Stone, bricks and mortar

Stone materials

Igneous stone- created by volcanic processes or mantle stone coming to the surface from erosition. Schists and other chrystaline rock formations

Sedmentery stone created by1. processes of erosion by water and wind reduce the stone and carry it to re-deposition locations in near shore environments. Sandstone, shale2. The slow deposition of exoskeletons of deep water invertebrates. Limestone

Metamorphic stone created by the geologic forces (pressure and heat) forming new stones from the sedentary stone beds. Marble (limestone), and slate (shale), quartzite (sandstone)

Obtaining Stone

Field stone- Stone that is eroded and obtained without excavation

Quarried stone- Stone that is obtained by excavating to the bedding of stone and then breaking portions of the stone from the quarry face.

Stone was usually sold by the cord for fieldstone and by the perch for stone from the quarry

Working stone

Scabbled stone

Cut stone

Dressed stone

Working stone to ashlar

Uncoursed stone (free stone)

Coursed stone, and ashlar quoins Header bondFlemish bond

Galleting (small stones in mortar)

Sawn stone

BricksBricks are manufactured building materials of clay, sand and water. The clay is dug and used as without changing its character. Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, illite and chorite are the most common clays for brick. The clay has numerous impurities which can change the color of the brick upon firing. Five percent ferric oxide produces the typical red color, when burned at moderate temperature (2,000 degrees F.).Mixed with sand and water, 3 parts sand to 7 parts clay. The bricks were formed by forcing clay into molds. Sanded or oiled molds created more consistent bricks and were called “stock brick”. Because the brick would shrink in drying and the heating process the brick molds were generally ten percent larger than the intended fired brick.

Rat-trap or rowlock bond

rowlock and sailors

Jack arch

closers

Plaster lines on joists and ledger board