocyanins also have the ability to improve

short-term memory drastically.

9. Wrinkle Eliminator: Along with biotin, which is necessary in maintaining

durable hair and nails, strawberries also contain the antioxidant ellagic

acid, which defends flexible fibers in our skin and allows it to appear

youthful.

10. Battle High Blood Pressure: Potassium, a vasodilator, and magnesium

efficiently reduce high blood pressure, which can be spiked by sodium

intake among other risk factors such as diet. Consuming strawberries

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regularly not only helps prevent hypertension, but also maintains healthy

oxygen levels by enabling consistent blood flow throughout the body.

11. Eye Care: The primary reasons for almost all problems related to the eyes

are free radicals or a deficiency of certain nutrients. With increased age

and a lack of these protective nutrients, the harmful oxidants or free

radicals can cause heavy damage on our eyes, such as excessively dry

eyes, degeneration of the optical nerves, macular degeneration, vision

defects and increased susceptibility to infections as well.

12. Strawberry a great source of fibre. Strawberries are high in fibre, which

is important for moving food through your digestive system and

helping bowel movements. This can help improve digestion, especially for

those with constipation or irregular stools.

13. Straw berry have more than enough vitamin C. Strawberries contain

more than 100 percent of our daily recommended intake of vitamin C in just

one cup. Recent studies show that when vitamin C is consumed during

times of stress, it actually has the ability to decrease our blood pressure to

a normal level, preventing the development of hypertension — especially

in kids

14. Strawberry are high in antioxidants. Strawberries contain anthrocyanin,

which is a powerful antioxidant that protects us from the damaging effects

of our environment, especially the sun. The antioxidant power of the

anthrocyanins found in strawberries lasts up to 24 hours after consumption;

this makes them a great defense against free radical damage.

15. Anti-pigmentation:

Strawberry fruit extract, being rich in ellagic acid, helps to lighten

hyperpigmentation caused by UV rays by inhibiting the synthesis of melanin, the chemical that imparts color to your skin.

16. Anti-acne:

Being rich in Vitamin C, Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA), salicylic acid and

flavonoids, strawberry is effective in clearing acne and reducing oil. All you

need to do is mash ½ cup of sliced strawberries with 1 tablespoon sour

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925521407003419

https://www.organicfacts.net/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-dry-eyes.html?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=smartlinks

https://www.organicfacts.net/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-dry-eyes.html?utm_source=internal&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=smartlinks

http://www.chatelaine.com/health/simple-ways-improve-digestion/

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cream and apply it on your face for 10 minutes. This will clear the acne as

well as blemishes.

17. Weight Loss: Strawberries are low in sugar, calories and sodium, and

fat-free. The natural sugars contained in strawberries are extremely low

with 4 grams per serving. They also contain nitrates which promote blood

flow and oxygen throughout the body, resulting in weight loss. Nitrates

also prevent the muscles from becoming too tired after exercise.

16. Fruit formation in strawberry

The strawberry is an accessory fruit, since the edible portion is non-ovarian in origin

(it is largely swollen receptacle tissue). The true fruits which contain the seed of the

strawberry are achenes, which are similar to tiny sunflower seeds. The achenes are

the numerous, tiny, ellipsoid specks that cover the fruit surface. Fruit mature rapidly;

ripening occurs in 20 to 50 days after pollination.

18. Value-added products of strawberry

Strawberry is a very versatile fruit is used in many delicious drinks, desserts, juice,

smoothies, sundaes, shortcake, ice-cream, strawberry cheese cake, jam and a host

of other mouthwatering combinations that stimulate the senses

Strawberries lend themselves to purees, jams, concentrates, pastries, yogurt, and

other processed commodities. Local specialty products offer potential for niche

marketing, especially where there is access to tourists or a large population center.

19. Agro-climatic requirements

Strawberry grows well under temperate climate. Some cultivars can be grown in sub-

Tropical climate. Daylight period of 12 hrs. or less and moderate temperature are

important for flower-bud formation. Each cultivar has a different day length and

Temperature requirement.Strawberry thrives best in temperate climate. It is a short

day plant, which requires exposure to about 10 days of less than 8 hours sunshine

for initiation of flowering. In winter, the plants do not make any growth and remain

dormant. The exposure to low temperature during this period helps in breaking

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Dormancy of the plant. In spring when the days become longer and

he temperature rises. The plants resume growth and begin flowering. The varieties

Grown in milder subtropical climate do not require chilling and continue to make

some growth during winter Sandy loam to loamy soil with pH 5.7-6.5 is ideal for

Cultivation. At higher pH root formation is poor. The presence of excessive calcium

in the soil causes yellowing of the leaves. In light soils and in those rich in organic

matter, runner formation is better. Strawberry should not be cultivated in the same

land for a number of years. It is preferable to plant it in green manure field. Alkaline

soils and soils infected with nematodes should be avoided.

20.Temperature

Day-neutral strawberries will flower and set strawberries whenever the temperature

is in the range of 200C to 290C (350F to 850F). 290C is considered the upper limit

at which day- neutral strawberries will produce flowers. When temperatures descend

gradually the plant can tolerate even temperatures as low as -60C (210F), but it will

die when temperatures fall to -120C (100F). When flowers are developing at sub-

optimal temperatures they will develop in an irregular manner, with a much lower

number of stamen, and those that are existent will produce markedly less pollen.

When the temperature falls under 100C, the existent pollen will fail to

germinate, so the productivity of these plants will be decimated in that season.

Because strawberries bloom very early in the spring, plantings should not be located

In topographic frost pockets. Where cold air drainage is limited, the crop may be lost

to late spring frosts, which can kill the flowers. Installation of frost control measures

may need to be considered.

Descending temperatures are one of the stimuli (together with shortening day length)

pushing the differentiation of the plant apices towards its reproductive phase

(production of flowers), while ascending temperatures push the differentiation of the

plant apices towards its vegetative phase (production of stolons).

