Strategies for Effective Data Visualization...Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004 9...
Transcript of Strategies for Effective Data Visualization...Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004 9...
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Strategies for Effective Data Visualization Anneli Joplin November 8, 2017 [email protected]
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Visualization is inherently open-ended
Shade
Shape
Orientation
Size
Position
Linewidth
Hue
Arial Times
Font
Motion
Aspect ratio
Type
Scale
X
Y
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Best practices depend on context
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carelessapproach
Approach dictates likelihood of success
intentionalapproach
Probability of success…
Effective Ineffective
Effective Ineffective
Informative Confusing
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An intentional approach to data visualization
What we know about perception
Data visualization design process
New ideas to consider
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Implications of current perception research
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Vision is a multistep process Light triggers a neural signal through the optic nerve
Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
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Vision is a multistep process Brain identifies basic features first, and then analyzes further
Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
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9
Preattention
“When something just catches our eye, it is tapping into our earliest stages of attention.” – Stephanie Evergreen, Presenting Data Effectively
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Preattentive processing is instantaneous
4 6 7 2 8 1 2 7 6 2 7 3 8 9 4 9 8 2 5 4 2 1 8 3 2 5 6 5 4 5 1 9 9 2 4 6 7 5 5 6 7 8 2 1 3 4 9 9 8 4 6 2 0 0 2 5 4 8 6 9 7 5 2 1 5 8 6 5 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 8 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 5 7
4 6 7 2 8 1 2 7 6 2 7 3 8 9 4 9 8 2 5 4 2 1 8 3 2 5 6 5 4 5 1 9 9 2 4 6 7 5 5 6 7 8 2 1 3 4 9 9 8 4 6 2 0 0 2 5 4 8 6 9 7 5 2 1 5 8 6 5 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 8 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 5 7
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013 / Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
Preattentive processing < 10 msec per item
Typical processing ~ 40 msec per item
How many 3’s?
Pattern recognition Preattentive contrast
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Gestalt principles of pattern recognition
The visual brain … • Evolved to detect patterns
• Groups similar objects
• Separates different objects
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PROXIMITY Objects close together are grouped
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013
4 6 7 2 8 1 2 7 6
5 6 1 2 7 1 2 7 9
9 4 8 2 7 8 2 3 9
1 1 3 5 7 6 1 3 3
4 6 7 2 8 1 2 7 6 5 6 1 2 7 1 2 7 9 9 4 8 2 7 8 2 3 9 1 1 3 5 7 6 1 3 3
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PROXIMITY Objects close together are grouped
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013
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SIMILARITY Similar objects perceived as a group
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013 / USA by Alexander Skowalsky for the Noun Project
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Scatter bubble plot encode times in color Bubbles of various sizes are grouped via color (similarity)
Forsyth Alexander, When data imitates art, www.ibm.com/blogs/business-analytics
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CONNECTEDNESS Linked objects form a natural group
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013
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CONNECTEDNESS Connecting lines visually identify pairs
Which dots do you group and why?
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CONNECTEDNESS Connecting lines visually identify pairs
Connectedness relates the two circles from each category
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ENCLOSURE Enclosed objects form a natural group
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013
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ENCLOSURE Enclosed objects are evaluated together
Bang Wong, Nature Methods, Vol. 7 No. 11, 2010
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CLOSURE Tendency to perceive complete forms
Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers, 2nd Edition, 2012
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CLOSURE Tendency to perceive complete forms
No need to define area of graph completely
Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers, 2nd Edition, 2012
Redundant enclosure introduces a distraction
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SYMMETRY Symmetry suggests a visual whole
Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
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SYMMETRY Butterfly plots highlight differences
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CONTINUITY Curved contours imply connection
Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
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Curved connections are easier to follow
Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art, 2013 / Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004ç
Why did we evolve to identify contours?
