STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING WATER ON … · STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING...
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STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING WATER ON MARS FOR LONG-TERM HUMAN EXPLORATION R. Rolley, A. Black, M. Gupta, S. Shearrow, G. Smith, S. Saikia School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN • Sending humans to the surface of Mars can greatly enhance scientific exploration • Use of in-situ materials helps to reduce overall mission cost and risk • Water is one of the most critical and versatile resources used by a crew Water Use Minimum Maximum Enabling Hydration* 115 kg 2.15 mt Food rehydration* 29 kg 539 kg Personal hygiene* 23 kg 432 kg Medical usage 34 kg 655 kg EVA 1.33 mt 10.39 mt Enhancing Oxygen production 0 kg 20.69 mt Radiation shielding 0 kg 13.2 mt Propellant production 0 kg 16.39 mt Total 1.53 mt 112.85 mt Rate ~3.2 kg/day (480 days) ~144.7 kg/day (780 days) Hydrated Minerals Ice Resource Classification and Prospecting Exploration Zone Analysis Crew Water Demand Parameter Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Min. Distance to Hab. Zone 69 km 45 km 19 km 79 km Max. Elevation Change to HZ 688 m 661 m 875 m 916 m Max. Temperature 7.75 o C 6.45 o C 9.75 o C 9.85 o C Min. Temperature -125 o C -125 o C -125 o C -125 o C Avg. Dust Cover Index 0.950 0.953 0.957 0.966 Max. Nighttime Thermal Inertia 336 276 562 230 Estimated Max. Rock Size < 0.001 m < 0.001 m 0.03 – 0.1 m < 0.001 m Max. Slope 20.37 o 15.88 o 24.12 o 7.23 o Prospective Resources: Play • Context camera • Thermal imaging • Gamma ray spectrometer Lead • Context camera (1 km res.) • High resolution camera (10 m res.) • Thermal imaging spectrometer (100 m res.) • Visible IR (100 m res.) • Gamma ray spectrometer • Shallow radar (100 m depth, 10 m res.) Prospect • Context camera (10 m res.) • High resolution camera (< 1 m res.) • Thermal imaging spectrometer (1 m res.) • Visible IR (1 m res.) • Gamma ray spectrometer • Shallow radar (100 m depth, 1 m res.) KDP 1: Sufficient data collected to justify investment in landed platform Contingent Resources: • Ground sampling over region of interest (100 m depth, 100 m spatial res.) • Quantity and distribution of water constrained over region KDP 2: Sufficient data collected to justify investment in additional prospecting time and conceptual extraction system design Reserves: • Ground sampling over region of interest (100 m depth, 10 m spatial res.) • Quantity and distribution of water well constrained • Resources are economically recoverable (less expensive than shipping from Earth) KDP 3: Sufficient data collected to justify design and production of extraction system to support human missions Site Classification Est. Water* MV – Region 1 HM - Lead 665M mt MV – Region 2 HM - Lead 1.7B mt MV – Region 3 HM - Lead 1.2B mt MV – Region 4 HM - Lead 301M mt MV – Region 5 HM - Lead 2.6B mt MV – Region 6 HM - Lead 1.7B mt MV – Region 7 HM - Lead 623M mt MV – Region 8 HM - Lead 557M mt MV – Region 9 HM - Lead 315M mt DM North – Region 1 Ice - Lead 822M mt DM North – Region 2 Ice - Lead 19.4B mt DM South – Region 1 Ice - Lead 6.6B mt DM South – Region 2 Ice - Lead 16.1B mt DM South – Region 3 Ice - Lead 18.2B mt DM South – Region 4 Ice - Lead 4.3B mt Exploration Zone Resources Deuteronilus Mensae South: Environmental Parameters Mawrth Vallis Deuteronilus Mensae (North) Deuteronilus Mensae (South) Metric Weight Remove Overburden Keep Overburden Chisel Ice Drill Ice Cores Melt Probe Drill Ice Cores Mass 0.15 High High Med Low Power 0.1 High Med Med Low Volume 0.15 High High Med Low Extraction Rate 0.1 Med Med High Low Technical Complexity 0.15 High High Med Low TRL 0.1 Med Med Med High Scalability 0.1 