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21.Relative humidity (RH)

Development and spread of powdery mildew is favored by moderate to high relative humidity and temperatures of about 150C to 270C (600F to 800F). Unlike most other

fungi that cause plant disease, powdery mildew does not require free water for spores to germinate and infect. In dry years, when most other diseases are not a

problem, powdery mildew can represent a very serious danger. Development of Angular leaf spot (bacterial blight) is favored by moderate to cool

daytime temperatures around 200C (680F), a low night-time temperature (near or just below freezing), and high relative humidity. High RH also has a deleterious effect on

the opening of the pollen sacs of the stamen. It is highly important, therefore, to enable good aeration of the plants growing in protected structures during the flowering season.

22. Soil Requirement for strawberry

Sandy loam or light clay soils are best. There should be no heavy clay or rock within

300 mm of the surface. On sandy soils, it is difficult to maintain the supply of water

and nutrients the plants need. Heavy clay soils stay too wet after rain, increasing the

risk of disease and reducing yields.

23. Soil salinity and alkalinity

Strawberry plants are extremely sensitive to salinity, especially at the transplant stage. Highly alkaline soils can occur in bands or patches throughout a field. This

can cause yellowing or chlorosis of the plants, a condition that can lead to significant yield losses or complete plant die-back 24. Soil surface drainage

The surface drainage system must permit water to move away from the field quickly and completely. Water standing on the strawberry field for even a day or two will injure plants, especially during the intensive growth period.

25. Internal soil drainage

Poorly drained sites should be avoided. On sites with certain contours, such as dips,

ridges and slopes, poor drainage can cause "yellowing" in strawberries. This

condition can significantly reduce yields. On sites where drainage is a problem, the

use of clay- or plastic-drainage tile could be considered. Raised beds, 20 cm (8

inches) high and 30 cm to 60 cm (2 to 3 feet) wide are recommended and should be

maintained over the life of the planting. Application of perlite and working it into the

soil will enhance good drainage.

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26. Terrain slope

Strawberries should ideally be planted on slightly inclined slopes, especially if they

face east or south-east (in the northern hemisphere).Strawberries require cultivation,

so avoid planting them on steep slopes. Plantings on 10% to15% slopes are likely to

erode, with some plants being buried and others washed out of the soil. If sloping

sites must be used, run rows across the slope or on the contour and use a wide row

width.

27. Previous and neighboring crops

Strawberries should not be planted in soils where strawberries, raspberries, vine

crops, alfalfa, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, beans, carrot, okra or sod

have been grown in any of the previous four years, unless the soil has been

fumigated. Such sites are likely to contain disease and insect pests that may attack

plants. The fungus diseases black root rot and verticillium wilt, which have attacked

the above crops, build up in the soil. These diseases reduce the productivity of

strawberry plants. Likewise, sites that are heavily infested with sedge, nutgrass,

quackgrass, Johnson grass, and thistles should be avoided or treated prior to

planting to destroy these chronic weeds. Fumigation should be considered if a long-

term rotation that excludes the host crops is not feasible.

Sites surrounded by natural bush stands may contain native strawberry plants.

These plants can harbor insects, diseases and viral pathogens that may infect

cultivated strawberry stands. To maintain good sanitation, it may be necessary to kill

native strawberry stands within 400 m (1,300 feet) of commercial strawberry fields.

28. Land Selection

Strawberries can be grown on a variety of soils. Choose a well-drained site that

receives plenty of sun and is close to an irrigation source. The slope of the site

should be no greater than 12 percent. The term "well drained" refers to drainage

through the soil profile. A sloping site is not necessarily well drained. Strawberries

need at least 8 hours of full sun each day.

The land with high organic matter having pH 5.5 to 6.0. Silty Loam land would be the

best land for strawberry cultivation

29. Land Preparation

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The soil is ploughed during summer with a soil turning plough which is followed by

repeated ploughing to make soil friable, remove weeds and stubbles. Soil fumigation

with a mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin helps to increase root system,

reduce fertilizer requirement and control the weeds

30. Plant right.

Be sure to set the plants so that their roots are well covered with soil but the central

growing bud, or crown, is exposed to light and fresh air. This is very important: If you

bury the crown, the plant could easily rot. Follow spacing guidelines found on the

plant’s stick tag. After planting, water well and add mulch. Any type of mulch – from

black plastic to pine straw to shredded leaves – will help keep the soil moist and the

plants clean.

31.Varieties cultivated

Strangely, strawberry varieties have origins all over the world. Some come from the

Himalayas; others from Europe. Other types have points of origin from Japan, China, North America, and the Kurile Islands. Important strawberry varieties cultivated in Pakistan are Chandler,pajaro, Cardinal , Noor, Duglus, , Tuftus, Karoz, , commander, corona

Chandler

Fruit is of exceptionally high dessert quality with outstanding color and flavour. It is

very resistant to physical damages caused by rain. Plants are tolerant to

viruses. Fruits are large, flesh and skin firm and flavour excellent. It is suitable for

fresh market and processing. On an average, berry weights 15-18 g. The fruits

have good TSS (12%), acidity (0.85%), vitamin C (55.5mg/100g) and sugar content

(6.1%).

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Pajaro

It is very successful under summer system. Plant tolerant to virus. Fruit has good

dessert and processing quality. Fruit is quite susceptible to physical damage caused

by rain. Fruits large flesh very firm, skin firm, red color, average berry weighs 7.6g,

TSS 12.2%, acidity 0.97% and sugars 5.5%

Douglas' has a sweet-tart flavor as well as a solid texture that makes it good for

shipping.