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Curves help the viewer visually follow connections through crowded data
Social Networks, behance.net/gallery
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Gestalt summary
• Proximity • Similarity • Connectedness • Enclosure • Closure • Symmetry • Continuity
Take advantage of pattern recognition tendencies
Pattern recognition Preattentive contrast
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Range of evolved preattentive attributes
Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers, 2nd Edition, 2012
Type AttributeForm Length
Width Orientation Shape Size Enclosure
Color Hue Intensity
Spatial position 2D position
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Rolandi, M. et al. Adv. Mater. 2011
Alter a preattentive attribute to make something stand out
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Limits to distinct perception
Preattentive processing limited to 1 attribute at a time
Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers, 2nd Edition, 2012
Color intensity only Intensity and shape
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Overwhelming repetition results in loss of meaning
Martin Krzywinski, Nature Methods, Vol. 10 No. 5 2013
Too many bright colors means nothing stands out
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Natural scenes exhibit muted colors
Brightmetrics, Using Color in Data Visualization, 2010
Reserve bright colors for emphasis
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Above all else, show the data
Data ink ratio = data inktotal ink used in the graphic
Edward Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, 1983
TUFTE
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
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Clutter distracts from preattentive cues
Edward R. Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, 1983
• Distracting patterns
• Gridlines
• Elements only for “artistic appeal”
Remove all chartjunk, for example:
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3D effects are almost always chartjunk
Nils Gehlenborg and Bang Wong, Nature Methods, Vol. 9 No. 9 2012
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Visually separate data from other elements
Martin Krzywinski, Nature Methods, Vol. 10 No. 3 2013
Similarity between the ellipses and lines reduces visual contrast
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“Sometimes clarity demands more space” – Stephen Few
BEFORE AFTER
Separating traces into trellis display highlights trends more effectively
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Make emphasis more effective by eliminating excess decoration
Size Matters, https://www.onepager.com/community/blog/size-matters/
What would you remove from this chart?
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Preattentive contrast summary
• Rely on muted colors
• Soften gridlines, axes, labels, etc.
• Remove chartjunk
Limit preattentive attributes to emphasis
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Visual information requires decoding
Colin Ware, Information Visualization, 2004
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Visual information requires decoding
1. Working memory limits number of items remembered
2. Perception accuracy is distance dependent
3. Accuracy of perception influenced by visuals
Implications for data visualization –
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Keep the number of items displayed in one visualization to ~ 4 if possible
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Reduce distance between comparable data to increase accuracy
Marc Streit and Nils Gehlenborg , Nature Methods, Vol. 11 No. 2 2014
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Select attribute based on purpose
Company Participant Molecule Order (1, 2, 3) Address
Divide information
Time Count Intensity Profit
Measure things
Categorical
Data types
Quantitative
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Few attributes can encode quant. data
Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers, 2nd Edition, 2012
Type Attribute Quantitative? Form Length Yes
Width Yes, but limited Orientation No Size Yes, but limited Shape No Enclosure No
Color Hue No Intensity Yes, but limited
Spatial position 2D position Yes
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Shifts in color are not visually equivalent to changes in value
Bang Wong, Nature Methods, Vol. 8 No. 3 20111
Commonly utilized color scales are not perceived accurately
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Perception of color depends on surroundings
Bang Wong, Nature Methods, Vol. 7 No. 8 2010
Use color for labeling, emphasis or when value doesn’t matter
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Length is perceived quantitatively Number and visual length are tied together
This works to our advantage in a bar chart, for example
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Bar charts must start at zero
Scale = 0 – 100
Length has an inherent numerical value
Scale = 60 – 100
Data encoded with length is highly distorted with a shortened scale
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An alternative – the dot plot2D position does not elicit a numerical value
Scale = 0 – 100 Scale = 60 – 100
2D position does not require a 0 value for quantitative comparison
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Dot plots display multiple data sets more clearly than bar charts
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Lollipop charts also compare values without emphasizing length
Bar chart with less emphasis on length
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Cleveland and McGill identified 10 elementary perceptual tasks
William Cleveland, Graphical Perception, 1984
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Graphical perception attributes in order of accuracy
William Cleveland, The Elements of Graphing Data, 1994 / Alberto Cairo, The Functional Art
Allows more accurate
judgments
Allows more generic
judgments
*Accuracy is not always better, just make intentional choices based on purpose
position along a common scale
position along nonaligned scales
length
angle
area
volume
curvature
shading, color saturation
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Bar charts are easier to evaluate accurately than pie charts
Position along common scale >>> area or angle
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Simple bar charts more accurate than stacked bars
Position along common scale >>> length
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Use small multiples instead of stacked bars when numbers matter
Retains common axis, but also enables comparison
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Curve comparisons are difficult, plot difference instead
Curves A and B Difference (A – B)
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Select an aspect ratio that places key lines close to 45° Angles around 45° are perceived accurately
Small angles are more difficult to assess
Naomi B. Robbins, Creating More Effective Graphs, 2005
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Aspect ratio affects perception of dataHow to select the aspect ratio that allows for accurate judgment?
