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Strategies for building a global
knowledge commons
Leslie Chan
Bioline International
University of Toronto at Scarborough
Institutional Repository and Beyond
IDRC, OttawaOct. 17, 2005
“African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues.”
Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G8 countries (2005)http://www.scidev.net/pdffiles/jointstatement.pdf
Challenges ?
The countries that move early to build a 21st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies
Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime MinisterInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005
Opportunities ?
Assumptions
• Access to data and information critical to development of an innovative knowledge society
• Open Access is transforming the way the research communities create, share, and disseminate their intellectual output
• OA is even more crucial for science and research in the developing world
Open Access ?
• Benefits• Strategies for archiving OA
– OA Publishing– OA Repository
• Is OA a truly global movement?• Case studies
– Bioline International– TSpace University of Toronto Institutional Repository
• Policy Issues
Paradoxes of R&D and Scholarly Communications
• Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship
• Publicly funded research results privately owned
• Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products
• Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons
• Global science and “lost” science
Challenges
• Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented
• High cost of research
• Divergence of information systems
• Lost of digital information
• Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented
Benefits of OA
• Increase citation impact and hence return on investment
• Raise institutional prestige • New usage of research results• Promote collaboration and broaden
participation• Enable new service and business models• Enhance public subsidies
International Initiatives
• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)• Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003)• OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data
(2004)• IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004)• Funding agencies moving towards open access policies
– Wellcome Trust (UK)– RCUK– NIH (US)
• Open Access Publishing gaining supporters – U.K.: Biomed Central – U.S.: PLoS
• Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (2005)
http://www.icml9.org/channel.php?lang=en&channel=91&content=439
Recent OA Meetings
• Open Access for Developing Countries, 9th International Congress on Medical Librarianship, 20-23 September 2005, Salvador, Brazil– http://www.icml9.org/meetings/openaccess/public/document
s/declaration.htm• International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open
Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005)• Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan
Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003• OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005),
Lithuania (2005)
Canadian Context
Arthur J. CartyNational Science Advisor to the Prime MinisterInternational Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005
Some key Canadian Initiatives• Open Knowledge Project - John Willinsky UBC• SSHRC and Canada Foundation for Innovation – supporting development of
the Synergies Project• SSHRC - OA consultation (Should SSHRC mandate OA?)• Federal eLibrary (FSeL) – The Strategic Alliance of Federal Science and
Technology Libraries is proposing the creation of a virtual library for use by all Government of Canada scientists, S&T researchers & policy analysts
• Canadian Association of Research Library (CARL) - – developing a network of IRs and a central harvester– Funded the Knowledge Dissemination Study
• Canadian Research Knowledge Network - developing statement on OA• National Data Infrastructure – the National Consultation on Access to
Scientific Research Data (NCASRD) has recommended the creation of a national data infrastructure to ensure open and secure access to key databases of scientific & historical importance to Canada
• TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM: A CANADIAN RESEARCH STRATEGYA Report Submitted to the Canadian Association of Research Libraries / L'Association des bibliothèques de recherche du Canada (CARL/ABRC) Jan 2005
• http://www.kdstudy.ca/results.html
Academic publishing in Canada
• Little commercial interest
• Highly subsidized by government funding
• Most journals have low overseas subscription
• Most academic authors published outside of Canada
http://tspace.library.utoronto.ca
Faculty Benefits
Increased visibility Increased citation rates Increased readership Permanent links Copyright is not transferred Long-term preservation Persistent access Minimizes effort
Priority indexing and ranking in search engines
447 downloads in a year
Increased use
In a year, 4,177 hits
Prof Kenned’s online CV: 1681
ave. chapter visits 229
The library’s 6 copies
circulated once in past year (since online)
grand total of 57 times since 1992.
Most journals allow authors to openly post their work
Journal article
Control the use of your work:
creativecommons.ca
• Screen shots of a
– Technical report or a Working papers -kmdi
– Video (oise – multimedia) Technical reports
Presentations
Datasets
Audio
Video….