Cardinal Strawberries

Cardinal strawberry plants produce very large fruits. Additionally, Cardinal strawberries are very sweet, making them a favorite item on any table. Cardinal strawberry plants are June-bearing, and they produce their harvest over the span of

2 to 3 weeks during Midseason . The best time to pick Cardinal strawberries is after the very tip of the fruit has turned red. At this point, the strawberry will be red

throughout with full flavor.

At maturity, Cardinal strawberries are red and firm with a glossy appearance. They are excellent for processing, very good for freezing, good for fresh eating, and fair as

a shipping berry in a commercial operation. Cardinal strawberry plants produce a high yield. This characteristic along with its taste and firmness make Cardinal

strawberries one of the ideal choices for pick-your-own or U-pick farm.

Good runner production. Moderately resistant to powdery mildew (Podosphaera

aphanis) but susceptible to wilt (Verticillium dahliae) and crown rot (Phytophthora

cactorum).

Planting

32 .Planting of strawberry

Ordinarily, strawberries are propagated from runner plants grown by large

commercial growers. The sale of runner plants is frequently a sideline business

which supplements the main income from

the fruit. The best strawberry transplants

are less than a year old.

A good transplant should have an

extensive fibrous root system, seven or

eight inches in length. This type of root

system usually develops best in rather

loose sandy soil. Such soil also facilitates

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digging the plants and cleaning the roots for packaging

Season

Sowing was undertaken during the first week of November. The roots of the runner

should be dipped in fungicides solution

34. Transplanting.

Strawberry plants may be set by mechanical transplanters or by hand. Soil should be

worked to a depth of 6 to 8 inches before planting and should contain adequate

moisture. If plants are not in plastic bags, the roots must be kept moist. White,

secondary roots are killed in less than a minute in hot, dry air. Therefore, it is best to

plant on a cool, cloudy, still day, if possible. Plants should be soaked in water prior to

transplanting to insure the best water status for establishment. Mechanical vegetable

transplanters increase the speed of planting when more than an acre of plants are to

be set. Special care should be taken to insure that plants are set at the proper depth

(Figure 4). Do not bend or twist roots during planting. Transplanters may set plants

better when roots are trimmed to 5 to 6 inches and a deep furrow is opened. It is

important to have one person follow the planter to insure that plants are set correctly

and to fill in any that are missing.

33 .Planting

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35. Plant at the Right Depth

Most strawberry plants are sold as crowns; a mop of roots attached to a central

growing tip. You can find potted strawberry plants, but they’ll be much more expensive than crowns and you won’t gain any time by planting them.It’s very important that the

crown be planted slightly above the soil line. For each plant, dig a hole 2 - 3 in. deep and wide enough to allow the roots to be fanned out in a circle. Then mound the soil in the center of the hole so that the crown is sitting just above the soil level.Fill the hole

and then water it well. Soil has a tendency to sink as it settles, so check that the crown is still above the soil surface level. If not, make adjustments and plant the rest of the

plants a bit higher.

36. Care of young Plantation

The roots of strawberry plants spread out close to the surface. Therefore, the soil

should be well supplied with moisture, and hoeing should be done lightly and young

plantation be kept weed free.

37. Thinning Plants.

https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-the-plant-crown-1402457

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For best production, do not have too many plants in the rows. A heavy plant stand

should be dimmed enough to allow newly formed plants to be about 5 to 6 inches

apart. Extensive hand thinning is not practical on large plantings.

38. Pinch the Blooms

Pinch off any blooms that form during the first growing season. This allows the plant

to focus its energy on developing runners. A runner is a shoot that grows out from

the main plant and develops into a second plant. This creates a thick, vigorous row

of strawberry plants.

39. Method of Planting (Spacing)

Strawberries in the ground should be planted in double rows with soil mounded into

raised beds the cultivation was taken on a ridge. The distance between rows was

two feet to two and half feet and plant to plant it was 4-6 inches. Total plant

population maintained was 35,000 per acre.

40. Inter-cropping

Fruit growers often find it economically beneficial to grow strawberries between the

rows of young fruit trees until they become of bearing age. Such intercropping is well

justified so long as the strawberries do not interfere with the culture of the tree fruits,

which represent a much greater investment.

Usually it is not wise to plant strawberries closer than six to eight feet to tree fruits.

Otherwise they are likely to interfere with cultural operations for the trees and may

21


compete for water and nutrient materials in the soil. Often the trees suffer more than

the strawberries.

41.Mulching

Mulching is necessary in June bearing varieties to protect flower buds from

temperatures below 15' F and to protect crowns from heaving damage. A three- to

five-inch layer of straw mulch be applied after a few hard frosts, usually in late

November or early December

.

42. Frost Protection/Winterizing

Keep in mind, however, that strawberry growers tend to over emphasize the

importance of fertilizers and underestimate the importance of water. Yields are more

frequently reduced from lack of water, poor soil drainage, and poor soil physical

properties than from a lack of fertilizer.

43 .Flowering time

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Flowering starts depending upon the season and time of sowing in the month of

February and March it has been observed the bee hives are increasing the cross

pollination and increase production .It takes 30 to 30 days from flowering to fruiting

depending on variety and season

44.Pollinaion

Strawberry is mostly self-pollinated, and under field conditions, self-pollination is

supplemented with natural agents like wind, honey bees, and other insects.

1. Let the insects do the work for you.

This is actually the best method of strawberry pollination. Insects, especially bees, will find and pollinate strawberry flowers quite effectively. Planting your strawberry

patch where it will receive the most attention from the creepy-crawly-flying thingies is a great idea. Remember, the more pollination that occurs, the bigger your strawberries and your overall yield. What is fascinating is that insect diversity

actually matters. Domesticated honey bees will focus their fertilization on the top of the flower while wild species of bees typically fertilize more heavily around the base

of the flower. Each fly or butterfly or beetle that comes sniffing around will also fertilize the strawberry (albeit less effectively) by spreading pollen around. In short, insect diversity matters. You want the biggest and best strawberries? Let the bugs

flock forth to do their strawberry pollination.