Low Low High Med Water Storage Density 0.05 Med Med High Med Level of Autonomy 0.1 High (initial setup) Low (operational) High (initial setup) Low (operational) Low (initial setup) Low (operational) High (initial setup) High (operational) Score 1.35 1.45 2.15 2.65 Water Extraction Techniques: Ice Feedstock http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/extreme/, http://www.universetoday.com/65084/mars-polar-cap-mystery-solved/, http://www.psi.edu/pgwg/images/jun08image.html, http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=7854, http://www.uahirise.org/PSP_008598_2155, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/multimedia/6433-20080513.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor#/media/File:Mars_global_surveyor.jpg, http://mars.nasa.gov/gamee-rover/ Horgan B, Loizeau D, Poulet F, et al. Habitable Noachian Environments and Abundant Resources in the Mawrth Vallis Exploration Zone. First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars. 2015. Head J, Dickson J, Mustard J, et al. Mars Human Science Exploration and Resource Utilization: The Dichotomy Boundary: Deuteronilus Mensae Exploration Zone. First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars. 2015. *Recyclable • Water resources on Mars have the potential to far exceed crew needs • Higher resolution orbital and in - situ data are needed to identify true water “reserves” • Drilling ice cores through overburden is a viable option for early missions • Melt probes have potential to sustain larger numbers of astronauts in permanent settlements 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 8 6 9 7 5 1 2 3 4 HZ Motivation - 4 0 km Other Feedstocks: • Recurring Slope Lineae • Hydrated regolith • Atmospheric water *Represents lower bound on expected water content Results
Transcript of STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING WATER ON … · STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING...
STRATEGIES FOR PROSPECTING AND EXTRACTING WATER ON MARS FOR LONG-TERM HUMAN EXPLORATION
R. Rolley, A. Black, M. Gupta, S. Shearrow, G. Smith, S. SaikiaSchool of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
• Sending humans to the surface ofMars can greatly enhance scientificexploration
• Use of in-situ materials helps toreduce overall mission cost and risk
• Water is one of the most critical andversatile resources used by a crew
Water Use Minimum Maximum
Enab
ling
Hydration* 115 kg 2.15 mtFood rehydration* 29 kg 539 kgPersonal hygiene* 23 kg 432 kgMedical usage 34 kg 655 kgEVA 1.33 mt 10.39 mt
Enha
ncin
g Oxygen production 0 kg 20.69 mtRadiation shielding 0 kg 13.2 mtPropellant production 0 kg 16.39 mtTotal 1.53 mt 112.85 mt
Rate ~3.2 kg/day(480 days)
~144.7 kg/day(780 days)
Hydrated Minerals
Ice
Resource Classification and Prospecting
Exploration Zone Analysis
Crew Water Demand
Parameter Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4Min. Distance to Hab. Zone 69 km 45 km 19 km 79 km Max. Elevation Change to HZ 688 m 661 m 875 m 916 mMax. Temperature 7.75o C 6.45o C 9.75o C 9.85o CMin. Temperature -125o C -125o C -125o C -125o CAvg. Dust Cover Index 0.950 0.953 0.957 0.966Max. Nighttime Thermal Inertia 336 276 562 230Estimated Max. Rock Size < 0.001 m < 0.001 m 0.03 – 0.1 m < 0.001 mMax. Slope 20.37o 15.88o 24.12o 7.23o
Prospective Resources:Play• Context camera• Thermal imaging• Gamma ray spectrometerLead• Context camera (1 km res.)• High resolution camera (10 m res.)• Thermal imaging spectrometer (100 m res.)• Visible IR (100 m res.)• Gamma ray spectrometer• Shallow radar (100 m depth, 10 m res.)Prospect• Context camera (10 m res.)• High resolution camera (< 1 m res.)• Thermal imaging spectrometer (1 m res.)• Visible IR (1 m res.)• Gamma ray spectrometer• Shallow radar (100 m depth, 1 m res.)