Operational aspects
EprintsServer
Operational aspects
Ploneserver
Operational aspects
NEW ISSUE PUBLISHED
ARTICLE CONVERSION
IMAGE CONVERSION
FILES GATHERED / CREATED
FINAL TOUCHES & CHECKING FOR ACCURACY
UPLOAD & CHECK EPrints & ARCHIVING
HTML
XML
sp2000sp2000
DSMZDSMZ
HTML Full Paper Repository
HTML Full Paper Repository
XMLConfig Files
XMLConfig Files
Abstracts Repository
(XML)
Abstracts Repository
(XML)
PDFFull Paper Repository
PDFFull Paper Repository
Aux Files(XML/HTML)
Aux Files(XML/HTML)
ControlerDatabase
ControlerDatabase
Species NamesDatabase
Species NamesDatabase
AbstractsDatabase
AbstractsDatabase
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
abstract
journals
homepage
fullpaper
PDF fullpaper
UTDocument
tagging and formatting
UTDocument
tagging and formatting
XML
HTML
HTML
HT
ML
sp2000sp2000
DSMZDSMZ
HTML Full Paper Repository
HTML Full Paper Repository
XMLConfig Files
XMLConfig Files
Abstracts Repository
(XML)
Abstracts Repository
(XML)
PDFFull Paper Repository
PDFFull Paper Repository
ControlerDatabase
ControlerDatabase
Species NamesDatabase
Species NamesDatabase
AbstractsDatabase
AbstractsDatabase
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
OAIHarvester
abstract
journals
homepage
fullpaper
PDF fullpaper
UTDocument
tagging and formatting
UTDocument
tagging and formatting
XML
XM
L
Aux Files(XML/HTML)
Aux Files(XML/HTML)
HT
ML
<<articlearticle id="oc05011" lang="en" volume="100" number="01" month="02" year="2005“ pages="55-58" content="html" version="xml" received-date="20040319“ accepted-date="20041220" bioline-date="20050414" free="yes">>
<<titletitle lang="en">Antifungal activity from <taxon genus="Ocimum" species="gratissimum"><sp>Ocimum</sp> <sp>gratissimum</sp></taxon> L. towards <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon> <</title/title>>
<<authorauthor>>Janine de Aquino Lemos, Xisto Sena Passos, Orionalda de Fátima Lisboa Fernandes, José Realino de Paula, Pedro Henrique Ferri, Lúcia Kioko Hasimoto e Souza, Aline de Aquino Lemos, Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva <</author/author>>
<<keywordkeyword lang="en">Ocimum gratissimum, essential oil, eugenol, Cryptococcus neoformans<</keyword/keyword>>
<<abstractabstract lang="en">Cryptococcal infection had an increased incidence in last years due to the explosion of acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and by using new and effective immunosuppressive agents. The currently antifungal therapies used such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have certain limitations due to side effects and emergence of resistant strains. So, a permanent search to find new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment is essential. Ocimum gratissimum, plant known as alfavaca (Labiatae family), has been reported earlier with in vitro activity against some bacteria and dermatophytes. In our work, we study the in vitro activity of the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroformic fractions, essential oil, and eugenol of <i>O. gratissimum</i> using an agar dilution susceptibility method towards 25 isolates of <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon>. All the extracts of <i>O. gratissimum</i> studied showed activity in vitro towards <i>C. neoformans</i>. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration values the most significant results were obtained with chloroformic fraction and eugenol. It was observed that chloroformic fraction inhibited 23 isolates (92%) of <i>C. neoformans</i> at a concentration of 62.5 μg/ml and eugenol inhibited 4 isolates (16%) at a concentration of 0.9 μg/ml. This screening may be the basis for the study of <i>O. gratissimum</i> as a possible antifungal agent.
<</abstract/abstract>>
<<copyrightcopyright>> Copyright 2005 - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz.