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2. Let the wind do it.

Even gentle breezes are sufficient to transfer the pollen a few millimeters from

stamen to pistil. So, even in the absence of bugs (like an a hydroponic set up or a

bug-free window sill), strawberry pollination can still occur. However, wind or

breezes often won’t do a great job. So, you will probably end up with fertilized

strawberries (at least a few), but you might be disappointed with the overall haul.

3. You do it.

The tiny motes of pollen that can be found on the stamens of strawberry flowers are

not picky. Being as small and light as they are, they are transferred around rather easily. Brushing the outer edge of flower with your finger (gently!) to move pollen

into the center of the flower is an easy and quick way to pollinate your strawberries. More effective is using a fibrous or small-bristled utensil to brush/collect pollen from multiple flowers and “paint” them onto the pistils of multiple

flowers. A makeup brush, fine-bristled paint brush, or a q-tip that has the cotton teased out on one end all will work.

Benefits of Strawberry Pollination

1. Heavy pollination increases the overall yield of strawberry plants.

2. Cross pollination leads to decreased deformations and an overall higher-quality

aesthetic.

3. Cross pollination results in larger overall strawberries than self-pollination or same-variety pollination. Remember, insect diversity also matters. Get as many good bugs to visit your plants as possible!

4. Natural strawberry pollination increases commercial viability also. Bee pollination results in brighter and redder berries, which are more pleasing to customers. Natural

pollination also improves quality by reducing spoilage. To quantify, studies show that bee pollination results in 39% greater value than wind pollination and a whopping 54% greater value than self-pollination.

http://strawberryplants.org/2010/12/deformed-strawberries/

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45. Soil Testing.

A soil test should be made at least a year in advance of planting to determine the

soil acidity (lime requirement), nutrient levels, and nematode populations. If lime is

required to raise the soil pH to 6.0 to 6.5 before planting, it should be applied 1 year

in advance. Other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be

applied prior to planting

46. Fertilizing Strawberry Plants

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other soil nutrients are required for vigorous

crown and runner development. Soil tests will identify the nutrient needs. Generally

phosphorus, potassium, and part of the nitrogen should be applied at or before

planting. On most soils and under most conditions strawberry plants will be benefited

by the application of commercial fertilizers, particularly by nitrogen, during the first

growing season

47. Controlling Weeds

Weeds must be kept down in the strawberry bed but any hoeing must be very

shallow to avoid root damage: it is better to use paraquat / diquat weed killer as

much as possible, being very careful not to let it touch the leaves of the strawberry

plants.

A weed eradication programme one year prior to planting is recommended if

perennial weeds are a problem. Herbicides, mechanical control methods, and a

green manure smother crop can be used effectively. Consult herbicide labels to

avoid potential carry-over problems for the new strawberry planting. Preplan

harrowing of a prepared field will reduce weed populations.

48. Water Requirements for Growing Strawberries

Sprinkler irrigation is crucial to prevent frost damage in June bearing varieties after

the mulch is removed in early spring. Irrigate whenever the air temperature drops

below 34' F. Apply 0. 1 inch of water per hour with one sprinkler head revolution per

minute. Sprinkler irrigation should protect flowers and developing fruit down to 20' F.

Spring frost protection is unnecessary during the planting year in day-neutral

strawberries because the flowers are usually removed until the danger of frost is

25


past. Frost protection may, however, be desired in the fall to extend the harvest

season. Day-neutral strawberries require more careful irrigation and water

management than June-bearing strawberries, especially on raised beds. During the

summer apply 0.75 to 1.5 inches of water per week depending on the weather, soil

type, and effectiveness of mulch in preventing evaporation. Use trickle irrigation with

plastic mulch to ensure sufficient water in the root zone. Overhead irrigation may be

used with straw or other organic mulches. Fertilizer can be applied through the

irrigation system. Higher levels of certain nutrients such as nitrogen may be needed

if trickle irrigation is used because of increased leaching through the soil profile

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49. Protecting Your Growing Strawberries

A. Insects of strawberries

i) Root-feeding Pests

The most common root-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois include the strawberry crown borer, Tyloderma fragariae, the strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus, and white grubs in the genus Phyllophaga. Other below ground pests,

including the strawberry rootworm, Paria fragariae and strawberry root aphid, Aphis forbesi, are rarely economically important in Illinois. Although the crown borer, root

weevil and grubs are all members of the insect order Coleoptera (the beetle and weevils) their life histories differ considerably

1.Strawberry Crown Borer (Tyloderma fragariae)

These strawberry plant pests are about 1/5 of an inch long and have three spots on

their wing covers. They are flightless weevils that feed on strawberry plant crowns to open holes, into which they then lay their eggs through the middle of June. The

hatched larva will bore into the crowns causing damage to the growing strawberry plant. The grubs will form a pupa and subsequently become a weevil to feed on the plant’s leaves.

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2.Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus)

Root weevils are about 1/3 of an inch long and have wing covers distinguished by

many rows of small pits. Adult weevils will lay eggs into the soil. Hatched larvae will

burrow through the soil and feed on the roots and crowns of a nearby strawberry

plant causing damage or death. The adult weevils will feed on the leaves.

3.White Grubs (Phyllophaga)

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Phyllophaga-strawberry-plant-pest.jpg

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White grubs range from 1/2 to 1 inch and eventually become the large May or June

beetles (also called “June bugs”) common to many parts of the United States. The

grubs burrow into the soil and overwinter twice before taking beetle form.

Consequently, the grubs can do damage to the roots of strawberry plants for multiple

years as they feed.

ii) Foliage-feeding Pests

The foliage-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois include leafrollers (strawberry leafroller and others), the strawberry rootworm and two mite species—the two-spotted spider mite and the cyclamen mite. This summary reviews the life histories of

these pests and the practices that can be used for their management.

