STONES

LECTURE # 03

QUOTE OF THE DAY

When you leave a beautiful place, you carry it with you wherever you go.

DRESSING OF BUILDING STONES

The process of cutting and converting the stones to the required shape and size and to give them a smooth finish is called cutting and dressing of stones.

TYPES OF DRESSING OR SURFACE FINISH OF STONES

Scabbling dressing:The dressing in which irregular

projections of the quarried (extracted) stone are removed by means of scabbling hammer is called scabbling dressing.

Hammer dressing:The dressing in which the stones are

made roughly square or rectangular by means of a mason’s hammer, also known as Waller’s hammer, is called hammer dressing. When used in a wall, the roughly finished surfaces are further modified by forming to 5cm wide margin at the edges of the exposed faces.

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Suitabality: Recommended generally for random rubble masonry and coarsed rubble masonry.

Rough tolled dressing:The dressing in which

projection from the surface of a stone block are removed by means of chiselsuntil no portion of the dressed surface is more than 10mm from a straight edge placed on it.

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Suitability: Recommended for coarsed rubble masonry.

Tooled dressing:The dressing in which all

the projections from the surface of stone blocks are removed by means of chisels until no portion of the surface is more than 3mm from a straight edge placed on it.This is actually done after rough tooled dressing.

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Suitability: Recommended for superior type of coursed rubble masonry.

Fine tooled dressing:The dressing in which all the

projections from the surface of a stone block are removed by means of chisel until the straight edge laid along the surface comes in contact with the stone at every point. This is actually done after tooled dressing. Stones dressed are called fine dressed stones, and the surface finish is called fine tooled finish.

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Suitability: Recommended for ashlar masonry.

Finely punched dressing: The dressing in

which all the projections from the surface of a stone block are removed by means of pointed tools or a punch giving dotted appearance.

Suitability: Recommended for architectural appearance to the masonry work.

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Cut stone dressing:The dressing in which all

the projections from all the faces of a stone block are removed by means of a sharp chisel, rendering the surface free of chisel marks.

Suitability: Recommended for ashlar masonry.

Rubbed dressing:The dressing in which a

perfect smooth surface finish is obtained by grinding or rubbing a cut stone by hand or by machine.

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Suitability: Recommended for ashlar masonry.

Polished dressing:The dressing in which the

rubbed stone surfaces are polished by manual labour, using sand and water, or by means of rubbing machine.

Suitability: Recommended for fine ashlar work.

Stone-Cutting Tools

The double-face hammer, shown at (a), Fig. 1, weighs from 20 to 30 pounds, and is used for breaking and roughly shaping the stones as they come from the quarry.

The face hammer, shown at (d), is a lighter tool than the double-face hammer, but is used for the same purposes when less weight is required. It has one blunt and one cutting end, the latter being used for roughly dressing the stones preparatory to using the finer tools. The pic, shown at (c), is used for coarsely dressing the softer stones. Its length is from 15 to 24 inches, and the width at the eye is about 2 inches.

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Marble resouces in Pakistan

Pakistan, especially NWFP, possesses huge marble reservoirs. The promotion and development of marble industry could bring prosperity and development for the country.

But industrialists and officials from Pakistan Stone Development Company (Pasdec) and small & medium enterprises development authority (Smeda) say that the sector suffers from several maladies.

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Nearly 30 kinds of marble were found in the province and the adjoining tribal belt. The most famous of these are Ziarat marble, super-white, off-white, Badal, Zebra, pink, Nowshera, Jet-black, Bamp

Swat, Buner, Chitral, Kohistan, Mardan, Hazara, Nowshera and Kohat divisions are high potential areas for quality marble in the province. Mohmand, Khyber, Bajaur, Orakzai and Kurram Agencies from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) have huge marble reservoirs.okha and golden marble.

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According to an official of Pasdec, that oversees the marble sector, Pakistan has approximately 300 billion tons of marble reserves scattered mainly in NWFP, the tribal belt and Balochistan.

Around 98 percent of these reserves are believed to be in NWFP and FATA. Of late, work at several marble sites was stopped due to militancy in the area.

Chisels

Thank You!