<</copyright/copyright>>
<</article/article>>
Technical infrastructure
Low cost hardware– Intel based computers
Open Source / free software – Red Hat Linux OS– Perl– Javascript– PostgreSQL database– Apache Web Server
• Standard Technologies– HTML, XML, XSLT, SQL, SOAP
Results of OA so far - conventional
• Featured in various articles: e.g. "Open Archives Initiative Data Providers. Part II: Science and Technology," Library Hi Tech News 21, no. 5 (June 2004): 22-30. 22-30.
• http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/OAI-DP-II.pdf
• Contacted by Bowker.com to provide information about the Bioline databases for Ulrich’s Serials Directory
• Bioline journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) – http://www.doaj.org
• Project recommended to journals by officials at the WHO
• Bioline E-Prints server included in ISI Current Web Contents - http://www.isinet.com/products/cap/ccc/cwc/
• Bioline journals included in numerous library e-journal & e-resource lists
Sample Bioline usage statistics
Year Journal Name 2002 2003 2004 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (2068 articles) 11526 33001 116971
Neurology India (583 articles) 0 13295 41836
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (500 articles) 2635 28187 43392
African Crop Science Journal (368 ar ticles) 6319 18556 37716
Agricultura T ecnica (263 articles) 856 9946 27621 Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology (253 articles) 0 1489 14997
Indian Journal of Surgery (237 articles) 0 11256 38389
African Journal of Biotechnology (212 articles) 249 11948 45732
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (203 articles) 0 9169 37502
Indian Journal of Medical Sciences (157 articles) 0 7894 46358
Table 1. The ten journals with the most number of articles and their respective hits from 2002 to 2004
0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000
100000110000120000
2002 2003 2004
MemÑrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz(2068 articles)Neurology India (583 articles)
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (500articles)
African Crop Science Journal (368articles)
Agricultura T?cnica (263 articles)
Indian Journal of Dermatology,Venereology and Leprology (253 articles)
Indian Journal of Surgery (237 articles)
African Journal of Biotechnology (212articles)
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (203articles)
Indian Journal of Medical Sciences (157articles)
Fig 2. Graph showing the hits of the ten journals with the most number of articles
OA results
• Referral– 1st: Google (51892)– 2nd: Yahoo (16969)– 16th: DOAJ (3295)– 22nd: Eprints server (2168)
• Country domains– 55% (1,631,169) with IP from N. America– Europe (9.98%), South America (6.11%), Asia
(4.13%), Oceania (1.14%) and Africa (<1%)
Number of articles submitted, JPGM
Data from D.K. Sahu
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
2003 2004
Articles received 438 629
Decisions taken 437 550
Submissions and acceptance
rate
Articles accepted 143 [33% ] 106 [19%]
All articles 166 (38%) 189 (30%) Submissions from outside
India Original research papers 15% 31%
Time taken for first decision 24.78 31.82
Days from first submission to
acceptance
62.92[0,
181]
72.48[0,217]
Journal's performance
Days from acceptance to publication 71.16[1,192] 74.80[3,195]
Number of reviewers 1432 1699
Data from D.K. Sahu
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
2000 2001 2002 2003
From India
Overseas
International submissionsData from D.K. Sahu
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Submissions
Countries
UK
Data from D.K. Sahu
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003
Effect on citationsData from D.K. Sahu
ISI
Impa
ct F
acto
rJournal of Postgraduate Medicine
Sources: ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar
Publicationyear
Citationyear
Total number ofcitationsin scientific journals (A)
No of articles other thaneditorials, letters, and news(B)
A/B
1998-1999 2000 2 60 0.031999-2000 2001 12 111 0.112000-2001 2002 34 147 0.232001-2002 2003 62 155 0.402002-2003 2004 137 173 0.78
Increasing CitationJournal of Postgraduate Medicine
Policy Issues
• The sure route to OA?
• Only 15-25% of scholarly material OA
• RCUK, Wellcome Trust
• SSHRC?– OA repository– OA journals– What about SSHRC subsidized journals?
Should OA be mandated?
Policy Issues
• Who pays for what
• Rights management
• Long term preservation