1.Strawberry Rootworm (Paria fragariae)

Adult beetles are shiny, oval-shaped, dark brown to black, about 1/3 of an inch long,

and display four blotches on their wing covers. Adults feed on the leaves through

early fall and can cover strawberry plant foliage with holes. The larvae burrow into

the soil and feed on the roots

2. Strawberry Root Aphid (Aphis forbesi)

Also known as the strawberry root louse, this small strawberry plant pest is about 1

mm in length, has a oval and dark bluish-green body, and has a yellowish head.

They feed on the roots and crowns of strawberry plants and can be quite numerous if

infestation occurs.

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3. Strawberry Leaf rollers (Ancylis comptana fragariae)

The adult moths emerge in April or May to lay their eggs on the strawberry plant,

usually on the underside of the leaflets. The translucent eggs then hatch and the

larvae feed on the epidermis of the leaves, secreting silk threads as they go to tie the

leaflets together. Other species of leaf rollers also feed on the strawberry plant, but

none of them usually cause significant damage to the overall strawberry planting.

4.Strawberry Mites (Tetranychus urticae and Steneotarsonemus pallidus)

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The two-spotted spider mite and the cyclamen mite can wreak havoc on strawberry

plants. The spider mites damage leaf surfaces in order to feed on sap, while the

cyclamen mites feed on new, unfolding leaves and blossoms. Both will cause leaf

death and drop, and the cyclamen mite causes distorted fruits.

iii) Flower and Fruit-feeding Pests

The common flower and fruit-feeding pests of strawberries in Illinois are the strawberry clipper, the tarnished plant bug, the strawberry sap beetle and slugs. In 1994 the eastern flower thrips, an insect that rarely causes significant losses in

strawberries, appears to have caused severe damage to the crop .

1.Strawberry Clipper (Anthonomus signatus)

Also known as the strawberry weevil, these pests are about 1/10 of an inch long,

dark reddish-brown, and have a long and slender, curved snout. The adults feed on

pollen inside the almost-mature flower, subsequently laying an egg inside the flower.

They then girdle the bud to prevent opening and clip the stem so that it hangs or falls

to the ground.

2.Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)

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Also known as the Lygus bug, these strawberry plant pests are about 1/4 of an inch

long and are distinguished by a yellow “V” marking on their back just behind the

head. In the spring they feed on strawberry plant flowers which results in disfigured

and knobby strawberries. The feeding by Tarnished plant bugs is one of the causes

of irregularly-shaped, catfaced strawberries. The insects damage fruit by puncturing

and then sucking the contents of individual seeds; which stops development of the

berry in the area surrounding the feeding site

3.Slugs (Agriolimax and Arion species)

Slugs are very damaging garden pests that can be found throughout the country, most likely in moist and humid climates. Your garden is likely to have more slugs during a particularly rainy season.

Slugs are not insects, rather, they are soft-bodied mollusks. Slugs never change, because they are members of the phylum Mollusca, along with the giant squid, the

periwinkle, and the steamer clam. Unlike seagoing mollusks, the slug is equipped with a single lung. Its shell is lacking or represented only by a small plate, but it does not seem to mind.

Slugs are hermaphroditic, with each individual having both male and female reproductive organs. As you would expect, their love life is complex. The common

gray garden slug dances an elaborate, hour-long nuptial waltz before mating, while other species perform acrobatic movements while hanging suspended from threads of slime

B.Birds

It’s hard to believe something could be more of a pest than snails and slugs, but birds might just top them. They can clean out a bed in short order. The best way to avoid

this is to put some type of cover over the whole bed. You can use bird nettingor row covers. Just make sure you don’t put it down while the plants are in flower or they won’t be pollinated. Wait until you see the fruits starting to form.

https://www.thespruce.com/bird-control-in-yard-1402489

https://www.thespruce.com/plant-row-covers-1403237

https://www.thespruce.com/plant-row-covers-1403237

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Biological Control of straw berry Pests

Biological pest control is an important part of integrated pest management of

greenhouse strawberry pests. We use various species of beneficial insects to control

pests like the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypi), the green peach aphid

(Myzus persicae), the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranichus urticae), and the western

flowerthrips (Frankliniella occidentalis).

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Coleomegilla maculata (Ladybug beetle) adults and larvae (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are

used for controlling aphids and mites. C. maculata has a Life cycle of 18 days from

the egg to the adult stage and adult beetles can survive for 3-6 months. The larvae

can consume 10-15 aphids per day

Aphidius colemani (Parasitic wasp) adults (Syngenta Inc) parasitize aphids and

provide excellent control if released early in the season before the aphid populations

start increasing. Life cycle from the egg to adult stage is 14 days. Adults can live for

2-3 weeks and parasitize about 100-200 aphids per day.

Geocoris punctipes (Big-eyed bug) nymphs (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are used to control

aphids and mites. G. punctipes has a life cycle of 30 days from the egg to the adult

stage, and life span of adults is 2-4 months. They can consume about 10-15 aphids

and 45-50 mites per day.

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Orius insidiosus (Insidiosus Flower Bug) adults (Entomos L.L.C., FL) are used to

control mites and thrips.O. insidiosus has a life cycle of 12 days from the egg to the

adult stage. Adults can survive for 35 days and can consume about 30 mites per

day.

Neoseiulus californicus (predatory mite) adults (Syngenta Inc.) feed on two-spotted

spider mite adults and eggs. Life cycle of N. californicus from the egg to adult stage

is 1-2 weeks and they can consume one adult and a few eggs per day.

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Bacillus thurengiensis var. israelensis is applied every two weeks through the

fertilizer injectors for controlling fungus gnats.