Naomi B. Robbins, Creating More Effective Graphs, 2005
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Rescale line graph segments in multiple panels to improve angle perception
Gregor McInerny, Martin Krzywinski, Nature Methods, Vol. 12 No. 7 2015
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Graphical perception summary
• Perception accuracy is distance dependent
• Position on a common axis perceived most accurately
• Bar graphs outperform pie charts
• Small multiples outperform stacked bars
• Curve perception is not accurate
• Angles close to 45° are evaluated most easily
Select encoding attributes based on purpose
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Exercise 1 – Accounting for perception
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How would you apply visual perception principles to improve this chart?
Example curated by Melissa Clarkson, melissaclarkson.com
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One solution – Bar chart trellis display allows comparison across samples
Redesign created by Melissa Clarkson, melissaclarkson.com
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How would you apply visual perception principles to improve this chart?
Example curated by Melissa Clarkson, melissaclarkson.com
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One solution – Dot plot allows easy comparison across conditions
Redesign created by Melissa Clarkson, melissaclarkson.com
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Strategies to facilitate effective data visualization
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Field of data visualization HOLMES
Designer’s Guide to Creating Charts and Diagrams
TUFTE
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
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Tufte prioritized function, Holmes form
VS
Nigel Holmes, Designer’s Guide to Creating Charts and Graphs, 1984
TUFTE HOLMES
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Approach > style guidelines
intentionalapproach
Probability of success…
Effective Ineffective
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1. Explore data visually 2. Identify visualization message 3. Select a chart type and create 4. Evaluate and revise 5. Take advantage of templates
Recommended design process
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1. Explore data visually 2. Identify visualization message 3. Select a chart type and create 4. Evaluate and revise 5. Take advantage of templates
Recommended design process
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Scatter plot matrix
Stephen Turner, Scatterplot Matrices in R, 2011, r-bloggers.com
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Streamline with a visualization dashboard
Alberto Cairo, thefunctionalart.com, 2017
Preset charts provide an instant view of new data
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Add interactive components to quickly filter and display data
Alberto Cairo, thefunctionalart.com, 2017
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Exploring high dimensional data
Online data display 1. Embedding projector
2. Hypertools
Rice Visualization Lab (closed for relocation)
Projection
TensorFlow, Embeddings, tensorflow.org, 2017 / Andrew C. Heuser, Hypertools, 2017
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1. Explore data visually 2. Identify visualization message 3. Select a chart type and create
4. Evaluate and revise 5. Take advantage of templates
Recommended design process
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Evaluate visualizations on both informative and emotive aspects
Usefulness
Completeness
Perceptibility
Truthfulness
Intuitiveness
Very useful
All relevant data
Clear and easy
Accurate
Familiar, easy to read
Useless
No relevant data
Unclear and difficult
Inaccurate
Unfamiliar
Aesthetics
Engagement Beautiful
Draws one in
Ugly
Distracts from data
Pleasing to the eye
Neutral
Stephen Few, Perceptual Edge, Visual Business Intelligence Newsletter, 2017
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Exercise 2 – Evaluating visualizations
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Example 1 – Scatterplot
Jonathan A. Schwabish, An Economist’s Guide to Visualizing Data, 2014
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Coloring and labeling key data facilitates interpretation
Jonathan A. Schwabish, An Economist’s Guide to Visualizing Data, 2014
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Example 2 – Bar / dot plot
Jonathan A. Schwabish, An Economist’s Guide to Visualizing Data, 2014