KDP 1: Sufficient data collected to justifyinvestment in landed platform
Contingent Resources:• Ground sampling over region of interest
(100 m depth, 100 m spatial res.)• Quantity and distribution of water
constrained over region
KDP 2: Sufficient data collected to justifyinvestment in additional prospecting timeand conceptual extraction system design
Reserves:• Ground sampling over region of interest
(100 m depth, 10 m spatial res.)• Quantity and distribution of water well
constrained• Resources are economically recoverable
(less expensive than shipping from Earth)
KDP 3: Sufficient data collected to justifydesign and production of extractionsystem to support human missions
Site Classification Est. Water*MV – Region 1 HM - Lead 665M mtMV – Region 2 HM - Lead 1.7B mtMV – Region 3 HM - Lead 1.2B mtMV – Region 4 HM - Lead 301M mtMV – Region 5 HM - Lead 2.6B mtMV – Region 6 HM - Lead 1.7B mtMV – Region 7 HM - Lead 623M mtMV – Region 8 HM - Lead 557M mtMV – Region 9 HM - Lead 315M mtDM North – Region 1 Ice - Lead 822M mtDM North – Region 2 Ice - Lead 19.4B mtDM South – Region 1 Ice - Lead 6.6B mtDM South – Region 2 Ice - Lead 16.1B mtDM South – Region 3 Ice - Lead 18.2B mtDM South – Region 4 Ice - Lead 4.3B mt
Exploration Zone Resources
Deuteronilus Mensae South: Environmental Parameters
Mawrth Vallis Deuteronilus Mensae (North)
Deuteronilus Mensae (South)
Metric WeightRemove Overburden Keep Overburden
Chisel Ice Drill Ice Cores Melt Probe Drill Ice CoresMass 0.15 High High Med LowPower 0.1 High Med Med LowVolume 0.15 High High Med LowExtraction Rate 0.1 Med Med High LowTechnical Complexity 0.15 High High Med LowTRL 0.1 Med Med Med HighScalability 0.1 Low Low High MedWater Storage Density 0.05 Med Med High Med
Level of Autonomy 0.1 High (initial setup)Low (operational)
High (initial setup)Low (operational)
Low (initial setup)Low (operational)
High (initial setup)High (operational)
Score 1.35 1.45 2.15 2.65
Water Extraction Techniques: Ice Feedstock
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/extreme/, http://www.universetoday.com/65084/mars-polar-cap-mystery-solved/, http://www.psi.edu/pgwg/images/jun08image.html, http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=7854, http://www.uahirise.org/PSP_008598_2155, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/multimedia/6433-20080513.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor#/media/File:Mars_global_surveyor.jpg, http://mars.nasa.gov/gamee-rover/Horgan B, Loizeau D, Poulet F, et al. Habitable Noachian Environments and Abundant Resources in the Mawrth Vallis Exploration Zone. First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars. 2015. Head J, Dickson J, Mustard J, et al. Mars Human Science Exploration and Resource Utilization: The Dichotomy Boundary: Deuteronilus Mensae Exploration Zone. First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars. 2015.
*Recyclable
• Water resources on Mars have the potentialto far exceed crew needs
• Higher resolution orbital and in-situ data areneeded to identify true water “reserves”
• Drilling ice cores through overburden is aviable option for early missions
• Melt probes have potential to sustain largernumbers of astronauts in permanentsettlements
12
12
3
4
1
32 4
86
97
5
12
3
4
HZ
Motivation
-4 0km
Other Feedstocks:• Recurring Slope Lineae• Hydrated regolith• Atmospheric water
*Represents lower bound on expected water content
Results