C. Diseases of strawberries

There are quite a few diseases that affect strawberry plants. The strawberry plant’s

leaves, roots, and fruit are all susceptible to a variety of diseases, depending on the resistance of the strawberry plant cultivar being considered. This is a summary of the

most common strawberry plant diseases:

1.Powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr. Fr.) Jacz. f.

sp. fragariae, Peries] infects strawberry flowers and fruits in all stages of

development and is especially severe in Florida from November through March.

A biofungicide called AQ-10 (Ampleomyces quisqualis) is used for controlling this

disease.

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Birds Birds will inevitably get some of your berries. Plant more than you’ll need and

cover the area with close bird netting.

2. Red Stele Root Rot

A strawberry plant’s roots are damaged by red stele root rot (also known as

Lanarkshire disease). The disease is caused by a fungus living in the soil, and its

presence is confirmed in a strawberry plant that has a red core to its roots. The

fungus is particularly prevalent in the northern two-thirds of the United States. Heavy

clay soils with poor drainage that remain saturated with water during cool weather

are most at risk. The fungus that causes red stele root rot is Phytophthora fragariae,

and, once established, can remain alive for at least thirteen years (maybe longer),

regardless of crop rotation.

Control:

1. Avoid poorly drained soils, plant on raised beds

2. Plant resistant cultivars

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3. Fungicide specific for Phytophthora (Ridomil or Aliette)

3.Strawberry Plant Leaf Spot

Leaf spot is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fragariae and manifests as dark

purple to reddish-purple spots on multiple parts of the strawberry plant. The round

spots are usually between 1/8 and 1/4 inches in diameter and most easily seen on

the leaves of an infected strawberry plant. However, the petioles, stolons, fruit stalks

(pedicels), and strawberry caps (calyxes), and ripe strawberries can also be infected.

The center of the spots eventually become almost white with tan or gray intermediate

steps. The parts of the strawberry plant affected by this disease are the young,

succulent ones.

Cultural Control

1. Select site with well drained soils.

2. Maintain good plant health.

3. Avoid water stress , winter injury and herbicide injury.

Chemical Control

1. Pre-plant soil fumigation is the only control

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/strawberry-plant-leaf-spot.jpg

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4. Strawberry Plant Leaf Blight

The fungus Dendrophoma obscurans (also known as Phomopsis obscurans) causes

leaf blight, and it typically does its damage after harvest. One to six enlarging,

elliptical or angular blemishes will develop on the leaflets and growing up to one inch

in width. The spots begin with a reddish-purple color. As they enlarge, they develop

a dark brown center that is surrounded by a lighter brown area with a purplish

border. This fungus almost exclusively attacks weaker, slow-growing plants and

usually ignores youthful runner plants. Dendrophoma obscurans can also cause a

spreading, pink, soft rot at the stem end of a strawberry.

5. Strawberry Plant Leaf Scorch

Leaf scorch is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon earliana, which attacks the

strawberry plant’s leaves, calyxes, petioles, runners, and pedicels. In the early

stages, it looks like leaf spot. Later, the lesions develop black spots as the fungal

fruiting bodies are produced, but, unlike leaf spot, the centers of the lesions will

remain dark purple. Strawberry plant leaves with a severe infection will shrivel and

appear scorched. Rarely the fungus will infect green strawberries causing reddish

brown spots or flecks to be visible on the unripe fruit.

Control

1.Good resistance in many cultivars.

2.Fungicides spray if necessary

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/strawberry-plant-leaf-blight.jpg

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6.Strawberry Gray Mold

If a strawberry plant is infected by gray mold, fruit production is likely to be

particularly devastated (expect 80-90% loss of both flowers and strawberries). It is

caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, and wreaks havoc during rainy and cloudy

periods just before or during harvest. Strawberries touching dirt, another infected or

rotting strawberry, or dead leaves in dense foliage are most commonly affected. The

fungus causes infections that manifest as soft, rapidly-growing spots that are light

brown in color. The fruit will dry out, darken, and become covered with a dust-like,

powdery layer of fungus spores, which gives the gray appearance.

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/gray-mold-strawberry-plant.jpg

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Cultural Control

1. Good Sanitation (fungus survives in dead leaf material)

2. Management of vigor ( excess vigor leads to rank foliage and more disease pressure

3. Narrow rows on raised beds

4. Straw mulch prevents fruit from touching soil and becoming infected.

Chemical Control

1. Most infections occur at bloom and fruit rot occurs as fruit ripen.

Secondary spread of spores can lead to infections of ripening fruit.

2. Selected fungicides applied at bloom e.g., Elevate, Benlate, Topsin-

M pluscaptan or thiram

7.Strawberry Plant Leaf Variegation

Leaf variegation is a mysterious disease, and its cause is currently unknown. It also

goes by many other names, including: June yellows, spring yellows, chlorosis,

Blakemore yellows, and non-infectious variegation. The disease usually (but not

exclusively) occurs in strawberry plants that have Howard 17 (Premier), Blakemore,

or Auchincruive Climax cultivars in their plant ancestries. Affecting only flowers and

leaves, the disease manifests on new leaflets in the spring as yellow or white streaks

or spots and a puckering of the leaflet. While onset is unpredictable, the strawberry

plant will progressively manifest worsening symptoms until it dies two to three years

later as a dwarfed and unproductive shell of its former self.

8. Verticillium Wilt of the Strawberry Plant

40


Verticillium wilt is caused by a very common soil fungus called Verticillium alboatrum.

For new strawberry plantings, symptoms usually manifest as new runners are being

produced. Older plantings are usually affected just before harvest. Affected

strawberry plants will show different symptoms depending on the cultivar, and

affected plants must be tested for definitive diagnosis. The symptoms are not easily

distinguished from other strawberry plant root diseases or winter injury. Once

established, the fungus will likely survive for 25 years or more.