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Horizontal dot plot visually compares categories at two points in time
Jonathan A. Schwabish, An Economist’s Guide to Visualizing Data, 2014
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Example 3 – Stacked bar chart
Castro-Nallar, E. et al Peer J, 2015, accessed at peerj.com/articles/1140/
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1. Explore data visually 2. Identify visualization message 3. Select a chart type and create 4. Evaluate and revise 5. Take advantage of design templates
Recommended design process
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Create templates to save time
Templates eliminate mundane design decisions
Spreadsheets (Excel, Origin)
Secondary components (Illustrator, InDesign, PowerPoint)
Scripts (Matlab, Python, Origin)
Dashboards (Excel, Tableau)
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Resources on campus
Rice Visualization Lab Digital Media Commons
GIS Data Center
CWOVC online resources
Center for Research Computing
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Exploring the frontiers of data visualization
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Less common chart types provide new means of data exploration
Severino Ribecca, The Data Visualization Catalogue, dataviscatalogue.com/methods/
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Raw graphs – a free way to experiment with less common visualizations
rawgraphs.io
Supports conventional and unconventional chart types
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Sunburst diagramCapable of displaying hierarchies over multiple levels
Severino Ribecca, The Data Visualization Catalogue, dataviscatalogue.com/methods/
Use to show subdivisions of a multi-level structure
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Sunburst diagram applied to visualize memory usage
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Butterfly plot
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Deviation bar chart
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Slopegraph utilizes angle to compare change between groups
Displays change across categories using slope
Chart from the New York Times / http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/04/06/health/infant_stats.html
Axes labels also serve as ranked lists
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Parallel coordinates showcase trends across dimensionsExtension of slopegraph to high dimensional data
Protovis, A Graphical Toolkit for Visualization, http://mbostock.github.io/protovis/ex/cars.html
Order matters – place the dimensions you aim to compare close together
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Brushing highlights relevant data rangesInteractivity allows exploration of trends in the data
Robert Kosara, Parallel Coordinates, eagereyes.org
Select a category range
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Heat map
Severino Ribecca, The Data Visualization Catalogue, dataviscatalogue.com/methods/
Use to highlight overall data trends
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Expanded heat map presents large scale patterns in a compact way
Statistical Computing and Graphics Newsletter, Volume 20, December 2009
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Radar chartsRepresent the value of multiple variables as a polygon
Severino Ribecca, The Data Visualization Catalogue, dataviscatalogue.com/methods/
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Sunburst style chart shows cyclic relationship
*good for high dimensional data*
Moritz Stefaner, The Rhythm of Food, truth-and-beauty.net
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Horizon chart – high dimensional area chart
Stephen Few, Time on the Horizon, Perceptual Edge, 2008
Value encoded in color and intensity
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Horizon chart – high dimensional area chart
Stephen Few, Time on the Horizon, Perceptual Edge, 2008
Tiers grouped to improve perception of differences
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Horizon chart – high dimensional area chart
Stephen Few, Time on the Horizon, Perceptual Edge, 2008
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Horizon chart – high dimensional area chart
Stephen Few, Time on the Horizon, Perceptual Edge, 2008
Collapsed stacks present compact information
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Horizon chart – high dimensional area chart
Stephen Few, Time on the Horizon, Perceptual Edge, 2008
High intensity pockets stand out
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Learn more at cwovc.rice.edu