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Strategies
Project Cycle Management-----
A short training course in project cycle management for subdivisions of MFAR in Sri Lanka
MFAR, ICEIDA and UNU-FTP
Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA)
Iceland
United Nations University Fisheries Training Programme (UNU-FTP)
Iceland
Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (MFAR)
Sri Lanka
Content of this lecture
• Evolution of a business strategy • Strategies of non-profit organizations• Mandates and policies • Strategic processes • Visions, missions and objectives• Strategic planning• Performance measures and targets
Learning objectives
• After this lecture participants will be familiar with the strategic hierarchy of a vision, mission, objectives and targets, and the importance of strategic planning
“If you don’t know where
you are going, any road
will take you there.”
The Koran
The Harvard policy model
SWOT
Two important approaches to strategy
• Market based view – Competitors analysis– Positioning products and services in the market
• Resource based view– Seeking sustainable advantage building on resources– Core competences
Mandates of non-profit organizations
• Set by – Specific laws or acts of the organization– Regulations regarding the operations of the
organization or the services offered– Articles of the association
• Often states the purpose of the organization• Long time-horizon
Mandates and stakeholder values
The five tasksof strategic management
Craft aStrategy
to AchieveObjectives
SetObjectives
Develop aStrategic
Vision& Mission
Implement& ExecuteStrategy
Evaluate & Make
Corrections
Improve/Change
Revise asNeeded
Revise asNeeded
Improve/Change
Recycleas Needed
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5
Why have a mission orstrategic vision?
• Power of a well-conceived strategic vision
– Guides managerial decision-making
– Arouses employee buy-in and commitment
– Prepares an organization for the future
– Keeps strategy-related actions of managers on a common path
The vision
• Charts an organization’s future strategic course– Defines the organizational makeup in 5 to 10 years
• Organization specific, not general– Provides an organization with its own special identity
and path to follow
• Requires the exercise of management foresight
The mission
• A good business definition incorporates three factors
– Stakeholders needs -- WHAT is being satisfied
– Stakeholders groups -- WHO is being satisfied
– Technologies used and functions performed -- HOW stakeholder needs are satisfied
Establishing objectives
• Sets of actions that will realize the organizational vision
• Represent commitment to achieve specific performance targets by a certain time
• Must be stated in quantifiable terms and contain a deadline for achievement
• Spell-out how much of what kind of performance by when
Purpose of objectives
• Substitutes results-oriented decision-making for aimlessness over what to accomplish
• Provides benchmarks for judging organizational performance
Benefits of objectives
Organizations whose managers set objectives for each key result area and then press forward with actions aimed directly at achieving these performance outcomes typically outperform organizations whose managers exhibit good intentions, try hard, and hope for the best!
Strategic planning
A disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, what it does, and why it does it
Strategic planning(short definition)
“The process of building a vision and the means to carry it out”
“Strategic Planning and the Non Profit Board” by Dabney G. Park, Jr.
Integrated planning
Strategic 3-10 years
Operational
1-3 years
Tactical1 year or less
Strategic planning vs.
long-term planning
• Long-term planning generally involves development of a plan for accomplishing a goal or set of goals over a period of years assuming predictable, fairly static conditions
• Strategic planning assumes the need to be responsive to a dynamic, changing environment– From: Alliance for Non-Profit Management 2002
Steps in strategic planning
1. Initiating and agreeing on a planning process
2. Identify organizational mandates3. Establish an effective organizational vision
for the future4. Clarify organizational mission and values5. Assess the external environment6. Analyze opportunities and threats
Steps in strategic planning
7. Assess the internal environment: Revenue and
cost structures - Strengths and weaknesses
8. Identify key strategic issues
9. Formulate strategies to manage issues
10. Plans for use, review, and updating
What is needed andfeasible in yourservice area?
OPPORTUNITIES/ THREATS
What do youintend to do?
MISSION
What are youcapable of doing?
STRENGTHS/ WEAKNESSES
THE “FIT”
from “Strategic Planning Notebook”, Wilder Foundation
The fit
Why initiate strategic planning?
• To clarify future direction
• To survive and flourish
• To solve organizational problems
• To build teamwork
• To direct the organization’s future
What can planning do for you?
• Promotes self assessment and continuous improvement
• Positioning for future success• Provides framework for decision making;
helps make tradeoffs explicit• Promotes feasibility testing• Demonstrates stewardship of resources/
responsiveness to needs
What do “good” plans look like?
• “Fit” with need and organizational context• Well documented• Includes strategic, operational and tactical
components as appropriate • Involvement/communication plan• Clear accountability for implementation• Plan for follow-up and use• Timeframe and means for updating
Planning advice
• Stay flexible and adaptable. Remember that planning and life often do occur simultaneously
• Remember that different groups view a planning process differently at different times
From: Strategic Planning: A Human Resource Tool for Higher Education. College and University Personnel Association. 121 pp.
Planning pitfalls
• Regarding the plan as an endpoint• Regarding the plan as unalterable• Failing to question assumptions• Failing to gain organizational commitment• Adopting the wrong goals• Imposing unnecessary limitations
From: Gordon, G.L. 1993. Strategic Planning for Local Government, International City/County Management Association. 119 pp.
When not to initiate strategic planning.
• When facing an organizational crisis
• When there is no leadership buy-in
• When implementation is unlikely
• When costs outweigh benefits
What needs to be measured
• Is derived from what needs to be accomplished – strategy!
• There needs to be a balance (not too many measures) and focus (measures that reflect strategy
• Trends are more important than the value of a particular measure
Performance measures
Combination of:
• Leading and lagging measures
• Financial & non-financial measures
• Input, process, output and outcome measures
• Internal & external measures
Performance measures should help us decide:
Are we doing things right?
(How?)Are we doing the right things?
(What?)
InputInput ProcessProcess OutputOutput OutcomeOutcome
Input: Resources, including budget and workforce Process: Activities, efforts, workflow Output: Products and services produced Outcome: Results, accomplishments, impacts
Efficient Effective
Identify targets
• When targets are used, performance improves
• Use “stretch” targets
Performance measures problems
• Too many measures and no focus
• Entrenched or no measurement systems
• Unjustified trust in informal feedback systems
• Fuzzy objectives
References
• Lynch, Richard (2006). Corporate Strategy: 4th Edition. FT Prentice Hall; New York
• Thompson, Arthur A. Jr.; Strickland III, A. J.; Gamble, John E. (2006) Crafting and Executing Strategy. Irwin Professional Pub Dimensions; Burr Ridge, Illinois, U.S.A.