9.Leather Rot (Crown Rot) of the Strawberry

Leather rot (also known as crown rot) is caused by the fungus Phytophthora

cactorum and affects strawberries in poorly drained soils where there is or has been

standing water. Most commonly, the fungus causes brown areas or brown outlines to

form on green strawberries. The infected strawberries will have an unpleasant odor

and bitter taste. Mature strawberries that are infected may look completely normal

and taste terrible. Excessive rainfall in May, June, and July often create the optimal

conditions for this fungal infection.

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/verticillium-wilt-of-strawberry-plant.jpg

http://strawberryplants.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Phytophthora-cactorum.jpg

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Control

1.Avoidance is the best control.

2. Prevent fruit contact with soils by mulching with straw between the rows

10. Strawberry anthracnose

Anthracnose fruit rot appears as soft to firm brown to black spots on green fruit and

dark purple spots on ripe fruit. On ripe fruit the spots enlarge rapidly until the entire

fruit rots. The disease is most destructive during warm, wet weather. It may cause

50-70% fruit loss.

Control

1.Plant certified disease-free plants

2. Avoid poorly drained soils, plant on raised beds

11. Viruses

Viruses may stunt plant growth or cause mottling or curling of leaves. They are introduced by insects such as aphids or leafhoppers. To prevent viruses, use

certified plants and control these insects.

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D. Nematodes

Nematodes are worms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They live in the soil and mostly feed on roots. Symptoms of nematode damage include galls on the roots or stubby, stunted roots. To avoid a buildup of nematodes, rotate plantings

to a different site when establishing new beds.

Foliar nematodes - Foliar nematodes do not only live on strawberries but they also occur on a large number of plant species. They are especially in the centre of the

plant. At the outside of the plant they can not live very long. The leaves are deformed, scalloped, minor and have sharp points. The leafstalks are considerably thinner than they ought to be. The number of flowers is poor and sometimes the

whole production of new buds is lost. The buds on the side often sprout (the plant is falling apart as it were).

Stem nematodes - In contrast to foliar nematodes, stem nematodes can live for a

long period of time without host plant. If a sensitive plant will be planted on infected soil, it will be attacked. If stem nematodes are involved, the attack can be best

observed in spring. The leafstalks and flower stems will remain short and are strongly thickened and bumpy. The leaf rims will curl up and the leaves are covered with a bluish bloom and often strongly deformed. The flowers remain small and

produce deformed fruits. The infection often occurs spot wise. To make sure about the actual presence of the infection, a soil sample is necessary

Free living root nematodes - (Longidorus elongatus and Xiphinema

diversicaudatum) - Both species of nematodes have an extensive series of host plants. Plants which have been attacked by root nematodes, lag behind in growth. The root system has badly developed, the roots are stunted and have swollen root

tips. What is more important than this direct damage, is the carrying on of viruses. In this way strawberry plants can be infected with viruses.

Root cystnematodes - (Pratylenchus penetrans) - The root cyst nematode can live

on a large number of plants. For strawberries it is the most dangerous nematode species. Nematodes spend their entire life cycle in the roots of the plants. One generation will last about six or seven weeks. Attacked plants show interrupted

growth, produce fewer runners and will die. As a result of this, so-called eelworm patches form in the crop. Especially on light soil this eelworm may cause damage.

The development of the roots of attacked plants is far poorer. The ends of the roots are thickened and the root hair is lacking. An attacked plant is growing as it were on the soil and can be easily pulled out of the soil. Through the damaged roots fungi -

for example black root rot - can penetrate into the plants.

Root-knot - (Meloidogyne hapla) - This nematode can be found especially on light

soil. It provides a thickening (small tuber) on the fine roots. Plants which have been

seriously attacked, are strongly lagging behind in growth and are worthless for future use. So far this nematode causes hardly any problems in strawberry plants.

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50. Strawberry Disorders

Albinism is a physiological disorder in strawberry due to lack of fruit colour during

ripening. Fruits remain irregularly pink or even totally white and sometimes swollen.

They have acid taste and become less form. Albino fruits are often damage during

harvesting and are susceptible to Botrytis infection and decay during storage. It is

probably caused by certain climatic conditions and extremes in nutrition.

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51. Sign of Maturity

Overripe strawberries appear withered and have lost their sheen. They may have

bruises emitting fermented juice or are peppered with white mold—both are

indicators to avoid. Also, check the bottom of the carton as well to avoid selecting

any squished fruits harmed during shipment

52. Taste of Strawberry

The best strawberries are fleshy and juicy in texture; their taste is sugary, tart, mildly floral and bright yet robust. Its subdued earthy undertones suit the strawberry to

Unfortunately, once strawberries are picked off the vine, they will not ripen

further. When picking strawberries, it is important to choose ones that are red in

color, since these will be the most ripe. Similarly, try not to pick berries that are too

big because they may have less flavor.

Though color is an important give away, the single best indicator when purchasing

strawberries is the smell. Deliciously sweet fruits emit a floral, sweet, earthy aroma.

This gauge of sweetness only works on strawberries sitting at room temperature--

chilled strawberries will not be aromatic, sweet or otherwise.

Another interesting theory is that the distance of seeds on each fruit may be an

indicator of ripeness. Tightly spaced seeds show that the fruit didn’t have much time

to ripen before being plucked, whereas seeds far apart indicate that the fruit had time

to expand and ripen fully before harvesting.

Overripe strawberries appear withered and have lost their sheen. They may have

bruises emitting fermented juice or are peppered with white mold—both are

indicators to avoid. Also, check the bottom of the carton as well to avoid selecting

any squished fruits harmed during shipment.

45


mingle beautifully with herbs like mint and basil; its tartness, with balsamic

vinaigrette. Amazingly, over 300 compounds contribute to strawberry’s unique taste. Different strawberry varieties ripen to different colors. The best test is the taste test. If the berries are sweet and juicy, they are ready to pick. For the best quality, pick

berries in the morning and refrigerate them as soon as possible.

53.How to Open/Cut:

Strawberries are quite simple to prepare, as they require no peeling, de-coring or de-

seeding. Remove the leafy top and slice into desired pieces. As a tip, do not cut the

top straight away, as this wastes fruit—instead, twist the leaves, and then use a

small paring knife to remove the stem.

54.Rotations

Avoid rotations with soybeans, field corn, tobacco or other crops treated with

herbicides and/or plant growth regulators that could carryover and cause crop losses

or significant production reductions in strawberries. Read all labels carefully for

46


rotational restrictions. Get assistance to clear up any chemical related questions

before, not after planting strawberries.

55. Straw berry and onion

56. Post Harvest handling and Marketing

Strawberries are highly perishable and hence a great deal of care in harvesting and

handling as well as its marketing also requires to be organized carefully. Usually the

fruit is picked in the early morning and sent to the market in the afternoon of the

same day or is picked in the late afternoon, stored overnight in a cool place, and sent

to market the following morning

57. Harvesting and marketing

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Proper picking, grading, and packing are as essential as good cultural practices to

success. The harvest frequency and duration depend on weather conditions,

varieties, soil factors, and cultural practices. Strawberries are almost entirely hand

picked. As a general rule for wholesale operations, six to nine pickers are needed for

one acre.

58. Yield

The yield varies according to season and locality. A yield of 20 to 25 tons per hectare

is excellent, though yields upto 50 tons per hectare have been reported under ideal

conditions

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59. Grading

Fruits are graded on the basis of their weight, size and colour

60.Storage

Fruits can be stored in cold storage at 320C upto 10 days. For distant marketing,

strawberries should be pre-cooled at 40C within 2 hrs. of harvesting and kept at the

same temperature. After pre-cooling, they are shipped in refrigerated vans.

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61.Packing

Packing is done according to the grades for long distance markets. Fruits of good quality are packed in perforated cardboard cartons with paper cuttings as cushioning

material. Fruits of lower grades are packed in baskets.

62. Transportation

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Road transport by trucks/lorries is the most convenient mode of transport due to

easy approach from orchards to the market.

63.Propagating Strawberries

Propagation is done by means of runners that are formed after the blooming season.

The plants may be allowed to set as many runners as possible but not allowed to set

any fruits. All the plants with good root system should be utilised to set a new

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plantation. Given the best attention and care, a single plant usually produces 12 to

18 runners.

64.Target Market:

The target customers will be wholesellers and retailers catering for household

markets in Pakistan including local markets in Sukkur, Karachi, Hyderabad, and

other districts of Sindh and Rahim Yar Khan in Punjab, different areas of Baluchistan

and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

65. Prospects

66. Marketing

Because they are so perishable, strawberries are well suited to roadside stand and

pick-your-own operations, where time from harvest to sale can be kept to a

minimum. Roadside stands (either your own or another grower's) and pick-your-own

operations provide opportunities to receive relatively high prices for your

strawberries, but you may have some additional expenses for advertising, building

Pakistan is producing a limited quantity of strawberries which are either eaten

or used in preparing ice-cream, jam, jelly, pickle, cake or milk shake. The fruit

fetches Rs180 to Rs260 per kg in big cities.

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and maintaining a facility, and providing service to your customers. With pick-your-

own operations, you save on harvest costs, but you must also be willing to accept

some waste.

67.Future of Strawberry in Pakistan

The wholesale price of the fruit comes down to Rs 150 per kg during the second

fortnight of March when the crop production touches its peak. The per acre income

from strawberry crop is estimated to Rs100, 000 per season per acre. The crop is

being increased in acres year by year in places mentioned earlier in Charsadda the

area is increased from 170 acres last year to 200 acres in 2010. The marketing

problems are their which are to be resolved by CMPII project and the VO, s would be

linked with District, Provincial and National and International Markets.

The wholesale price of the fruit comes down to Rs 150 per kg during the second

fortnight of March when the crop production touches its peak. The per acre income

from strawberry crop is estimated to Rs100,000 per season

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There are a number of reasons for restricted production, like the climate, size and

taste. By overcoming problems related to quality, quantity and perishability of the

fruit, Pakistan can also export it to Europe, the United States and Middle Eastern

countries. Its saplings can be obtained from nurseries located in Mingora and

Madayen (NWFP) at a rate of ReI per unit.

There is no one variety of strawberry which possesses all the desirable

characteristics. Some are superior to others only because of certain characteristics.

In general, the differences in tastes between different varieties are not given as

much weight as in case of some other fruits. Some of its superior varieties enjoy

colour that is very attractive. Its varieties grown in Pakistan are Chandelier, Corona

and Stuff. These are mostly sour and small in size.

68.Preparation and serving tips

To wash strawberries, dip them in cold water in a large bowl for few seconds and

swish gently few times. It helps to remove any sand and insecticide/fungicide residues. Then, gently pat them dry using a paper towel or cloth. This method also

helps berries bring back to normal room temperature and enriches their flavor and taste. Remove stems and caps by simply snipping off with your fingers or using a paring knife.

Here are some serving tips:

Sliced fresh strawberries can be a great addition to fruit or green salad.

They can be a great snack between meals. Dried strawberry slices can be added in muffins, pie, cakes and are used in cereal flakes as a breakfast meal.

The berries are a popular addition to dairy products; as in strawberry flavored ice cream, milkshakes, smoothies, and yogurts

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69. Safety profile

Strawberries may cause serious allergic reactions in some sensitized individuals.

Some of the most common symptoms of strawberry allergy include swelling and

redness of mouth, lips and tongue ,eczema, hives, skin rash, headache, runny nose,

itchy eyes, wheezing, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression, hyperactivity and

insomnia. Individuals who suspect allergy to these fruits may want to avoid them

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Keep Calm and Eat Strawberry

Author

Mr. Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Expert Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

Peshawar Pakistan

Strawberry production in world A Book Written by Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Specialist KPK...

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